Psychological Disorders What Is Abnormality? Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders
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Transcript of Psychological Disorders
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS“We are all mad at some time or another.”
- Battista Mantuanus
Psychological Disorder• Psychological disorder – a psychological condition
characterized by behaviors and/or thinking patterns that are UMAD• Unjustifiable - irrational, doesn’t make sense to most people• Maladaptive – unhealthy and/or harmful• Atypical – unusual, outside of social norms• Disturbing – makes the individual or others feels
uncomfortable
Mentally Ill vs. Insane• The term “insane” is not a clinical term, rather a legal
term.• The rare “insanity defense.”
• It is offensive to refer to a mentally ill individual as “crazy” or “insane.”• Often we say these terms when we are confused or uncomfortable.
Classifying Disorders• DSM 5
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
• Published by the American Psychiatric Association
• A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
• 1950 – 60 disorders• Today – over 400 disorders
Anxiety Disorders• Psychological disorders characterized by
distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Anxiety Disorders
Disorder Characteristics
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Continually tense and apprehensive for 6+ months
Cannot identify, avoid, or cope with anxiety source
Panic Disorder Unpredictable minutes long panic attacks
1 in 75 people
Phobias Persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation that disrupts normal life
Agorophobia (fear of inability to escape situation)Social phobiaObject phobias
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder• Characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts
(obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).• Must disrupt everyday life
• Trichotillomania (hair-pulling), Excoriation (skin-picking), Hoarding disorderOBSESSION = Thought COMPULSION = Ritual/Action
A young man is continuously scared that a car will hit him when he walks on the sidewalk.
He always walks as far from the street pavement as possible and wears red clothes so that he will be immediately visible to cars.
A mother is tormented by the concern that she will contaminate her family’s food while cooking.
Everyday she sterilizes all cooking utensils in boiling water, scours every pot and pan before placing food in it, and wears rubber gloves while handling food.
A young boy worries incessantly that something terrible might happen to his mother while sleeping at night.
On his way to bed each night, he climbs the stairs in the same sequence of three steps up, followed by two steps down in order to ward off the danger.
Famous OCD Sufferers• Charles Darwin• Howard Hughes• Marc Summers• Howie Mandel• Megan Fox
Mood Disorders• Psychological disorders characterized by
emotional extremes• Depression is the number one reason people seek mental
health services.
Mood DisordersDisorder Characteristics
Major Depressive Disorder
2+ weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
Not enough serotonin absorption in the brain?
Must disrupt everyday functioning
Bipolar Disorder Periodic fluctuations between depression and mania
Mania - hyperactive, wildly optimistic state (in milder forms can fuel creativity and production.)
Famous Mood Disorder Sufferers
Major Depressive Disorder
• Abraham Lincoln• Woody Allen• Bob Dylan• Winston Churchill• Audrey Hepburn• Marilyn Monroe
Bipolar Disorder
• Kurt Cobain• Robin Williams• Russell Brand• Carrie Fischer• Ernest Hemingway• Amy Winehouse
Schizophrenia• A group of severe disorders characterized by
disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perception, and inappropriate emotions and actions.• Literally means “split mind” – split with reality• 1 in 100 people
• Delusions – false beliefs• I AM Santa Claus.• I know the FBI is monitoring my phone!
• Hallucinations – false perceptions• I SEE Santa Claus.• I HEAR the FBI listening in on my phone line!
Schizophrenia SubtypesType Characteristics
Paranoid Most commonAuditory hallucinationsDelusions about persecution or conspiracy
Disorganized Disorganized speech or behavior (word salad)Difficulty performing basic tasksInappropriate emotionsLess hallucinations/delusions
Catatonic Disturbances in movementcatatonic state – withdrawal and immobilityParrotlike repeating of another’s speech or movements
Undifferentiated Many and varied symptoms that cannot be categorized into a particular subtype
Residual After hallucinations, delusions, and other symptoms have mostly disappeared
Managed but may need support
Schizophrenia’s Biological Roots• Overabundance of
dopamine receptors – medication can lessen dopamine activity, amphetamines can worsen
• Less frontal lobe activity
• Paranoid – more activity in amygdala
• Shrinkage of tissue and enlargement of fluid-filled areas
Famous Schizophrenics• There are few famous schizophrenics due to its early-life
development and impairment
• Mary-Todd Lincoln (possibly bipolar)• Jack Kerouac• Eduard Einstein (son of Albert)• Syd Barrett (Pink Floyd)
Dissociative Disorders• Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes
separated (disassociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings• Can manifest in a sudden loss of memory or change in identity• When a situation becomes overwhelmingly stressful, people are
said to dissociate themselves from it conscious awareness becomes separated from painful memories, thoughts, or feelings.
Dissociative Disorders
Disorder Characteristics
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
AKA multiple personalities
Two or more distinct and alternating personalities during which the original personality denies awareness of the others
Rare and contested (controversial)
Possibility a coping mechanism for anxiety or PTSD
Dissociative Fugue Reversible amnesia for personal identity
Sudden, unexpected travel away from home/work/life with inability to recall one's past
Somatoform Disorders• characterized by symptoms that suggest physical
illness or injury but cannot be explained fully by a medical condition, a drug substance, or another mental disorder
Somatoform DisordersDisorder Characteristics
Hypocondriasis Excessive preoccupancy or worry about having a serious illness
Often accompanied by other disorders, mainly anxiety disorders
Conversion Disorder
Blindness, paralysis, or other nervous system (neurologic) symptoms that cannot be explained by medical evaluation
Mind-over-matter
Personality Disorders• Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and
enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
• Several different types – can appear similar to psychological disorders, however personality disorders are enduring and inflexible
Personality DisordersType Characteristics
Avoidant Feel inadequateSensitivity to others’ opinionsLack of close relationships – fear of rejection
Borderline Unstable sense of selfRapid mood changesUnstable personal relationshipsSuicide attempts and self-mutilation are common
Histrionic Seek emotion and attentionCenter of attention, suggestible, emphasized physical appearanceRapid changes in emotionsExaggerated emotionsInappropriate sexual behavior
Personality DisordersType Characteristics
Narcissistic Need for admirationLack empathy for othersExtreme arroganceBelieves people are envious of themExploits others for self gainFantasies of power or successSense of entitlement
Schizotypal Lack of close relationships because of discomfortEccentric beliefsNeed for social isolationLikely to experience delusions/hallucinations
Schziod Lack of close relationships because of lack of interest and indifferenceEmotionless
Personality DisordersType Characteristics
Antisocial Superficial charm and intelligenceLack personal responsibilityNo regret, shame, or remorseInability to establish close relationshipsPoor judgment
Usually maleAppears before age 15Criminal, con artist, even serial killer
Less frontal lobe activityLess reactivity with stress hormones
“I didn’t know what made people want to be friends. I didn’t know what made people attracted to one another.” – Ted Bundy