PSYCHO-SOCIAL ISSUES IN DISASTER PSYCHO-SOCIAL ISSUES IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT - ROLE OF NGOS AND MANAGEMENT - ROLE OF NGOS AND

VOLUNTARY AGENCIES VOLUNTARY AGENCIES

Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddysaibhaskarnakka@gmail.com

2

3

Disaster-affected people experience various psychological reactions. These reactions immediately follow the event while socio-economic impacts like lack of employment; homelessness, environmental destruction and disorganisation emerge as a consequence, following the devastation caused by the disaster.

The emotional reactions should be understood based on the manifestation of various stress reactions, level of effort put by the people for their own reconstruction, the pattern and amount of disability created due to these psychological stress etc.

The emotional reactions should be understood based on the manifestation of various stress reactions, level of effort put by the people for their own reconstruction, the pattern and amount of disability created due to these psychological stress etc.

5

ARE WE

ARE WE

PSYCHO

LOG

ICALLY PREPARED?

PSYCHO

LOG

ICALLY PREPARED?

For every physical injury, there may be 5-6 psychological injuries

This may overwhelm and impede our emergency and/or medical response.

CRITICAL INCID

ENT

CRITICAL INCID

ENT

Exposure to a traumatic event in which both of the following were present:

The person experiences, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others.

The person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness or horror. (DSM-IV TR)

PSYCHO

SOCIAL IM

PACT – PSYCH

OSO

CIAL IMPACT – CO

NSID

ERATION

SCO

NSID

ERATION

S Prior experience with a similar event Prior trauma The intensity of the disruption in the

survivors’ lives The resilience of the individual

PSYCHO

SOCIAL IM

PACT – PSYCH

OSO

CIAL IMPACT –

CON

SIDERATIO

NS

CON

SIDERATIO

NS

The length of time that has elapsed between the event occurrence and the present

Pre-existing vulnerabilities

Man-Caused vs. Naturally Occurring Events

•Children/families•Seniors•Disabled•Bereaved•Health impairments•Women

CON

SEQU

ENCES O

F CRITICAL INCID

ENTS O

FTEN

CON

SEQU

ENCES O

F CRITICAL INCID

ENTS O

FTEN

INCLU

DE

INCLU

DE LO

SSLO

SS Tangible Loss

Loss of loved onesLoss of loved onesLoss of homeLoss of homeLoss of material goodsLoss of material goodsLoss of employment / incomeLoss of employment / income

THE D

ISASTER MAN

AGEM

ENT CYCLE

It’s important to be involved in all of these dimensions, not just response

CON

SEQU

ENCES O

F CRITICAL INCID

ENTS O

FTEN

CON

SEQU

ENCES O

F CRITICAL INCID

ENTS O

FTEN

INCLU

DE

INCLU

DE LO

SSLO

SS Intangible Loss

Loss of safety / security (security (real or perceivedreal or perceived))Loss of predictabilitypredictabilityLoss of social cohesion/connection/supportsocial cohesion/connection/supportLoss of dignity, trust and safetydignity, trust and safetyLoss of positive self-image/self-esteempositive self-image/self-esteemLoss of trust in the future, identity, independencetrust in the future, identity, independenceLoss of hope hopeLoss of CONTROLCONTROL

POSSIBLE PSYCH

OLO

GICAL REACTIO

NS TO

A LARGE-SCALE

POSSIBLE PSYCH

OLO

GICAL REACTIO

NS TO

A LARGE-SCALE

EMERG

ENCY

EMERG

ENCY

Many people survive disasters without developing any significant psychological symptoms.

For other individuals, the reactions will disappear over time.

““Just because you have experienced a disaster Just because you have experienced a disaster does not mean you will be damaged by it, but you does not mean you will be damaged by it, but you

will be changed by it.” will be changed by it.” (Weaver 1995)

GRIEF AN

D LO

SSG

RIEF AND

LOSS

Not an even process

Takes time

Can become stuck in the process

May spawn other problems

Nothing like T & T (Time and Talking)

SUPPORTING SUPPORTING

OTHERSOTHERS

ROLE O

F DISASTER M

ENTAL H

EALTH?

ROLE O

F DISASTER M

ENTAL H

EALTH?

Primarily directed toward “normal” people who are responding normally to an abnormal situation

Improve resistance, resilience and recovery.

Identifying those at risk for severe social or psychological impairment

Identify those in need of additional or special services.

ROLE O

F DISASTER M

ENTAL H

EALTH?

ROLE O

F DISASTER M

ENTAL H

EALTH?

Mitigate post trauma sequelae May prevent future problems Helps people to handle problems in a way that does not create MORE problems

Convey sense of compassion and support for people.

PSYCHO

LOG

ICAL RESPON

SE TO

TRAUM

A Experience has shown that:

No one who sees a disaster No one who sees a disaster is untouched by it.is untouched by it.

Most people pull together Most people pull together & function during and after & function during and after a disaster, but their a disaster, but their effectiveness is diminished.effectiveness is diminished.

Most people do not see Most people do not see themselves as needing themselves as needing mental health services mental health services following a disaster and following a disaster and will not seek such services.will not seek such services.

PSYCHO

LOG

ICAL RESPON

SE TO

TRAUM

A Experience has shown that:

Survivors respond to active, genuine interest Survivors respond to active, genuine interest & concern. & concern.

Survivors may reject disaster assistance of all Survivors may reject disaster assistance of all types.types.

Disaster mental health assistance is often Disaster mental health assistance is often more practical than psychological in nature.more practical than psychological in nature.

Social support systems are crucial to recovery.Social support systems are crucial to recovery.

PSYCHO

LOG

ICAL RESPON

SE TO TRAU

MA

While there may be specific disaster-related stressors, underlying concerns and needs are consistent across a range of traumatic events. These include:A concern for basic survivalA concern for basic survivalGrief and loss over loved ones & loss of valued and meaningful Grief and loss over loved ones & loss of valued and meaningful

possessionspossessionsFear & anxiety about personal safety & the physical safety of Fear & anxiety about personal safety & the physical safety of

loved onesloved onesA need to talk about events & feelings associated with the A need to talk about events & feelings associated with the

disaster, often repeatedlydisaster, often repeatedlyA need to feel one is a part of the community & its recovery A need to feel one is a part of the community & its recovery

effortsefforts

Phases of DisasterPhases of Disaster

Pre-DisasterPre-Disaster

Threat

Warning

HeroicHeroic

Honeymoon Honeymoon (community cohesion)(community cohesion)

Reconstruction Reconstruction (a new beginning)(a new beginning)

llllllllllll

Time 1 to 3 days 1 to 3 years

Inventory

DisillusionmentDisillusionment

Trigger Events andTrigger Events andAnniversary ReactionsAnniversary Reactions

Work

ing T

hrough G

rief

Work

ing T

hrough G

rief

(com

ing to

term

s)

EVENTEVENT

HO

NEYM

OO

N

HO

NEYM

OO

N

(COM

MU

NITY CO

HESIO

N)

Survivors may be elated

Happy just to be alive

This phase will not last

DISILLU

SION

MEN

TD

ISILLUSIO

NM

ENT

Reality of disaster “hits home”

Loss and Grief becomes prominent

WH

AT DO

YOU

THIN

K?

What main attributes and What main attributes and skills should a volunteer have skills should a volunteer have when offering psychological when offering psychological support? support?

ESSENTIAL ATTRIBU

TES AND

SKILLSESSEN

TIAL ATTRIBUTES AN

D SKILLS

Good Listening skills Patient Caring attitude Trustworthy Approachable Culturally aware

EmpatheticNon-judgmental approachKindCommittedFlexibleAble to tolerate chaos

GO

ALS O

F PSYCH

OLO

GICAL FIRST AID

Psychological first aid (PFA) promotes and sustains an environment of:

SAFETYSAFETY

CALMCALM

CONNECTEDNESSCONNECTEDNESS

SELF-EFFICACYSELF-EFFICACY

HOPEHOPE

THE EN

ERGY CU

RVETH

E ENERG

Y CURVE

AnxietyAnxiety

AgitationAgitation

BaselineBaseline

Tension ReductionTension Reduction

PSYCHO

LOG

ICAL RESPON

SE TO TRAU

MA SU

RVIVORS’ N

EEDS AN

D

SURVIVO

RS’ NEED

S AND

REACTIO

NS

REACTION

S

People often experience strong and unpleasant emotional and physical responses following exposure to traumatic events (e.g. disasters).

These may include a combination of:

•Fear & anxiety Fear & anxiety •Grief & lossGrief & loss •ShockShock•HopelessnessHopelessness•Loss of ConfidenceLoss of Confidence•MistrustMistrust

•Sleep disturbancesSleep disturbances•Physical painPhysical pain•ConfusionConfusion•ShameShame•Shaken faithShaken faith•AggressivenessAggressiveness

POSSIBLE PSYCH

OLO

GICAL REACTIO

NS TO

A LARGE-SCALE

POSSIBLE PSYCH

OLO

GICAL REACTIO

NS TO

A LARGE-SCALE

EMERG

ENCY

EMERG

ENCY

For most people, things get For most people, things get better with time…better with time…

CATEGO

RIES OF REACTIO

NS AFTER TH

E INCID

ENT

CATEGO

RIES OF REACTIO

NS AFTER TH

E INCID

ENT

•Acute Stress Disorder / Post Trauma Stress Disorder Acute Stress Disorder / Post Trauma Stress Disorder •GriefGrief•DepressionDepression•ResilienceResilience

Mental Health Mental Health and Illnessand Illness

Human Human Behavior in Behavior in High Stress High Stress

EnvironmentsEnvironments

DistressResponses

•Fear / worryFear / worry•Sleep disturbanceSleep disturbance•Altered productivityAltered productivity

•Avoidance Avoidance (emotional)(emotional)

•Substance abuseSubstance abuse•Risk takingRisk taking•Over DedicationOver Dedication

HO

W D

O N

GO

S HELP?

How do we achieve “The right to life with dignity”?Prevent/mitigate impacts of disastersProvide food, water, health, shelter, sanitation,

education, psychosocial supportProvide protection – presence, advocacy, reportingHelp rebuild lives and livelihoodsAdvocate for affected people + promote changes to

ineffective or unjust systems Mobilize governments, general public to help

INTERNATIONAL

NGOSIntegrated NGOs (Relief and Development)EFICORCAREOxfamWorld VisionSave the Children (US, UK, etc.)Caritas/Catholic Relief Services/Development & PeacePLANADRA

Specialized in Relief or Specific SectorsMSF/Doctors Without Borders (France, Netherlands, Belgium,

Spain, Canada)Global MedicAction Contre le Faim – health nutrition and waterCanadian Food Grains Bank

NATIONAL NGOS AND COMMUNITYBASED ORGANIZATIONS (CBOS)

CharacteristicsOften focused on specific sectors (eg. Health)Sometimes faith-based or ethnically basedSome related to larger international movementsSome are quasi-governmentalCapacity often weak, but commitment often high.Membership sometimes changing due to conflictIssuesAre they representative of the community?Appropriate capacity building measures?Sustainability? Accountability? Impartiality/Neutrality

ORG

ANIZATIO

NAL STRU

CTURES

Confederations Multiple branches in same countryCoordination of planning and structures among

membersLeadership and response staffing positioned globally

FederationsOne office in each countryTighter coordination of planning, structuresLeadership and response staff usually positioned

globallyOne-office NGOs

Leadership and response staff usually in head officesSmaller; focused on a few countries

RESOU

RCE STREAMS

General PublicMass appealsLarge donors, foundationsFundraising from the public and corporations equaled

approximately 24% of humanitarian assistance from govt sources

Government GrantsUN ContractResources in Kind – good and servicesInternational NGOs (excluding Red Cross) manage approximately

40-60% of all humanitarian assistance funding6 or 7 large INGO “families” manage most of these

resources

10 PRINCIPLES OF THE CONDUCT OF CONDUCT

1. The humanitarian imperative comes first 2. Aid is given regardless of the race, creed or nationality of the

recipients and without adverse distinction of any kind. Aid priorities are calculated on the basis of need alone

3. Aid will not be used to further a particular political or religious standpoint

4. We shall endeavor not to act as instruments of government policy

5. We shall respect culture and custom6. We shall attempt to build disaster response on local capacities 7. We shall be found to involve program beneficiaries in the

management of relief aid 8. Relief aid must strive to reduce future vulnerabilities to disaster

as well as meeting basic needs9. We hold ourselves accountable to both those we seek to assist

and those from whom we accept resources 10. In our information, publicity and advertising activities, we shall

recognize disaster victims as dignified humans, not hopeless objects

Standard Common to All Sectors

Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene

Food Security, Nutrition and Food Aid

Shelter, Settlement and Non-Food Items

Health Services

THE HUMANITARIAN CHARTER

RESPONSE PREPAREDNESS

Early Warning SystemsRelief Operations ManualsEmergency/Contingency Plans

Identifies most likely disaster scenarios. Outlines roles and responsibilities

Rapid Response TeamsAssessment and Implementation TeamsTeams need proper equipment

Prepositioning supplies or arranging for quick deliveryEmergency Response Fund - funds available immediately

for emergencies

BilateralDonors

North NGOs/Red Cross

UN System/Multilateral

Agencies

South NGOs/Local partners

NationalGovernment

LOCAL

GOVT

Disaster AffectedPeople

VulnerableCommunities

CBOs

The Web of Relationships in EmergenciesPeacekeepers

Search & RescueRebels

&Militias

PRIVATE

SECTOR

General Pubic/Corporations

Newsmedia

Case 11: Disaster workers energy levels, Relief worker’s Self-Care

Topic: Workers tire after 1-2 weeks in disaster (health work activity in the disaster situation)“I think the fatigue of staffs would peak about one week after the earthquake. I thought we should not have felt “I have to be here” and took rest.”

“We felt that we had to be a leader and act because I am the health worker in the area. We were totally tired just after two weeks. We held conference with assistant health workers from outside areas. I said that we had no energy to continue. Replies from assistants were warm. They said “How can we assist you to continue your work?”

Lessons

•Emergency workers work until they are very tired – they are also stressed•Outside mental health staff needed to help identify and solve worker fatigue issues•Perceived failure in saving lives can cause stress among disaster workers

IMPACTS O

F DISASTERS O

N TH

E HEALTH

SECTOR

40

Case 25: Counseling for disaster survivors, Sri Lanka

Topic: NGO provision of trauma counseling and psychosocial programmingIndian Ocean Tsunami devastated three quarters of the coastline of Sri Lanka. At its worst, in the early stages, there were nearly a million displaced persons.MERCY Malaysia began response with their Psychosocial Support programs, which covered trauma counseling as well as psychosocial activities. MERCY Malaysia made efforts to deploy Tamil speaking mental health support volunteers in order that the help would fully benefit the beneficiaries. Five hundred out of the 2,000 survivors who were counseled by their volunteers were children. With the children, MERCY Malaysia volunteers provided counseling through art and play therapy. MERCY Malaysia’s volunteers visited the communities living in IDP camps. Psychosocial intervention was given on an individual basis, in family groups as well as in the form of community counseling sessions. Their volunteers also developed artwork and informative posters illustrating facts on tsunamis. MERCY Malaysia conducted a Mental Health Support Training Programme to better equip mental health workers as well as family support workers to assist those affected.

Lessons

•Deploy psychosocial volunteers who speak the local language•Art and play therapy used with children•Psychosocial intervention took place on individual, family and community levels•Knowledge of the risk and lessons on preparedness help individuals and communities to deal with their experiences in a disaster

Psychosocial programm

ing

41

Case 26: Measures for Psychosocial Support and Coping with Trauma, Tsunami, Thailand 2004

Topic: Actions of the Department of Mental HealthThe tragedy of tsunami that struck Thailand on 26 December 2004 took a psychological toll on both adults and children. The Department of Mental Health launched a sustained effort to support those who were affected in dealing with the trauma and stress of having lived though the disaster.It mobilized staff response teams with psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses and pharmacists covering each affected district. These teams provided individual and group counseling as well as medication for those in need. Home visits are currently conducted on a weekly basis, and the programme is scheduled to continue with monthly visits for two years.DOMH also arranged outreach to schools to expand psychological education to assist in coping with trauma. Counseling, drugs and treatment have been provided to victims.

Lessons

•Team approach includes psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses and pharmacists•Interventions include home visits, and individual and group counseling•Opening a mental health center expanded the reach of the psychosocial interventions

Psychosocial programm

ing

42

Case 35: Youth helping families to recover, IFRC Youth Award - Together for humanity: Reducing the impact from disasters - Return of Happiness - Costa Rica Red CrossHurricane Mitch on mental health of the Honduran adult population

Topic: Programming involving young people“Return of Happiness”, the programme presented by the youth of the Costa Rica Red Cross was winner of the Youth Award 2007. In the response to a disaster, youth volunteers are mobilized to ensure psycho-social support to the vulnerable groups, especially children, with at particular focus on child protection. The special attention given to the training of youth volunteers, close cooperation with UNICEF as well as with the Psychosocial Support Unit of the National Society, and the prompt mobilization of the youth volunteers in the local communities together resulted in increased motivation of the youth volunteers. This makes the programme highly sustainable and contributes to rebuilding the material and social aspects of the local communities.

Lessons

•Youth volunteers can be mobilized to help provide psychosocial support to vulnerable groups especially children•Youth volunteers must be trained•Support from UNICEF motivated youth volunteers and helped the community recover

Psychosocial programm

ing

43

Activities Suggested With Children•”

PSYCHO

SOCIAL PRO

GRAM

MIN

G

44

Sub Issue 2: Families

“When helping the old-age population……. Ensure medical aid and physical well-being. Guard against extreme feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Encourage healthy grief reactions, such as crying, talking about losses. Allow elders to talk about their fears, anxieties and guilt. Encourage group meetings with elderly survivors. Encourage participation in community decision making.”

Sub Issue 5: ElderlyPSYCH

OSO

CIAL PROG

RAMM

ING

45

Activities Suggestions With Adults•”

PSYCHO

SOCIAL PRO

GRAM

MIN

G

46

Case 62: Mourning the dead, The disaster of Armero (Colombia), 1985Hurricane Mitch on mental health of the Honduran adult population

Topic: Recovering dead bodiesThe town of Armero, in the Colombian Andes, was destroyed on 13 November 1985 by a volcanic eruption that caused an avalanche of ash, boiling mud, rocks, and trees. The landslide was almost 2 km wide and reached speeds of 90 km/h. It killed 80 percent of the 30,000 inhabitants of Armero, and left almost 100,000 inhabitants homeless in the surrounding region.It was impossible to recover the corpses since the vast majority were dragged a great distance and buried under tons of sand and rubble. This situation prevented traditional ceremonies from being carried out, and many months after the disaster, family members were excited by rumors that the dead had been seen nearby or in far-off places, or wandering like a lost madman. Each of these false reports revised new hopes that were always followed by new disappointments.In the places where the houses stood, and which could more easily be identified later than in the immediate months after the disaster, headstones were placed with the names of the dead, and relatives now place flowers and say prayers there. They have become symbolic graves where families can conduct memorial activities, albeit belatedly.

Lessons

•Corpses are often lost in a disaster before relatives can claim them and bury them as their culture dictates•Symbolic sites are identified where relatives can place headstones and to pay their respects to their dead relatives

KEY PSYCHO

SOCIAL ISSU

ES IN RECO

VERY

47

CYCLON

EA weather system consisting of an area of low pressure, in which winds circulate at speeds exceeding 61 km/hr, also known as ‘Cyclone’ or Tropical Storm.

CYCLON

ES FROM

1891– 2002

SUPER

CYCLON

E

The super cyclone of October 1999 generated a wind speed The super cyclone of October 1999 generated a wind speed of 252 km/h with an ensuing surge of 7–9m close to of 252 km/h with an ensuing surge of 7–9m close to Paradip in Orissa which caused unprecedented inland Paradip in Orissa which caused unprecedented inland inundation up to 35 km from the coast. It is worth noting inundation up to 35 km from the coast. It is worth noting that, at times, persistent standing water was identified in that, at times, persistent standing water was identified in the satellite imageries even 11 days after the cyclone the satellite imageries even 11 days after the cyclone landfall, as it happened in the Krishna delta in May 1990 landfall, as it happened in the Krishna delta in May 1990 and in several other instances. The Andhra Pradesh and in several other instances. The Andhra Pradesh cyclone in 1977 which hit Divi Seema also generated cyclone in 1977 which hit Divi Seema also generated winds exceeding 250 km per hour.winds exceeding 250 km per hour.

THE D

ISASTER MAN

AGEM

ENT ACT,

2005lays down institutional and coordination mechanism for effective Disaster

Management (DM) at the national, state, district and local levels. As mandated by this Act, the Government of India (GoI) created a multi-tiered institutional system consisting of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) headed by the Prime Minister, the State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) by the respective Chief Ministers and the District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) by the District Collectors and co-chaired by Chairpersons of the local bodies. These bodies have been set up to facilitate a paradigm shift from the hitherto reliefcentric approach to a more proactive, holistic and integrated approach of strengthening disaster preparedness, mitigation and emergency response.

NATIO

NAL D

ISASTER MAN

AGEM

ENT

AUTH

ORITY

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), as the apex body in the GoI, has the responsibility of laying down policies, plans and guidelines for DM and coordinating their enforcement and implementation for ensuring timely and effective response to disasters

In essence, NDMA will concentrate on prevention, preparedness, mitigation, rehabilitation, reconstruction and recovery and also formulate appropriate policies and guidelines for effective and synergised national disaster response and relief. It will also coordinate the enforcement and implementation of policies and plans.

NATIO

NAL D

ISASTER RESPON

SE FORCE

The DM Act 2005 has mandated the constitution of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) for the purpose of specialised response to a threatening disaster situation or disaster. The general superintendence, direction and control of the force is vested in, and exercised by, NDMA and the command and supervision of this force is vested in the Director General of NDRF. Presently, NDRF comprises eight battalions with further expansion to be considered in due course.

NATIO

NAL IN

STITUTE O

F DISASTER

MAN

AGEM

ENT

The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) has institutional capacity development as one of its major responsibilities along with training, documentation of research, networking and development of a national level information base. NIDM will function closely within the broad policies and guidelines laid down by NDMA and assist in developing training modules, impart training to trainers and DM officials and strengthening of Administrative Training Institutes (ATIs) in the state. It will also be responsible for synthesising research activities. NIDM will be geared towards emerging as a ‘Centre of Excellence’ at the national and international levels.

STATE DISASTER M

ANAG

EMEN

T AU

THO

RITYAt the state level, the State Disaster Management

Authority (SDMA) headed by the Chief Minister, will lay down policies and plans for DM in the state. It will, inter alia, approve the state plan in accordance with the guidelines laid down by NDMA,

DISTRICT D

ISASTER MAN

AGEM

ENT

AUTH

ORITY

At the cutting edge level, the District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) headed by the District Magistrate, with the elected representative of the local authority as the co-chairperson,will act as the planning, coordinating and implementing body for DM and take all necessary measures for the purposes of DM in the district in accordance with the guidelines laid down by NDMA and SDMA.

LOCAL AU

THO

RITIESThis includes Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), Panchayati

Raj Institutions (PRIs), district and Cantonment Boards and Town Planning Authorities for control and management of civic services. These bodies will ensure capacity building of their officers and employees in DM, carry out relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in the affected areas and will prepare DM plans in consonance with guidelines of NDMA, SDMAs and DDMAs

CIVIL DEFEN

CEIn any disaster, it is the community that is always the

first responder. Outside help comes in only later. Training the community and making such response organised is therefore of utmost importance.

EARLY WARN

ING

SYSTEMS

WMOIMDHydrological OceanographicMeteorological satellite datafrom ships, observations from ocean data buoys,coastal radars (conventional and Doppler) andnational and international satellites (geo-stationary

and polar orbiting)Automatic weather stationsRain gaugesWind profilers

COM

MU

NITY PREPARED

NESS

EFICOR formed the Disaster Management Committee (DMC) in each target habitation. The DMC has taken-up the ownership of community assets (raised borewells pump sets, etc.). The Village level DMC's were attached to a single management structure, called Disaster Management Society. Core members of the Federation were provided necessary training and exposure for managing the future disasters. This federation is also tapping government resources and managing their own programmes. Each DMC in consultation with DMS is mobilizing the available resources from the Govt. and other sources during the time of disaster occurrence. In each DMC at least 2 to 3 women members were nominated.

DMC also ensures the consistency of Task force s, periodic mock drill exercises that are to be performed in the habitations in every quarter. DMC also makes sure that there is a review and updation of Task Force and DMC in every 3 years, for active participation from all levels in the habitations.

TASK FORCE TEAMS

FIRST AID

SHELTER MANAGEMEN

TRELIEF

RESCUE

WARNING

DM COMMITTEE

CBOs – RYTHU MITHRA GROUPS, SELF-HELP

GROUPS, ETC.

GRAM PANCHAYAT

DM SOCIETY

DM COMMITTEE

DM COMMITTEE

DM COMMITTEE

DM COMMITTEE

DM COMMITTEE

DM COMMITTEE

DM COMMITTEE

DM COMMITTEE

DMCs of each village in the area

HEALTH

ENGINEER

LAW AND

ORDER

MRO / MDO AGRICULTUR

E

DISTRICT COLLECTOR /

JOINT COLLECTOR /

CEO

MPTC / ZPTC

IEM

DISTRICT DISASTER

MANAGEMENT CELL / TASK

FORCE / RELIEF AND

REHABILITATION CELL

MP / MLAZP

CHAIRPERSON

ITDARDO / SUB-

COLLECTOR

SC / ST CORPORATION

The Disaster Management Bill, 2005 Disaster Management Act, 2005The National Disaster Management Authority National Disaster Response Force

State Disaster Management Authority

District Disaster Management Authority

DMC / DMS Organisational Structure

DMC / DMS Organisational Structure

CAPACITY D

EVELO

PME

NT

PRE FLOO

D ACTIVITIES

Conducting meeting in the village regarding the possible

extent of flood and actions to be taken.Checking of all rescue material. i.e.- bottles, coconut,

ropes, thermocoal boats, etcEarly warning group preparationIdentification of old people, pregnant ladies, kidsIdentification of high raised placeRice collected from all householdsFirst aid material made readyKept ear on Radio news by warning groups

DU

RING

FLOO

D ACTIVITIES

Announcement in the villageEvacuation to safer place to old age people, ladies,

kids, sick people & live stockMoved people to safer place (i.e. aged people,

pregnant women, children, sick people etc…)Arrangement for temporary shelterApproached Govt. for emergency reliefAvailed rice and dal from Government for camp.Used EFICOR high raised bore well for drinking waterMonitored the Water levels and receding status.

POST FLO

OD

ACTIVITIES Flood Area surveyHouse damage surveyWater logging sites surveyCall to govt. medical team for medicationCleaning of Debris and cleaning whole Village.Bleaching powder spreading in water and logging areasHouse damage assessmentCrop damage assessment (both the reports were given to the govt

officials, they were so amazed to see that how accurately it has been done. Further the compensation and new houses were sectioned according to this assessment.

Relief from Govt. & EFICOR distributed through DMC & Task force Govt. Relief distributed equally in the villageSick people were taken to hospital

HO

W D

O W

E MITIG

ATE THE H

AZARD FRO

M A

CYCLON

E?

Monitoringearly warning systems

Infrastructurecyclone wallscommunal shelters

Education and planning

The frequency of heavy precipitation events has increased over most land areas

- Rainfall in Mumbai (India), 2005: 1 million people lost their homes

FIVE LESSON

S LEARNT IN

RECO

VERY

1. It is possible to reduce loss of life and property through preparedness

2. Preparedness is necessary at every level – national, provincial, local and community

3. Preparedness is necessary in every sector 4. Pre-Disaster Recovery Planning to ensure better

coordination among various sectors in different levels

5. Such planning needs to be formalized in the shape of manuals and Standard Operating Procedures so that there is no confusion during and after disasters

FIVE PRINCIPLES OF RECOVERY

1. Holistic - cover housing, infrastructure, education, livelihood, health, psycho-social care etc.

2. Long term - provide livelihood support including development of skill, provisioning of credit and marketing support etc

3. ‘Build back better’ - ensure that the houses and infrastructure constructed after disasters withstand the hazards and risks of nature and the hazards do not become disasters again

4. Sustainable - integrate environmental issues, such regeneration of mangroves, conservation of water,

5. Inclusive - care for poor and vulnerable - women, children, aged, physically and mentally challenged people

RECOVERY FRAMEWORK

Recovery

Pre- Disaster Recovery Planning

Sort Term(0 -30 days)

Intermediate(1 to 6 months)

Long Term (6 m to 3 years)

• Search and rescue• Emergency health• Temporary shelter

• Food, clothes• Damage assessment• Restoration of critical infrastructure (power,

telephone, drinkingwater etc)

• Intermediate shelter• Health Care

• Continuation of support for food, clothes etc• Psycho-social care

• School and day care• Preparation of

long term recovery plan• Arranging resources

• Permanent housing• Livelihood support

• Restoration of physicalInfrastructure

• Restoration of social infrastructure

• Psycho-social recovery• Documentation

• Memorials

UNFINI

SHED

AGENDA….

India has developed a legal and institutional system of disaster management

India has also taken important steps for better response and preparedness

Lots to be done for preparedness to match acceptable risksPrevention and mitigation continues to remain weakEarly warning of flood and extreme weather events needs lots of

improvementsHazard resistant building bye laws notified, but standard of

implementation is poorStrengthening of lifeline structures still unattended taskMany metropolitan cities have accumulated risks and vulnerabilities

that trigger mega disasters in futureCountry is yet to develop a risk transfer and risk insurance system

References

1.1. In Times of CrisisIn Times of Crisis: Supporting Others, Supporting Ourselves, : Supporting Others, Supporting Ourselves, John Gaspari, LCSW, Executive Director, USC Center for Work and Family Life, PPT

2. PSYCHOSOCIAL, I n t e r n a t I o n a l R e c o v e r y P l a t f o r m eird.org/cd/recovery-planning/docs/5...english/6-Psychosocial.ppt

3. NGOs and Disaster Management, Presented on behalf of the PAGER NGOS by: Mike Weickert, World Vision Canada, PPT

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