Psych Reviewer2
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GREETINGS PROTOCOL
TEAM!
THIS REVIEWER INCLUDES THE FF:
± NERVOUS SYSTEM
± PSYCH THEORIES feat. DEVELOPMENTALSTAGES
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
� CNS ± BRAIN and SPINAL CORD
� BRAIN
± Cerebrum ± Cerebellum
± Brainstem
± Limbic System
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CEREBRUM
� Divided into two hemispheres
� Pineal Body/Gland
± Between the hemispheres
± Endocrine gland
± Influences pituitary gland, islets of Langerhans, parathyroids, adrenals and
gonads� Corpus Callosum
± Pathway connecting two hemispheres
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FOUR LOBES
� FRONTAL
± Organization of thought, body movement,
memories, emotions, moral behavior
± Integration : arousal, focuses attention,
enables problem solving and decision making
± Affected in Schizophrenia, ADHD and
Dementia
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FOUR LOBES
� PARIETAL
± sensations of taste and touch, spatialorientation
� TEMPORAL ± sense of smell and hearing
± memory and emotional expressions
� OCCIPITAL ± coordinating language generation, visual
interpretation (depth perception)
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CEREBELLUM
� Below the cerebrum
� Center for coordination of movements and
postural adjustments� Receives and integrates information from
all areas of the body
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BRAINSTEM
� MIDBRAIN ± Connects the pons and cerebellum with the cerebrum
± Respiration, CV functions
± Includes the Reticular Activating System andExtrapyramidal System
± RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM� Motor activity, sleep consciousness and awareness
± EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM� Relayed information about movement and coordination from
brain to spinal nerves
� PONS ± Above medulla, in front of cerebrum, primary motor
pituitary
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BRAINSTEM
� MEDULLA OBLONGATA
� NUCLEI FOR CN III THROUGH XII
� Locus Ceruleus ± Norepinephrine producing neurons in the
brainstem
± Stress, anxiety and impulsive behavior
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LIMBIC SYSTEM
� Above the brainstem
� THALAMUS ± Activity,sensation,emotion
� HYPOTHALAMUS ± Temperature regulation, appetite control, impulsivebehavior (anger, rage, excitement), endocrinefunctions, sexual drive
� HIPPOCAMPUS
± Emotional arousal, memory� AMYGDALA
± Emotional arousal, memory
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LIMBIC SYSTEM
� Disturbances:
± memory loss in dementia
± partly controlled emotions and responses inpsychotic/manic
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
� Neurotransmission
± Sending electrochemical messages from to
neuron to neuron
� Dendrites
± Projections from the cell body
� Soma/Cell Body
� Axon
± Long extended structures
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
� Chemical substances manufactured in the
neuron that aid in transmission of
information throughout the body
� Excitatory or Inhibitory
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
� DOPAMINE
± primarily in the brainstem
± control of complex movements, motivation, cognition
and regulation of emotional responses ± GENERALLY EXCITATORY
± Synthesized from TYROSINE (amino acid)
± (Schizophrenia, Parkinson¶s and other mov¶t.
disorders) ± Antipsychotics work by blocking this neurotransmitter
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
� NOREPINEPHRINE
± most prevalent in the NS
± primarily in the BRAINSTEM ± changes in attention, learning, memory, sleep
and wakefulness, mood regulation
± Some antidepressants block the reuptake of
this neurotransmitter
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
� EPINEPHRINE ± limited distribution in the brain
± FIGHT OR FLIGHT response in PNS
� SEROTONIN
± derived from TRYPTOPHAN (amino acid) ± MOSTLY INHIBITORY
± control of food intake, sleep and wakefulness, temperatureregulation, pain control, sexual behavior and regulation of emotions
± Plays impt role in anxiety, mood disorders and schizophrenia
± Contributes to DELUSIONS, HALLUCINATIONS ANDWITHDRAWN behavior in Schizophrenia
± Some antidepressants block the reuptake of thisneurotransmitter
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
� ACETYLCHOLINE
± found in brain, SC and PNS particularly at the
neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle
± EITHER EXCITATORY OR INHIBITORY
± synthesized from CHOLINE
± affect sleep wake cycle and signals muscles
to become active
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
� GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID
± INHIBITORY
± modulates other neurotransmitter systemsrather than to provide direct stimulus
± increased function: treat anxiety and induce
sleep
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PSYCH THEORIES feat.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
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FREUD¶SPhase Age Focus
ORAL Birth to 18
months
Mouth,lips and tongue- major site of tension and gratification
-biting and sucking activities
ID ±present at birth
Ego gradually develops from rudimentary structure present birth.
ANAL 18-36
months
Anus and surrounding area- major source of interest
Voluntary sphincter control ± toilet training
PHALLIC/OED
IPAL
3-5 years Genitals- focus of interest, stimulation, excitement
Penis- organ of interest for both sexes
Masturbation
Penis envy (wish to possess penis)- girls
Oedipal and Electra Complex- wish to marry opposite sex parent
and get rid of same sex parent
LATENCY 5-11 or 13
years
Resolution of Oedipal Complex
Sexual drive- channeled to school activities and sports
SUPEREGO
Final stage of psychosexual development
GENITAL 11-13 years Puberty and biologic capacity for orgasm
True intimacy capacity
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ERIKSON¶SStage Virtue Task
Trust vs. Mistrust
(infant)
Hope World as safe and reliable.
Relationships as nurturing, stable and dependable.
Autonomy vs.
Shame and Doubt
(toddler)
Will Sense of Control and Free Will
Initiative vs. Guilt
(pre-school)
Purpose Beginning development of conscience
Manages conflict and anxiety
Industry vs.
Inferiority (school
age)
Competen
ce
Emerging confidence in own abilities.
Pleasure in accomplishments.
Identity vs. Role
Confusion
(adolescence)
Fidelity Sense of Self and Belonging
Intimacy vs.
Isolation (young
adult)
Love Adult, loving relationships and meaningful attachments
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ERIKSON¶S
Stage Virtue Task
Generativity vs.
Stagnation (middle
adult)
Care Creative and Productive
Establishing the next generation
Ego integrity vs.
Despair (maturity)
Wisdom Responsibility for self and life