PSYC550 Emotions and Memory

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PSYC 550Biological Bases of Behavior

Emotions and Learning


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Emotions as Response

Pattern

medial nucleus A group of subuclei of the amygdala that receives sensory input, including

information about the presence of odors and pheromones, and relays it to themedial basal forebrain and hypothalamus.

lateral nucleus (LA) A nucleus of the amygdala that receives sensory information from the

neocortex, thalamus, and hippocampus and send projections to the basal,accessory basal, and central nucleus of the amygdala.

central nucleus (CE) The region of the amygdala that receives information from the basal, lateral,

and accessory basal nuclei and sends projections to a wide variety of regions inthe brain; involved in emotional responses.


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Pattern conditioned emotional response

A classically conditioned response that occurs when a neutral stimulus isfollowed by an aversive stimulus; usually includes autonomic, behavioral, andendocrine components such as changes in heart rate, freezing, and secretion ofstress-related hormones.

threat behavior A stereotypical species-typical behavior that warns another animal that it may

be attacked if it does not flee or show a submissive behavior.

defensive behavior A species-typical behavior by which an animal defends itself against the threat

of another animal.


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Pattern

orbitofrontal cortex

The region of the prefrontal cortex at the base of the

anterior frontal lobes, just above the orbits of the eyes.

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

The region of the prefrontal cortex at the base of theanterior frontal lobes, adjacent to the midline.


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Communication of

Emotions

volitional facial paresis

Difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily; caused by

damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex or its

subcortical connections.

emotional facial paresis

Lack of movement of facial muscles in response to emotions in

people who have no difficulty moving these muscles voluntarily;caused by damage to the insular prefrontal cortex, subcortical

white matter of the frontal lobe, or parts of the thalamus.


16/44Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007


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Learning


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The Nature of Learning

perceptual learning

Learning to recognize a particular stimulus.

stimulus-response learning

Learning to automatically make a particular response in

the presence of a particular stimulus; includes classicaland instrumental conditioning.


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classical conditioning

Hebb rule

The hypothesis proposed by Donald Hebb that thecellular basis of learning involves strengthening of a

synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic

neuron fires.


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instrumental conditioning

A learning procedure whereby the effects of a particular behavior

in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish)

the probability of the behavior; also called operant conditioning. reinforcing stimulus

An appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus

makes the behavior become more frequent.

punishing stimulusAn aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus

makes the behavior become less frequent.

motor learning

Learning to make a new response.


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S pti Pl ti it L


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Synaptic Plasticity: Long-

Term Potentiation and

Long-Term Depression long-term potentiation (LTP)A long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular

synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity.

hippocampal formationA forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an

important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus

proper (Ammons horn), dentate gyrus, and subiculum.

entorhinal cortexA region of the limbic cortex that provides the major source of

input to the hippocampal formation.


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S i Pl i i L T


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Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term

Potentiation and Long-Term

Depression dentate gyrus Part of the hippocampal formation; receives inputs from the entorhinal

cortex and projects to the filed CA3 of the hippocampus.

perforant path

The system of axons that travel from cells in the entorhinal cortex to

the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation.

field CA3

Part of the hippocampus; receives input from the dentate gyrus and

projects to the field CA1.

pyramidal cell

A category of large neurons with a pyramid shape; found in the

cerebral cortex and Ammons horn of the hippocampal formation.


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Depression field CA1

Part of the hippocampus; receives inputs from field CA3 and projects

out of the hippocampal formation via the subiculum.

population EPSP

An evoked potential that represents the EPSPs of a population ofneurons.

associative long-term potentiation

A long-term potentiation in which concurrent stimulation of weak and

strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the weak ones. NMDA receptor

A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium

channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions; involved in long-term

potentiation.


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S n ptic Pl ticit : Lon Term


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Depression

nitric oxide synthase

An enzyme responsible for the production of nitric

oxide. long-term depression (LTD)

A long-term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to aparticular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the

terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane ishyperpolarized of only slightly depolarized.


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Perceptual Learning

short-term memory

Memory for a stimulus or an event that lasts for a short

while.

delayed matching-to-sample task

A task that requires the subject to indicate which of

several stimuli has just been perceived.


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Instrumental Conditioning

and Motor Learning

medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

A fiber bundle that runs in a rostral-caudal direction though the

basal forebrain and lateral hypothalamus; electrical stimulation of

these axons is reinforcing.

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A group of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain whose

axons form the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems; plays a role

in reinforcement.

nucleus accumbens

A nucleus of the basal forebrain near the septum; receives

dopamine-secreting terminal buttons from neurons of the ventral

tegmental area and is thought to be involved in reinforcement

and attention.


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Relational Learning

anterograde amnesia

Amnesia for events that occur after some disturbance to the

brain, such as head injury or certain degenerative brain diseases.

retrograde amnesia

Amnesia for events that preceded some disturbance to the brain,

such as a head injury or electroconvulsive shock.

Korsakoffs syndrome

Permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain damage resulting

from chronic alcoholism or malnutrition.

confabulation

The reporting of memories of events that did not take place

without the intention to deceive; seen in people with Korsakoffs

syndrome.


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Relational Learning

perirhinal cortex

A region of limbic cortex adjacent to the hippocampalformation that, along with the parahippocampal cortex,

relays information between the enthorhinal cortex andother regions of the brain.

parahippocampal cortex

A region of limbic cortex adjacent to the hippocampal

formation that, along with the perirhinal cortex, relaysinformation between the entorhinal cortex and otherregions of the brain.


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Relational Learning

episodic memory

Memory of a collection of perceptions of events

organized in time and identified be a particular context.

semantic memory

A memory of facts and general information.

semantic dementia

Loss of semantic memories caused by progressive

degeneration of the neocortex of the lateral temporal

lobes.


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LTP seems to be dependent on the

presence of:

cortisol

dop

amin

e

gluta

mate

va

sopressin

25% 25%25%25%

10

1. cortisol

2. dopamine

3. glutamate4. vasopressin

Which part of the brain is


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Which part of the brain is

best known for identifying

social emotions?

TEO

Amyg

dala

Orbito

frontal

corte

x

Hip

pocampu

s

25% 25%25%25%

10

1. TEO

2. Amygdala

3. Orbitofrontal cortex4. Hippocampus


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PSYC550 Emotions and Memory

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