PSY 369: Psycholinguistics Language Comprehension: Meaning beyond the word.
PSY 369: Psycholinguistics Language Comprehension: Methods for sentence comprehension.
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Transcript of PSY 369: Psycholinguistics Language Comprehension: Methods for sentence comprehension.
PSY 369: Psycholinguistics
Language Comprehension:Methods for sentence comprehension
Other Relevant Findings?
Bias towards “well-formed” stimuli Misidentify words with uncommon spelling patterns
BOUT as BOAT misidentify nonwords (e.g., SALID) as words that are like it
(SALAD). Difficulty identifying nonwords with irregular spelling patterns
(e.g., ITPR) more than those with regular spelling patterns (e.g., PIRT).
Sublexical units bigger than phonemes and graphemes?
onsets and rimes onset: initial consonant or consonant cluster in a word or
syllable rime: following vowel and consonants
if words broken at onset-rime boundary, resulting letter clusters more easily recognized as belonging together than if broken at other points
example: FL OST ANK TR
vs. FLA ST NK TRO
Sublexical units
Adding a bigram level
By adding a frequency-sensitive bigram level, we can accountfor the findings of well-formedness along with the others.
Summing up
Word recognition is based on a feature-detector system Biased to perceive common or recently occurring
features
Studying Word Identification Generally people ask: what makes word
identification easy or difficult? The assumption:
Time spent identifying a word can be a measure of difficulty
Measures of identification time are usually indirect
Some Identification Time Measures Measure how long people take to say a string of
letters is (or is not) a word (lexical decision) Measure how long people take to categorise a word
(“apple” is a fruit) Measure how long people take to start saying a word
(naming or pronunciation time) Measure how long people actually spend looking at a
word when READING Line by line reading Word by word reading using eye movement monitoring techniques
Line-by-line
A banker is a fellow
Line-by-line
who lends you his umbrella
Line-by-line
when the sun is shining
Line-by-line
but wants it back
Line-by-line
the minute it begins to rain.
Line-by-line Problem:
Overall reading time for entire sentence or phrase
need for more “on-line” measurements Timing on a smaller scope
See effects at level of word
Word-by-word RSVP (rapid serial visual presentation)
Word-by-word
A
Word-by-word
lie
Word-by-word
can
Word-by-word
travel
Word-by-word
halfway
Word-by-word
around
Word-by-word
the
Word-by-word
world
Word-by-word
while
Word-by-word
the
Word-by-word
truth
Word-by-word
is
Word-by-word
putting
Word-by-word
on
Word-by-word
its
Word-by-word
shoes.
Word-by-word Moving window
Word-by-word
I xxxx xxxxx xxx xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xx xxxxxxxxx.
Word-by-word
x have xxxx xxx xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xx xxxxxxxxx.
Word-by-word
x xxxx never xxx xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xx xxxxxxxxx.
Word-by-word
x xxxx xxxxx let xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xx xxxxxxxxx.
Word-by-word
x xxxx xxxxx xxx my xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xx xxxxxxxxx.
Word-by-word
x xxxx xxxxx xxx xx schooling xxxxxxxxx xxxx xx xxxxxxxxx.
Word-by-word
x xxxx xxxxx xxx xx xxxxxxxxx interfere xxxx xx xxxxxxxxx.
Word-by-word
x xxxx xxxxx xxx xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx with xx xxxxxxxxx.
Word-by-word
x xxxx xxxxx xxx xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx my xxxxxxxxx.
Word-by-word
x xxxx xxxxx xxx xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xx education.
Word-by-word A couple of methods
RSVP (rapid serial visual presentation) Moving window
Better, more “on-line” But, these measures are also a little bit
unnatural (especially RSVP) e.g., Don’t allow regressions (looking back)
Eye-movements
Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.
Eye-movements
Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.
Eye-movements
Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.
Eye-movements
Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.
Eye-movements
Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.
Eye-movements
Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.
Eye-movements
Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.
Eye-movements
Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.
Eye-movements
Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.
Eye Movements Limitations of the visual field
130 degrees vertically 180 degrees horizontally
Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.
Retinal Sampling
Retinal Sampling
Eye Movements Within the visual field, eye movements serve
two major functions Fixation – Position target objects of interest on the
fovea Tracking – Keep fixated objects on the fovea
despite movements of the object or head
Eye movements Fixations Movements
Saccades Smooth Pursuit
Fixations The eye is (almost) still – perceptions are
gathered during fixations The most important of eye “movements”
90% of the time the eye is fixated duration: 150ms - 600ms
Consists of a series of small eye movements (tremor, drift, microsaccades)
Saccades Saccades are used to move the fovea
to the next object/region of interest. Connect fixations Duration 10ms - 120ms
Very fast (up to 700 degrees/second) No visual perception during saccades
Vision is suppressed
Saccades
Saccades
Saccades
Saccades
Saccades Saccades are used to move the fovea to the
next object/region of interest. Connect fixations Duration 10ms - 120ms
Very fast (up to 700 degrees/second) No visual perception during saccades
Vision is suppressed Ballistic movements (pre-programmed) About 150,000 saccades per day
Smooth Pursuit
Smooth movement of the eyes for visually tracking a moving object
Cannot be performed in static scenes (fixation/saccade behavior instead)
Smooth Pursuit versus Saccades
Saccades Jerky No correction Up to 900
degrees/sec Background is not
blurred (saccadic suppression)
Smooth pursuit Smooth and
continuous Constantly corrected
by visual feedback Up to 100 degrees/sec Background is blurred
Purkinje Eye Tracker
Laser is aimed at the eye. Laser light is reflected by cornea
and lens Pattern of reflected light is
received by an array of light-sensitive elements.
Very precise Also measures pupil
accomodation No head movements
Measuring Eye Movements
Measuring Eye Movements
Video-Based Systems Infrared camera directed at eye Image processing hardware determines pupil position and size (and possibly
corneal reflection) Good spatial precision (0.5 degrees) for head-mounted systems Good temporal resolution (up to 500 Hz) possible