PSY 369: Psycholinguistics
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Transcript of PSY 369: Psycholinguistics
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PSY 369: Psycholinguistics
A Crash Course in Linguistic TheoryPart II
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Levels of analysis
Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics
language
structure pragmatics use
grammar meaning(semantics)
medium oftransmission
phonetics phonology morphology syntax lexicon discourse
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Levels of analysis
Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics
language
structure pragmatics use
grammar meaning(semantics)
medium oftransmission
phonetics phonology morphology syntax lexicon discourse
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Syntax: the ordering of the words
A dog bites a man.
A man bites a dog.
A dog was bitten by a man.
• Not just the linear ordering • It is the underlying set of syntactic rules
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• Not just the linear ordering • It is the underlying set of syntactic rules
Syntax: the ordering of the words
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Generative Grammar The pieces:
– Grammatical features of words• Grammatical class: Dog:noun; Bite:verb
• Other Features like: grammatical number & gender
– Phrase structure rules - these tell us how to build legal structures
• S --> NP VP• VP --> V (NP)• NP --> (A) (ADJ) N (PP)
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Transformational grammar Chomsky (1957, 1965)
Two stages phrase structures for a sentence Build Deep Structure
Build from phrase structure rules One constituent at a time
Convert to Surface Structure Built from transformations that operate on the deep structure
Adding, deleting, moving Operate on entire strings of constituents
S --> NP VPVP --> V (NP)
NP --> (A) (ADJ) N
Passive transformation rule:
NP1 + V + NP2 ---> NP2 + be + V + -en + by + NP1
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Transformational grammar 1 deep structure, 2 surface structures:
Active/passive sentences: The man bit the dog. The dog was bitten by the man.
2 deep structures, 1 surface structure: Groucho Marx shot an elephant in pajamas
Passive transformation rule:
NP1 + V + NP2 ---> NP2 + be + V + -en + by + NP1
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Psychological reality of syntax Derivational theory of complexity (pp 291-294)
The more transformations, the more complex The man was bitten by the dog. The man was bitten. (involves deletion) No evidence for more processing of the second sentence
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Psychological reality of syntax Derivational theory of complexity (pp 291-294)
The more transformations, the more complex The man was bitten by the dog. The man was bitten. (involves deletion) No evidence for more processing of the second sentence
Evidence for (trace) Some recent evidence or reactivation of moved constituent at
the trace position
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Transformational grammar
in the garage
S
NP VP
NPVP PP
Deep structure Surface structure
The car
was put (trace)
NP VP
NPVP PP
S
in the garagethe carwas put
Movement transformation
probe
Some “activation” of car
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Psychological reality of syntax Derivational theory of complexity
The more transformations, the more complex The boy was bitten by the wolf The boy was bitten. (involves deletion) No evidence for more processing of the second sentence
Evidence for (trace) Some recent evidence or reactivation of moved constituent at
the trace position
Evidence for syntax Syntactic priming
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The ghost sold the werewolf a flower
Bock (1986) Task: If you hear a sentence, repeat it, if you see a picture describe it
Syntactic priming
The girl gave the teacher the flowers
(pp 405-407)
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The ghost sold a flower to the werewolf
Bock (1986)
Syntactic priming
The girl gave the flowers to the teacher
(pp 405-407)
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a: The ghost sold the werewolf a flowerb: The ghost sold a flower to the werewolf
Bock (1986)
Syntactic priming
b: The girl gave the flowers to the teachera: The girl gave the teacher the flowers
(pp 405-407)
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Levels of analysis
Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics
language
structure pragmatics use
grammar meaning(semantics)
medium oftransmission
phonetics phonology morphology syntax lexicon discourse
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Semantics The study of meaning
Arbitrariness
Words are not the same as meaning Words are symbols linked to mental representations of
meaning (concepts) Even if we changed the name of a rose, we wouldn’t change
the concept of what a rose is
“What’s in a name? that which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet.”
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Separation of word and meaning Concepts and words are different things
Translation argument Every language has words without meaning, and meanings
without words e.g., transmogrify, wheedle, scalawag
Imperfect mapping Multiple meanings of words
e.g., ball, bank, bear Elasticity of meaning
Meanings of words can change with context e.g., newspaper
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Semantics Philosophy of meaning
Sense and Reference (Frege 1892/1952) “The world’s most famous athlete.” “The athlete making the most endorsement income.” 2 distinct senses, 1 reference
Now In the 90’s Over time the senses typically stay the same, while the references may change
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Semantics Two levels of analysis (and two traditions of
psycholinguistic research) Word level (lexical semantics)
How do we store words? How are they organized? What is meaning? How do words relate to meaning?
Sentence level (compositional semantics) How do we construct higher order meaning? How do word meanings and syntax interact?
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Lexical Semantics Word level
The (mental) lexicon: the words we know The average person knows ~60,000 words
How are these words represented and organized? Dictionary definitions? Necessary and sufficient features? Lists of features? Networks?
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Word and their meanings
“John is a bachelor.”
What does bachelor mean? What if John:
is married? is divorced? has lived with the mother of his children for 10 years but they
aren’t married? has lived with his partner Joe for 10 years?
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Word and their meanings I’m going to give you a word. Write down the
first word you think of in response to that word.
CAT
How are your words related to ‘cat’?
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Lexical Ambiguity What happens when we use ambiguous words in
our utterances?
“Oh no, Lois has been hypnotized and is jumping
off the bank!”
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Money “bank” River “bank”
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Lexical Ambiguity Psycholinguistic evidence suggests that multiple
meanings are considered Debate: how do we decide which meaning is correct
Based on: frequency, context
Hmm… ‘bank’ usually means the financial institution, but Lois was going fishing with
Jimmy today …
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Compositional Semantics Phrase and sentence level
Some of the theories Truth conditional semantics: meaning is a logical relationship
between an utterance and a state of affairs in the world Proposition:
A relationship between two (or more) concepts Has a truth value
Jackendoff’s semantics Concepts are lists of features, images, and procedural knowledge Conceptual formation rules
Cognitive grammar Mental models - mental simulations of the world
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Levels of analysis
Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics
language
structure pragmatics use
grammar meaning(semantics)
medium oftransmission
phonetics phonology morphology syntax lexicon discourse
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Pragmatics Sentences do more than just state facts, instead
they are uttered to perform actions How to do things with words (J. L. Austin, 1955 lectures)
Using registers Conversational implicatures Speech acts
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Pragmatics Registers: How we modify conversation when
addressing different listeners Determine our choice of wording or interpretation
based on different contexts and situations Speech directed at babies, at friends, at bosses, at foreigners
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Pragmatics Conversational implicatures
Speakers are Cooperative Grice’s Conversational Maxims
Quantity: say only as much as is needed Quality: say only what you know is true Relation/Relevance: say only relevant things Manner: Avoid ambiguity, be as clear as possible
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Pragmatics Speech acts: How language is used to accomplish various
ends Direct speech acts
Open the window please. Clean up your room!
Indirect speech acts “It is hot in here” “Your room is a complete mess!”
Non-literal language use e.g., Metaphors and idioms
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Pyscholinguistics and pragmatics Three-stage theory
Stage 1: compute the literal interpretation of the utterance Stage 2: evaluate the interpretation against assumptions
Grice’s conversational maxims Stage 3: if interpretation doesn’t seem correct, derive (or retrieve)
non-literal interpretation
One stage approaches Evaluate utterance at multiple levels simultaneously and select the
appropriate one Use context to derive the single most-likely interpretation
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Language is complex Even though it feels simple to produce and
understand language, it is a very complex behavior
language
structure pragmatics use
grammar meaning(semantics)
medium oftransmission
phonetics phonology morphology syntax lexicon discourse