PSY 1000
description
Transcript of PSY 1000
![Page 1: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PSY 1000
Introduction to Psychology
![Page 2: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Psychology’s RootsEarly History Trephining : chipping a hole in a patient's skull.Evil sprits could then escape!
Wilhelm Wundt Established the first experimental laboratory devoted to
psychology. Structuralism Focused on the basic building blocks of perception,
consciousness, thinking, and emotions - Introspection
![Page 3: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Psychology’s Roots
Functionalism Moved from structure to the role behaviour plays in
allowing people to adapt to their environments William James
Gestalt Psychology “the whole is different from the sum of its parts”
Ebbinghaus
![Page 4: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Gestalt psychology
![Page 5: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Schools of Thought Worksheet
Activity
![Page 6: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Psychology as a science Psychology uses the scientific method to
find answers to our questions
![Page 7: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What is a theory? List some famous theories Theory of Relativity (E=mc2) - Einstein Evolutionary Theory – Darwin Theory of Gravity – Newton Quantum Mechanics Big Bang Theory Structural Theory – Wundt Functional Theory – James Gestalt Theory – Kohler Behavioural Theory – Skinner Psychoanalytic Theory – Freud Humanistic Theory – Maslow Cognitive Theory – Piaget, Bandura (CANADIAN!)
![Page 8: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What is a Theory? A principle or set of rules that are created to
explain why and how events occur Organizes facts Guides research
A theory needs to be falsifiable This means that can be tested and rejected if the
theory does not stand true
Remember that a theory is not a certainty… it cannot be completely proven or disproven
![Page 9: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
To create a theory, we need to do research!
![Page 10: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Types of research There are two ways to conduct research:
basic and applied
Basic research investigates topics to seek new knowledge and to explore general science and understanding
Applied research solves practical problems; focused on influencing behaviours
![Page 11: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Research methods Descriptive Research Methods:
Naturalistic observation Laboratory observation Case study Survey
Experimental Method Correlational Method Psychological Tests
![Page 12: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Descriptive research methods Naturalistic Observation: the researcher observes and
records behaviours in a natural setting; participants may or may not know they are being observed Researcher watching students play at recess
Laboratory Observation: the researcher observes and records behaviours in a controlled environment; participants usually know they are being observed Observation in a play area
Case Study: an in-depth study, usually long-term, of a participant using observation, interviews, or psychological testing The study of Genie – “feral girl”
Survey: interviews or questionnaires used to gather information about behaviours, beliefs, etc Stress questionnaires
![Page 13: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Experimental method Using manipulation of variables (independent
and dependent), and random assignment of participants into groups; results are measured Independent variable: The variable that is
manipulated by an experimenter Dependent variable: The variable that is measured
and is expected to change as a result of the IV A psychologist wants to determine whether
caffeine has an effect on grades. He gives the experimental group of students coffee and the control group receives no coffee, he then gives both groups of students a test. What is the DV? IV?
![Page 14: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Correlational method Determines whether a relationship exists
between two variables (events, characteristics, behaviours)
Does not rule causation
Can have a strong, weak, positive or negative relationship
![Page 15: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Psychological tests Tests which are taken by participants
that can measure certain variables (intelligence, stress level, personality traits, aptitudes, etc)
![Page 16: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Activity – Research Methods Worksheet
![Page 17: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Avoiding Experimental Bloopers Experimenter Bias
Experimenter Expectations Participant Expectations
![Page 19: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Thought experiment You are a College Professor conducting
research on the effects of caffeine on your dreams. You have a limited budget to conduct this study. What research method would you choose? Why?
![Page 20: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Thought experiment con’t After you have decided which research
method to use, who will you be conducting your research on? Who will be your participants? Remember you want to be able to generalize your findings to the general public and you have limited funds.
![Page 21: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Participants in research In a perfect world, participants should be
a group of people that represent the general population – they should represent different races, religions, genders, ages, opinions, SES, etc. (Unless the study calls for specific participants)
However, many variables limit this (funding, availability, etc.)
![Page 22: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
So where do we get our participants?
Participants are usually college/university students who are encouraged to participate in the study by their Professors
There is usually a payment for participation or the student will receive a bonus mark in the course
There tends to be an over-representation of males, and Caucasians
![Page 23: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
What can we do to make our study generalizable?
![Page 24: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Animal studies
![Page 25: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Animal studies… bittersweet
Animal studies have been very useful in psychological studies
The use of animals have allowed psychologists to understand and develop vital theories
Today, animal rights are protected by the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists and the Canadian Council on Animal Care
However, it has not always been this way…
![Page 26: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Ethics To protect the rights of both humans and
animals ethical standards must be in place
Studies must be approved by an ethics committee, using the guidelines provided by the Canadian Psychological Association
It is very important that these guidelines are followed as people have different views on what they deem as ethical behaviour
![Page 27: PSY 1000](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/568164dc550346895dd73502/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)