Psikologi Anak

Pertemuan 3

Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

• Motor Development

• Sensory and Perceptual Development

• Perceptual-Motor Coupling

Dynamic Systems View

• Seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting

• Motivation leads to new motor behavior; a convergence of– Nervous system development– Body’s physical properties– Child’s motivation to reach goal– Environmental support for the skill

Sample Reflexes

Moro reflex

Rooting reflex

Sucking reflex

Startle response in reaction to sudden, intense noise or movement

Reaction when infant’s cheek is stroked or side of mouth touched

Automatic sucking object placed in newborn’s mouth

Grasping reflexOccurs when something touches infant’s palms; infant response

is to grasp tightly

Gross Motor Skills

• Motor skills that involve large-muscle activities– Infancy

• Development of posture• Locomotion and crawling • Learning to walk• No set sequence of development; help of caregivers important• more skilled and mobile in second year

– Childhood• Improved walking, running, jumping, climbing, learn organized sports’ skills• Positive and negative sport outcomes

– Adolescence - Skills continue to improve

Milestones inGross Motor Development

Fine Motor Skills

• Involves more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity– Infancy: Reaching and grasping

• Size and shape of object matters• Experience affects perceptions and vision

– Early Childhood: Pick up small objects• Some difficulty building towers• Age 5: hand, arm, fingers move together

– Childhood and adolescence • Writing and drawing skills emerge, improve• Steadier at age 7; more precise movements• By 10-12, can do quality crafts, master difficult piece on musical instrument

What Are Sensation and Perception?

• Sensation — occurs when information contacts sensory receptors

• Perception — interpretation of sensation

The Ecological View

• People directly perceive information in the world around them

– Perception brings people in contact with the environment to interact with it and adapt to it

– All objects have affordances; opportunities for interaction offered by objects necessary to perform activities

Infants’ Visual Perception

Visual Acuity

Color

Perceiving Patterns

Depth Perception

Visual Expectations

20/600 at birth, near adult levels by 1 year

Sees green and red at birth, all colors by 2 months

Prefer patterns at birth; face scanning improves by 2 months

Developed by 7-8 months

Begins by 4 months;

expect gravity by 6-8 months

Perceptual Constancy

Size constancy

Recognition that object remains the same even though the retinal image changes

Shape constancy

Recognition that object remains the same even though its orientation changes

Vision in Childhood

• Improved color detection, visual expectations, controlling eye movements (for reading)

• Preschoolers may be farsighted

• Signs of vision problems– Rubbing eyes, blinking, squinting

– Irritability at games requiring distance vision– Closing one eye, tilting head to see, thrusting head forward to see

Hearing

Prenatal • Can hear before birth

Infancy • Improve sensitivity to soft sounds, pitches • Ability to localize

Childhood• Hearing usually fine • Danger of otitis media

Adolescence• Most have excellent hearing• Danger from loud music

Adulthood• Few changes until middle adulthood• Hearing impairment increases with age

Hearing

• Fetus hears in last 2 months of pregnancy• Newborns

– cannot hear soft sounds well– display auditory preferences – sensitive to human speech

• Infants less sensitive to sound pitch• Most children’s hearing is inadequate

– otitis media: middle ear infection

Intermodal Perception

• Ability to relate and integrate information about two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing

• Exists in newborns