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Personalityis made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that make

a person unique. It arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent. As a word,

Personality is derived from the Latin word persona, meaning a mask wore by actors while

performing dramas in Latin tradition. It is a set of characteristics possessed by a person who

influences their environment, emotions, motivations etc. It also refers to the pattern of thoughts,

feelings etc. exhibited over time.

According to psychology, personality is unique pre-disposition which incorporates an individuals

values, beliefs, attitude towards a particular thing etc.

Determinants of personality-

1) Heredity- It plays a very important role as the major determinant of personality. These

factors not only affect the physical features of a person but the intelligence level,

attentiveness, temperament energy level etc. Researchers have found out that 50% of

personality differences are due to genetics.

2)

Family Background- Family factors are a major factor which help in determining onespersonality. The role of family is very important for nurturing the children. Many factors

affect the personality of children. A study has proved that a child with a younger sibling will

experience the family life differently than the younger sibling. Other factors like family size,

environment etc. shape up a childs personality.

3)

Social surrounding- Social surrounding involves all factors like the place where one lives,

studies, etc. A person living in a violet environment still may go on and become a moral

citizen as a result of strong setting at the house. In some cases however, no matter how

positive the environment is, a person might have a negative personality.

4)

Personal values and belief systemsThey play a major role in shaping up a person as awhole. If a person has a strong will of not to do something wrong, like maybe fall for

smoking, he/she might actually succeed even when there is peer pressure. So belief systems

and values play an important role in development of ones personality.

5) Exposure to varied experiencesIt so happens sometimes, that one particular incident in

life can change ones outlook and attitude towards it. Such experiences shape up and refine

the person. It may so happen that these experiences might have a negative impact and leave

a negative personality as a consequence.

Freuds Personality theory

Sigmund Freud, the father of clinical psychology developed a theory of personality which was

controversial but widely discussed amongst psychologists. His theory is called psychoanalysis theory

of personality. According to him, all psychic energy is generated by the libido. He believed that an

individuals personality was developed in his childhood and a mere extension is being observed in

the adulthood. He thought that the human behaviour was motivated by two driving instincts life

and death instincts. The former are those that relate to a basic need for survival, reproduction and

pleasure. They include food, shelter, clothing and sex. He also suggested that people have an

unconscious will for death.

Psychosexual stages- Freud believed that children are born with a sexual urge. There are a number

of stages of childhood during which a child seeks pleasure from different objects. To bepsychologically healthy, we must complete each stage. Mental abnormality can occur otherwise.

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1) Oral stage

2) Anal stage

3) Phallic stage

4) Genital stage

5) Latent stage

He later developed three elements of personality, namely id, ego and superego and said that they

work together to create complex behaviour.

IDId is the only component that is present from birth. It is entirely unconscious and includes

primitive and instinctive behaviours, Eros and thantos which aim for source of joy. It is driven by the

pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all needs and desires. If they are not

satisfied immediately, the result is a state of anxiety and tension.

SuperegoIt refers to the aspect of personality that holds all of our moral standards and ideals that

we acquire from both parents ad society-our sense of right and wrong. It provides guidelines for

making judgements. There are two parts of superegoego ideal and conscience.

EgoEgo refers to the mediating agent between Id and superego which is responsible for dealing

with the reality. Ego develops with id and ensures that its impulses are expressed in a manner

acceptable to the real world.

Defence MechanismsThey are used by people in an unconscious manner to save themselves from

being attacked by others during crisis situation.

1) RepressionAn unconscious mechanism employed by ego to keep disturbing thoughts from

becoming conscious.

2) RegressionMovement back in time when one is faced with stress.

3) SublimationSatisfying an impulse with a substitute object, in a socially acceptable way.

4) ProjectionInvolves individuals attributing their own unacceptable feelings or motives to

someone else.

5) RationalisationExplanation of unacceptable behaviour in a logical way, avoiding the true

reasons for it.

Social Learning Theory

Social Learning Theory or Social cognitive theory is an idea proposed initially by Miller and

Dollard wherein it was stated that personality is developed by observing other individuals

who influence ones personality. Their proposition says that if humans were motivated to

learn some behaviour, it would be learned through observations. By imitating these

observed actions the individual observer would solidify that learned action and would be

rewarded with positive reinforcement.

They came up with another hypothesis which is termed as aggression frustration

hypothesis. According to this, people who are more frustrated behave in a more aggressive

way.

Adler Personality Theory

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Adler based his theory on the concept of inferiority complex. He laid stress on a positive

view of human nature. He believed that individuals can control their own fate. He believed

that we construct our own reality according to the way we perceive the world. He thought

that human behaviour is propelled to remove the inferiority existing and become superior to

others.

Leadership is a mutual process wherein the leader influences the followers and is influenced by

them in return.

Leadership has been described as a process ofsocial influencein which one person

can enlist the aid andsupportof others in the accomplishment of a commontask.The leader is said

to be different from a manager or an administrator. He is an individual who has charisma, foresight,

ability to motivate and bring confidence in to his followers and has strong networking skills. He

might not be the most intelligent person in the group but he knows how to extract the best out of all

his sub-ordinates/ followers. A leader is always charged with great responsibility of someones time,

effort, hopes etc.

There are many types of leaders in every sphere of human domain

1) Political Leaders ( Gandhi, Indira Gandhi, Narendra Modi)

2) Social Leaders (Baba Amte)

3)

Spiritual Leader(Ravi Shankar, Baba Ramdev)

4)

Industrial Leaders(JRD Tata, Ambani)

5)

Expert Leaders( Subramium Swamy, Anna Hazare)

All the above leaders from the above mentioned areas are categorised into 3 types

1)

Autocratic

In this type of leadership, the person in charge has total authority and controlover decision making. By virtue of their position and job responsibilities, they not only

control the efforts of the team, but monitor them for completionoften under close

scrutiny. This style is reminiscent of the earliest tribes and empires. This system is best used

in situations where control is necessary, often where there is little margin for error.

2) Democratic - Democratic leadership, also known as participative leadership, is a type of

leadership style in which members of the group take a more participative role in the

decision-making process. Group members are encouraged to share ideas and opinions, even

though the leader retains the final say over decisions. Here the members of the group feel

more involved in the work process.

3) Laissez-faire - Laissez-faire leadership, also known as delegative leadership, is a type of

leadership style in which leaders are hands-off and allow group members to make thedecisions. There is very little guidance from leaders and complete freedom is given to the

followers for making decision. The resources which are in need are provided by the leaders

and the group members are expected to solve the problems themselves.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_(project_management)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_(project_management)http://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/a/leadstyles.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/a/leadstyles.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/a/leadstyles.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/a/leadstyles.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_(project_management)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence