PSA Debate - Prostate Cancer UK · PSA Debate . PSA2 . PSA3 PSA test ... –Still only 30% of all...
Transcript of PSA Debate - Prostate Cancer UK · PSA Debate . PSA2 . PSA3 PSA test ... –Still only 30% of all...
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PSA1
PSA Debate
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PSA2
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PSA3
PSA test
• PSA testing is not usually recommended for asymptomatic men with < 10 years life expectancy
• Before having a PSA test men should not have:
– had a DRE in the previous week.
– an active UTI (PSA may remain raised for many months);
– ejaculated in the previous 48 hours;
– exercised vigorously in the previous 48 hours;
– had a prostate biopsy in the previous 6 weeks
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PSA4
PSA test
• If borderline raised, consider repeating
• Although 2 week referral, very rarely that urgent.
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PSA5
PSA test • Around 2/3 of men with a raised PSA do not have
prostate cancer
• One study found 1 in 6 men with a ‘normal’ PSA may have prostate cancer
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PSA6
PSA test • Study with pts in real community practice:
• PSA cut-off of 4:
– sensitivity of 86%, specificity of 33%
• For range of PSA 4-10 (approx half in this study), LR+ is 0.96, i.e. no real difference to pre-test probability
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PSA7
PSA test • Using PSA >4, testing was most sensitive (90%),
but least specific (27%) in older men
• Age-specific reference ranges:
– improved specificity in older men (49%)
– but decreased sensitivity (70%), with LR+ of 1.38
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PSA8
Some figures
• 1.3 million diagnosed in US since PSA, 1 million had treatment.
• Greatest risk factor for CaP diagnosis? – PSA blood test
• Best way to decrease incidence: – Reduce PSA testing
– Raise PSA thresholds for further action
– Use other risk calculators such as prostate volume, free:total ratio, etc.
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PSA9
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PSA10
• In 2010, the UK National Screening Committee recommended against screening
– due to review its position in 2013-14
• Prostate Cancer UK current position: “Disadvantages of screening for prostate cancer using the PSA test outweigh its benefits”
Screening?
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PSA11
Some figures • Aim of screening is to reduce disease-specific &
overall mortality.
• 6 big trials looked at PSA screening & mortality, none found reduction in overall mortality.
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PSA12
Some figures • Only 1 main study found reduction in CaP
mortality. Overall, after median 11 years (can't say after that - yet):
– 16% raised PSA, 24% of these with cancer on biopsy
– Relative reduction of CaP mortality of 29% (adjusted)
– Need to screen ~1000 men to prevent one CaP death
– Need to detect 37 cases of prostate cancer
– Still only 30% of all patients in the study had died overall at this stage.
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PSA13
Some figures • Gothenburg study:
– Smaller part of same study
– Longer follow-up, median 14 years
– ~50% reduction in CaP deaths
• To prevent one cancer death:
– Approx 300 (95% CI 177—799) needed to be invited for screening
– 12 to be diagnosed
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PSA14
• ProtecT study:
– 1/3 get moderate or major bothersome symptoms from biopsy.
– Sepsis in 2-4%, 1% admitted.
• PROMIS study looking at MRI vs template prostate mapping:
– could be useful at detecting & not overtreating small low-grade tumours.
Some figures
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PSA15
• Nearly 90% in US with PSA-detected Ca now get immediate treatment, approx 80% with low-risk.
• In UK, approx 60% with low risk Ca get immediate treatment.
Some figures
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PSA16
• PIVOT (2012) looked at observation (NOT active surveillance) vs radical prostatectomy (RP) over 15 years:
– No difference in overall or CaP mortality.
– Possibly slightly favoured RP only if high risk & PSA over 10.
– Already outdated, with RP probably now being done on even smaller cancers, found with more PSA testing and more needles.
Some figures
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PSA17
• Active surveillance (AS) suggests risk of mets <1% up to 8 years. ProtecT is randomising AS against RP or DXT.
• Future:
– better biomarkers
– raise thresholds for PSA
– improve communication re AS
– improve minimally invasive therapy e.g. cryosurgery, HIFU.
Some figures
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PSA18
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PSA19
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PSA20
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PSA21
Their screening messages
Recommend against PSA test for prostate cancer screening because:
• The test is unlikely to prevent you from dying of prostate cancer over 10-15 years or help you live longer
• Elevated PSA values are common and lead to additional tests that have harms
• PSA testing finds many cancers that will not cause health problems
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PSA22
Their screening messages
• Once we find cancer it is hard not to treat it
• Treatments have harms that occur early, can be serious, and may persist, but have very little, if any, benefit
• By choosing not to have the PSA test you can live a similar length of life, have little to no difference in your risk of dying from prostate cancer, and avoid the harms associated with tests, procedures, and treatments
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PSA23
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PSA24
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PSA25
Screening at younger age?
• Some suggest measuring PSA at age 40: – if under 0.5, v low risk at 25 yrs follow-up.
– If 2-3, increase odds 19-fold.
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PSA26
Screening at younger age?
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PSA27
• 21,277 Swedish men aged 27-52 who provided blood at baseline in 1974-84, unthawed in study
• Looked at PSA vs long-term CaP outcomes
• 3 age groups:
– Near 40
– 45-49
– 51-55
Screening at younger age?
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PSA28
• At 40, even for men with highest decile PSA, risk of CaP mets very low at 15 years
– “difficult to justify initiating PSA testing at age 40”
• 45-49, highest decile PSA: 15-yr risk of mets: 1.7%
• 51-55, highest decile PSA: 15-yr risk of mets: 5.2%
• i.e. early 50s may be too late to start screening
• Highest decile at 45-55: approx ½ of CaP deaths
Screening at younger age?
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PSA29
• Screening intervals?
• Initial screen in mid-late 40s
– PSA <1.0 (approx ¾ of men at this age):
• screen again in early-mid 50s, and at ~60
– PSA >1.0: more frequent, e.g. 2-4 yearly
• Test aged ~60:
– PSA <1.0: no further screening
– PSA >1.0: continue until ~70
Screening at younger age?
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PSA30
Current Resources
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PSA31
Current Resources
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PSA32
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PSA33
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PSA34
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PSA35
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PSA36
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PSA37