MatterMatterWhat is matter?What is matter?

Anything that has mass and Anything that has mass and takes up space!!takes up space!!

ChemistryChemistryAll about studying matter and how it All about studying matter and how it

changeschanges

We like to look at what things are made of We like to look at what things are made of and what kind of properties they have…and what kind of properties they have…these properties help us make every day these properties help us make every day choices!! choices!!

Can you give some examples of properties Can you give some examples of properties we look at?we look at?

Soap Soap

Food choicesFood choices

Glue vs. Paste Glue vs. Paste vs. Duct Tape vs. Duct Tape

Atoms and ElementsAtoms and Elements

AtomAtom: smallest particle; means : smallest particle; means indivisible; has the properties of the indivisible; has the properties of the element it is made fromelement it is made from

ElementElement: a substance that cannot be : a substance that cannot be broken down into smaller substancesbroken down into smaller substancesFor example: Mercury, Carbon, Hydrogen For example: Mercury, Carbon, Hydrogen

CompoundsCompounds

Made of two or more atoms of Made of two or more atoms of DIFFERENTDIFFERENT elements elements

For example, water is made of 2 For example, water is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom atom

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are needed to see this picture.

CompoundsCompounds

A compound is more than just the A compound is more than just the sum of its elements…what does sum of its elements…what does THAT mean???THAT mean???

When the atoms combine, the When the atoms combine, the compound has new, unique properties compound has new, unique properties that will go away if you split the atoms that will go away if you split the atoms apart again!apart again!

MoleculesMoleculesA collection of atoms that act as a A collection of atoms that act as a

unit…sounds kind of like a compound unit…sounds kind of like a compound though…though…

A molecule may be two or more atoms A molecule may be two or more atoms of the of the SAMESAME element, or two or more element, or two or more atoms of atoms of DIFFERENTDIFFERENT elements…a elements…a compound always has at least two compound always has at least two

elementselements

MoleculesMolecules

Examples: a molecule of oxygen OExamples: a molecule of oxygen O22 and a and a

molecule of water Hmolecule of water H22OO

Chemical FormulasChemical FormulasShows how many atoms of each Shows how many atoms of each

element are in one molecule of a element are in one molecule of a substancesubstance

For example: a water molecule has For example: a water molecule has 2 Hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen 2 Hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen atomatom

HH22OO

More Chemical Formulas…More Chemical Formulas…

Carbon Dioxide is written: COCarbon Dioxide is written: CO22

Two Molecules of COTwo Molecules of CO22 is written with a is written with a

coefficient in front of the formula:coefficient in front of the formula:

22COCO22

Pure SubstancesPure SubstancesElements and compounds are Elements and compounds are

pure substances-pure substances-there is only there is only water in a water molecule (Hwater in a water molecule (H22O) O)

and if you break it apart, you no and if you break it apart, you no longer have waterlonger have water

There is only glucose in a glucose There is only glucose in a glucose molecule (Cmolecule (C66HH1212OO66) if you break it ) if you break it

apart, you no longer have glucoseapart, you no longer have glucose

MixturesMixturesOne or more pure substances can be One or more pure substances can be

mixed togethermixed together

Grape Juice has sugar, water, vitamins, Grape Juice has sugar, water, vitamins, minerals, acids…many substances that minerals, acids…many substances that are completely different with different are completely different with different ratios, depending on the maker of the ratios, depending on the maker of the juice! (Like when your juice box says juice! (Like when your juice box says

10% fruit juice or 100% juice…)10% fruit juice or 100% juice…)

Mixtures Continued...Mixtures Continued...

HeterogeneousHeterogeneous mixtures are mixtures are not uniformly not uniformly distributeddistributed-like a chocolate chip cookie-like a chocolate chip cookie

HomogeneousHomogeneous mixtures are mixtures are uniformly uniformly distributeddistributed-like sugar water-like sugar water

More Mixtures...More Mixtures...Liquid mixtures can be:Liquid mixtures can be:

Miscible:Miscible: Able to mix together easily and Able to mix together easily and dissolve into each other (like rubbing dissolve into each other (like rubbing alcohol and water)alcohol and water)

Immiscible:Immiscible: Unable to mix together easily Unable to mix together easily (like oil and water)(like oil and water)

Section 2.2 Matter and EnergySection 2.2 Matter and Energy

Kinetic TheoryKinetic TheoryKinetic-deals with Kinetic-deals with movementmovement

Main Points of Kinetic Theory:Main Points of Kinetic Theory:

All matter is made of atoms and molecules that All matter is made of atoms and molecules that act like tiny particlesact like tiny particles

These tiny particles are constantly moving; These tiny particles are constantly moving; higher temps=faster movementhigher temps=faster movement

Heavier particles move more slowly than lighter Heavier particles move more slowly than lighter ones (if we keep the temperature the same!)ones (if we keep the temperature the same!)

SolidsSolidsRigid, little Rigid, little freedom for freedom for particles to moveparticles to move

Hold their own-Hold their own-fixed volume and fixed volume and shapeshape

LiquidsLiquidsParticles are close together, but not Particles are close together, but not attracted to each other as strongly as in a attracted to each other as strongly as in a solid-can slide around each other at randomsolid-can slide around each other at random

Fluids: particles can spread out on their Fluids: particles can spread out on their own: Liquids and Gases BOTHown: Liquids and Gases BOTH

Liquids have a fixed volume but will take Liquids have a fixed volume but will take the shape of whatever container they are inthe shape of whatever container they are in

Viscosity Viscosity

Liquids spread out at different Liquids spread out at different rates-rates-think honey vs. waterthink honey vs. water

Stronger attraction between Stronger attraction between particles=slower moving particles=slower moving liquid=more viscosityliquid=more viscosity

Gases Gases Free to spread in all Free to spread in all directionsdirections

Particles are spread far Particles are spread far apartapart

FLUID-particles can spread FLUID-particles can spread out, and they do-quickly!!out, and they do-quickly!!

Gases…continuedGases…continued

Even though you can’t see the gas Even though you can’t see the gas particles, they still exert PRESSUREparticles, they still exert PRESSURE

Think about a balloon that you blow up Think about a balloon that you blow up and then release without tying the open and then release without tying the open end…what happens?end…what happens?

That is PRESSUREThat is PRESSURE

ENERGYENERGY

Fire, electricity, batteriesFire, electricity, batteries-all -all examples of energyexamples of energy

The ability to move or change The ability to move or change mattermatter

ENERGYENERGYTo change your To change your “state”“state” you must you must transfer energytransfer energy

It takes energy to melt a solid or It takes energy to melt a solid or evaporate a liquid!!evaporate a liquid!!

ENERGY…ENERGY…continuedcontinued

Changing your “state” does Changing your “state” does NOTNOT mean you are made of different mean you are made of different elements!elements!

Same elements=same massSame elements=same mass

Chemical makeup and mass do not Chemical makeup and mass do not change during physical changes of change during physical changes of statestate

Law of Conservation of MassLaw of Conservation of Mass

Mass cannot be created nor Mass cannot be created nor destroyeddestroyed

It can change form, like from liquid It can change form, like from liquid to gas, or gas to solid, but the matter to gas, or gas to solid, but the matter is still there!is still there!

Gases have mass even if you can’t Gases have mass even if you can’t see itsee it

Law of Conservation of Law of Conservation of EnergyEnergy

Energy cannot be created nor Energy cannot be created nor destroyed! destroyed!

The amount you put INTO a The amount you put INTO a reaction is equal to the amount reaction is equal to the amount you get OUT OF your reaction!!you get OUT OF your reaction!!

Section 2.3 Properties of MatterSection 2.3 Properties of MatterTwo types of properties: Chemical and Two types of properties: Chemical and

Physical Physical

Chemical propertiesChemical properties: describe the way a : describe the way a substance reacts with other substances to form substance reacts with other substances to form NEW substances with new propertiesNEW substances with new properties

• i.e. does it burn (i.e. does it burn (flammableflammable), does it explode ), does it explode when it contacts the air (Sodium)when it contacts the air (Sodium)

• Reactivity: Reactivity: the ability of a substance to the ability of a substance to combine chemically with another substancecombine chemically with another substance

Physical properties: Physical properties: describe describe characteristics of a substance that can be characteristics of a substance that can be measured and observed without changing measured and observed without changing the compositionthe composition

• i.e. color, shape, mass, densityi.e. color, shape, mass, density

• Can you think of any other properties you Can you think of any other properties you can observe?can observe?

DensityDensityDensity is a Density is a physicalphysical property defined as the property defined as the

mass per unit volume of a substancemass per unit volume of a substance

→ → What does that even mean??What does that even mean??➢ It means how heavy an object is compared to its It means how heavy an object is compared to its

volumevolume➢ Can you think of any materials that are really light Can you think of any materials that are really light

compared to other materials that are about the compared to other materials that are about the same size?same size?

Density continued...Density continued...

Density is a mathematical value derived Density is a mathematical value derived from mass and volume.from mass and volume.

The equation for Density is:The equation for Density is:

Density = Mass/Volume or D = m/VDensity = Mass/Volume or D = m/V

More Density...More Density...

Units for Units for massmass are usually grams (g) or are usually grams (g) or kilograms (kg)kilograms (kg)

Units for Units for volumevolume are usually liters (L) or are usually liters (L) or milliliters (mL) or cubic centimeters (ccmilliliters (mL) or cubic centimeters (cc33))

1 mL = 1 1 mL = 1 cccc33 so these two measurements so these two measurements

are interchangeableare interchangeable

Chemical and Physical Chemical and Physical ChangesChanges

Chemical changesChemical changes occur when a new occur when a new substance is formed (you can never go substance is formed (you can never go back to the original substance)back to the original substance)i.e when you burn wood, it becomes ashes and i.e when you burn wood, it becomes ashes and

can never go back to being a piece of wood!can never go back to being a piece of wood!

Physical changesPhysical changes occur when the occur when the substance changes form or states but the substance changes form or states but the chemical composition is still the samechemical composition is still the samei.e. frozen water is still water, just in solid form i.e. frozen water is still water, just in solid form