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PROVERBS

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Don’t make a martyr sigh, you’ll pay for it by and by.

It means;

Alma mazlumun ahını, çıkar aheste aheste.

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A young trooper should have an old house.

It means; At at oluncaya kadar sahibi mat olur.

I the mistress and you the young lady, who’ll sweep the house?

It means; Sen ağa ben ağa bu ineği kim sağa.

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YOUYOU DIDN’T

NEED TO BUY

THESE FLOWERS.

???

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SOME GENERAL RULES Modal verbs, can not be used with “to”

- He can do this.

can not be used with “-s” after he/she/it in present simple tense,but there is an exception in “have to/has to”.

- He must go now.(musts)

I have to do it right now.

He has to

in questions, negative sentences and short answers they can not be used with auxiliary verbs , such as do, but except for have to.

-Can you drive? (do you can drive?)-Do you have to go now?

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They can be used with progressive, perfect and passive infinitive forms.

He might be sleeping. (progressive )He should have left by now.(perfect)The car ought to be fixed.(passsive infinitive)

After modals main verbs can not be used with “-s“ in present simple tense.

She should study hard.(she should studies hard)

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ABILITY ADVISABILITYEXPECTATIONPOSSIBILITY / DEDUCTIONNECESSITY / LACK OF NECESSITYPROHIBITIONPOLITE OFFERS / REQUESTSMAKING SUGGESTIONS

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ABILITY 1)BE ABLE TO + INFINITIVE is used when talking

about ability to do something.

Unable to + infinitive has negative meaning.

Forms of ABLE TO:

had been able to have/has been able to

was/were able to am/is/are able to will/may/might be able to

I overslept yesterday and missed the bus, but I was able to get to work on time by taxi.

NOTE:Be able to can be used with some other model verbs(should be able to do sth, must have been able to do sth,etc…)

Top US General in Iraq says their troops might be able to start coming home next spring.

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2)CAN + VERB refers to an ability in present and future tense

Ican operate all kinds of personel computer hardware.

When I take these skills courses, I can easily find a job in the future.

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3)When it refers to “a talent” , can becomes COULD or WAS/WERE ABLE TO in past tense.But these forms aren’t always interchangeable.

was/were able to has the meaning of “manage to”.

The plane was able to take off when the runway was completely cleared.

Could is used with feeling verbs such as see, hear, feel, smell, taste.

Icould smell something burning in the kitchen.

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BUT, Couldn’t and wasn’t/weren’t able to are

interchangeable. We weren’t able to/couldn’t make a phone

call right after the earthquake.

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ADVISABILTY1)We can use either SHOULD/OUGHT TO, or HAD

BETTER to talk about obligations and recommendations.

However in general should is used more frequently. We use should not ought to while giving advise with I .You should/ought to finish your homework before you go out.I should leave early tomorrow, if I were you.

We use had better if we want to express particular urgency and in demands and threats.There’s someone moving about downstairs.We had better call the police, quickly.

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2)NEGATIVE FORMSSHOULDN’T,OUGHT NOT TO,HAD BETTER NOT You shouldn’t go out alone after dark. You ought not to treat him so unkindly. He had better not work so hard, or he’ll

make himself ill.

We must be careful about shouldn’t, needn’t, and don’t have to.

You shouldn’t drive fast.That’s a great risk. You needn’t/don’t have to drive fast.We have

plenty of time.

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Must is stronger than should. He should work harder in order to be successful. He must work harder, or he’ll fail.

3)Future, progressive, past and past progressive forms of should:

You should be doing your homework now. We should have a meeting next week. You should have been doing your homework. We should have had a meeting last week.

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Should have done and ought to have done can refer things to do not only in past tense but also in future tense.

I should have done the cleaning by the time my mother arrives home.

We should have checked every single detail before we hand in our project next week.

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EXPECTATION

1)Either BE TO or BE SUPPOSED TO is used when talking about formal plans or programs.

The train is to arrive here in an hour. The train is supposed to arrive here in an

hour.

2)Was/were to or was were/supposed to is used when something was expected to be done in the past.

I was supposed to go to work early yesterday, but I overslept, so my boss got angry with me.(result: I went to work late.)

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3)Be supposed to is used when there is an external necessity, but should can also be used in internal necessity.

I am supposed to go home before it gets dark. My mother is worried if I’m late.

I should go home before it gets dark. It is not very safe in our neighbourhood at that time and I feel afraid.

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Be supposed to is also used when talking

about the contradiction between something that is/was expected and the situation in real.

This country is supposed to be a democracy.Cats are supposed to be afraid of dogs,but

ours isn’t.

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EXERCISES(can,be able to,should,be supposed to in

correct forms) 1)We had been warned that our flight might be

delayed this morning, but the pilot ………(take off ) despite heavy fog.

(was able to take off) 2)Gary ………(buy) a computer without first

consulting an expert because the model he bought is virtually obsolete.

(shouldn’t have bought) 3)The film…….(start) at 11.30.(is supposed to start)

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4)We ……..(tell) her the bad news, or she’ll get depressed.

(shouldn’t tell) 5)There aren’t many people who ………(speak)

two languages as fluently as him.(can speak)

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POSSIBILITY AND DEDUCTİON

1)CAN is used in theoretical possibilities like natural occurences.

-Too much sun can be dangerous to your health.

-Antalya can be very hot in July.

2)Can is also used to indicate that there is a real possibility of a future event.

-We can go to İzmir because I don’t have to work.

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3)COULD isn’t only the past form of can,it is used

a)As a polite form of can; When you are in İstanbul you could go and

see Jane.b)Less likely form of can; We could go to the fun fairs tomorrow if you

want. c)In indirect speech; I asked if you could help me.d)Instead of “would be able to”; You could get a better job if you spoke a

foreign language.

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4)We can use MAY, MIGHT or COULD when talking about possibilities in the future.

A:Where is Jack?B:He may/might/could be in his room.However,MAY is more formal and isn’t used in questions

instead we prefer be likely.-Are you likely to be in Spain again this

summer? (May you be in Spain…?)but, is used in formally asking for permission

and offering help. -May I help you?5)We should prefer MUST in strong possibilities.-As she goes skiing every other weekend, she

must realy like it.

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6)CAN’T/MAY/MIGHT/COULD/MUST BE+Vingrefer possibility in present progressive tense.

They can’t be going in the car, for they haven’t got the key.( strong possibility)A:Where’s Jayne?B:I don’t know, but she might be studying in the library.(weak possibility)He’s going to take the university exam this year, so he must be studying hard.(strong possibility)

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7)CAN’T HAVE V3 strong possibility Linda can’t have seen the proffesor

yesterday as he has been attending a seminar abroad for the last ten days.

8)MAY/MIGHT HAVE V3 is used in possible events in the past, present, and future;

Do you think Jean may/might have completed the report by now?(past)

His math may/might have improved by the time the exam comes round.(future)

Malcolm isn’t in his office. He may/might be working at home today.(present)

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9)COULD HAVE V3

You were stupid to try climbing up there. You could have killed yourself.

10)MUST HAVE V3 refer to strong possibility in the past.

The only person seen leaving the house right after the shot was the victim’s business partner. So, he must have commited the crime.

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11)CAN’T/MAY/MIGHT/COULD/MUST HAVE BEEN V3 are used in progressive actions.

One of the things that bothered me was the thought of my brother may/might/could have been working on the morning of September 11th .

12)Either COULD or MIGHT can be used to criticize people for not doing something.You could ask before you borrow my car.

13)SHOULD HAVE V3

You should have apologized to your mother You shouldn’t have called him fool.

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NECESSITY

1)We can use MUST when there is an internal obligation whereas we use HAVE TO in external obligations.I have a bad cough; therefore, I must quit smoking at once.All the employees have to wear a uniform in this hotel.

2)NEEDThis is the only form you need fill in.You needn’t fill in a form.

3)HAD TO is used as past form of both must and have to.We had to leave early to catch the plane in time.

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LACK OF NECESSITY

4)NEEDN’T HAVE V3 DIDN’T NEED TO

I needn’t have worried about getting to the airport because my flight was delayed an hour anyway.

I didn’t have to worry about getting to the airport late because I had already learnt that my flight was delayed an hour.

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PROHIBITION1)CAN’T/MUSN’T/MAY NOT are used when talking

about things something that we are supposed not to do, but can’t and musn’t are stronger than may not.

Students may not use the staff computer lab.Don’t you see the no parking sign? You can’t/musn’t park here.

Be careful about DON’T HAVE TO doesn’t refer to a prohibition as does musn’t;on the contrary,it is used to say that there isn’t any prohibition of doing something.

You don’t have to bring your dictionary;I’ll give you one.

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2)We use wasn’t/weren’t allowed to when talking about prohibition in the past.We visited Topkapı Palace yesterday, but we weren’t allowed to enter the Harem section.

3)We use MAY and MIGHT when talking about permission; however might is stronger than may.May I turn the radio on?I wonder if I might have a little more cake.

May and might refer to possibility,but they can be used when talking about real things or events.You may be my teacher, but that doesn’t mean you can insult me.

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EXERCISE(must,have to, didn’t need to,needn’t

have V3)

1)It won’t be a formal occasion. You ……….(wear) anything special.

(don’t have to) 2)You ……(open) the camera when there is film

in it; otherwise, you’ll destroy all the photographs that you have taken.

(mustn’t open) 3)He didn’t seem very surprised when we told

him the news. Someone else………(tell) him.(must have told)

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4)Ohh, look! It is just started raining. You ……(water) the garden, after all.

(needn’t have watered)5)I was just about to water the garden when it

started raining, so in the end, I……..(water) the garden after all.

(didn’t need to water)

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POLİTE OFFERS&REQUESTS

1)If we want to do something we use; Can I..? Could I..? May I..? Do you mind if I+present simple..? Would you mind if I+past simple..?

Can/could/may/do you mind if I visit you in your office at five tomorrow?Would you mind if I visited you in your office at five tomorrow?

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2)When we want somebody to do something we use;

Will you..? Can you..? Could you ..? Would you..? Would you like inf-to..? Do you mind +Ving ..?

Would you mind+Ving ..?

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When we answer “Do you mind” or “Would

you mind” question, if we say “no”we mean we let somebody do something. if we say “yes” we mean we don’t let somebody do sth.

A:Do you mind if I open the window? B:Yes. (Don’t open.)

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MAKING SUGGESTION

Let’s + V1 …

Why don’t we/Shall we/Would you like to +V1 ?

How/what about +Ving …?

Let’s eat out tonight. We haven’t been to a fish restaurant recently.

Why don’t we/Shall we/Would you like to eat out tonight? We haven’t been to a fish

restaurant recently. How/what about eating out tonight? We haven’t

been to a fish restaurant recently.

41 …designed by Betül and Damla

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ACTIVITY

What he should or shouldn’t have done?

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SITUATION 1:

John took his medicine, which is labelled three times a day with meals, but he took it without eating and now he he is feeling dizzy.

What he should or shouldn’t have done?

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SITUATION 2:

John held a party with some friends of him on Friday evening, when his parents were away from home. He made too much noise, so his neighbours complained to his parents when they back.

What he should or shouldn’t have done?