PROTOZOA First Animal. Parasite Lives at expense of host Ectoparasites –Ticks & lice Endoparasites...
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Transcript of PROTOZOA First Animal. Parasite Lives at expense of host Ectoparasites –Ticks & lice Endoparasites...
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PROTOZOAFirst Animal
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Parasite
• Lives at expense of host
• Ectoparasites– Ticks & lice
• Endoparasites– Protozoan & worms
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Characteristics of Protozoa
• Unicellular eukaryotes
• Key part of food chain
• Most free living, decomposers especially sewage
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Characteristics of Protozoa
• Some commensals- no harm– Guts of termites, roaches, ruminants
• Some parasites
• Most motile by cilia, flagella or pseudopodia
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Morphology
• Diverse• Lack rigid cellulose cell wall
– Pellicle or membrane
• Trophozoite
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Morphology
• Many have resting stage-cyst
– Not reproductive structure
– Intestinal bugs pass host to host
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Reproduction• Asexual
– Fission, budding– Schizogony
• Sexual– Gametes
– Oocyst-Apicomplexa
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Nutrition
• Aerobic, mostly chemoheterotrophic (engulf food)
• One group is photoautotrophic
• Some anaerobic growth; live in intestine
• Some transport food across membrane
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Nutrition
• Some ingest food
• Ciliates have cytostome
•
• Amoebae engulf food via pseudopods
• Digestion takes place in vacuoles- (lysosomes), waste through PM or anal pore
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Virulence factors
• Waste products (toxins) produce disease-malaria
• Hide from immune system
• Some grow inside phagocytes
• Some change antigens
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Archaezoa
• Lack mitochondria
• Evolved before endosymbiotic event or lost ability to produce mitochondria
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Archaezoa
• Many live as symbionts
• Trophozoite– Spindle shaped with 2 or more flagella
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Trichomonas vaginalis
• Vagina and male urinary tract( asymptomatic)
• No cyst form – needs to be transferred before drying
• Transmitted via sex , toilet facilities or towels(moist)
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Trichomonas vaginalis
• Environmental changes DT abxs, DM, or IUD-infection
• S&S increase in WBCs
• Prevention-abstinence, monogomy, condoms
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Giardia lamblia
• Tophozoite– Excreted in feces as cysts
• Survives in environment long time
• Ingested by host or transferred during anal intercourse
• Cyst resistant to chlorine & stomach acid
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Giardia
• Metronidazole, flagyl used for anaerobes damages DNA
• Diapers in day care
• Enterotest capsule-gelatin with string
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Amoebozoa
• Amoebas– Pseudopodia for phagocytosis
• Entamoeba histolytica ( tissue lysing)- amoebic dysentery (Blood in stools)
• Trophozoites in small intestine -food is RBCs
• Cysts excreted in feces of infected person-MSM
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Entamoeba histolytica
• Forms ulcers by digesting wall of large intestine
• Can enter blood stream
• Infect other organs of body
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Apicomplexa
• Nonmotile in mature forms
• All are parasitic– obligate intracellular parasite
• Presence of a complex of special organelles at tips of cells
• Oocysts are reproductive
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Plasmodium
• Causes malaria• Characterized by shaking chills,feve &
sweats
• Symptoms occur at regular intervals-2 to 3 days– ID species
• Vector is Anopheles mosquito
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Plasmodium
• P vivax, one of 4 species- most prevalent species but benign
• Sexual reproduction in gut
Infective sporozoites in saliva
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Life Cycle
Transmit to humans (bite) and 100s go to liver where schizogony occurs –merozoites
Enter RBCs where develop into ring stage
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Life Cycle
Multiply, forms merozoites and burst
Some merozoites develop into gametes
• Enter gut of mosquito
• Forms oocyst in wall of intestine– Cell division forms sporozoites and migrate to
salivary glands
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Life Cycle
• Definitive host is mosquito-sexual cycle• Intermediate host -human- asexual cycle• Diagnosis by blood smear and interval of
symptoms– .
• Regulated by host’s body temperature
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P. falciparum
• Most dangerous; “malignant malaria– Black water fever
• Untreated malignant kills 50% of infected persons• Suppressed immune system and caused severe
anemia• RBCs stick to capillaries causing blockage
– tissue death -liver ,kidney and brain
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Treatment
• Treatment is chloroquine for early stages
• Primaquine for late stages
• Resistance has developed
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Immunity
• If survive malaria , have limited immunity
• Sickle cell trait persons are relatively resistant to malaria– RBCs sickle under low oxygen tension– Microbe can’t survive
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Control Program
• Need an effective program • Increase in world population• Increase in warming• Increase in resistant Plasmodium strains• Increase in mosquito resistance to
insecticides• Different stages of life cycle require
different medications
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Toxoplasmosis
• Agent Toxoplasma gondii
• Definitive host -cat,
• Oocyst shed in feces
• Form trophozoites-tachyzoites(fast)
• Multiply in host tissues-all cells except RBCs
• Intracellular parasite ruptures cells
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Signs & Symptoms
• Fever, malaise, sore throat, swelling of lymph nodes
• Immune system contains disease-chronic infection
• Tissue cyst forms containing bradyzoites • Reactivate later when immune system
breaks down• Can form lesions on eyes or any other organ
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Life Cycle
• Humans ingest undercooked meat or contact with cat feces- contain oocysts
• Trophozoites released and feed on bacteria and fecal material
• Most have mild symptoms unless immunocompromised
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Infection
• Congenital infections result in brain damage or vision problems in fetus
AIDS -severe eye damage from reactivation of cysts
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Euglenozoa
• 2 groups – Hemoflagellates-blood parasites
• Transmitted by bites of insects and found in circulatory system
• Trypanosomiasis- 2 species of Trypanosoma– One causes a wasting disease: other acute, rapid
progression to coma & death
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African Sleeping Sickness
• Affects nervous system, encephalitis• Multiples by fission inside of insect• Vector tsetse fly (salivary glands), reservoir is game
animals• Infects human when defecates during biting
– Forms painful chancre (syphilis)
• Pathogen in blood then goes to liver, lymph nodes & CSF
• Decrease in mental acuity and physical activity; untreated coma and death
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Virulence Factor
• Evades immune system-changes antigens• Coincides with increase in parasites in
blood• Continues till death or effective treatment• > 1000 genes coding for different antigens
on surface• Few antiprotozoan drugs for treatment
– Toxic
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Ciliophora
• Ciliates, most are free living• Arranged in precise rows on cell• Move in unison to propel organism and to push
food toward mouth• Balantidium coli-only human pathogen in this
group– causes rare dysentery– reservoir is usually pigs
• Cause ulcer to form in colon when trophozoites burrow into colon