8/14/2019 prototyping.presentations all types of prototyping, usages description,advantages,disadvantages

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Submitted bySourabh Malhotra

Enrollment no:07716688512

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prototype is like a model or a simulation of areal thing. In systems analysis a prototype is amodel of the system (or subsystem) underanalysis . A system can be anything from the foodordering system at a restaurant to the air trafficcontrol system of a major airport. Prototypes ofthese systems can take many forms.They can be paper-based or computer-based .They can model the entire system with real dataor just a few screens with sample data.Prototyping is the process of developingprototypes . It is a methodology in its own rightand a technique and supplemental methodologyto other methodologies.

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Prototyping

throw away

incremental

extremeprototyping

evolutionary

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Throwaway/Rapid Prototyping : Throwaway prototyping is alsocalled as rapid or close ended prototyping . This type ofprototyping uses very little efforts with minimum requirement

analysis to build a prototype. Once the actual requirements areunderstood, the prototype is discarded and the actual system isdeveloped with a much clear understanding of user requirements.

Evolutionary Prototyping: Evolutionary prototyping also called asbreadboard prototyping is based on building actual functional

prototypes with minimal functionality in the beginning. Theprototype developed forms the heart of the future prototypes ontop of which the entire system is built. Using evolutionaryprototyping only well understood requirements are included inthe prototype and the requirements are added as and whenthey are understood.

Incremental Prototyping: Incremental prototyping refers tobuilding multiple functional prototypes of the various subsystems and then integrating all the available prototypes to forma complete system.

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Extreme Prototyping : Extreme prototyping isused in the web development domain . Itconsists of three sequential phases.First, a basic prototype with all the existingpages is presented in the html format. Then the data processing is simulated using aprototype services layer.Finally the services are implemented and

integrated to the final prototype . This processis called Extreme Prototyping used to drawattention to the second phase of the process,where a fully functional UI is developed withvery little regard to the actual services.

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Another way that prototypes are classified is bythe fidelity of the prototype , or the degree towhich the prototype represents theappearance and interaction of the system. A low-fidelity prototype is one that is quicklyconstructed to depict concepts, designalternatives, and screen layouts.Medium-fidelity prototypes partially simulatethe system interaction and functionality. High-fidelity prototypes are fully interactive,simulating much of the functionality in the finalproduct.

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Low

Medium

High

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Paper based sketches : After producing initialsketches the best ideas can be further developed byconstructing cardboard representations of thedesign, which can be evaluated with users. This can

then be followed by developing scenarios, softwareor video prototypes.

Paper based story boards : Storyboard is a graphicaldepiction of the outward appearance of theintended system without accompanying systemfunctionality. Storyboard provides snapshots of theinterface at particular points in the interaction sothat the users can determine quickly if the design isheading in the right direction.

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Pictive : stands for Plastic Interface forCollaborative Technology Initiatives throughVideo Exploration .methodology of participatory design . ( designattempting to actively involve all stakeholders(e.g. employees, partners, customers, citizens,end users) in the design process in order to helpensure the product designed meets their needsand is usable.

PICTIVE insures that users have early exposureto the target implementation technology

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Computer-based simulation

Medium-fidelity prototypes simulate or animate some but not all featuresof the intended system.There are three approaches to limit prototype functionality

Vertical prototyping : Vertical prototyping cuts down on thenumber of features, so that the result is a narrow system thatincludes

in-depth functionality,buy only for a few selected

features.

Horizontal prototyping : Horizontal prototyping reduces the levelof functionality so that the result is a surface layer that includesthe entire user interface to a full-featured system without

un derlying functionality .

Horizontal prototypes allow users to feel the entire interface ,even though they can not perform any real tasks .The main advantages of horizontal prototypes are that they can beimplemented fast with the use of prototyping and screen designtoo ls , and they can be used to assess the interface as a whole .

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Scenario : Scenario reduces both thenumber of features and the level offunctionality. It can simulate the user

interface as long as the user follows apreviously planned path, i.e., a user canuse a specific set of computer facilities toachieve a specific outcome underspecified circumstances.

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Computer based fully functional prototyping:Combination ofscenario,horizontal & vertical

horizontal

vertical

scenario

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Increased user involvement in the product even beforeimplementation

Since a working model of the system is displayed, theusers get a better understanding of the system being

developed.

Reduces time and cost as the defects can be detectedmuch earlier.

Quicker user feedback is available leading to bettersolutions.

Missing functionality can be identified easily

Confusing or difficult functions can be identified

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Risk of insufficient requirement analysis owing to too muchdependency on prototype

Users may get confused in the prototypes and actual systems.

Practically, this methodology may increase the complexity ofthe system as scope of the system may expand beyond originalplans.

Developers may try to reuse the existing prototypes to buildthe actual system, even when its not technically feasible

The effort invested in building prototypes may be too much if

not monitored properly

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Identify known requirements.Develop working model.

User prototype.Review prototype.Repeat as needed

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Thank You