PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■...
-
Upload
andrea-beasley -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
1
Transcript of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■...
![Page 1: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PROTEIN PROTEIN SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
1
![Page 2: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
DNA AND DNA AND GENESGENES
![Page 3: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
DNADNA
■DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases
■Genes have different alleles.
■These genes code for polypeptides (proteins)
![Page 4: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Genes & ProteinsGenes & Proteins
Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by covalent bonds called peptide bonds
Dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions form the bonds
20 different amino acids exist
4
![Page 5: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Amino Acid StructureAmino Acid Structure
5
![Page 6: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
PolypeptidesPolypeptides
■Amino acid chains are called polypeptides
6
![Page 7: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
DNA Begins the DNA Begins the ProcessProcess
■DNA is found inside the nucleus
■Proteins, however, are made in the cytosol of cells by organelles called ribosomes
■Ribosomes may be free in the cytosol or attached to the surface of rough ER
7
![Page 8: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Starting with DNAStarting with DNA
■DNA ‘s codeDNA ‘s code must be must be copiedcopied and taken to the cytosoland taken to the cytosol
■In the cytosol, this In the cytosol, this code code must be readmust be read so so amino acidsamino acids can be assembled to make can be assembled to make polypeptides (proteins)polypeptides (proteins)
■This process is called This process is called PROTEIN SYNTHESISPROTEIN SYNTHESIS
8
![Page 9: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
RNARNA
![Page 10: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Roles of RNA and DNA
■DNA is the MASTER PLAN
■RNA is the copy of the Master Plan
10
![Page 11: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
RNA Differs from DNARNA Differs from DNA
■ RNA has a sugar RNA has a sugar riboseribose
DNA has a sugar DNA has a sugar deoxyribosedeoxyribose
11
![Page 12: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Other DifferencesOther Differences
■ RNA contains the base RNA contains the base uracil (Uuracil (U))
DNA has DNA has thymine (T)thymine (T)
■ RNA molecule is RNA molecule is single-single-strandedstranded
DNA is DNA is double-strandeddouble-stranded
12
DNA
![Page 13: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Structure of RNAStructure of RNA
13
![Page 14: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Three Types of RNAThree Types of RNA
■Messenger RNA (mRNA)Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomesinformation to the ribosomes
■Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along with , along with protein, makes up the ribosomesprotein, makes up the ribosomes
■Transfer RNA (tRNA)Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers transfers amino acids to the ribosomes amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesizedwhere proteins are synthesized
14
.
![Page 15: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Messenger RNA
■Long Straight chain of Nucleotides
■Made in the Nucleus■Copies DNA & leaves
through nuclear pores■Contains the Nitrogen
Bases A, G, C, U ( no T )
15
![Page 16: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Messenger RNA (mRNA)Messenger RNA (mRNA)
■Carries the information for a Carries the information for a specific proteinspecific protein
■Made up of Made up of 500 to 1000 500 to 1000 nucleotides longnucleotides long
■Sequence of 3 bases called Sequence of 3 bases called codoncodon
■AUGAUG – methionine or – methionine or start codonstart codon
■UAA, UAG, or UGAUAA, UAG, or UGA – – stop codonsstop codons
16
![Page 17: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
■rRNA is a single strand rRNA is a single strand 100 to 3000 nucleotides100 to 3000 nucleotides longlong
■GlobularGlobular in shape in shape■Made inside the Made inside the nucleusnucleus
of a cell in the nucleolusof a cell in the nucleolus■Associates with Associates with
proteins to form proteins to form ribosomesribosomes
■Site of Site of protein protein SynthesisSynthesis
17
![Page 18: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)Transfer RNA (tRNA)
■Clover-leaf shape■Single stranded molecule
with attachment site at one end for an amino acid
■Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the anticodon
18
![Page 19: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Transfer RNATransfer RNA
19
amino acidamino acidattachment siteattachment site
U A C
anticodonanticodon
![Page 20: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Codons and Anticodons
■The 3 bases of an anticodon are complementary to the 3 bases of a codon
■Example: Codon ACU
Anticodon UGA
20
UGA
ACU
![Page 21: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Genetic Code
■A codon designates an amino acid
■An amino acid may have more than one codon
■There are 20 amino acids, but 64 possible codons
■Some codons tell the ribosome to stop translating
21
![Page 22: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Genetic Code
22
•Use the code by reading from the center to the outside•Example: AUG codes for Methionine
![Page 23: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Name the Amino Acids
■GGG?■UCA?■CAU?■GCA?■AAA?
23
![Page 24: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION TRANSCRIPTION AND AND
TRANSLATIONTRANSLATION
![Page 25: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pathway to Making a Pathway to Making a ProteinProtein
DNADNA
mRNAmRNA
tRNA (ribosomes)tRNA (ribosomes)
ProteinProtein
25
![Page 26: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis
The production or synthesis of polypeptide chains (proteins)
Two phases: Transcription & Translation
mRNA must be processed before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
26
![Page 27: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
DNADNA RNARNA ProteinProtein
27
Nuclearmembrane
TranscriptionTranscription
RNA ProcessingRNA Processing
TranslationTranslation
DNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
EukaryotEukaryotic Cellic Cell
![Page 28: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
TranscriptionTranscription
■The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the template strand
■mRNA copies the template strand
■Requires the enzyme RNA Polymerase
28
![Page 29: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Question:Question:
What would be the What would be the complementary RNA complementary RNA strand for the following strand for the following DNA sequence?DNA sequence?
DNA 5’-DNA 5’-GCGTATGGCGTATG-3’-3’
29
![Page 30: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Answer:Answer:
■DNA 5’-GCGTATG-DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’3’
■RNA 3’-CGCAUAC-RNA 3’-CGCAUAC-5’5’
30
![Page 31: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
TranscriptionTranscription
■During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands
■RNA Polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA
31
![Page 32: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
TranscriptionTranscription
■Promoters are regions on DNA that show where RNA Polymerase must bind to begin the Transcription of RNA
■Called the TATA box■Specific base sequences act as
signals to stop■Called the termination signal
32
![Page 33: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
RNA PolymeraseRNA Polymerase
33
![Page 34: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
mRNA ProcessingmRNA Processing
■After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, editing must be done to the nucleotide chain to make the RNA functional
■Introns, non-functional segments of DNA are snipped out of the chain
34
![Page 35: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
mRNA EditingmRNA Editing■Exons, segments of RNA that
code for proteins, are then rejoined by the enzyme ligase
■A guanine triphosphate cap is added to the 5” end of the newly copied mRNA
■A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the RNA
■The newly processed mRNA can then leave the nucleus
35
![Page 36: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36CAP
TailNew Transcript
Result of TranscriptionResult of Transcription
![Page 37: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
mRNA Transcript
37
•mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes
![Page 38: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
TranslationTranslation
■Translation is the process of of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
■Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or 1 codon at a time and construct the proteins
38
![Page 39: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
TranscriptioTranscriptionn
TranslatiTranslationon
![Page 40: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
RibosomesRibosomes
■Made of a large and small subunit
■Composed of rRNA (40%) and proteins (60%)
■Have two sites for tRNA attachment --- P and A
40
![Page 41: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Step 1- InitiationStep 1- Initiation
■mRNA transcript start codon AUG attaches to the small ribosomal subunit
■Small subunit attaches to large ribosomal subunit
41
mRNA transcript
![Page 42: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
RibosomesRibosomes
42
PSite
ASite
Largesubunit
Small subunit
mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
![Page 43: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Step 2 - Elongation■As ribosome moves, two
tRNA with their amino acids move into site A and P of the ribosome
■Peptide bonds join the amino acids
![Page 44: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
InitiationInitiation
44
mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
2-tRNA
G
aa2
A U
A
1-tRNA
U A C
aa1
anticodon
hydrogenbonds codon
![Page 45: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
1-tRNA 2-tRNA
U A C G
aa1 aa2
A UA
anticodon
hydrogenbonds codon
peptide bond
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
ElongationElongation
![Page 46: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
1-tRNA
2-tRNA
U A C
G
aa1
aa2
A UA
peptide bond
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
Ribosomes move over one codon
(leaves)
![Page 47: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
2-tRNA
G
aa1
aa2
A UA
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
![Page 48: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
2-tRNA
G
aa1aa2
A U
A
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
(leaves)
Ribosomes move over one codon
![Page 49: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
mRNAmRNA
G C U A C U U C G
aa1aa2
A
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
U G A
5-tRNA
aa5
![Page 50: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
mRNAmRNA
G C U A C U U C G
aa1aa2
A
peptide bonds
3-tRNA
G A A
aa3
4-tRNA
G C U
aa4
A C U
U G A
5-tRNA
aa5
Ribosomes move over one codon
![Page 51: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
mRNAmRNA
A C A U G U
aa1
aa2
U
primaryprimarystructurestructureof a proteinof a protein
aa3
200-tRNA
aa4
U A G
aa5
C U
aa200
aa199
terminatorterminator or stopor stop codoncodon
TerminationTermination
![Page 52: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
End Product –The Protein!End Product –The Protein!
■The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein
■A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds
52
aa1
aa2 aa3 aa4aa5
aa200
aa199
![Page 53: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1. DNA AND GENES DNA ■ DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases ■ Genes have different alleles. ■ These genes code for polypeptides.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062322/5697bf951a28abf838c909ca/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Messenger RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA)(mRNA)
53
methionine glycine serine isoleucine glycine alanine stopcodon
proteinprotein
A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A AmRNAmRNA
startcodon
Primary structure of a proteinPrimary structure of a protein
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
peptide bonds
codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7codon 1