Protein
Transcript of Protein
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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
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Universal Genetic Code
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Transfer RNA
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Ribosome
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Structure of E.coli Ribosome
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Ribosome Binding Site
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Ribosome Binding Site
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Translation Elongation
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Translation Termination
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THE ART OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
• Cut out a gene from humans or viruses
or any other organism (donor) and
attach to an appropriate switch in an
acceptor eg. Bacteria.
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Action of a Restriction Enzyme
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Blue-White Screening
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Mouse and Supermouse
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Ornamental Plant
Luciferin + ATP LightLuciferase
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Genome Sequencing Initiative
• Genome-the DNA of the organism.
• 1990 to present
• Genomes of 60 organisms sequenced
• HGP initiated in 1996 (DOE, NIH &
Wellcome Trust)
• HGP completed in April, 2003
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What have we learnt from the Human Genome Sequence
• 30,000 genes in Human Genome corresponding to 1-2% of entire DNA.
• Vast majority of DNA of unknown function.• 98% sequence similarity with the
Chimpanzee genome• Many Genes in Humans common with
lower organisms*
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What can we do with the Human Genome Sequence?
• Identify function: Comparative Genomics
Functional Complementation
• Map position of Genes
• Global Gene Expression: Drug Targets
Personalized Medicine
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CHALLENGES OF THE HGP
• Functions of the 98% non-coding regions of the
genome
• Interaction of non-coding with coding regions.
• Deciphering relationship between multi-gene
and genetic diseases as well as complex traits of
the individual*.
• By 2013, an individual GENETIC BLUEPRINT
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C. elegans