Protection of Geographical Indications An Introduction€¦ · • Darjeeling Tea. 44 Sui Generis...
Transcript of Protection of Geographical Indications An Introduction€¦ · • Darjeeling Tea. 44 Sui Generis...
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Protection of GeographicalIndications
An Introduction
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WHAT DO THEFOLLOWING PRODUCTS
HAVE IN COMMON?
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The Indication “Switzerland”
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AND WHAT MAKES THEMDIFFERENT FROM EACH
OTHER?
QUALITY? ORIGIN?• cheese• chocolate• knives• watches
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Which ones do not belong to the group?
• Cognac• Cabernet• Scotch• Vodka• Havana• Basmati
• Grappa• Porto• Champagne• Bacardi• Feta• Darjeeling
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Which ones do not belong to the group?
• Cognac• Cabernet• Scotch• Vodka• Havana• Basmati
• Grappa• Porto• Champagne• Bacardi• Feta• Darjeeling
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Which ones do not belong to the group?
• Cognac• Cabernet• Scotch• Vodka• Havana• Basmati
• Grappa• Porto• Champagne• Bacardi• Feta• Darjeeling
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Geographical Indication
In a non-technical sense:an indication that a given product
originates in a given place (country,region, town, etc)
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Direct Reference
• Cognac• Scotch• Havana• Grappa
• Porto• Champagne• Darjeeling
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Indirect reference
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Indirect reference
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Indirect reference
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Indirect reference
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Acquired Geographical Meaning
• Muscadet (?)• Basmati (?)• Vodka (?)
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TERMINOLOGY
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Indication of Source
“Indication referring to a country orto a place situated therein as being thecountry or place of origin of a product”
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Appellation of Origin
“The geographical name of acountry, region, or locality, whichserves to designate a productoriginating therein, the quality andcharacteristics of which are dueexclusively or essentially to thegeographical environment, includingnatural and human factors” (Lisbon)
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Geographical Indication
“Indication which identifies a goodas originating in the territory of aMember, or a region or locality in thatterritory, where a given quality,reputation or other characteristic of thegood is essentially attributable to itsgeographical origin” (TRIPS)
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Relationship (i)
Appellation of OriginLisbon
Geographical IndicationTRIPS
Indication of Source Paris, Madrid
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Relationship (ii)
Indications of Source Geographical IndicationTRIPS
Appellation of OriginLisbon
Geographical Indication[Indication of Geographical Origin]
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Generic Designation
An indication of a place where agiven product was originallyproduced, and which has becomethe common name of that product.
Determination under nationallaw.
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National Protection• in the absence of any international
agreement• appreciation in accordance with
national law and perception by thelocal consumers
• geographical indication may be–distinctive–generic
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Types of Protection
• protection against unfaircompetition (passing off)
• Collective or certification marks• sui generis protection• administrative systems of
protection
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Unfair CompetitionPassing Off
• showing of an acquired reputation• likelihood of confusion
(misappropriation of reputation)• damage
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Trademark Law
• Collective Mark• Certification Mark
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Collective Mark
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Certification Mark
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Sui Generis Systems
• Protected Appellations of Origin–e.g., France
• Registered GeographicalIndications–e.g., EU, Australia, Switzerland
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Administrative Systems
E.g., U.S. (labelingrequirements of BATF for winesand spirits)
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Geographical Indications
• Collective rights• No individual owner• No assignment• Enforcement
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Scope of Protection
• Non-authorized use that is misleading– GI is understood as such
– goods are identical or similar
– use depends on prior regulatory approval
• Any non-authorized use– famous Gis
– dilution
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International Protection
International Treaties:• bilateral treaties• multilateral treaties
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Bilateral International Treaties
• long tradition (e.g., France since 1895)– exchange of lists with protected g.i.
– conditions for protection
• bind only contracting countries
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Multilateral International Treaties
• Paris Convention (1883)• Madrid Agreement (1891)
– for the Repression of False or DeceptiveIndications of Source on Goods
• Lisbon Agreement (1958)– for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and
their International Registration
• TRIPS Agreement (1994)
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Conflicts
Typical scenario:
“generic designation vs.geographical indication”
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Conflicts
• Point of view of TM Law• Point of view of Law on Geographical
Indications
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Trademark Law
• Geographical signs cannot constitutetrademarks, unless– secondary meaning
– arbitrary
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Unfair Competition
“Swiss Chalet Chocolate”
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Collective or Certification Marks
• Rocquefort Cheese”• Darjeeling Tea
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Sui Generis Systems
• Protected Appellations of Origin• Registered Geographical Indications• Different possible solutions
– priority to TM
– priority to GI
– co-existence
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Administrative Systems
Regulate use of geographicalindications
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Lisbon Agreement
• No Co-existence between TMs andgeographical indications.
• Refusal of Protection (Article 5(3)) orinvalidation, or prevention of use in aform different from an aao.
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TRIPS Agreement
• Exclusive TM rights (Article 16)– exception (Article 17)
• Exclusive GI rights (Article 22 & 23)– exceptions referring to TMs (Article 24)
• 24.5 (prior TM rights)• 24.7 “preclusion”