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Cathodic Protection
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D€finition of Corrosion
The chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material and its environments
that produces a deterioration of the material and its properties
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problem
Degradation of technical qualities of the system
Activation in neutron flux corrosion products
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€ Choice of metal or alloys
€Reagent external environment adaptation
€ metal insulation
€Imposed current protection
€Chemical (water purity, Ph)
Solutions
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Cathodic protection
Cathodic protection controls corrosion by making the whole metal surface a cathode of an electrochemical
cell
Cathodic protection can be achieved in two ways:
€ By Sacrificial Anodes.
€ By Impressed Current.
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Sacrificial Anode
In this method, Metallic structure is connected to more anodic metal.
The more active metal so employed is called sacrificial anode.
Galvanic series
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Applications of sacrificial method
•Protection of buried pipelines.
Sacrificialanode
Backfill
Pipeline
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Water tanks
Sacrificial Anode
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Marine structures
Sacrificiel anode
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Pipe lines
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Metals like (Zn, Mg, Al) are used for making anode because they are more active €lowelectrochemical potential• as compared to steel.
Zinc
‚generally used for the protection of pipelines, where the effects of burial along
with the high duty coating tend to give low anode current densities.
‚high efficiency
‚low current output
‚driving voltage diminishes with increasing temperature ‚ virtually ineffective at
temperatures of about 60o c.
Choice of Galvanic Anode Material
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‚high capacities
‚ capable of operating at high temperatures upto
100o c.
‚alloy compositions relatively tolerant of trace
impurities
‚offer an economic solution to sea water protection.
Aluminium
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‚dissolves vigorously in sea water ‚ use restricted only to soil applications or
estuarine waters (high resistivity)
‚high rate of intergranular corrosion ‚ especially in low resistivity soils
‚high current output
‚low current output efficiency
Magn€sium
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Anode Recommended Electrolyte
Magnesium (Mg) Soils & hot water
Zinc (Zn) Soils & fresh / sea water
Aluminum (Al) Sea waters
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Prepackaged Sacrificial Anode
Mg
For soil applications: prepackaged Mg & Zn anodes
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Carbonaceous backfill
€ Low resistivity to reduce anode to earth resistance.
€ High porosity to allow gases produced at the surface of the anode to escape.
€ Low density to provide high permeability with cost effectiveness.
€ In addition, the backfill should flow easily, and be of high purity.
Backfill
Property 218-L 4518
ƒ Resistivity,
ohm-inch0.02 0.01
ƒ Resistivity,
ohm-cm0.05 0.03
ƒ Carbon (L.O.I.
method)99.0 99.9%
ƒ Moisture 0.10% 0.02%
ƒ Ash 0.35% 0.10%
ƒ VCM 0.30% 0/22%
ƒ Sulfur 3.75% 4.3%
ƒ Bulk Density(lbs/ft3)
46-50 62-66
ƒ General Sizing
+ 4 Mesh
+ 8 Mesh
- 8 Mesh
+4M < 10%
+8M > 90%
-8M < 10%
4M 10%
+20M > 80%
-20M 10%P
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sacrificial anode properties
Potentiel CuSO4
(V)
Potentiel Ag/Agcl(v) Consumption rate
(kgper/A/year)
Current capacity(Ah/kg)
Magnƒsium -1.50( standard) - 7.3 1100
-1.70(high
potentiel)
- 7.3 1230
Aluminium - -1.1( Beralin ) 3.27( Beralin ) 2680( Beralin )
- -1.12(Becalin) 3.45 (Becalin) 2550( Becalin)Zinc -1.00 -1.05 11.5 760
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Les formes de anode Aluminium et Zinc
Slender ( stand-off )
Straight flat bar
Double crank flat bar
Application
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Flush mounted
Application
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Bracelet
Half-Shell Bracelet Anode segmented Bracelet Anode
Application
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Magnesium and Zinc Ribbon anodes
Application
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Spherical
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Type of anode Value of Utilization Factor
Long-slender tand off (L>4r)
Short -slender tand off (L4r) 0.85
Short-flush mounted (L
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Impressed Current
‚ ICCP systems use anodes connected to a DC source.
‚For lar ger structures, galvanic anodes can€t economically deliver
enough current to provide complete protection.
‚The negative terminal of DC is connected to pipeline to be protected.The anode is kept in back fill to increase the electrical contact with the
surrounding soil.
‚This current is given to insoluble anode like graphite, stainless steel or
scrap iron buried in soil.
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The anodes are classified into 2 large families
„consumables( produits ferreux, acier,fonte)
„No consommables (graphite imprƒgnƒ , ferro-silicuim ,magnƒtite ,Mixed Metal oxide (MMO),High-silicium cost iron (HSCI ), titane platinƒ
,niobium platinƒ)
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consumables( ferreux ,acier)
Tubular Tubular
Place Consumption rate Current density Density
Water, soil 9kg/A.year No limitƒ 7.8g/cm3
ƒ Are the most common impressed current anodes
ƒ Are used in soil, water or sea water
ƒ Come in two grades; FeSi and FeSiCr for sea water applications
ƒ Cable connection to anode shall be handled with great care.
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No consumable
Anode Type
For seawater applications
1.Mixed metal oxide ‚ coated titanium.
2. Platinised titanium/niobium.
3. Lead-silver-antimony.
4. Silicon iron with chrome.
5. Magnetite.
For buried applications
1.Mixed metal oxide ‚ coated titanium.
2. Scrap iron
3. Lead-silver-antimony.
4. Silicon iron with chrome.
5. Graphite
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Mixed Metal oxide (MMO)
Is corrosion proof anode coat Ir and Ta on titanium substrate pevided ,Ribbon,Mesh and tubular
By it„s form used to prevent corrosion for storage tank bottom,pipe and offshore structures
Forme Weight Application Avantages et d€savantages
Ribbon ,
Mesh et tubular
, wire ,rod
27kg pile, tank
bottom,
Tend to use MMO anode
Light weight
High durability , variaty form
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Types MMO anodes
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MMO-Ribbon Anode
RibbonRibbon
Tableau de Dimensions
Consumption r ate Out put current Current d ensity Design life
0.5-4 mg/A/year 0.45mA/m 3A/m… 50 years
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Application
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MMO-Mesh Anode
Tableau de Dimensions
Consumption r ate Out put current Current d ensity Design life
- 3.5mA/m 110A/m… 100 years
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Application
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Anode MMO-Tubular
Environement Size anode Out put current
(A/m)
Current
density(A/m…)
Design life
Diameter(m
m)
Length(mm)
Carbounacious
Brakfill 25
500 4 50 20
1000 8
Calcined
petrolum coke
25 500 4 100 20
Fresh water 25 1000 8 100 20
Brackich water 25 1000 8 100-600 20
Sea water 25 500 25 600 20
1000 50
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Application
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MMO-wire Anode
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Application
•TANKS above ground
•Underground Storage Tanks
•TANKS WATER
•Shallow horizontal•NATURAL WATER
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MMO-ROD Anode
Dimeter(inch )
Length (inch) Out put current (A/inch) Current density
(A/m…)
Design life
Carbounacious
Brakfill
0.125
0.25
0.50
0.75
39.37 0.035
0.069
0.140
0.210
50 20 years
Calcined petrolum coke
-
0.125
0.25
0.50
0.75
39.37 0.035
0.069
0.140
0.210
100 20 years
Freshwater
-
0.125
0.25
0.50
0.75
39.37 0.044
0.088
0.167
0.270
100 20 years
Brackichwater
-
0.125
0.25
0.50
0.75
39.37 0.123
0.245
0.490
0.740
100-300 20 years
Sea water
0.0006 to 0.006
0.125
0.25
0.50
0.75
39.37 0.123
0.245
0.490
0.740
600 20 years
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Application
•PUMPS
•CONDENSERS and water boxes
•Water intakes
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high-silicon cost iron (HSCI)
Tubular Anode Rod sitck Anode
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Rod sitck Anode
Environement Current density(A/m…)
soil 10-30
Sea water 10-50
Fresh water 10-30
Tubular Anode
Consumption rate : 0.45kg/A/year, utilization factor : 0.65
Consumption rate : 0.25kg/A/year, utilization factor : 0.85
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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/
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Application
Avantages & d€savantages
€Most universal matƒriel
€Strong fragility
€Bad construct ability
underground piping
underground tank
the tank bottom
inside of the water tank
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Flexible anode
‚PROTECT MULTIPLE PIPELINES IN A CORRIDOR †
‚EASY TO INSTALL ALONG WITH PIPE IN THE SAME TRENCH.
‚MULTIPLE LINEAR ANODES CAN BE DEPLOYED TO ENSURE
Diameter (mm) Length (m) Out put current
(mA/m)
Backfill weight weight
38 500-1000 52-1000 1.15kg/m 1.5kg/m
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Application
Parallel Anode Pipeline CP
Underground Cable Ducts CP
New Construction Tank Bottom CPReplacement Tank Bottom CP
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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/
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Graphite anode
Avantages D€savantages
€Readily available in a variety of sizes
relatively inexpensive
€ A good conductor of electricity
€ high ratio of surface area to weight
improve low current density current
discharge and low resistance
electrolyte€ chemically resistant
€Do not form a high resistance layer
corrosion products
€ Easy to machine
€Operating at low current density
€lower mechanical strength, very fragile
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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/
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Consumption rate& current density
Dimensions
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Magn€tite Anode
Characteristic of Magn€tite anode •operates at high current densities with
extremely low dissolution
•not susceptible to ripple in DC supply
•no limit on DC voltage output
•light weight and easy to install, removable for
inspection and reinstallment
•centre cable-to-anode connection for uniform
current distribution and consumption of anode
surface
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Type of magn€tite anode
Applications :shallow groundbeds, deep groundbeds
Place: neutral soil and water without chlorine and sulphate content
Place :chlorine and/or sulphate containing soil or stagnant water
Applications:shallow groundbeds, deep groundbeds
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Coke brackfill
CANISTER FOR TYPE: MA-U + TYPE: MA-CS
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Application
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Place : flowing seawater or brackish water
Applications: platforms, jetties, harbours
Place :chlorine containing soil or stagnant water
Applications: deep groundbeds open hole, deep groundbeds closed
hole, water tanks
Place : chlorine containing soil or stagnant water
Applications: deep groundbeds open hole, deep groundbeds closed
hole, water tanksP
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Platinised Titanium/Niobium
Pt/Ti-Nb- Rod anodes
Screw-in type Pt/Ti-Nb rod anodes with pressure
resistant head structure are widely used for internal
protection of condensers and other process equipment
Niobium (Nb)
Passive film formation, high cost, high
breakdown potential, fair conductivity.
Titanium (Ti)Passive film formation, low cost, low
breakdown potential, poor conductivity
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Pt/Ti-NbMesh anodes
Pt/Ti-Nb mesh anodes are used for the protection
of reinforced concrete structures.
Pt/Ti-Nb Wire anodes
Pt/Ti-Nb wire anodes are used for the internal protection of water
tanks and pipelines.P
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Electrochemical characteristics of impressed current anodes
Anode Materiels Consumption
Rate (g/Ay)
Maximum current
(A/m•)
Maximum
voltage(V)
MMO-Seawater-
MMO-buried-
0.0006 to 0.006
0.006to 0.008
400to 1000
80to100
8
Platinised
titanium-
seawater-
0.004to 0.012 500to 1000 8
Platinised
Niobium-seawater-
0.004to0.012 500to1000 50
Lead silver-
seawater-
15to75 150to250 24
Silicon iron
chrome-buried-
100to300 10to30 50
Magnetite-buried 2to 3 80to100 50
Graphite ‚buried- 200to500 5to15 50
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Transformer rectifier
The rectifier transformers are used for current cathodic protection systems imposed from undergroundstructures or submerged.
Transformer rectifier int€rieur Transformer rectifier ext€rieur
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Types of transformers rectifier
Transformers rectifier ‚ Air cooled ƒTransformers rectifier ‚ oil cooled ƒ
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Air cooled ‚ standard Line ƒ
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Air Cooled „UT & SW Series…
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Air Cooled Gas Station Series
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Oil Cooled & Explosion Proof
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Oil Cooled & Explosion Proof
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ORD Oil Cooled & Explosion Proof
Rugged smaller rectifiers for lower output
applications under severe conditions
Maximum 200 watts & 20 amps single phase
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Air Cooled ES Line
Low output, low cost, lightweight cathodic protection
rectifiers for underground
storage tanks and other low DC power cathodic
protection applications maximum 200 wattts & 10amps
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Example of transforms rectifier forms
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Manual Rectifier
At each regular cycle operator confirm type potential
value and manually adjust voltage and current in order
to maintain target potential value.
For maintaining initially set type potential value such
value is feed back by rectifier automatically thusvoltage and current is controlled accordingly.
Automatic Rectifier
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Rectifier
Transformer
Characteristic of transformers rectifier
Tension entr€e Tension sortie Courant sortie Type de
redresseur
Fr€quence
230v AC/400v
AC
12,16,24,48,75,
100V DC
5,10,15,25,50,1
00,150,200,250,
300,400,500,60
0A DC
Silicium diode
Thyristor
50Hz/60Hz
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Anode jonction box
‚Specifically construted for CP system installations
‚Sufficient number of terminals ( five terminals minimum) with associated hardware for number and size
of cables
‚Equipped with variable resistors of adequate electrical rating for each anode
‚Equipped with combination bracket for pole or wall mounting
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Example of junction Box order form
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Test stations
• Specifically constructed for CP system installations
•Post is 7 foot ‚ long -3inch-diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with a1/2 inch-diameter, solid PVC cross bar unless other
wire specified
•Sufficient number of terminal ( five terminal minimum)with associated hardware for the number and size of cable
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Vent Pipe
…Nominal 1-inch inside diameter
at surface
…Pipe below surface can be larger
than 1 inch in diameter and sized
as needed for depth of well and
per CP specification section
…The vent pipe should be slotted
within the coke backfill column and
non slotted outside the limits of
the coke backfill column
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Remote Monitoring Test Box
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Remote Monitoring Test Box
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cathodic protection system installation
Definition of Ground bed
System of buried or submerged anodes connected to positive terminal.
.
Types of ground beds
‡ Deep-well GB
‡ Horizontal shallow GB
‡ Vertical shallow GB
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Deep well GB
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Deep-well GB
One or more anodes installed vertically at a nominal depth of 50 m or more below the
earth's surface.
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Anode and vent pipe installation
„Attach the first anode to centralizer
„The vent pipe should be installed with the first anode by attaching it to one of
the centralizer straps with a stainless clamp as shown in
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„coke backfill materiel should be introduced into the bottom of the drill hole using a pipeis the length of the anode hole and a pumping action to fill the drill hole
„five feet of sand backfill placed on top of the coke backfill
„No anodes should be buried until the Earth has inspected the placement of anodes
and given permission to backfill
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The individual or multiple anode groundbed resistances can be determined using Dwight
formula or can be determined graphically
Shallow vertical groundbed ( depth 3m-5m)
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Shallow horizontal groundbed( depth 3m-5m)
Sometimes due to unfavorable soil conditions shallow horizontal groundbeds are preferred.
Again earth resistances can be determined by calculation.
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Avantages Disavantages
•Shallow ground beds are less expensive to install than the deep
ground beds.
• Current requirement tests that accurately simulate actual
installation are easy to conduct.
•Shallow ground beds may be installed with anodes either in
vertical or in horizontal position. Vertical anode ground bed has
slight edge over the horizontal ground bed in terms of resistance
and current spread. However, field condition lead to the
selection.
•Compaction of backfill material around the anode in a shallow
ground bed is easy to achieve.
•Anodes may be added in a shallow ground bed after installation
if required, provided there is capacity in the power supply and
the cable.
• Inspection, replacement or repair of ground bed components is
easy.
• Determination of shallow ground bed performance is easy and
fairly accurate.
•Shallow ground bed resistance is higher in areas of high
resistivity surface soils.
• Shallow ground beds are more affected by seasonal variations
than deep ground beds
• It may not be possible to install a shallow ground bed in
congested areas and areas of interference.
• Shallow ground bed may results in higher anodic potential
gradients to other structures than a deep ground bed.
Avantages & disavantages groundbed
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Cable Connections
… Cable † to - cable connection
… Cable † to - pipe connection
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Cable to cable connection
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straight joint
Low Voltage 1kV (1000v), Telecommunication
and Signalisation
- Underground, above ground, under water
Application
Cable † to - cable connection
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Jointing resin
€Very high resistance against UV, chemicals and earth alkaline & sea water
€High impact resistance
€Low curing temperature
€No toxic emission
€Good adhesion to all cable materials (PVC, PE, PP and XLPE)
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Application
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Cable † to - pipe connection
For cable-to-pipe connection :
1- Thermite ( Cad / Exothermic ) Welding
2- Pin Brazing
3- Mechanical connection ( for gas pipelines )
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Th it ldi
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/
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Thermite welding
Cartridge
Crucible
Disks
Cartridge
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Thermite Plastic Weld Cap
„No Liquid Primer Needed
„ Easy Field-Applied Corrosion Protection
„Ideal for Keyhole Applications„Elastomeric Compound Encases Weld
Profile
„Serrations Conform to Small Diameter
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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/
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Application
Thermite Welding
1
2 3
4 5 6P
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Protecting the Thermite Weldment
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/
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Protecting the Thermite Weldment
1 2 3
Self-adhesive
Handy-cap
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Pin Brazing
Pin Brazing Unit Pistol / Gun
Pins & FerrulesLug
Grinder
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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/
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1Clean the surface
2 Load gun with pin &ferrule
3 pin braze
4 Test connection
Application
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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/
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Mechanical Connection : recommended for drain point connection of gas
pipeli nes
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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/
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Electrical Isolation(Insulation)
Isolation joint Flange kit
•AC Fault Currents
‡ Mitigation of induced AC Voltages
‡ Lightning
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Isolation joint Flange kit
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/
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Type „E… GasketsType „F… Gaskets
Type "F" gaskets are made without
bolt holes, to fit tightly inside the
overall bolt hold circle of the flange
faces. The outside diameter of the
gasket fits tightly in place, assuring a
well centered position.
Type €E• Gaskets extend to theoutside diameter of the flange.
They feature precision located
bolt holes, to automatically center
the gasket, and offer maximum
protection against foreign
material €shorting-out• the flange
Isolation joint Flange kit
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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/
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Polarization cell
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Monoblock joints
€Resistance in air: greater than 5 Mˆ
€Testing voltage: 3 000 V - 50 Hz€ Hydraulic test pressure: 1.5 x PN
€Temperature: up to 70‰ C
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Surge Protection
Type HGS 100 EX EC-Type Examination Certificate
DC Spark-Over Voltage 400 ‚. 750 kV
AC Spark-Over Voltage (50Hz) > 500 Vrms
Impulse Spark-Over Voltage at 5kV/-for 99% of measured values (Wave 1.2/50, 6kV)
< 1500 V
Max. Impulse Discharge Current (wave 8/20) 150 kA
Nominal Impulse Discharge Current (wave 8/20) 75 kA
Max. Lightening Impulse Current Iipm (10/350) 100 kA
Charge 50 As
Specific Energy 2500 kJ/
Insulation Resistance at 100VDC > 1 GCapacitance at 1MHz 5 pF
Weight 535 g
CasingKorundum/ binary resin with an external
Steel Coat, resistant to climatic effects
Degree of Protection IP66
Operating and Storage Temperature -40‚.+90oCOrdering Code 100 04
Specification
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Application
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/
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