Prospects and constraints for the small-scale production ......Prospects and constraints for the...
Transcript of Prospects and constraints for the small-scale production ......Prospects and constraints for the...
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www.cabi.org
KNOWLEDGE FOR LIFE
Prospects and constraints for the small-scale production of fly larvae in West Africa
Marc Kenis
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Animal feed in West Africa
Poultry and fish producers:
• Feed expensive (70% of the costs), esp. proteins (fish meal,soja, groundnut)
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Animal feed in West Africa
Poultry and fish producers:
• Feed expensive (70% of the costs), esp. proteins (fish meal,soja, groundnut)
Smallholder farmers
• Scavenging poultry fed with grains (not always)
• Fish «fed» with organic waste (not always)
• Low growth and yields, high juvenile mortality
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Animal feed in West Africa
Smallholder poultry farmers – Benin (data FSA)
• 44% give feed to their poultry
• 7% buy protein feed
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Animal feed in West Africa
Smallholder poultry farmers - Burkina Faso (Data IDR)
• 98.8% give feed to their poultry (rapid increase –pesticides?)
• 33% buy feed but only 3.6% buy feed with proteins
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Farmers are aware of the protein issues
Occasional insect collection duringoutbreaks :
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Farmers are aware of the protein issues
Occasional insect collection duringoutbreaks :
Provision of termites to poultry
• Long tradition in West Africa
• 64% of poultry farmers use termites in Benin (FSA)
• 49-83% in Burkina Faso (IDR)
• 100% in Northern Togo (FFA, limitedsurvey)
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Solution: Producing insects
But:
• Only few insects are easily mass produced
• Very few insects can be mass-produced cheaply to concurrence classical protein sources
Ca. US$ 2 / kg
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Flies
Three types of flies used for animal feed
House fly(Musca domestica)
Black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)
Blow flies(Calliphoridae)
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Flies
Three types of flies used for animal feed
House fly(Musca domestica)
Black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)
Suitable for farmers?
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Flies
Three types of flies used for animal feed
House fly(Musca domestica)
Black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)
Suitable for farmers?
Benin (Pomalegni et al 2016):
• 6% of the poultry farmers already use house fly maggots
• 82% of them are willing to try and the majority are willing to pay
• 12% don’t want to try
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Use of fly larvae in rural areas
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Use of fly larvae in rural areas
Farmers Small enterprises& livestock producers
House flies
Black soldierflies
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Use of fly larvae in rural areas
Farmers Small enterprises& livestock producers
House flies
Black soldierflies
House fliesBlack soldierflies ???
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Use of fly larvae in rural areas
Farmers Small enterprises& livestock producers
House flies
Black soldierflies
House fliesBlack soldierflies ???
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House fly production system at IER, Mali
N’golopé Koné
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Maggot’s rearing beds (1m2)
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Day 1: Substrate in rearing bed for natural oviposition
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Many substrates tested, e.g.
• Chicken manure (+ litter)
• Sheep/goat manure with fishoffal
• Sheep/goat manure withblood
• Other organic matters …
Add +/- 20 l. water
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Days 2 & 3: Substrate covered
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Day 4: Larvae sifted from the substrate
using different procedures
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Day 4: Larvae sifted from the substrate
using different procedures
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Day 4 to 5: larvae left one day to empty their gut
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Day 5: larvae are dried in the sun
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Day 5: larvae are dried in the sun
Solar drier in Ghana
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Larvae can be given to animals fresh or dried
Dry larvae
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By-product: valuable compost
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System to be adapted to smallholderfarmers
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Iss
ue
s re
late
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the
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tura
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ovip
os
ition
su
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trate
sys
tem
1. Y
ield
fluc
tua
tes
with
se
as
on
0
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0
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g of fresh larvae per kg of dry
substrate
0
20
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0
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g of fesh larvae per kg of dry
manure
Ch
icke
nm
an
ure
Sh
ee
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an
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+b
loo
d
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Issues related to the natural
oviposition substrate system
2. Need of a large ground surface
a a
ab
b b
b
0
50
100
150
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beds 0 45 68 90 114
Yie
ld (
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f fr
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ry m
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Height of the trays (cm)
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Issues related to the natural
oviposition substrate system
3. Potential health issue with the
increase of flies around the
production system
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Can adult rearing solve these issues
In theory yes but …
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Can adult rearing solve these issues
In theory yes but …
• An efficient and reliable adult rearing system requires
• Specific facilities with reliable conditions
• Expertise
• Producing eggs is costly
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Black soldier fly - Hermetia illucens
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Black Soldier fly production system FfA and U. Stirling
Emilie Devic Basile Bouwassi Gabriel Koko
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Adult rearing and egg production
Capture of local fly populations
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Adult rearing and egg production
Mating in the sun
Egg collection
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Larval rearing
5 days in nursery
8 days in rearing containers
Substrates:• Manures• Brewery wastes and other agro-
industrial wastes• Market and domestic wastes• …
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Extraction of larvae
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Drying of larvae
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Pupae and adult production
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Advantages and disadvantages of small BSF vs. House fly systems
Black soldier fly - Hermetia illucens
+• Safer, no vector of disease, no
human nuisance
• Heavier, high and constant yield
• Grows on more substrates
• Uses less ground surface thanHF natural oviposition system
• Prepupae migrate out of the substrate by themselves
-• More complicated than HF natural
oviposition systems, longer to establish; egg production critical
• Slower development
• Naturally less abundant, naturaloviposition more difficult
• Migrating prepupae less digestible, lower % proetin
• Larvae are more difficult to use alive
• Longer to dry
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General concerns regarding the production of flies as feed by farmers
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Economic viability
• African systems can already provide maggot proteins at ca. the same price as fish meal (see KULeuven presentation) – more efforts are needed to lower the costs.
• Important to:
• Minimise the costs of substrates and substrate provision
• Feed with living larvae (house fly)
• Valorise the residues
• Improve techniques at all stages
• Avoid disseminating a technique that is not yet economically profitable or technologically up and running
General concerns regarding the production of flies as feed by farmers
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General concerns regarding the production of flies as feed by farmers
Social acceptability
• Many consumers are reluctant to eat fish or chicken fed with fly larvae.
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General concerns regarding the production of flies as feed by farmers
Health and safety
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Thank you for your attention