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OFFICER BASIN Links Tenements (PDF; contains a link to the DMITRE website for the latest information) Reports The petroleum geology of South Australia, Volume 3: Officer Basin (Morton and Drexel, 1997; PDF) Chapter 2 (Play types). The Roadmap for Unconventional Gas in South Australia 2012

http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/178346/Chapter_2.pdf Exploration opportunities in the Officer Basin (Tingate and McKirdy, 2003; PDF) Eastern Officer Basin: Structural framework (Rankin, 2003; PDF) Deepwater architecture and outcrop analogues in the Flinders Ranges (Payenberg et al., 2005) Publications (website, DMITRE) Summary Age Neoproterozoic (Adelaidean) – middle Palaeozoic (Devonian). Area in South Australia 176 000 km2 (67 935 sq. miles). Depth to target zones 200–2000 m. Thickness Up to 10 000 m. Hydrocarbon shows Found in 4 formations, the majority in a playa carbonate in the

Marla Overthrust Zone. First commercial discovery None. Identified reserves Nil. Undiscovered resources (50% prob.) 400 x 106 kL (2516 mmbbl) recoverable oil (DMITRE, formerly

PIRSA estimate 1997, Monte Carlo method). Production Nil. Basin type Intracratonic. Depositional setting Marine shelf – epeiric sea, sabkha – alkaline playa. Reservoirs Sandstone, carbonate. Seals Shale, siltstone, evaporites. Regional structure Foreland basin, thrust complexes (Adelaidean, Late Cambrian,

Devonian); salt walls, salt pillows. Source rocks Siltstone, carbonate. Depth to oil/gas window Variable, 120–2000+ m (oil), shallowest in Marla Overthrust

Zone. Number of wells 13 petroleum, 32 stratigraphic/deep mineral (>400m). Seismic line km 13320 2D onshore, 509 2D offshore.

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Petroleum and Geothermal in South Australia 2

Introduction The Officer Basin represents one of the last remaining onshore frontier exploration areas where large petroleum discoveries may still be made. It has close geological affinities with the productive Amadeus Basin in the Northern Territory, and with basins in the former USSR and Oman, both of which host giant oil and gas fields and have proven oil reserves in the order of billions of barrels. Numerous oil shows are known in the Officer Basin from mineral and stratigraphic drillholes, although there has been little on-structure drilling for petroleum targets. Excellent reservoir quality and source are proven. Evaporites and salt tectonics are evident and may provide viable trapping and preservation mechanisms. Structural setting The Officer Basin spans 525 000 km2 of central southern Australia from the Yilgarn Block in Western Australia east to the Gawler Craton in South Australia (Figs 1, 2). It is an arcuate depression 500 km long with six main depocentres containing flat to gently dipping Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic sediments. About one third of the total area, 176 000 km2, comprises the Officer Basin in South Australia. Officer Basin sediments crop out in a linear belt south of the Musgrave Block, marking the northern limit of the basin. Outcrop is sporadic elsewhere. To the south the basin is overlapped by up to 400 m of Cainozoic, Mesozoic and locally, Permian strata. The eastern margin is ill defined. The two major depocentres in South Australia, the Birksgate Sub-basin and Munyarai Trough, are separated by a structural rise, and contain 5–10 km of sediment respectively. Subsidence began in the Neoproterozoic (~820 Ma). A single drillhole in each depocentre indicates similar Neoproterozoic sections. A thin Devonian section overlies the Ordovician in the Munyarai Trough, but much of this has been removed elsewhere by Carboniferous erosion following the Alice Springs Orogeny. Early Adelaidean units outcrop only in the north of the basin. Late Adelaidean sediments are thickest in the north but extend south, becoming thinner and shallower on the Murnaroo and Nullarbor Platforms, which continue southwards to the Great Australian Bight. Northeast-trending thrust faults separate the Munyarai Trough from the Manya and Tallaringa troughs which contain mainly Early Cambrian sediments. Thin, mainly Neoproterozoic strata extend across the Murnaroo Platform. During the early Neoproterozoic, the Officer was a component of the giant Centralian Superbasin. The two main episodes of structuring occurred during the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous (Alice Springs Orogeny) and the terminal Proterozoic (Petermann Ranges Orogeny). Uplift and erosion also affected the NE part of the basin during the Late Cambrian Delamerian Orogeny. Exploration history Petroleum exploration began in the 1960s, initially by Exoil, Conoco and Outback Oil. Seismic, aeromagnetic and gravity surveys were carried out and seven stratigraphic and two exploration wells drilled. Minor hydrocarbon shows were encountered in Denman 1 on the southern Murnaroo Platform. Sporadic exploration was continued by the Mines and Energy department until 1979 when the Byilkaoora 1 stratigraphic well intersected significant oil bleeds in the Observatory Hill Formation. Stimulated by this discovery, Comalco carried out extensive mineral and petroleum exploration from 1980–89, including over 2500 km of seismic (mainly weight-drop, Fig. 1), five exploration wells and 20 deep mineral holes. Drillholes were extensively cored and most had wireline logs, though of poor quality. Comalco exploration significantly improved understanding of the geology and petroleum potential of the NE Officer Basin. Amoco briefly explored an adjacent area in the mid 1980s, acquiring 235 km of 2D Vibroseis data and tying Munyarai 1 to Ungoolya 1. In 1993 AGSO recorded a 550 km transect (explosive source)

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Petroleum and Geothermal in South Australia 3

across the Murnaroo Platform and Birksgate Sub-basin. In the same year, the Mines and Energy department recorded 378 km of Vibroseis in the Marla area. Hemley Exploration, operator of PELs 61 and 63 in the Marla Overthrust Zone, carried out a detailed aeromagnetic investigation in 1998. This new aeromagnetic data was meshed in with previous aeromagnetic and seismic data and interpreted by Leigh Rankin. Canadian explorer Rodinia Oil Corp, through an affiliate, Officer Basin Energy Pty Ltd, was granted two PELs in the Officer Basin in July 2007 after successfully concluding a conjunctive access agreement with the traditional Aboriginal owners of Maralinga Tjarutja Lands (Officer Basin Energy became Rodinia Oil Corp. in 2008). The company recorded 985 line-km of seismic in late 2007 and early 2008 (Phase I seismic program), then followed up with 526 line-km of exploration seismic in early 2009 (Phase II). Between November 2010 and June 2011 Rodinia acquired an additional 41 lines of seismic data totalling 2536 line km in PELs 81 and 253. In June 2011 Rodinia spudded its first oil exploration well in PEL 253 (near the SA-WA border) and drilled to a depth of ~2700m intersecting five prospective formations. Rodinia has stated that the well, Mulyawara 1, confirmed the presence of excellent reservoir quality rocks in the Neoproterozoic succession and provided evidence of a petroleum system. A second well, Kutjara 1, was also drilled in Q4 2011. Rodinia Oil Corp. currently holds two PELs (PELs 81 and 253) and three PELAs (303, 351 and 445) in the Officer Basin. PELA 139 (now PELs 499 and 500) was granted in April 2007 to Dawnpark Holdings Pty Ltd and Standard Oil Pty Ltd. The companies were then operators of seven PELAs in the Officer Basin, and planned to negotiate access with the traditional Aboriginal owners of Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara and Maralinga Tjarutja lands in 2007–08. Ahava Energy Pty Ltd (Ahava) farmed in to the Standard–Dawnpark licences in 2008 and commenced exploration in the Officer Basin with a 1300 line-km seismic program in early 2009. Ahava acquired an additional 362 line-km of seismic data in late 2009 and drilled three petroleum exploration wells (Welbourn Alpha 1 – PEL 499, Trainor Echo 1 – PEL 138 and Trainor Alpha 1 – PEL 138) in 2010. In 2011 Ahava acquired a small seismic survey comprising 7 lines for a total 85 line km in PEL 499 and in 2012 drilled a petroleum exploration well (Adi 1) near the southern boundary of PEL 143. PELAs 147 and 148 were granted to Ahava in July 2011. Ahava (and subsidiary companies) now holds six PELs (138, 143, 147, 148, 499, 500) and 11 PELAs in the Officer Basin. Stratigraphy Stratigraphy of the eastern Officer Basin and a rock-relation diagram linking the Birksgate Sub-basin, Munyarai Trough and Murnaroo Platform are shown in Figures 3 and 4. Details of each unit are available in reports cited below. The sediment packages of immediate interest are the Neoproterozoic (Willouran, Marinoan) and Cambro-Ordovician. Willouran

The oldest rocks in the cover sequence, the ~800 million year old Pindyin Sandstone and Alinya Formation were deposited in the (present day) southern reaches of a saline supergiant basin that might have been up to 2 000 000 km2 in area. The section ranges from 200 m to at least 600 m thick. Outcrops are sparse; Giles 1 and Watson Siding 1 are the only well intersections at present, but the formations are widespread on seismic evidence. Correlated units in Western Australia are the Townsend Quartzite, Browne and Lefroy beds; in the Amadeus Basin, Northern Territory, the Heavitree Quartzite and Bitter Springs Formation are equivalents. Salt in the Alinya sabkha facies formed a major decollement for the propagation of thrust faults; salt structures (swells, pillows and salt walls) occur on the NW margin of the Murnaroo Platform. The aeolian–fluvial Pindyin Sandstone has excellent reservoir potential and the sabkha facies of the Alinya Formation contains gas-prone source rocks and seal potential.

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Petroleum and Geothermal in South Australia 4

Marinoan

The Marinoan sedimentary sequences from the Tarlina to the Punkerri Sandstone (Fig. 3) record the transition from fluviodeltaic to fully marine conditions in the Officer Basin between ~650 and 540 million years ago. The sediments are widespread with most units being at least partially intersected by wells on the Murnaroo Platform (Fig. 5). Munyarai 1 (Fig. 6) and Birksgate 1, the only deep wells in the major depocentres where 5 km or more were deposited, have partly intersected these sequences. Formations of the Ungoolya Group are dominated by muddy dolomitic siltstone with minor limestone in the Munyarai Trough, whereas sandy sediment and limestone characterise the Birksgate Sub-basin. A major canyon cutting event reflects early uplift on the Ammaroodinna Ridge. These movements, which also affected the Adelaide Geosyncline to the east, were precursors of the transpressional Petermann Ranges Orogeny. A shift in depocentres from the Munyarai Trough to the Birksgate Sub-basin resulted from this uplift. Cambrian

The Manya and Tallaringa troughs subsided after the Petermann Ranges Orogeny. Early Cambrian aeolian, fluvial, salina and epeiric sea deposits of the Relief Sandstone and Ouldburra Formation accumulated in these troughs and the adjacent hinterland. These sediments exceed 1100 m thickness in Manya 6 and have been intersected primarily in mineral drillholes in the Marla Overthrust Zone in the eastern part of the basin. Wilkinson 1 in the Tallaringa Trough reached total depth in the Relief Sandstone after intersecting more than 500 m of these sediments, including oil-prone source rocks in the Ouldburra Formation. Similar, though thinner sections with ‘petroliferous shale’ were drilled in Karari 1 and 2A, 65 km SW of Wilkinson 1. The overlying Observatory Hill Formation rose to prominence in 1979 with the discovery in Byilkaoora 1 stratigraphic well of oil generated in situ in alkaline playa lake carbonate. This formation hosts the richest source rocks known in the Officer Basin. Fluvial, paralic and marine conditions are recorded in the overlying formations which principally comprise arkosic sandstone and interbedded mudrock. Potential reservoirs have been identified (see below). Ordovician and Devonian

Ordovician and Devonian rocks locally exceed 1 km in thickness and were once probably up to 3 km thick. The Ordovician is sandstone dominated while the Devonian, intersected only in Munyarai 1, is characterised by freshwater lacustrine deposits (with fossil fish fragments) and evaporative redbeds. These rocks are important indicators of a northward thickening sediment wedge which buried Cambrian strata to petroleum generative depths. The Ordovician and Devonian are structurally concordant with the underlying rocks and were deformed with them by the advancing thrust sheets that signalled the Alice Springs Orogeny. Excellent potential reservoirs exist in the Ordovician Mt Chandler Sandstone, but unless structurally sealed beneath hanging wall rocks, they are at risk from Permian erosion. Source rocks Oil shows (in the form of fluorescence, bleeds, stains and extracts) occur in six different formations and belong to four genetically distinct oil families, implying the existence of multiple effective source rocks. TOC values in the Alinya Formation from Giles 1 (six samples from 1238 to 1266 m) only reach 0.62% (mean 0.36%) in the 35 m thick sabkha facies. Organic richness is poor to fair, kerogen is gas-prone and maturation levels correspond to the oil generation window. Molecular biomarkers indicate eukaryotic algal and bacterial sources. The same molecular fossil assemblage is found in oil extracted from the much younger Murnaroo Formation and Relief Sandstone. MPI measurements suggest these oils are relatively late expulsion products.

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Petroleum and Geothermal in South Australia 5

The Dey-Dey Mudstone and Narana Formation (Fig. 3) have TOC values to 1.47% (87 samples, mean 0.28%). The highest values are from transgressive and late highstand systems tracts but sampling has been random as shown by the low mean value. A marine source is inferred from sterane distributions similar to those reported in oils from Oman and Siberia. Shallow marine carbonates of the Ouldburra Formation have variable TOC values from 0.04 to 1.87%. The richest potential source beds are thin (~1 m) but widespread and appear to be concentrated in sabkha and highstand sediments. Kerogen is of poor quality and mature to overmature in the NE part of the basin, but good quality Type II kerogen in the main oil generative window (VRcalc = 0.58–0.8%) occurs in Wilkinson 1 and Karari 2A in the Tallaringa Trough. The oil source is of algal origin. One sample from Manya 6 appears to be stained by migrated hydrocarbons. A quite distinct oil family occurs in the non-marine, alkaline playa lake sediments of the Observatory Hill Formation. There are nine recorded occurrences of oil bleeds and oil stains in vugs and fractures from depths as shallow as 200 m below surface. TOC values range from 0.5 to 1.4%, calculated vitrinite reflectance (VRcalc) places the Byilkaoora 1 intersection in the oil window (VRcalc = 0.9–1.0). The playa lake facies (Parakeelya Alkali Member) extends for 200 km along the Manya Trough, reaching the surface at Observatory Hill. Reservoirs and seals The Officer Basin contains a number of reservoirs with excellent porosity and permeability. These are generally sandstones of fluvial or aeolian origin, and were originally feldspathic, but dissolution of the feldspars has led to extensive secondary porosity development, in some cases with permeabilities over 8 darcys (8000 mD). Reservoir potential also exists in carbonates (vuggy porosity). Most of these reservoirs have semi-regional seals. Sandstone reservoirs are primary exploration targets due to their thickness and wide extent. Intra-Ouldburra dolomite and Observatory Hill Formation chert are potential reservoirs and were intersected when Comalco’s exploration concentrated on evaporites in the Marla area. In the Munta area Comalco’s search for petroleum was centred chiefly on the Ungoolya Group siltstone which, it was hoped, had significant fracture porosity. This did not eventuate. Only two Comalco wells (Giles 1, Ungoolya 1) targeted anticlinal closures. Current interpretation suggests these wells were drilled off-structure. Conoco well Munyarai 1 drilled a large anticline but failed to reach sealed Neoproterozoic reservoir sand. Summaries of the reservoir characteristics of each formation are given below. The clean, aeolian Pindyin Sandstone at the base of the section in Giles 1 (porosity 3.8–22.5%, mean 11.8%; permeability 0.04–1538 mD, mean 48 mD) is widespread, outcropping on the northern margin of the Birksgate Sub-basin, and occurring at shallow depth on the southern Murnaroo Platform (~450 m in Watson Siding 1a). The alluvial–tidal – shallow marine Tarlina Sandstone disconformably overlies the Alinya Formation on the Murnaroo Platform (porosity 9.0–19.6%, mean 15.9%; permeability 0.16–4.5 mD, mean 1.2 mD). It is arkosic with a calculated shale volume of 5–25%. The Murnaroo Formation was deposited in a lower alluvial plain to shoreface setting on the Murnaroo Platform and east of the Manya Trough (porosity 1.2–18.8%, mean 14%; permeability 0.01–213 mD, mean 20 mD). It is feldspathic, micaceous and locally glauconitic. The Early Cambrian Relief Sandstone disconformably overlies the Proterozoic in the Manya Trough. Aeolian, fluvial and tidal facies are related to cycles of relative sea-level change. Porosity is variable and related to burial depths reached during the Alice Springs Orogeny. Footwall situations average 2.9%, hanging wall

Officer Basin

Petroleum and Geothermal in South Australia 6

situations 6.7%. On the Murnaroo Platform porosity values average 16.4%, with permeability up to 8000 mD resulting from dissolution of clay and carbonate cements. Relief-type sandstones are interbedded with Ouldburra lowstand deposits (porosity 1–23%, permeability 0–596 mD). Intercrystalline porosity and permeability of Ouldburra dolomites are greater (6–23%, 23–1640 mD) thus this unit has both source and reservoir potential. The Cambrian Arcoeillinna and Trainor Hill sandstones extend through the Manya and Munyarai troughs and onto the Murnaroo Platform. The Arcoeillinna is an immature, muddy micaceous arkose with poor to excellent reservoir properties. Average porosity is high (13%) and permeability ranges from 0.1 to 1700 mD. The Trainor Hill Sandstone is fine grained, usually quartzose, with average porosity of 15% and permeability in the tens to hundred millidarcy range. Thickness of this sandstone is variable owing to Delamerian erosion. The Ordovician Mt Chandler Sandstone (porosity 12.7–19.7%, permeability 0.26–238 mD) is a clean quartzose sandstone. Reservoir potential is good but due to its stratigraphic position the Mt Chandler risks lack of seal resulting from Permian erosion. However, it presents an excellent footwall target in overthrust zones. Evaporites, which may act as very good seals, have been recorded at many horizons below the Middle Cambrian including the Observatory Hill Formation, Ouldburra Formation, Mena Mudstone Member, Tanana Formation, Dey Dey Mudstone, Meramangye Formation, Coominaree Dolomite and the Alinya Formation. Evaporites of the Alinya Formation have been deformed diapirically across much of the NE of the basin. However, to the SW of the Birksgate – Coober Pedy Corridor (Fig. 2) there is evidence of stable evaporites overlying sediments of high reflectivity. Traps Traps range from simple domes and faulted anticlines to salt swells, pillows and salt walls and drape over basement horst blocks (Fig. 7). Stratigraphic traps are expected in the carbonates. Neoproterozoic thrust zones were reactivated in the Late Devonian and provide trap opportunities close to the Musgrave Block and on the northern margin of the Manya Trough. The largest fault complex strikes NE–SW almost 140 km, with vertical displacements up to 2 km. Hanging wall anticlines are the principal targets. A thick undrilled section of Torrensian to Willouran sediment SW of the Birksgate – Coober Pedy Corridor is considered very prospective along the NE edge of the Watson Ridge, where oil that migrated from the Munyarai Trough may have been focused and left entrapped within large undisturbed drape structures over basement-related horst blocks. Undiscovered resources An assessment of the undiscovered petroleum potential of the Officer Basin in South Australia is summarised in Table 1 and Figure 8. The average estimate of the potential plays is ~400 x 106 kL (~2516 mmbbl) of recoverable oil. These estimates may appear to be large in comparison to other, geologically younger, Australian petroleum basins, but are comparable to Proterozoic–Cambrian analogues elsewhere in the world. The Lena–Tunguska province in the Siberian Platform has a predicted potential of 318 x 106 kL (2000 mmbbl) of oil and gas liquids and 2417 x 106 m3 (85.8 bcf) of gas; the Moscow Basin has a potential of 2353 x 106 kL (14 800 mmbbl) of gas liquids. Proterozoic sediments are a very significant source for the prolific oil and gas fields of the Persian Gulf area; the proven oil reserves in Oman alone are 795 x 106 kL (5000 mmbbl).

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Petroleum and Geothermal in South Australia 7

Table 1 Undiscovered recoverable oil resources of the Officer Basin (South Australia)

PLAY

UNDISCOVERED POTENTIAL 106 kL (mmbbl)

Probability that the ultimate potential will exceed the stated value:

90% 50% 10%

Arcoeillinna Sandstone 3.3 (21) 10.8 (68) 27.8 (175)

Ouldburra Formation 29.4 (185) 85.1 (535) 209.9 (1320)

Relief Sandstone 6.3 (40) 30.3 (191) 95.0 (598)

Murnaroo Formation 21.7 (137) 69.1 (435) 210.4 (1323)

Tarlina Sandstone 18.6 (117) 63.7 (401) 186.1 (1171)

Pindyin Sandstone 18.0 (113) 62.6 (394) 172.9 (1088)

Current projects There are no current projects in the Officer Basin. Exploration access A number of National Parks and Wildlife reserves are fully or partly located within the boundaries of the Officer Basin (Fig. 9). Exploration is permitted in all except the Mamungari Conservation Park and part of the Nullarbor National Park. The Officer Basin underlies Maralinga Tjarutja and Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) lands and Yalata Aboriginal Reserve (Fig. 9). Traditional Aboriginal owners of both APY and Maralinga Tjarutja lands have expressed willingness to allow further petroleum exploration on their lands. Entry to the Woomera Prohibited Area (Fig. 9), main roads excepted, must be cleared with the Director, Woomera Test Facility, located at the RAAF Base in Edinburgh, South Australia. Operators proposing to conduct activities within the prohibited area are required to liaise with the Director, Woomera Test Facility, and the Defence Legal Service to determine appropriate levels of insurance and indemnities to the Commonwealth. Some areas of the Woomera Prohibited Area (WPA) may be subject to access restrictions. Follow this link for information on accessing the former British atomic test sites at Maralinga and Emu. A petroleum exploration or production licence could be acquired over the Mintabie Precious Stones Field (Fig. 9). However, the number of open cut mines could make access for petroleum exploration hazardous. Licence status Figure 10 shows the licence status at the time of publication. Use this link for further information on holders of petroleum tenements in South Australia.

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Key references Amoco Australia Petroleum Co., 1987. PEL 29, Officer Basin. Reports for the period 1/11/85 to 31/10/87. South Australia. Department of Primary Industries and Resources. Open file Envelope, 6843 (unpublished). Boult P.J. and Rankin L., 2004. Eastern Officer Basin — new play — sleeping giant? In: Boult, P.J., Johns, D.R. and Lang, S.C. (Eds), PESA’s Eastern Australasian Basin Symposium II, Adelaide 2004. Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia. Special Publication, pp. 231-242. Brewer, A.M., Dunster, J.N., Gatehouse, C.G., Henry, R.L. and Weste, G., 1987. A revision of the stratigraphy of the eastern Officer Basin. South Australia. Geological Survey. Quarterly Geological Notes, 102. Gravestock, D.I. and Hibburt, J.E., 1991. Sequence stratigraphy of the eastern Officer and Arrowie basins: a framework for Cambrian oil search. APEA Journal, 31:177-190. Grey, K., 1998. Ediacarian acritarch biozonation in Australia. In: Inaugural Sprigg Symposium, Adelaide, 1998. Geological Society of Australia. Abstracts, 51:22-23. Hoskins, D. and Lemon, N.M., 1995. Tectonic development of the eastern Officer Basin, central Australia. Exploration Geophysics, 26:395-402. Kamali, M.R., 1995. Sedimentology and petroleum geochemistry of the Ouldburra Formation, eastern Officer Basin, Australia. University of Adelaide. National Centre for Petroleum Geology and Geophysics. PhD thesis. South Australia. Department of Primary Industries and Resources. Open file Envelope, 8591 (unpublished). Kamali, M.R., Apak, S.N. and Lemon, N.M., 1995. Porosity generation and reservoir potential of the Ouldburra Formation in the Officer Basin, South Australia. APEA Journal, 35:106-120. Lindsay, J.F. (Ed.), 1995. Geological atlas of the Officer Basin, South Australia. Australian Geological Survey Organisation and Department of Mines and Energy, South Australia. McKirdy, D.M., 1993. Oil shows and source rocks of the eastern Officer Basin — a review. In: Alexander, E.M. and Gravestock, D.I. (Eds), Central Australian Basins Workshop, Alice Springs, 13–14 September 1993. Program and Abstracts, pp. 68-70. Michaelsen, B.H., Kamali, M.R. and McKirdy, D.M., 1995. Unexpected molecular fossils from Early Cambrian carbonates. Proceedings of the 1995 Organic Geochemistry Conference. The University of Adelaide, p. 46. Morton, J.G.G. and Drexel, J.F. (Eds), 1997. The petroleum geology of South Australia. Vol. 3: Officer Basin. South Australia. Department of Primary Industries and Resources. Petroleum Geology of South Australia Series, Vol. 3. Payenberg, T.H.D., Lang, S., Deller, K., Ceglar, N. Reilly, M.R.W., Cotton, T and Krapf, C.B.E, 2005. Reducing critical uncertainties for deepwater stratigraphic architecture in the Officer Basin – the significance of outcrop analogues in the Flinders Ranges. University of Adelaide. Australian School of Petroleum. Reservoir Analogues Research Group. Unpublished Report, ASP-RARG-2005-01. Rankin, L., 2003. Eastern Officer Basin: Structural framework from geophysical data. South Australia. Department of Primary Industries and Resources. Report Book, 2003/32. Sukanta, U., Thomas, B., von der Borch, C.C. and Gatehouse, C.G., 1991. Sequence stratigraphic studies and canyon formation, South Australia. PESA Journal, 19:68-73.

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Thomas, B., 1990. Summary of seismic interpretation in the eastern Officer Basin. South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy. Report Book, 90/58. Tingate, P.R. and McKirdy, D.M., 2003. Exploration opportunities in the Officer Basin, South Australia. Revised edn. South Australia. Department of Primary Industries and Resources. Report Book, 2003/1. Zang, W., 1995. Early Neoproterozoic sequence stratigraphy and acritarch biostratigraphy, eastern Officer Basin, South Australia. Precambrian Research, 74:119-175. Zang, W. and McKirdy, D.M., 1994. Microfossils and molecular fossils from the Neoproterozoic Alinya Formation — a possible new source rock in the eastern Officer Basin. PESA Journal, 22:89-90.

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FIGURES 1. Officer Basin, South Australia. Wells and seismic lines. (204344-054)

2. Officer Basin, South Australia. Structural framework superimposed on a reduced to pole first derivative magnetic image. (204344-055)

3. Geological summary of the Officer Basin. (204344-056)

4. Schematic rock relation diagram of the Officer Basin. (204344-057)

5. Regional seismic section of the Officer Basin: Watson Ridge to Munyarai Trough. Line of section is located in Figure 2. (204344-058)

6. Regional seismic section of the Officer Basin: Munyarai 1 to Giles 1. Line of section is located in Figure 2. (204344-059)

7. Base Cambrian with seismic image showing multiple thrusts and salt tectonics associated with the transpressive Middle Bore Ridge. (204344-060)

8. Prospectivity of the Officer Basin: (a) Pindyin Formation, Tarlina Sandstone and Murnaroo Formation; (b) Relief Sandstone; (c) Ouldburra Formation; (d) Arcoeillinna Sandstone. (204344-061)

9. Officer Basin, South Australia. Reserved land and geomorphology. (204344-062)

10. Officer Basin, South Australia. Petroleum tenements. (204344-063)

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Pinkawillinie (CP)

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Mulyawara 1

Nicholson 1,1A

Birksgate 1

Mount Bray 1

Oodnadatta 1

Muddy Tank 1

Meramangye 1Birribiana 1

Howard Hill 1

Wallira West 1

Mount Furner 1

Mount Crispe 1

Stuart Range 3

Denman North 1

Trainor Alpha 1

Wilkinson Lakes 2

Observatory Hill 1

Mount Willoughby 1

Mount Hammersley 1

Comalco Coalhole 1

Lake Maurice West 1

Lake Maurice East 1

Watson Siding South 1

5 2

4 3

14

18

Cur 1

EOB 1

Dalmatia 1

Mount Crispe 1Mount Hammersley 1

Lake Everard

Lake HarrisNullarbor (RR)

Yellabinna (RR)

Tallaringa (CP)

Yumbarra (CP)

Pureba (CP)

Nullarbor (NP) Lake Gairdner (NP)

Gawler Ranges (NP)

Boondina (CP)

Pinkawillinie (CP)

Kulliparu (CP)

Chadinga (CP)Wahgunyah (CP)

Acraman Creek (CP)

135°0'E

135°0'E

134°0'E

134°0'E

133°0'E

133°0'E

132°0'E

132°0'E

131°0'E

131°0'E

130°0'E

130°0'E

129°0'E

129°0'E26

°0'S 26

°0'S

27°0

'S 27°0

'S

28°0

'S 28°0

'S

29°0

'S 29°0

'S

30°0

'S 30°0

'S

31°0

'S 31°0

'S

32°0

'S 32°0

'S33

°0'S

DMITRE 204344-054

WELLS andSEISMIC LINES

Officer BasinSouth Australia

MGA Zone 53

Figure 1

0 25 50 75 100 km"

"

ADELAIDE

Tarcoola

WEST

ERN

AUST

RALIA

Areas with no petroleum accessPark or ReserveMarine MammalProtection ZoneGreat Australian Bight Whale SanctuaryGreat Australian Bight Marine

NORTHERN TERRITORY

Great Australian Bight

SOUTH AUSTRALIA Areas with petroleum accessBenthic Protection ZoneParks with petroleumexploration access

Seismic lines (3D excluded)Seismic – post 2000Seismic – 1950–1999

Petroleum wellsi Gas showsª̈ Dry hole with oil showsª Dry hole: Proposed or currently drilling

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(!(!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!( !(

!(!(

!( !(!(

!(

!(!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!( !(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(!( !( !(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(!(

!(!(

!(

!( !(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(Adi 2Adi 1

EOB 2

EOB 1

Emu 1

Nuba 1

Reid 1

Cook 1

Munta 1

Manya 5

Manya 4Manya 3Manya 2

Rodda 2

Reid 1A

Giles 1

Marla 7

Marla 3

Lairu 1

Ooldea 1

Denman 1

Marla 1BMarla 1A

Hughes 3Hughes 2

Hughes 1

Karari 2

Wallira 2Wallira 1

Officer 1

Coongra 1

Lambina 1

Karlaya 1

Karkaro 1

Arkeeta 1

Ungoolya 1

Murnaroo 1

Munyarai 1

Mallabie 1

Coongra 1A

Wilkinson 1

Todmorden 2Nicholson 2

Birksgate 1

Mount Bray 1

Muddy Tank 1

Meramangye 1

Howard Hill 1Wallira West 1

Trainor Echo 1

Mount Furner 1

Stuart Range 3

Trainor Alpha 1

Comalco Uphole 9

Comalco Uphole 7

Comalco Uphole 5Comalco Uphole 4Comalco Uphole 3

Wilkinson Lakes 2

Comalco Uphole 10Mount Willoughby 2

Comalco Coalhole 7Comalco Coalhole 6

Lake Maurice East 1

Watson Siding South 1

Lake Phillipson Bore 1

Lake Everard

Lake Harris

134°0'E

134°0'E

133°0'E

133°0'E

132°0'E

132°0'E

131°0'E

131°0'E

130°0'E

130°0'E

129°0'E

129°0'E

135°0'E

27°0

'S

27°0

'S

28°0

'S

28°0

'S

29°0

'S

29°0

'S

30°0

'S

30°0

'S

31°0

'S

31°0

'S

32°0

'S500000

500000

750000

750000

1000000

1000000

6600

000

6600

000

6800

000

6800

000

7000

000

7000

000

DMITRE 204344-055

STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORKOfficer BasinSouth Australia

MGA Zone 52

Figure 2

0 25 50 75 100 km

"

"

ADELAIDE

Tarcoola

WEST

ERN

AUST

RALIA

SOUTH AUSTRALIA

MUSGRAVE PROVINCE

GAWLERCRATON

COOMPANABLOCK

Birksgate

Sub-basinNu

rrai

"Ridg

e"?

Murnaroo

Platform

Watson

Ridge

Birksgate-Coober Pedy CorridorMunyarai Trough

Ammaroodinna Ridge

Manya Trough

Middle Bore R

idge

Tallaringa Trough

Nawa Ridge

Bitchera Ridge

WintinnaTrough

MarlaOverthrust

Zone

Figure 5Figure 5

Figure 6Figure 6

Great Australian Bight

Petroleum wells!( Dry hole!( Dry hole with oil show

Fault line

Superimposed on a reduced to pole first vertical derivative magnetic image

GENERALLITHOLOGYAGE ROCK UNIT

EARLYCRETACEOUS

ER

OM

AN

GA

BA

SIN

AR

CK

AR

ING

AB

AS

IN

Bulldog Shale

Stuart Range Formation

Boorthanna Formation

CONTINENTALUPLIFT

RODINGANEVENT

DELAMERIANOROGENY

PETERMANNRANGES

OROGENYHST

HST

HST

HST

HST

HST

MFS or HST

?HST

MFS

HST

MFS or HST

HST

IVF & TST

HST

HST

HST

TST

TST

LS

MFS

MFS

TST

LST

LST

TST

HST

TST

TST

TST

TST

TST

TST

LST

?TST

TST

TST

TST

LST

LST

LST

LST

LST

LST

GLACIO-GENICUPLIFT

DMITRE 204344-056

M

S

E

C1

C2

C3

O

D

P

J-K

C1.1

C2.1

C2.2

J-K.1

J-K.2

C1.2

C1.3

E.4

E.3

E.2

E.1

W

ALICESPRINGS

OROGENY

Cadna-owie Formation

Algebuckina Sandstone

Mt ToondinaFormation

TRIASSIC

JURASSIC

Late

Late

Early

Early toMiddle

PERMIAN

CARBONIFEROUS

TECTONICEVENTS

(T) (R)

Tra

nsgr

essi

on

SE

AL

EV

EL

Reg

ress

ion

ST

RA

TI-

GR

AP

HIC

SE

QU

EN

CE

S

Ma

114

130140

152

250

260270280290

355

205

95

Figure 3 Geological summary of the Officer Basin.

V V

VVV

V

VV

V V

OuldburraFormation

MunyaraiFm

Oolarinna Mbr

Moyles ChertMarker Bed

WilariDolMbr

Narana Fm

UN

GO

OLY

AG

RO

UP

LAK

E M

AU

RIC

EG

RO

UP

MA

RLA

GR

OU

PC

ALL

AN

NA

GP

MU

ND

AG

RO

UP

Dey Dey Mudstone

Karlaya Limestone

ReliefSandstone

Tanana Formation

PunkerriSst

PR

EC

AM

BR

IAN

NE

OP

RO

TE

RO

ZO

IC (

AD

EL

AID

EA

N)

Indulkana Shale

Trainor Hill Sandstone

Arcoeillinna Sandstone

ObservatoryHill Fm.

Murnaroo Formation

MeramangyeFormation

Pindyin Sandstone

Coominaree Dolomite

Wantapella Volcanics

Tarlina Sandstone

Alinya Formation

Mt Chandler Sandstone

Apamurra Fm

Blue Hills Sandstone

Mimili Fm

ByilkaooraMember

Mt Johns Conglomerate Member

Walla-tinnaMbr

Para-keelyaAlkaki

Member

CadlareenaVolcanics

KulyongFormation

Cadney Park Mbr

Chambers Bluff Tillite

Late

Early

Late

Late

Middle

Early

Early andMiddle

Early andMiddle

Late andMiddle

DEVONIAN

MARINOAN

STURTIAN

TORRENSIAN-WILLOURAN

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

360

375

417

435

443

445

450

455

505

507

510

516

518

520

524

536

545

560

570

575

585

590

600

615

640

650700

720760

780

800

820

522

457495

428

MenaMunta Lst Mbr

Mdst Mbr

Glaciogenic uplift

Alice SpringsOrogeny

OF

FIC

ER

BA

SIN

Delamerian Orogeny

Petermann Ranges Orogeny

Oil show Oil source rock Reservoir SealEvaporite Average Thickness (55m)

(39.54m)

(20.37m)

(68.11m)

(53.64m)

(50.17m)

(149m)

(174.5m)

(13.67m)

(244m)

(271.24m)

(52.66m)

(96.34m)

(141.17m)

(130m)

(434.9m)

(207.17m)

(448m)

(343.83m) (37.8m)

(47m)

(148.13m)

(231.75m)

(195m) (241.52m)

(79.5m)

(56m)

(110m)

(92.4m)

YOWALGA SUB-BASIN

YILGARN

CRATON

WAIGEN-BIRKSGATE

SUB-BASINS

MUNYARAI

TROUGH

MANYA

TROUGH

GAWLER

COOMPANA

CRATON

BLOCK

204344-057

West East

ALINYA FORMATION

BABBAGOOOLA BEDS

WIRRILDAR BEDS

TRAINOR HILL SST

OULD

OH-APAMURRA FM

TRAINOR HILL SST

OBSERVATORY HILL - APAMURRA FORMATIONS

OULDBURRAFM

OULDBURRAFM

TARLINA SST SaltSalt

MURNAROOFM

RELIEFSST

TARLINA SST

CHAMBERS BLUFF TILLITE

CADLAREENA VOLCS.

COOMINAREE DOL.

UPP RE UNGOOLYA GROUP

LOWER UNGOOLYA GROUP

MURNAROO FMMERAMANGYE FORMATION

PINDY NI S SAND TONE

WRIGHTHILL

BEDS

PUNKERRI

SANDSTONELUPTON - TURKEY HILL BEDS

LEFROY - BROWNE BEDS

TOWNSEND QUARTZITE

TABLE HILL - KULYONG VOLCANICS

FRA ES R-MUSGRAVE OROGEN

PETERMANN

EROSION

??

Figure 4 Schematic rock relation diagram of the Officer Basin.

DMITRE 204344-058

Munta 1

East West

Tw

o w

ay tim

e (

s)

0 10 Kilometres20 30 40

Tanana Formation

BasementBasement

Near top AlinyaFormation

Near base CambrianNear base Cambrian

Near top Dey Dey MdstNear top Dey Dey Mdst

Near top AlinyaFormation

Roof anticlines

Canyoning eventsassociated with

the Narana Formation,and salt tectonics

Salt withdrawalcollapse structures

Salt movementSalt movement

Hydrocarboncharged sands?

Stable salt?

Torrensian/ Willouran?>870m

Munta soft wall

Nr top Trainer Hill SSTNr top Trainer Hill SST Tanana Formation

Figure 5 Regional seismic section of the Officer Basin: Watson Ridge to Munyarai Trough. Line of section is located in Figure 2.

Munta 1 Giles 1Karlaya 1Ungoolya 1

Lairu 1

Munyarai 1

North SouthTw

o w

ay tim

e (

s)

0 10 Kilometres20 30 40

Near topTrainer HillSST

Near top Alinya Formation

Near top Dey Dey Mdst

Base Observatory Hill Fm.

DMITRE 204344-059

Canyoning events

associated with the

Narana Fm. and salt

tectonicsMunta salt wall

Salt

withdrawal

collapse

structures

BasementBasement

Near topTrainer HillSST

Base Observatory Hill Fm.Relief SSTRelief SST

Tanana Fm.Tanana Fm.

Near top Dey Dey Mdst

Near top Alinya Formation

Near topAcroeillinnaSST

Near topAcroeillinnaSST

Figure 6 Regional seismic section of the Officer Basin: Munyarai 1 to Giles 1. Line of section is located in Figure 2.

DMITRE 204344-060

Figure 7 Base Cambrian with seismic image showing multiple thrusts and salt tectonics associated with the transpressiveMiddle Bore Ridge

Nicholson 1A

Marla

Nicholson 2

6

Marla 8

Marla 4

Marla 3Marla 10

Byilkaoora 3

Marla 2

Marla 5

Mount Willoughby 1 Mount Willoughby 2

Marla 7Marla 7

Manya 6Manya 6

Manya 5Manya 5

Midelle Bore 1Midelle Bore 1

Figure 8 Prospectivity of the Officer Basin: (a) Pindyin Formation, Tarlina Sandstone andMurnaroo Formation; (b) Relief Sandstone; (c) Ouldburra Formation; (d) Arcoeillinna Sandstone.

GREAT AUSTRALIAN BIGHT

MUSGRAVE PROVINCE

GAWLER CRATON

No explorationaccess

WA

Overmaturesource

Overmaturesource

Nosource

NAW

A R

IDG

E

ARCKARINGA

BASINCoober Pedy

97-0168 MESA

Minimum prospective area

Maximum prospective area

Drillhole

132�129�

Marla

30�

28�

COOMPANA

BLOCK

KILOMETRES

0 100

GREAT AUSTRALIAN BIGHT

MUSGRAVE PROVINCE

GAWLER CRATON

No reservoir

No rese

rvoir

Imm

ature

source

No source

No reservoir

NAW

A R

IDG

E

ARCKARINGA

BASIN

Coober Pedy

97-0169 MESA

Minimum prospective area

Maximum prospective area

Drillhole

132�129�

Marla

30�

28�

KILOMETRES

0 100

COOMPANA

BLOCK

GREAT AUSTRALIAN BIGHT

MUSGRAVE PROVINCE

GAWLER CRATON

No sealNo seal

Overmature

source

No reservoir

No seal

NAW

A R

IDG

EARCKARINGA

BASIN

Coober Pedy

204344-061

Minimum prospective area

Maximum prospective area

Drillhole

132�129�

Marla

30�

28�

KILOMETRES

0 100

COOMPANA

BLOCK

(a)

GREAT AUSTRALIAN BIGHT

MUSGRAVE PROVINCE

GAWLER CRATON

No source

No reservoir

Overmature

source

Overmature source

No source

Immature sourceNo source or reservoir

No reservoir

NAW

A R

IDG

EARCKARINGA

BASIN

Coober Pedy

97-0170 MESA

Minimum prospective area

Maximum prospective area

Drillhole

132�129�

Marla

30�

28�

KILOMETRES

0 100

COOMPANA

BLOCK

(b)

(c) (d)

ª

ª

ª

ª

ª̈ª̈ª

ª

ª ª

ª

ª ª

ª

ª

ª̈

ª

ªªªª

ª̈ª

ª̈ ª̈ ª̈ª

ª̈ª̈ ª̈

ª

ª̈ª̈ ª̈

ªª

ª

ªª

ª

ªª

ª ªªªª ªª

ª

ªªªª

ªª

ª

ªª

ªªªªªª

ªªª ªªªªª

ª

ª

ª

ª ª

ªª

ª

ª

ª

ª

ª

ªª

ª

ª

ª

ª

ªªª

ª

ª

ª̈ª

ª

ª

ª

ª

ª

ª

ª

ª

ª

ª

ªª

ª

ª

ªª

ª

ª̈

ªª

:

ª::::

ª:

:ª

ª

i

ª

:

:

ª

i

ªª

ª

ª

ªª

ª ª

ª

ª

ªª

ªª

ª

ª

::

:

:

::

ª

ªª

" "

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

AUSTRALIANRAILWAY

TRANS

TARC

OOLA

ALIC

E SPR

INGS

RAIL

WAY

HIGHWAY

STUARTHIGHWAY

EYRE

Emu

Lock

Eucla

Marla

Ceduna

Wudinna

Tarcoola

Mintabie

Kyancutta

Glendambo

Maralinga

Oodnadatta

Streaky Bay

Coober Pedy

Mamungari (CP)

Yellabinna (WA)

Nullarbor (NP)Yumbarra (CP)Great Australian Bight Marine

Wahgunyah (CP)

Hambidge (WA)

Pinkawillinie (CP)

Lake Newland (CP)

Venus Bay (CP)

Darke Range (CP)

Point Labatt (CP)

Officer Basin

MaralingaCommonwealth

Land

Woomera Prohibited Area

Koonibba Aboriginal Community

Murat Bay

Oodnadatta

Streaky Bay

Fowlers Bay

Nunjikompita

Mamungari Conservation Park

Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands

Maralinga Tjarutja Lands

Yalata Aboriginal Reserve

Coober Pedy

Lambinaexclusionzone

Lake Everard

Lake Harris

135°0'E

135°0'E

134°0'E

134°0'E

133°0'E

133°0'E

132°0'E

132°0'E

131°0'E

131°0'E

130°0'E

130°0'E

129°0'E

129°0'E26

°0'S 26

°0'S

27°0

'S 27°0

'S

28°0

'S 28°0

'S

29°0

'S 29°0

'S

30°0

'S 30°0

'S

31°0

'S 31°0

'S

32°0

'S 32°0

'S33

°0'S

DMITRE 204344-062

RESERVED LAND andGEOMORPHOLOGY

Officer BasinSouth Australia

MGA Zone 53

Figure 9

0 25 50 75 100 km

"

"

ADELAIDE

Tarcoola

WEST

ERN

AUST

RALIA

Petroleum wellsª̈ Dry hole with oil showsª Dry hole: Proposed or currently drilling

Areas with no petroleum accessPark or ReserveMarine MammalProtection ZoneGreat Australian Bight Whale SanctuaryGreat Australian Bight MarinePrecious stones field

NORTHERN TERRITORY

Great Australian Bight

SOUTH AUSTRALIA

GeomorphologyContinental dunefieldLimestone plainRidges/RangesSandplain with dunesSandplain

Areas with petroleum accessAboriginal LandsPark or ReserveBenthic Protection Zone

" "

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

AUSTRALIANRAILWAY

TRANS

TARC

OOLA

ALIC

E SPR

INGS

RAIL

WAY

HIGHWAY

STUARTHIGHWAY

EYRE

DenmanBasin

Ering

a Trou

gh

Bight Basin

PedirkaBasin

Arckaringa Basin

WarburtonBasin

EromangaBasin

Emu

Eucla

Marla

Ceduna

Wudinna

Tarcoola

Mintabie

Kyancutta

Glendambo

Maralinga

Oodnadatta

Streaky Bay

Coober Pedy

Mamungari (CP)

Yellabinna (WA)

Nullarbor (NP)Yumbarra (CP)Great Australian Bight Marine

Wahgunyah (CP)

Hambidge (WA)

Pinkawillinie (CP)

Lake Newland (CP)

Venus Bay (CP)Point Labatt (CP)

Officer Basin

586

585587

580

584

581

583582

579

577

578

576

142141

332

333

519

351

517

520

140

529

604

530

77

518

159

303

511

518

521

485

445447

604

521

521

517

580

334

609

550

555

589 595

554

593

533

594

548

591

590

551

537

539

534592

535

556

540

598

588

543542

541

544545

597

546

596

552

547

599532

536 538

600

553

549

538

549549

532

Lake Everard

Lake HarrisNullarbor (RR)

Yellabinna (RR)

Tallaringa (CP)

Yumbarra (CP)

Pureba (CP)

Nullarbor (NP) Lake Gairdner (NP)

Gawler Ranges (NP)

Boondina (CP)

Pinkawillinie (CP)

Kulliparu (CP)

Chadinga (CP)Wahgunyah (CP)

Acraman Creek (CP)

135°0'E

135°0'E

134°0'E

134°0'E

133°0'E

133°0'E

132°0'E

132°0'E

131°0'E

131°0'E

130°0'E

130°0'E

129°0'E

129°0'E26

°0'S 26

°0'S

27°0

'S 27°0

'S

28°0

'S 28°0

'S

29°0

'S 29°0

'S

30°0

'S 30°0

'S

31°0

'S 31°0

'S

32°0

'S 32°0

'S33

°0'S

DMITRE 204344-063PETROLEUM TENEMENTS

Officer BasinSouth Australia

MGA Zone 53

Figure 10

0 25 50 75 100 kmPetroleum tenementsPetroleum exploration licence application (PELA)Petroleum exploration licence (PEL)Gas storage exploration licence application (GSELA)Gas storage explorationlicence (GSEL)

"

"

ADELAIDE

Tarcoola

WEST

ERN

AUST

RALIA

Areas with petroleum accessPark or ReserveBenthic Protection Zone

Areas with no petroleum accessPark or ReserveMarine MammalProtection ZoneGreat Australian Bight Whale SanctuaryGreat Australian Bight Marine

NORTHERN TERRITORY

Great Australian Bight

SOUTH AUSTRALIA