1

Prospective future introduction of

reduction of energy use in buildings in

Arctic regions

Petra Vladykova 1,2 and Søren P. Bjarløv 1

1 Technical University of Denmark

2 Swegon AB

petra.vladykova@swegon.se

Healthy Buildings, July 8-12, 2012, Brisbane, Australia

March 1, 2012

How might it affect the indoor climate?

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– Network for professionals

2

Content

Current situation in Greenland

”Typehouse 18D”

”Low-energy house”

Results from investigations

– Indoor temperature and relative humidity

– Air tighness and thermal comfort

– Health damaging materials

– Energy consumption

Conclusion

3

First energy-efficient Arctic building

Arctic

Definition

– Geographical, climatological and

climate

Population

– 60-66º (15,000,000)

– 66-70º (3,600,000)

– above 70º (400,000)

Climate

– Long, cold winters and short, cool

summers, strong winds and storms

– Solar distribution and low sun

elevation

4

Sisimiut, Greenland and

Brisbane, Australia

5

Lat. °N

[°]

Mean

annual

temp

Ta,avg

[°C]

Design

outdoor

temp

Tdesign

[°C]

Heating

degree

hours

HDH

Tbase = 20°C

[kKh/a]

Solar

radiation

horizontal

Gh

[kWh/(m2.a)]

Solar radition on

vertical surface

S, W, N, E

[kWh/(m2.a)]

Sisimiut,

Greenland

66.6°N;

53.4°W

-3.9 -30.0 209 945 1,019; 839; 442; 815

Brisbane,

Australia

27.3°S;

153.1°W

5.0 ?

Population: Sisimiut 5,460 Brisbane

Situation in Greenland

Resources

– No natural building materials

– No factories for building materials

Dependency

– Dependent on import

– Transportation by sea or air

– Remote, small and isolated dependent on supplies

Knowledge

– The need of large amount of planning and organization

– Lack of skilled craftsmen and difficult transport

6

7

Buildings

Population of 56,462 (1.1.2008) and 22,075 buildings

Residential 11,452 buildings with Agross = 65.5 m2

terraced houses;

1,946

other;

8,497

detached and

semi-detached

house:

Period 1; 6,479 detached and

semi-detached

house:

Period 2; 4,973

detached and

semi-detached

house:

Period 3; 180

detached and

semi-detached

houses;

11,632

Building practices

Building regulations (2006)

– Uwall = 0.20 W/(m2.K), Uroof = 0.20 W/(m2.K),

– Ufloor = 0.15 W/(m2.K), Uwindow = 1.8 W/(m2.K)

– Energy demand ≈ 200 kWh/(m2.a)

Design regulation

– Tdesign and heating degree day method

Building practices

– Vapor and airtight barrier, wind tight barrier

– Agross and lightweight structures

– Natural vents versus mechanical ventilation system

8

Building systems

Systems in buildings – Natural ventilation versus mechanical

– Boiler with a hydronic heating system covering heating and hot water consumption

Challenges – Hybrid (combined) system

– Control, maintenance and reliability

– Renewable sources and technology

9

Typehouse 18D and Low-

energy house

10

11

”Typehouse 18D”

13

14

15

Wooden structure

16

Systems

17

Systems

18

19

”Low-energy house”

20

21

22

Wooden structure

23

Systems

24

Scheme of heat exchanger

Parameters: Building and Energy Parameter Symbol and

unit

Standard house

18D

Low-energy house

Gross heated floor area Agross [m2] 63 208

Energy consumption [kWh/(m2.a)] 381 90 (60%)

Oil consumption [liters/a] 2,100 1,500

Internal volume of a building V [m3] 157 450

Thickness of insulation and Uwall [mm]; [W/(m2.K)] 100 0.497 (1) 300 0.150 (2)

Thickness of insulation and Ufloor [mm]; [W/(m2.K)] 100 0.439 (1) 350 0.140 (2)

Thickness of insulation and Uroof [mm]; [W/(m2.K)] 100 0.434 (1) 350 0.130 (2)

Uwindow for glazing and window [W/(m2.K)] 2.0 3.0 0.8 1.1

Leakage air change n50; n[h-1] 18.5 0.78 3.1 0.15

25

Table 1. Parameters related to the building structure, indoor climate and energy consumption in18D and LEH. (1) Lambda value of Rockwool in 1962 was ≈ 0.049 W/(m.K) (2) compared to 0.035 W/(m.K) today.

Interior temperature

26

15

20

25

30

35

Nov-1

0

Dec

-10

Dec

-10

Jan-1

1

Mar

-11

Mar

-11

Apr-

11

May

-11

Jun

-11

Jul-

11

Aug-1

1

Sep

-11

Oct

-11

Tem

per

atu

re [°C

]

1. 18D - Temp in living room N 2. 18D - Temp in bedroom N&W

2

1

4

3

Interior temperature

27

15

20

25

30

35

Nov-1

0

Dec

-10

Dec

-10

Jan-1

1

Mar

-11

Mar

-11

Apr-

11

May

-11

Jun

-11

Jul-

11

Aug-1

1

Sep

-11

Oct

-11

Tem

per

atu

re [°C

]

1. 18D - Temp in living room N 2. 18D - Temp in bedroom N&W

3. LEH - Temp in living room S-E 4. LEH - Temp in living room S-W

2

1

4

3

Relative humidity

28

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60N

ov-1

0

Dec

-10

Dec

-10

Jan-1

1

Mar

-11

Mar

-11

Apr-

11

May

-11

Jun-1

1

Jul-

11

Aug

-11

Sep

-11

Oct

-11

Rel

ati

ve

hu

mid

ity

[%

]

1. 18D - RH in living rooom N&W 3. 18D - RH in bedroom N

2

1

4

3

Relative humidity

29

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60N

ov-1

0

Dec

-10

Dec

-10

Jan-1

1

Mar

-11

Mar

-11

Apr-

11

May

-11

Jun-1

1

Jul-

11

Aug

-11

Sep

-11

Oct

-11

Rel

ati

ve

hu

mid

ity

[%

]

1. 18D - RH in living rooom N&W 3. 18D - RH in bedroom N

4. LEH - RH in living room S-E 3. LEH - RH in living room S-W

2

1

4

3

Air tightness

30

Dwelling

18 D

Air change

@50Pa n50

[h-1]

Air change @50Pa

n50 [l/s per m2 of floor

area]

18D –

Oscar

18.5 11.2

18D –

Ester

11.3 7.3

18D - Eva 14.4 8.7

LEH and

date

Air change

@50Pa n50

[h-1]

Air change @50Pa

q50 [l/s per m2 of floor

area]

Feb, 2009 3.35 2.28

Mar, 2010 3.07 2.10

Health damaging materials

Possibilities to find in buildings in Greenland

– Lead (in paint)

– PCB (polychlorinated bipheny) in rubber seals)

– Formaldehyde (used in glue in chipboard)

– Asbestos (in rubber seals, cement asbestos plates)

– Radon (from the ground)

– Fungus (mould growth)

31

Energy consumption

32

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8Ja

n-0

5

Jul-

05

Jan-0

6

Jul-

06

Jan-0

7

Jul-

07

Jan-0

8

Jul-

08

Jan-0

9

Jul-

09

Jan-1

0

Jul-

10

Jan-1

1

Tem

per

atu

re [

ºC]

Oil

[li

ters

/m2]

Typehouse 18D Low-energy house total oil

Tamb,month Temp DRY (1961-1990)

Use of buildings

Design conditions – RH 30-60%, Tindoor 20-24°C in summer and 23-26°C in winter

– Ti, design usually 20°C as for 18D but 21°C for LEH

– Higher internal loads 5 W/m2

Living preferences related to the cultural heritage – Cooking habits – traditional dishes

Weather influence – Low content of the water in the air

– High energy consumption and high moisture accumulation in ventilation

– Overhating and large temperature variations

33

Discussion

Old vs new buildings – Potential in old buildings

– Future renovation focused on energy, indoor and outdoor climate,

lifestyle and building materials

Necessities – Energy monitoring

– Energy optimisation

– Energy and indoor climate improvements

34

Conclusion

Comparison shows tremendous differences in energy

consumption, but a similar pattern in temperature

variations, generally low indoor humidity levels, low indoor

relative humidity in the cold periods and problems with

overheating.

Potential future reductions in energy use in buildings in the

Arctic regions will be directly connected to the environment,

effectiveness of ventilation strategies, building materials

and their properties, the lifestyle of inhabitants, and the

design of buildings.

35

Thank you. Questions?

36

Solution

37

Theoretical model of energy refurbishment