PROSES PERKEMBANGAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN · •Anaximander, founded the primitive life comes from water...
Transcript of PROSES PERKEMBANGAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN · •Anaximander, founded the primitive life comes from water...
• In the western civilization perspective, all questions
about universe in the beginning are answered by myth
and religious-spiritual believe system.
• Math was introduced in Egypt and Babylonia, applied
in astronomy.
• Pre-Socrates philosophers, are believed, developed
systematic sciences based on logics and observations.
• Thales from Miletus called “the Father of Sciences” in
7 BC explained the earthquake based on observation,
not religious things.
Western perspective on the Beginning of Sciences
“The most difficult things in this life is knowing
yourself” -Thales
• Anaximander, founded the
primitive life comes from water
and mud, human developed
from lower level of life.
• Empedocles, founded air material.
• Democritus, tell that all materials consist of atom,
something that cannot be devided anymore.
• Eratosthenes, measured the earth circle in acurate
measurement....
• Pythagoras, opened a school, teach
about mathematics and its applications.
• Heraclitus and Parmenides, questioned
about sciences: Is it taken from logics or
experince?, Does nature constant or
shift?
• Hippocrates and Galen, developed
anatomy and medics based on
observation, not shaman.
• The founding of chemical elements:
earth, water, air, fire, oil.
• Socrates (469 – 399 BC), setting
up ethics, moral and dialectic
approach.
• Plato (427 - 347 BC), setting up
“idea”. Idea is not something that
created by human thingking, not
depend on human thingking, but
human thinking is depend on idea.
Idea is the main and maiden picture
of reality, non-material, eternal,
unchanged.
Aristotle (384 – 322 BC), his contributions:
• Classified biological species systematically.
• Material is impossible without any form since it is
exist.
• Setting up syllogism.
• In politcs, he believe that the most ideal form of
government is the combination between democracy
and monarch.
Answer following questions in peace of
paper, discuss it with your group:
1. Describe the contribution of Islamic civilization
to the development of modern sciences!
2. What is the definition of sciences (al ‘ilm) in the
Islamic perspective? Is there any differences to
the definition of sciences in the Western
perspective? What are they? Explain it!
Note:
3 groups will make presentation in front of the
class next meeting.