Propulsion Halon Replacement Federal Aviation Activity at ... · Ch# 11 Ch# 09 Ch# 08 Ch# 04 Ch# 01...
Transcript of Propulsion Halon Replacement Federal Aviation Activity at ... · Ch# 11 Ch# 09 Ch# 08 Ch# 04 Ch# 01...
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Federal AviationAdministration
Propulsion Halon Replacement Activity at the FAA WJ Hughes Technical Center
5TH Triennial International Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference
Douglas Ingerson, EngineerFederal Aviation AdministrationWJ Hughes Technical CenterFire Safety TeamAtlantic City Int’l Airport, NJ USAtel : 609-485-4945email : [email protected]
30Oct2007
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5TH Triennial Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference30Oct2007
Presentation Overview
• Discuss the Minimum Performance Standard for Engine Nacelles and APU Compartments (MPSe)– Background– Describing the Test Process
• Review Outcomes from MPSe Testing to Date– HFC-125, CF3I, & FK-5-1-12– Noteworthy Observations
• Identify Pending Challenges to the MPSe
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5TH Triennial Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference30Oct2007
Discuss the MPSeBackground
• Who “owns” the MPSe?– FAA International Aircraft Systems Fire Protection Working Group– Composed of government and industry representatives
• International• Manufacturer, regulator• Civilian, military
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5TH Triennial Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference30Oct2007
Discuss the MPSeBackground
• Lineage– 1993, FAA , aviation industry, US Department of Defense/tri-service– Initial testing planned at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), OH
• 3 phase, down-select process resulting in a single halon replacement• Culminated in “Aircraft Engine/APU Fire Extinguishing System
Design Model (HFC-125)," AFRL-VA-WP-TR-TR-1999-3068– 1995, Project started at FAA WJ Hughes Technical Center (FAATC)
• Civil airplane industry wanted more halon replacement choices– 2000, “Options for Aircraft Engine Fire Protection,“ white paper,
http://www.fire.tc.faa.gov/pdf/engine.pdf– 1996, “User Preferred Fire Extinguishing Agents for Engine and Auxiliary
Power Unit (APU) Compartments,” Report No. DOT/FAA/AR-96/80• Interests wanted to retain “...X %v/v for 0.5 second...” FAA
certification format without design model information
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5TH Triennial Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference30Oct2007
Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
• Empirical, full-scale, test process
• Considers test process & application constraints– Must be a reliable, repeatable TEST PROCESS– Must relate to a wide range of installations found in this APPLICATION
• Minimizes non-agent fire extinction mechanisms
• Limited review– Evaluates fire extinguishment performance only– Agent/airplane compatibility issues must be reviewed separately– MPSe requires that agent and airplane must be compatible
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5TH Triennial Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference30Oct2007
Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
• Coupled characterization of Halon 1301 & replacement candidate performances
• Four test configurations– 2 ventilation regimes
• High = 1.2 kg/s @ 38°C (2.7 lbm/s @ T = 100°F)• Low = 0.45 kg/s @ 127°C (1.0 lbm/s @ T= 250°F)
– 2 fire threats, both baffle stabilized with persistent ignition & fuel sources• All fuels delivered at 0.95L/min at 66°C (0.25 US gal/min @ 150°F)• Spray fire using JP8, lubricating oil, OR hydraulic fluid• Pool fire using JP8 alone
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Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
Test
Sec
tion
STA 502
AIRFLOW
FWD
UPFIRE ZONEVIEW PORTS
TEST SECTION DIMENSIONS48 INCH (1.22 m) OD SHELL24 INCH (0.61 m) OD CORE~ 10.25 FEET (3.12 m) LONG
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Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
Spr
ay F
ire T
hrea
t
tube array, hotsurface ignitionthreat, sta 512
core ribsta 502
fuel spraynozzle, left
electricalarc gap
fuel spraynozzle, right
Up
Fwd
location of theformer massive
hot plate
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Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
Poo
l Fire
Thr
eat
shell ribsta 502
Up
Fwd
mobileelectricalarc gap
core ribsta 502
Return to Observations
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Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
Duc
t Int
erfa
ce
flangesta 551inlet for
the redexhaust duct
Up
Fwd
flangesta 592
duct interface(flames exiting
test sectionexhaust nozzle)
Return to Observations
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5TH Triennial Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference30Oct2007
Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
• Demonstrating Halon 1301 Equivalence– Fire extinction
• Direct observation• Based on an average of 5 repeated fire tests• Verified against other fuels based on an average of 3 repeated fire
tests– Agent concentration
• Direct observation + mathematical manipulation• Based on 3 repeated non-fire tests
• Halon 1301 delivered to test fixture meeting the intent of FAA certification– Measured by Statham-derivative gas analyzer, 12 sampling points– 3 ring sampling arrangement, middle ring centered at flame front
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Mee
ting
Inte
nt o
f FA
A
Cer
tific
atio
nAgent Concentration Profile
~ Ventilation @ 2.2 lb/s @ 100°F ~
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Time (s)
Vol
umet
ric C
once
ntra
tion
~ H
alon
130
1 ~
Ch# 11Ch# 09Ch# 08Ch# 04Ch# 01Ch# 07Ch# 05Ch# 02Ch# 10Ch# 12Ch# 06Ch# 03
1301 03 324 12 c
7
Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
(1.2 kg/s @ 38°C)
Return to Equivalent Concentration
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Mee
ting
Inte
nt o
f FA
A
Cer
tific
atio
nAgent Concentration Profile
~ Ventilation @ 1.0 lb/s@260°F ~
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Time (s)
Vol
umet
ric C
once
ntra
tion
~ H
alon
130
1 ~
Ch# 11Ch# 09Ch# 08Ch# 04Ch# 01Ch# 07Ch# 05Ch# 02Ch# 10Ch# 12Ch# 06Ch# 03
1301 03 506 16 c
(0.5 kg/s @ 127°C)
Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
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Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
• Explaining equivalence by “fire extinction”– Reignition Time Delay (RTD)
• A visually observed duration of suppressed combustion• Occurs during the presence of forced ventilation, a transient agent
pulse, and persistent ignition/fuel sources•
– Desired conditions :••
( ) ( )( ) ( )H1301σ01quantity tReplacemenσ
H1301RTD01quantity tReplacemenRTD≈
≥
EXTINCTION FIREREIGNITION FIRE t- tRTD =
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Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Reignition Time Delay (sec)
Mas
s HFC
-125
(lbm
)
Pro
of o
f Con
cept
,E
quiv
alen
ce b
y Fi
re E
xtin
ctio
n
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Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
• Explaining equivalence by “concentration”– Fire testing ceases; equivalence by fire extinction is established– Agent distribution captured for the established agent delivery– Data pool composed of recorded concentration behavior :
• 2 flame front locations• 3 repeated tests
– Data pool is transformed :• From elapsed/historical time to durational behavior• Described by a best-fit least squares polynomial
– Equivalence by concentration is calculated by :• Using the related average RTD in the best-fit relationship• Solving for a volumetric concentration
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Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
Equ
ival
ence
by
Vol
umet
ric
Con
cent
ratio
n, T
rans
form
atio
n
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
Time (sec)
Vol
umet
ric
Con
cent
ratio
n, H
FC-1
25 (%
v/v)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5Volumetric Concentration, HFC-125 (%v/v)
Tim
e (s
ec)
Ch# 01
Ch# 02
data pool, 8.0# H125, JP8 HiV Spray
data pool, 8.0# H125, JP8 HiV Spray
pr05
215.
xls,
C
EXAMPLEONLY
m = x kg HFC-125RTD_ave = 1.75 sec
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Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
Equ
ival
ence
by
Vol
umet
ric
Con
cent
ratio
n, T
rans
form
atio
n
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
Time (sec)
Vol
umet
ric
Con
cent
ratio
n, H
FC-1
25 (%
v/v)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
50 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Volumetric Concentration, HFC-125 (%v/v)
Tim
e (s
ec)
Ch# 01
Ch# 02
data pool, 8.0# H125, JP8 HiV Spray
data pool, 8.0# H125, JP8 HiV Spray
pr05
215.
xls,
Cha
rt
≈1.5
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Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
Equ
ival
ence
by
Vol
umet
ric
Con
cent
ratio
n, S
olut
ion
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
Time (sec)
Vol
umet
ric
Con
cent
ratio
n, H
FC-1
25 (%
v/v)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
50 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Volumetric Concentration, HFC-125 (%v/v)
Tim
e (s
ec)
Ch# 01
Ch# 02
data pool, 8.0# H125, JP8 HiV Spray
6th Order best-fit polynomial
pr05
215.
xls,
Cha
rt2
RTD_ave = 1.75 s
Equ
ival
ent
Con
cent
ratio
n≈
12.3
%v/
v
EXAMPLEONLY
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Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
• Outputs from the MPSe test process– Equivalences
• minimum of 4 based on fire extinction performance (mass-based)• 4 based on agent distribution (volumetric concentration)
– Recommendation for a certification value is the largest of the 4equivalent concentrations
• for a gas, X %v/v simultaneously for 1/2 sec throughout the fire zone• for something else, ?
• Mass-based equivalence is NOT cited– Inefficient agent delivery systems can demonstrate parity with halon
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Discuss the MPSeDescribing the Test Process
HA
LON
130
1 V
ER
SU
SH
iVen
t JP
8 S
PR
AY
FIR
E(v
ideo
pla
ys a
t 1/2
spe
ed)
AIRFLOW
FWD
UP
Video Deleted
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Outcomes from MPSe Testing to DateNoteworthy Observations
• Test histories include Halon 1301, HFC-125, CF3I, 2-bromotrifluoropropene (2-BTP), & FK-5-1-12
• Variation in test process & environment– If all is operating normally, test outcome is reasonably consistent– Anomalous behavior indicates fault
• Have determined equivalent concentrations for HFC-125, CF3I, FK-5-1-12– Relative relationship of equivalent concentrations are reasonable– Compare reasonably with reported inerting and cup burner data
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Comparing the Fire Extinction Behavior ofCertification Halon 1301 in the FAA Nacelle Simulator
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.56.06.57.0
0360
5-15
, 154
603
611-
11, 1
057
0362
4-14
, 143
103
903-
11, 1
013
0391
6-12
, 084
703
c17-
13, 1
350
0410
8-10
, 100
804
217-
12, 1
346
0431
0-10
, 095
104
323-
10, 1
436
0442
1-10
, 103
004
503-
10, 1
500
0462
2-11
, 150
504
714-
10, 1
350
0480
2-11
, 150
404
809-
10, 0
838
0483
0-10
, 105
304
915-
11, 1
357
0641
1-11
, 143
306
427-
13, 1
430
0651
1-11
, 111
306
607-
11, 1
024
0662
0-11
, 103
506
809-
10, 1
543
0683
0-14
, 154
7
Test Identification of the FirstTest in the Sequence
Ave
rage
RT
D (s
econ
ds)
HiVent JP8 spray
HiVent OIL spray
LoVent JP8 spray
LoVent OIL spray
HiVent JP8 pool
LoVent JP8 pool
standard deviation for the 5tests forming the benchmark
MPS
Erev
03_O
l_be
nchm
arks
.xls
, all
H13
01 b
ench
mar
ks c
YE
AR
MO
NTH
(a=O
CT,
b=N
OV
, c=D
EC
)D
ATE
in M
ON
THTE
ST
IDE
NTI
FIC
ATI
ON
NU
MB
ER
Outcomes from MPSe Testing to Date
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Outcomes from MPSe Testing to DateC
OM
PA
RIN
G L
AR
GE
ST
EQ
UIV
ALE
NT
CO
NC
EN
TRA
TIO
NS
with
INE
RTI
NG
/CU
P B
UR
NE
R D
ATA
4.5
7.1
6.1
17.6
8.1
15.7
6.5
8.8
14.7
3.2
8.7
0
5
10
15
20
CF3I HFC-125 FK-5-1-12
Replacement CandidateVol
umet
ric C
once
ntra
tion
(%v/
v)
Maximum Equivalent ConcentrationPeak Inerting Concentration (propane)Peak Inerting Concentration (methane)Cup Burner (n-Heptane)
MPS
E_re
v03_
ALL
-EQ
UIV
.xls
, ALL
mas
s+co
nc-e
quiv
GR
F sm
ry c
2
Peak Inerting Concentrationstaken from NFPA 2001 (2004),
Table A.5.4.3
Cup Burner Concentrationstaken from NFPA 2001 (2004),
Table A.5.4.2
via non-standard apparatus
25 25Federal AviationAdministration
5TH Triennial Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference30Oct2007
Outcomes from MPSe Testing to DateNoteworthy Observations
• Observations at the duct interface– Initially not suspected as a region of interest– 2004, 2-BTP observed to be reactive– Temperature, pressure, & optical instrumentation added after 2004 testing– H1301 & candidates demonstrate different behaviors during reignition
• H1301 does not force any visible smoke into test bay• ALL successful replacement candidates forced visible smoke (NOT fire) into
the test bay in some configuration• Observations associated with normal boiling point (BP)
– FK-5-1-12 condensed in analyzer sample lines during bench scale investigations– Flame attachment more evident with increasing normal BP (CF3I, FK-5-1-12)
• anecdotal observations during pool fire testing• photoconductive photodiodes
Refresh memories about duct interface
26 26Federal AviationAdministration
5TH Triennial Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference30Oct2007
Outcomes from MPSe Testing to DateC
OM
PA
RIN
G S
AM
PLE
LIN
E
TEM
PE
RA
TUR
E &
AN
ALY
ZER
SIG
NA
L B
EH
AV
IOR
S
Line length &wall temperature
10 ft @ 4°F<T<26°F6 ft @ 40<T<47
8.3 ft @ 104<T<155Q&40L tedlar bag
dry air + FK-5-1-12(v)
dry air% < 6 ppm H2O
vent toatmosphere
ch09ch12
12 ft x 0.125 in OD Cugas analyzer sample lines
flow through each line ≈ 800 scc/min
Pacific Scientific Halonyzer II Quad
12 in = 1 ft = 0.34 m°C = 5/9*(°F-32)
gas sampleflow
27 27Federal AviationAdministration
5TH Triennial Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference30Oct2007
Outcomes from MPSe Testing to Date
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Time (sec)
Sens
or S
igna
l (V
DC
)
Room Temperature Sample Line Wall, 06308-13
Line Wall, 9 < T(°F) < 21, 06309-11
Line Wall, 41 < T(°F) < 46, 06310-11
Line Wall, 105 < T(°F) < 153, 06310-13
Signals are consistent for thesample line temperatures evaluated
in 06308-13 (reference test),06310-11, and 06310-13.
Sensor signal for a flow of air.
"Typical" sensor signal for the flow of air and agent vapor.
Sensor signal is not consistent with other tests in this series. Further, the valve connecting the gas sample bag was closed (note minorsignal spike) without the signal returning to something consistent
with air. Note behaviors of 06308-13, 06310-11, & 06310-13.
CO
MP
AR
ING
SA
MP
LE L
INE
TE
MP
ER
ATU
RE
& A
NA
LYZE
RS
IGN
AL
BE
HA
VIO
RS
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Outcomes from MPSe Testing to DateO
BS
ER
VIN
G F
LAM
EA
TTA
CH
ME
NT
BE
HA
VIO
RD
OW
NS
TRE
AM
FR
OM
FIR
E Z
ON
EPHOTOCONDUCTIVEPHOTODIODE VIEWS
AIRFLOW
FWD
UP
sta515/viewing hot surfacesta558/12:00 viewsta586/12:00 viewred duct inlet/12:00 view
Illustrate anecdotal behavior in the Pool Fire Image
29 29Federal AviationAdministration
5TH Triennial Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference30Oct2007
Outcomes from MPSe Testing to DateO
BS
ER
VIN
G F
LAM
EA
TTA
CH
ME
NT
BE
HA
VIO
RD
OW
NS
TRE
AM
FR
OM
FIR
E Z
ON
E
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-65 -55 -45 -35 -25 -15 -5 5 15
Time (sec)Sign
al
photodiode - tube array (VDC)photodiode - entrance exh nzl (VDC)photodiode - exit exh nzl (VDC)photodiode - red duct (VDC)p/t - frx (VDC), 06412_11
30 30Federal AviationAdministration
5TH Triennial Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference30Oct2007
Outcomes from MPSe Testing to DateO
BS
ER
VIN
G F
LAM
EA
TTA
CH
ME
NT
BE
HA
VIO
RD
OW
NS
TRE
AM
FR
OM
FIR
E Z
ON
E
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time (sec)Sign
al
p/t - frx (VDC), 06412_11photodiode - tube array (VDC)photodiode - entrance exh nzl (VDC)photodiode - exit exh nzl (VDC)photodiode - red duct (VDC)
-9 sec ≤ t ≤ 2 sec2 sec ≤ t ≤ 13 sec
11 sec from zero/pre-fire baseline
31 31Federal AviationAdministration
5TH Triennial Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference30Oct2007
Outcomes from MPSe Testing to DateO
BS
ER
VIN
G F
LAM
EA
TTA
CH
ME
NT
BE
HA
VIO
RD
OW
NS
TRE
AM
FR
OM
FIR
E Z
ON
E
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1.6kgH1301,
JP8
4.3kgN1230,
JP8
4.0kgN1230,
JP8
4.0kgN1230,JP8 /4
N2, JP8 /4
Agent, Agent Mass, & Fuel used in the Spray Fire Scenario
Phot
odio
de S
igna
l (V
DC
) & T
ime
(sec
)
average signal, baseline (no fire)average signal, fire (pre-RTD)average signal, including RTDstandard deviation signal, baselinestandard deviation signal, firestandard deviation signal, including RTDRTD (sec)
NOTE : ALL information presented is calculatedfor an 11 second duration, except for the 8 second
baseline sampling for 4.0 kg N1230, JP8 /4
pr06
a26.
xls,
ave
sign
als p
hoto
diod
e H
iV c
highventilation
32 32Federal AviationAdministration
5TH Triennial Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference30Oct2007
Identify Pending Challenges to the MPSe
• Need to move away from a H1301 benchmark
• Currently working with a solid aerosol, i.e. NOT a gaseous agent
• Sensitivity of the calculated equivalent concentration to the shape of the concentration history
33 33Federal AviationAdministration
5TH Triennial Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference30Oct2007
Concluding Summary
• Equivalent concentrations– HFC-125 = 17.6%v/v– CF3I = 7.1%v/v– FK-5-1-12 = 6.1%v/v
• Observations indicate considerations must be made for agents as they depart from behavior similar to Halon 1301
• Additional issues exist which may impact the MPSe