Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

158
Proposal for Implementation of Ombudsman System in Cambodia Council for Legal and Judicial Reform October 2009 Phnom Penh, Cambodia October 2009 Supported by

Transcript of Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

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1 FOREWORD | Propose for Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

Proposal for

Implementation of

Ombudsman System in

Cambodia

Council for Legal and Judicial Reform

October 2009

Phnom Penh, Cambodia October 2009

Supported by

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i FOREWORD | Propose for Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

FOREWORD

The fundamental principle of legality, the rule of law, is attenuated, when administrative

authorities are empowered to act in vast and important areas with a considerable degree of

discretion. And the lack of legal remedies may leave the individual in a state of frustration

when confronted by administrative decisions which he considers to be unfair, unjust, or

unreasonable.

One legal remedy, the Ombudsman, was introduced in the Scandinavian countries from the

beginning of the 19th

century. Numerous types of Ombudsman institutions were created all

over the world during the following decades.

In general, any kind of Ombudsman is created with the purpose to enhancing the protection

of the individual against abuse of administrative powers and other forms of

maladministration.

So far, there is no generally accepted definition of an Ombudsman. But, practically, an

Ombudsman is a person or an institution who receives complaints from aggrieved persons

against government agencies, officials and employees, or who acts on his own motion, and

who has the power to investigate, recommend corrective action, and issue reports.

Acknowledging the importance of the Ombudsman, the Royal Government of Cambodia has

proven its commitment through the priority action 1.6.1 of the Action Plan to implement the

Legal and Judicial Reform Strategy, adopted in 2005 by the Council of Ministers.

A project has been developed by the General Secretariat of the Council for legal and Judicial

Reform, with the support of German Technical Cooperation โ€œAdministration Reform and

Development Programโ€ implemented by GTZ, aiming to raise the understanding of the

concept and ideas of the Ombudsman system among Cambodian government officials and

other stakeholders, including Development Partners and relevant NGOs working in

Cambodia. A concrete policy and strategy on the establishment of an Ombudsman institution

in Cambodia will be drafted and submitted to the Royal Government of Cambodia for

consideration.

The report of the study is very crucial for the Council for Legal and Judicial Reform and the

development partner to identify key measures to be taken to improve the complaint

mechanism in the public sector for better public service delivery of the government agency in

order to in order to insure personal rights and freedom of the people.

H.E. SUY Mong Leang

Secretary-General

Council for Legal & Judicial Reform

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ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | Proposal for Implementation an Ombudsman System in

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The General Secretariat of the Council for Legal and Judicial Reform (GS-CLJR) wishes to

acknowledge the efforts of a number of individuals, groups and organizations whose

contributions made it possible to execute a pre-assessment, a study tour, and produce this

study report.

First of all, this acknowledgement with thanks goes to officers of ministries and institutions

who contributed ideas and recommendations on the implementation of the project.

A special thank to the Task Force led by H.E. Chan Tany, Secretary of State of the Council of

Ministers Office. The very active contribution of the members of the Task Force, namely

H.E. Suy Mong Leang, H.E. Sak Setha, H.E. Mak sambath, H.E. Sar Sambath, H.E. Suong

Leang Hay, H.E. Chan Mono, H.E. Buon Somony, Ms. Ruth Gruber, and Mr. Khlok Dara,

merits a special thank from the General Secretariat.

We acknowledge with a high appreciation to GTZ-Technical (ARDP) team, in particular to

Ms. Katharina Huebner, for the very useful financial and technical support for this study.

Last, but not least, we wish to recognize the efforts of the Survey Management Team, which

is composed of H.E. Suong Leang Hay, Mr. Ching Pheng Sroy, Ms. Phan Pisey Norleak, Mr.

Khlok Dara, Ms. Ruth Gruber, and other staff of the General Secretariat, that definitely make

this study successful.

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Content

FOREWORD i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

Content iii

I. Introduction 1

II. The Concept of Ombudsman 2

2.1 Definition of an Ombudsman 2

2.2 Variety of Ombudsman Systems 2

2.3 Various Titles used for Ombudsman 3

III. Ombudsmen Models in other Countries 4

3.1 South Korea 4 3.1.1. Jurisdiction 5

3.1.2. Independence 5

3.1.3. Powers 6

3.1.4. Accountability 7

3.1.5. Accessibility 7

3.1.6. Procedural fairness 7

3.2 Australia 7 3.2.1. Jurisdiction 7

3.2.2. Independence 8

3.2.3. Powers 9

3.2.4. Accountability 10

3.2.5. Accessibility 10

3.2.6. Procedural fairness 11

3.3 Thailand 11 3.3.1. Jurisdiction 11

3.3.2. Independence 12

3.3.3. Powers 13

3.3.4. Accountability 13

3.3.5. Accessibility 14

3.3.6. Procedural fairness 14

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iv Content | Proposal for Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

3.4 Indonesia 14 3.4.1. Jurisdiction 15

3.4.2. Independence 15

3.4.3. Powers 16

3.4.4. Accountability 16

3.4.5. Accessibility 17

3.4.6. Procedural fairness 17

IV. Assessment of existing complaint offices in Cambodia 23

4.1. Methods 23

4.2. The Offices that were visited 23

4.3 Summary 24

4.4 Conclusion 27

V. Options for an Ombudsman in Cambodia 29

5.1. Features of an Ombudsmanโ€™s Office 29 5.1.1. Jurisdiction of an Ombudsman 29

5.1.2 Independence of an Ombudsman 32

5.1.3 Powers of an Ombudsman 33

5.1.4. Accountability of an Ombudsman 34

5.1.5 Accessibility of an Ombudsman 35

5.1.6 Procedural Fairness by an Ombudsman 36

5.2. Two Possible Models for an Ombudsman 36 5.2.1. National Ombudsman 36

5.2.2 Hybrid National Ombudsman and Anti Corruption Unit 37

5.3. Final Remark 38

References 42

Annex 1: pre-assessment on ombudsman and other complaint system in Cambodia 44

Annex 2: Study tour report on Ombudsman system in the republic of Korea 53

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1 I. Introduction | Proposal for Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

I. Introduction

The efforts of the Royal Government of Cambodia to make the administration more transparent, citizen-friendly and democratic are manifold. Some of them, such as the decentralization policies, enjoy a high level of public attention, while others are less well known, but no less important. These lesser known efforts include the initiative undertaken by the Council of Ministers (CoM) to develop a system in Cambodia offering citizens the possibility to defend against administrative injustice and maladministration.

The significant increase in legislative power and administrative tasks due to the increasingly pronounced complexity of economic and social life has made the relation between citizens and their administration more difficult in Cambodia. Citizens are confronted with confusing bureaucratic administrative structures and a lack of transparency. The possibility of monitoring administrative decisions remains underdeveloped.

Starting in 2003, the CoM therefore considered establishing a so-called ombudsman system. A complaint office of this type was first created in Sweden in 1809 and has been implemented and proven effective in many of the worldโ€™s countries throughout the second half of the 20th century. The ombudsman systems vary in structure, but there is consensus that an independent complaint office is indispensable in its role of protecting citizens from administrative justice and maladministration as well as supporting democratic development. (see Chapter 2).

In 2005 the Council for Legal and Judicial Reform (CLJR) put this goal in the priority action 1.6.1 of the Plan of Action for Implementing the Legal and Judicial Reform Strategy. In June 2008, CLJR and the โ€œAdministrative Reform and Decentralization Programโ€ (ARDP), implemented by GTZ, agreed on a project to design a conceptual framework for an ombudsman system in Cambodia. CLJR and ARDP also agreed on the following course of action:

1. Assessment of the existing complaint offices in Cambodia

2. Consultative meetings with representatives of various ministries, NGOs, and development partners

3. Study tour to an Asian country in order to learn about various ombudsman models

4. Finalizing of the framework for the Cambodian ombudsman

This final report is the result of this common project. It covers the following chapters:

1. General background information about the ombudsman

2. Examples from other countries

3. Survey results of existing public complaint offices

4. Options for Cambodia

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II. The Concept of Ombudsman

2.1 Definition of an Ombudsman

โ€œThe ombudsman is an independent and non-partisan officerโ€ฆoften provided for in the Constitution, who supervises the administration. He deals with specific complaints from the public against administrative injustice and maladministration. He has the power to investigate, report upon and make recommendations about individual cases and administrative procedures. He is not a judge or tribunal, and he has no power to make orders or to reverse administrative action. His seeks solutions to problem by a process of investigation and conciliation. His authority and influence derive from the fact that he is appointed by and reports to one of the principle organs of the state, usually either the parliament or the chief executive.โ€1

In summary, an Ombudsman is seen as serving several functions:

To provide an accessible complaint point for people to the increasingly complex functions exercised by government;

To protect people against wrong-doing by government2;

To supervise and make transparent the work of government3;

To improve the efficiency and quality of government; and

To protect some human rights.

2.2 Variety of Ombudsman Systems

In the beginning most countries had only one ombudsman, appointed by the national government or the national parliament. But in more recent decades it became apparent that one ombudsman office is not able to handle all complaintsโ€“ not only because of the increasing number of complaints but also because of the wide range of subject areas.

Today many countries have a mixed system with national, sub-national and sector ombudsmen offices (e.g. Ombudsman for children, for equal opportunities, for handicapped people etc.) Many countries also have private sector bodies which call themselves Ombudsman โ€“ although they are not Ombudsman in the classic sense because they do not deal with complaints about government.

An Ombudsman needs to be distinguished from internal complaints bodies of government agencies. Every government body should have its own complaints process because complaints are an important part of improving procedures. However, these internal complaints bodies are not Ombudsmen. Ombudsmen are, by definition, separate from the legislature and separate from any Ministry. They are a place for people to go if a Ministry complaints procedure is unsatisfactory.

1p 791 Helen Fenwick and Gavin Phillipson, 2003 Texts, Cases and Materials on Public Law & Human Rights, quoting from GE

Caiden (ed), 1983 International Handbook of the Ombudsman 2 p 3 Marten Oosting 2000, Protecting the Integrity and Independence of the Ombudsman Institution: the Global Perspective,

paper presented at the VIIth International Conference of the International Ombudsman Institute, South Africa. 3 p 3 Marten Oosting 2000, Protecting the Integrity and Independence of the Ombudsman Institution: the Global Perspective, paper presented at the VIIth International Conference of the International Ombudsman Institute, South Africa.

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This โ€˜externalityโ€™ gives an Ombudsman a greater degree of independence in investigating complaints. โ€˜Externalityโ€™ means that the Ombudsman has the same perspective as the public, rather than internal complaints bodies, which can be driven from the perspective of the Ministry4.

Ayeni writes that it has increasingly become common to add extra functions to an Ombudsman office, such as โ€œanti-corruption and/or human rights commissionโ€5. An Ombudsman does not always have this role. To combine these two functions increases the range of matters an Ombudsman can look at as well as its possible remedies. However, adding a human rights focus removes the focus on government administration. A different skill set is required to deal with human rights and administrative breaches.

2.3 Various Titles used for Ombudsman

A variety of names have been used to represent the ombudsman office in different countries. The titles adopted by various countries connote a diversity of focus of ombudsman office.

Ombudsman and other names6

The word "ombudsman" is of Swedish origin, and means "representative". Many other names are used to represent the ombudsman office in different countries that have adopted the office.

As discussed previously, some of these bodies are Ombudsman, some of them are internal government or legislative complaints mechanisms, and some of them are hybrid Ombudsman-human rights bodies.

For example:

Defensor del Pueblois the title of the ombudsman office in a number of Spanish-speaking countries (such as in Spain, Argentina, Peru and Colombia).

Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration (Sri Lanka, United Kingdom),

Mรฉdiateur de la Rรฉpublique (e.g. France, Gabon, Mauritania, Senegal)

Public Protector (South Africa),

Protecteur du Citoyen (Quรฉbec),

Volksanwaltschaft (Austria),

Public Complaints Commission (Nigeria),

4 Marten Oosting 2000, Protecting the Integrity and Independence of the Ombudsman Institution: the Global Perspective, paper presented at the VIIth International Conference of the International Ombudsman Institute, South Africa. 5 p 8, Victor Ayeni 2000, โ€œOmbudsman Around the World: Essential Elements, Evolution and Contemporary Issuesโ€ in Victor

Ayeni, Hayden Thomas, Linda C. Reif 2000, Strengthening ombudsman and human rights institutions in Commonwealth small and island states: the Carribean experience; International Ombudsman Institute, viewed at

http://books.google.com/books?id=khcAd-

dbJwwC&dq=creating+an+ombudsman+developing+countries&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 on 3/6/09. 6 P 9, Bokhari SA 2004 , Ombudsman: An Introduction, Draft Research Paper, from

http://www.policy.hu/bokhari/Ombudsman_An%20Introduction.doc. Viewed on 20/5/09.

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Provedor de Justiรงa (Portugal),

Difensore Civico (Italy), and

Investigator-General (Zambia).

III. Ombudsmen Models in other Countries

An Ombudsmanโ€™s office needs to be established so that itsโ€™ independence and effectiveness can be assured. The essential features of an Ombudsman are7:

Jurisdiction โ€“the jurisdiction of the Ombudsman must be clearly defined,

Independence โ€“ an Ombudsmanโ€™s office should be free from interference with guaranteed resources to operate. The Ombudsman should be appointed for a fixed term,

Powers โ€“ to carry out its work, the Ombudsman should have clear powers, including the powers to investigate, question people, see documents, prepare a report and publish that report to the public,

Accountability โ€“ an Ombudsman should publish openly, on an annual basis, the number of complaints received and the outcome of complaints. It should be protected from defamation laws,

Accessibility โ€“ an Ombudsman investigates on the basis of complaints from the public. Its complaints procedure should be free, accessible and sufficiently private, and

Procedural fairness โ€“The Ombudsmanโ€™s own procedures should be fair. At a minimum, the Ombudsman should listen to both sides and give its reasons for its recommendation. The Ombudsman should operate without bias or favouritism.

3.1 South Korea

Based on the information and lesson leanred from the study tour on ombudsm,an system to the republic of Korea of Cambodian delegation on 26-31 July 2009, the ombudsman system of South Korea has a multi-agency body known as the Anti-corruption and Civil Rights Commission โ€“ ACRC (see more in annex 2 on the report of study tour on ombudsman system in Korean Republic). The ACRC was established in 2008 and is underpinned by the Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights

7 John McMillan, 2008 Whats in a Name? Use of the Term โ€˜Ombudsmanโ€™, viewed at http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 on 30/5/09.

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Commission, Act No. 94028. As well as an ombudsman division, the ACRC includes anti-corruption and administrative appeals divisions. The ACRC replaces the stand-alone Ombudsman of Korea, which was established in 19949. The merger has been criticized for weakening horizontal accountability between the integrity institutions10. The legislation also provides for the establishment of local ombudsmen in each local government area to โ€˜deal with complaints against each local government and institutions belonging theretoโ€™11.

3.1.1. Jurisdiction

The Ombudsman Division of the ACRC has jurisdiction to investigate complaints relating to โ€˜any illegal, unjustifiable or passive action of an administrative agency etc. (including an actual act and omission) or unreasonable administrative system which violates a citizenโ€™s right or causes inconvenience or burden to a citizenโ€™12. The ACRC may transfer complaints to other bodies if they relate to high political decisions, state secrets, court matters, national assembly matters, the Election Commission, the Board of Audit and Inspection, a local council, the Constitutional Court, ongoing mediation/arbitration, matters between private individuals, and matters related to administration of personnel13.

3.1.2. Independence

The ACRC is headed by a Commission, which is composed of a chair, three vice-chair, three standing commissioners, and eight non-standing commissioners, who each serve a three-year term14. One person, a Vice-Chair, is in control of Ombudsman investigations. However, the Commission decides upon the recommendations to be issued by the Ombudsman Division. The ACRCโ€™s commission structure is unique among the four Ombudsmen structures examined in this section. Multiple members may mean that it is less likely to reach consensus on the outcomes of investigations, with the result that fewer recommendations are issued.

8 Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission website, http://www.acrc.go.kr/eng_index.html, viewed on 18/10/09.

9 Page 7, Linda C Reif 2004, The Ombudsman, good governance and the international human rights system, Martinus Nijhoff

Publishers. 10

Page 18, Chong-Min Park, Jung Hyun Bae 2008, The State of Democratic Governance in South Korea: From the Perspective

of Ordinary Citizens, An Asian Barometer Conference on the State of Democratic Governance in Asia, 20-21 June 2008. 11

Art 32, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 12

Arts 2 and 39, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 13

Art 43, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 14

Arts 13 and 16, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402.

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The President appoints the Chair, the Vice-Chairs, and the three standing commissioners, following the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The President appoints two of the non-standing commissioners following the recommendation of the National Assembly, and two following the recommendation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The remaining four non-standing commissioners are appointed directly by the President15. Membership of the commission is drawn from the following professions16:

senior academics for eight years,

judges or lawyers for ten years,

senior public officials,

a local Ombudsman for four years, or

people of high social reputation with knowledge of administration who are recommended by the non-government organization sector.

Each member of the commission must resign from any position as member of the National Assembly, member of a local council, employee or officer of an organization having a โ€˜special interest โ€ฆ in any administrative agencyโ€™17. A member of the ACRC can be disqualified from being a member by the President or Prime Minister if: he or she is a member of a political party, stands for election, breaches Art 33 of the State Public Officials Act, is unable to perform his/her duties due to mental or physical difficulties, or violates the prohibition on holding more than one office18.

3.1.3. Powers

The Ombudsman Division of the ACRC has the power to19:

request an agency to give an explanation or submit materials,

to request an employee of the administrative agency, or any person of interest to present him/herself and express his/her opinion, and

to inspect any place or facility that is relevant to the complaint.

While the legislation states that administrative agencies should comply with ACRC requests, there are no sanctions if they do not comply20. The Ombudsman Division of the ACRC has the power to make recommendations for compromise, conciliate a complaint, submit opinions on a complaint, and make recommendations for rectification to the head of the administrative agency. If the ACRC makes recommendations for improvement

15

Art 13, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 16

Art 13, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 17

Art 17, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 18

Arts 15 and 16, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 19

Art 42, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 20

Arts 42 & 80, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402.

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of the administrative system, the head of the administrative agency has to report on its progress in implementing those recommendations and the ACRC can monitor its progress21. The ACRC has the power to publish its recommendations, opinions, and the agencyโ€™s handling of its recommendations โ€˜provided that publication is not restricted under any other Act or will not violate an individualโ€™s privacyโ€™22. The ACRC is not allowed to divulge official secrets, at risk of a penalty including up to five years in prison and or up to 30 million won fine ($25,930 USD)23.

3.1.4. Accountability

The ACRC is required to provide annual status updates to the President and the National Assembly and publish such updates24.

3.1.5. Accessibility

People have the right to complain to the ACRC25.

3.1.6. Procedural fairness

The ACRC is required to notify the complainant of the result of the complaint26. The ACRC is also required not to disclose information about the complaint27.

3.2 Australia

The Australian Commonwealth Ombudsman (CO) was established in 1976 by the Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). The legislation provides for one Commonwealth Ombudsman and up to three Deputy Ombudsmen28.

3.2.1. Jurisdiction

The CO has jurisdiction over โ€œmatters of administrationโ€ relating to Commonwealth Departments29. It also has power to determine if a government official has unreasonably delayed making a decision or act30. When making an investigation, the CO examines a case to see if31:

21

Arts 44-52, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 22

Art 53, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 23

Arts 30 & 87, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 24

Art 26, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 25

Art 39, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 26

Arts 40, 41, 43 & 49, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No.

9402. 27

Art 78, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 28

Sec 4, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 29

Sec 5, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 30

Sec 10, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 31

Sec 15, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181).

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The act was contrary to law, unreasonable, unjust, oppressive or improperly discriminatory,

was in accordance with a rule of law or practice but the rule or practice was unreasonable, unjust, oppressive or improperly discriminatory,

was based on a mistake of fact or law,

was otherwise wrong,

was a discretionary power exercised for an improper purpose or irrelevant grounds,

was a discretionary power but irrelevant considerations were taken into account or there was a failure to consider relevant considerations, or

the decision-maker was required to give reasons but did not.

Its jurisdiction is limited so that the CO canโ€™t investigate Ministerial action, proceedings in Parliament, actions by judges, matters relating to the employment of government officials32. If there is a question over the exercise of a government power or function, either the CO or the Head of the Government Department can apply to the Federal Court for a determination of the question33.

3.2.2. Independence

The Ombudsman is appointed by the Head of State and holds office for up to seven years34. Ministers directly appoint Deputy Ombudsmen. An independent renumeration tribunal determines the pay of the Ombudsmen35. There are several methods for suspending or removing an Ombudsman on the basis of misbehaviour or physical or mental incapacity36:

The Head of State can remove the Ombudsman by presenting a statement to both Houses of Parliament in the same session,

The Head of State can suspend the Ombudsman and the Minister must give Parliament a statement of the grounds for suspension within a prescribed time. Either House of Parliament can then vote to remove the Ombudsman.

The Head of State can directly remove the Ombudsmen if he/she becomes bankrupt, or is absent, except on a leave of absence, for 14 consecutive days or 28 days in 12 months37.

32

Sec 5, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 33

Sec 11A, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 34

Sec 21-22, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 35

Sec 24, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 36

Sec 28, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 37

Sec 28, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181).

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3.2.3. Powers

The CO has the power to38:

give a notice to a person requiring him/her to produce information or documents relevant to an investigation,

require a person to attend and answer questions, including under oath,

enter a place that is occupied by a government agency or its contractor and inspect documents.

On some occasions, however, the Attorney-General can issue a certificate that disclosure of a matter is not allowed because it would prejudice the security, defence or international relations of the country, it would disclose communications between Ministers, or it would disclose confidential Cabinet or Executive Council discussions, among other reasons. It can also issue a letter that entering a place is forbidden because it may โ€˜prejudice the security or defence of the Commonwealthโ€™39. Officers and people who comply with a request for information are given certain protections against prosecution and civil actions40. If a person does not comply with a CO request to provide information, then the CO can apply to the Federal Court for an order compelling him/her to do so.41 A person who fails to provide information to the Ombudsman without a reasonable excuse can be given a penalty of $1 000 ($915 USD) or up to 3 months imprisonment42. If the CO forms the view that a government officer has breached his/her duty, then it must notify the head of the government agency or the relevant Minister43. A CO can make a report that recommends action. It can also ask a government agency to report to it on action taken within a particular time frame44. If the government agency does not take adequate action, the CO can report directly to the Prime Minister45. However, the CO should not issue or publish a report that is critical of the government unless it has first given the government a chance to comment on the matter46.

38

Secs 9, 13 & 14, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 39

Secs 9 & 14, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 40

Sec 7A, 8, 9 and 37, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 41

Sec 11A, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 42

Sec 36, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 43

Sec 8, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 44

Secs 12, 15 & 16, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 45

Sec 16, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 46

Secs 8(5) and 35A, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181).

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Once the CO reports to a Minister, the Minister is required to table the report in both Houses of Parliament within a prescribed period47. Once the report is given to Parliament, it becomes available to the public . The CO is allowed to disclose information to โ€˜any person or the publicโ€™ about the performance of government or a CO investigation, if its in the public interest to disclose the information48. However, there are certain restrictions on its ability to disclose information49, especially if the Australian Crime Commission or the Integrity Commissioner holds the information and disclosure would affect a personโ€™s safety or a fair trial. The CO is protected from litigation for any acts or omissions โ€˜done in good faithโ€™ in exercise of a power under the legislation50.

3.2.4. Accountability

The CO is required to submit annual reports to Parliament on its operations during the year51. Once the report is given to Parliament, it becomes available to the public through Hansard. In 2008-2009, its annual report included information on:

the number of complaints, investigations, and inspections, and the outcome

the number of complaints that were finalized and the length of time it took to finalise them,

the number of recommendations that were accepted by government agencies,

the number of complaints about the CO, and the outcome,

analysis of the complaints for each government agency

3.2.5. Accessibility

CO investigations shall be conducted in private and there are special provisions to allow people in detention to make confidential complaints to the CO52. A complainant is protected from civil proceedings that might arise from his/her complaint, for example defamation53. There are offices of the Ombudsman in each State and Territory of Australia.

47

Sec 19, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 48

Sec 35A, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 49

Sec 35A, 35B & 35C, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 50

Sec 33, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 51

Secs 19, 19F & 19X, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 52

Sec 7A & 8, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 53

Sec 37, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181).

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3.2.6. Procedural fairness

The CO is to notify the government department and the complainant of โ€˜particulars of the investigationโ€™ and to give them an opportunity to comment54. Generally, the CO is not to divulge information about a complainant or a complaint, except as required for Ombudsman duties55. In particular, confidential details about a complainant are not to be revealed unless it is โ€˜fair and reasonable in all the circumstances to do soโ€™56.

3.3 Thailand

The Thai Ombudsman (TO) was established in 2000 after the passing of legislation in 199957. Its current legal basis is Chapter XI of the Constitution of Thailand 2007 and the Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009).

3.3.1. Jurisdiction

The TO has jurisdiction to act on the basis of a complaint, or on its own motion, where there is an injury or its in the public interest58. It can59:

investigate government, local government, and State agencies; including officialsโ€™ failure to comply with the law, officials acting beyond powers and duties, performance of duties which causes injury, and omission to perform duties which causes injury,

monitor the duties of Constitutional agencies or organizations, including referring cases to the Constitutional Court or Administrative Court,

monitor the Constitution60,

investigate the ethics of officials and people in political positions (which is something that would not be possible in a system with separation of powers). If it finds a breach of ethics, it is to report to the National Assembly, the Council of Ministers and the National Counter Corruption Commission (NCCC). If it is a serious breach of ethics, it can be disclosed to the public. It also has a role in the creation of ethical standards61.

The TO is not to investigate matters filed at court, trial decisions and adjudications of judges, and it can only investigate the implementation of

54

Secs 8 & 12, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 55

Sec 35, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 56

Sec 35A, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 57

Office of the Ombudsman, Thailand, Website, viewed at http://www.ombudsman.go.th/2008/Eng/Eng3_1.html on 29/9/09. 58

Art 244 Constitution of Thailand 2007 59

Art 244 Constitution of Thailand 2007 and Sections 13 & 14, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 60

Sections 13, 14 and 40ff, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 61

Arts 244, 279, 280, Constitution of Thailand 2007 and Section 36, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009)

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policy of the Council of Ministers. In terms of personnel administration of public officials, it can only investigate matters of ethics62. The TO can refer serious corruption matters to the National Counter Corruption Commission (NCCC), and the NCCC must report to the Ombudsman every three months)63.

3.3.2. Independence

There can be up to three Ombudsmen. The Ombudsmen are appointed for sixโ€“year terms64. The Ombudsmen divide their duties among themselves โ€˜with a view to enable each Ombudsman to perform his duties independentlyโ€™65. The TO is protected from civil and criminal prosecution as long as it exercises its duties โ€˜in good faithโ€™66. The TOโ€™s budget is reportedly insufficient to employ enough people to carry out its many functions. In 2007, the TO reportedly only considered 1 907 cases out of 14 762 67. The Selection Committee to choose the Ombudsman is composed of two people from the Supreme Court of Justice, one person from the President of the Constitutional Court, two people from the Supreme Administrative Court, the President of the House of Representatives, and the Leader of the Opposition from the House of Representatives. The Selection committee chooses a short-list of candidates. The Senate votes from this short-list, and the King makes the final appointment68. An Ombudsman must not be a government official, an employee of a State or local government agency, not carry out a business, not engage in an independent profession, not have been a member of a political party in the previous three years, not be a judge, not be a bankrupt, not have been sentenced to prison, except for crimes of negligence, defamation or a petty offence, not have been dismissed from the government for a serious violation, not be a drug addict, and other criteria69. A person selected as an Ombudsman must resign from his/her position before becoming Ombudsman70. An Ombudsman must be someone โ€˜recognised and respected by the public, with knowledge and experience in the administration of State affairs, enterprises or other activities of common interests of the public and 62

Art 244 Constitution of Thailand 2007 and Section 28, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 63

Section 34-39, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 64

Art 242, Constitution of Thailand 2007. 65

Section 12, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 66

Section 18, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 67

Global Integrity 2007, Thailand: Integrity Indicators Scorecard 2007 Assessment. 68

Art 242, Constitution of Thailand 2007. 69

Arts 207, Constitution of Thailand 2007 and Section 8, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009). 70

Arts 207 and 243, Constitution of Thailand 2007

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with apparent integrityโ€™71. The qualifications for Ombudsman include having a bachelorโ€™s degree, being older than 45, and not being a political member72. The Senate can remove the Ombudsman if he/she becomes disqualified, violates one of the prohibitions, if a Court orders that he/she has unusual wealth, or if he/she reaches 70 years of age73.

3.3.3. Powers

The TOโ€™s powers in conducting an investigation are to be carried out with regard to the โ€˜impact on the security of the State, public safety and international relationsโ€™74. The TO has the power:

to request oral and written information or proof from government, local government, and State agencies,

to request information or proof from the Courts,

to go into any place related to the complaint, informing people in advance โ€˜as necessaryโ€™.

If a person refuses to comply with a TO request, and the โ€˜Ombudsmen is unable to inquire into any factโ€™, then the investigation stops75. However, any person who fails to respond to a TO request to give a statement of fact in writing or orally, or submit any related proof can be imprisoned for up to six months or fined up to 10,000 baht ($299 USD) and any person who fails to allow the TO access to a place related to the complaint can be imprisoned for up to one year or fined up to 20,000 baht ($598 USD)76. People who comply with a TO request to provide information are protected from civil and criminal prosecution, as long as they act โ€˜in good faithโ€™77. The TO sends its report to the relevant government, local government, or State agency. The government body is required to implement the recommendation and, if it does not, the Ombudsman is to urgently report that matter to the head of that government agency, the Council of Ministers and Parliament. The TOโ€™s reports can also be disclosed to the public78.

3.3.4. Accountability The TO is required to submit annual reports to the Council of Ministers and Parliament, containing:

71

Section 7, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 72

Section 8, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 73

Section 9, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 74

Section 15, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 75

Section 16, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 76

Sections 45-46, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 77

Section 19, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 78

Art 244 Constitution of Thailand 2007 and Sections 32 & 33, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009)

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results of all inquiries (with confidential details of the complainant removed),

progress of implementation of recommendations made to all government, local government, and State agencies,

failures to comply with TO investigations, breaches of ethics, and

other matters.

The legislation provides that this report shall also be disclosed to the public, however in practice this information has not regularly occurred79.

3.3.5. Accessibility

Any person has the right to make a complaint to the TO. Committees of Parliament also have the right to ask the TO to investigate a matter80.

3.3.6. Procedural fairness

The TO is to act without delay and is required to tell the complainant the results of its investigation in some detail81. Information given to the TO by a complainant is generally confidential. A person who improperly discloses confidential information can be imprisoned for up to six months or fined up to 10,000 baht ($299 USD)82.

3.4 Indonesia

Presidential Decree 44/2000 established the Indonesian National Ombudsman (INO) in 2000. Recently, the Law on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia 37/2008 substantially strengthened the legal basis for the institution. The Indonesian government is decentralized; with central, provincial, district/municipality, sub-district, and village levels of government. The majority of responsibility and budget for administering social services is concentrated at the district level of government83. As well as the INO, district governments can set up their own local ombudsman. Yogyakarta was the first to establish a Local Ombudsmanโ€™s Office and will be followed by others84. Local Ombudsmen can only investigate complaints about government officials in the local area.

79

Section 43, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009); Global Integrity 2007, Thailand: Integrity Indicators Scorecard

2007 Assessment. 80

Sections 23 & 26, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 81

Section 31, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 82

Sections 21 and 45, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 83

Aspinall, Edward and Fealy, Greg 2003, โ€œIntroduction: Decentralisation, Democratisation and the Rise of the

Localโ€, in Aspinall, Edward and Fealy, Greg (eds) 2003, Local Power and Politics in Indonesia: Decentralisation and Democratisation, Australian National University, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. 84

Melissa Crouch, 2007, โ€˜Yogyakarta Local Ombudsman: Promoting Good Governance through Local Supportโ€™, Asian Journal

of Comparative Law, Volume 2, Issue 1, Article 11, Berkely Electronic Press.

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3.4.1. Jurisdiction

The INO is given the broad jurisdiction to supervise the administration of public services of the central and โ€˜regionalโ€™ government85. It can act on the basis of complaints and conduct own-motion investigations86. For the INO, maladministration is defined as โ€˜the behaviour of act against the law, exceeding the authority, using power for purposes other than those which become the objective of such power, including ignorance or negligence of legal obligation in administering public services ... which affect damage to the community and/or individual, both materially and immateriallyโ€™87. The INOโ€™s jurisdiction is limited so that it cannot โ€˜interfere with the independence of judiciary in delivering judgmentsโ€™ and it cannot investigate where to do so would be a conflict of interest88.

3.4.2. Independence

The legislation states that the INO is independent of other State agencies and should be free from intervention89 from other authorities. The INO is protected against arrest, detention, interrogation, prosecution and civil actions90. The INO consists of one Chief Ombudsman, one Deputy Chief, seven Members, and assistants. The legislation also provides for the INO to be assisted by a Secretary-General, although the role of the Secretary-General is not defined, nor is it clear whether the Secretary-General can interfere with the independence of the INO91. The House of Representatives elects the Ombudsman, Deputy Ombudsmen, and Members based on the nomination of the President. The President nominates candidates based on the recommendation of a selection committee, which is composed of government, lawyers, academics, and community representatives. The selection committee operates on the basis of a prescribed process, which includes community involvement92. The qualifications for Ombudsman includes being religious, having a bachelors degree, 15 years of working experience, being aged between 40 and 60, having a high moral standard and good reputation, not being a member of a

85

Article 6, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 86

Article 7, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 87

Article 1(3), Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 88

Articles 9 and 40, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia 89

Article 2, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 90

Article 10, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 91

Article 13, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 92

Articles 15 and 16, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia.

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political party and not having a criminal history. Once appointed, Ombudsmen cannot be concurrently employed in the government, business, political party or any profession93. The President can remove the Ombudsman on the basis of abuse of power, holding another job, getting a criminal record, or a permanent impediment94. In the past, some commentators have argued that the INO is not funded at a level to employ enough staff to meet the demand for investigations95.

3.4.3. Powers

The INOโ€™s powers in conducting an investigation are defined and a person can be compelled by the police to cooperate96. Parties who obstruct an INO investigation can be imprisoned for up to two years and/or given a fine of up 1,000,000,000 ($108,000 USD)97:

o to request oral and written information from โ€œparties related to the complaintโ€ under oath,

o to examine and copy documents of the complainant and the party complained,

o to conduct on-the-spot inspections without notice, o to summon โ€œparties related to the complaintโ€.

Once it has investigated, the INO can:

o make recommendations, including for compensation, o conduct mediation or conciliation o make findings and recommendations, o if the findings or recommendations are not complied with, to

give a copy the President, Parliament, and the public.

3.4.4. Accountability

The INO is required to submit quarterly and annual reports to the Parliament and President. The annual report is to be published. The annual report is to include the numbers of grievances, which government officials have not complied with requests/recommendations, which government agencies have failed to take action against a guilty official, the government officialโ€™s defence/explanation for their conduct, and a financial report98.

93

Article 20, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 94

Article 22, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 95

Melissa Crouch, 2007, โ€˜Yogyakarta Local Ombudsman: Promoting Good Governance through Local Supportโ€™, Asian Journal

of Comparative Law, Volume 2, Issue 1, Article 11, Berkely Electronic Press. 96

Articles 8, 31, 34 & 38, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 97

Articles 39 & 44, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 98

Article 42, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia.

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3.4.5. Accessibility

The INO has a central office in Jakarta and regional offices in Yogyakarta and will establish others99. Making a complaint to the INO is free100 and confidential except when disclosure is in the public interest101.

3.4.6. Procedural fairness

The legislation states that the INO should act according to principles of appropriateness, justice, non-discrimination, impartiality, accountability, balance, transparency and confidentiality102.

99

Chapter IX, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 100

Article 23, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 101

Article 30, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 102

Articles 3 and 29, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia.

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South Korea Australia Thailand Indonesia

Jurisdiction Investigate complaints relating to illegal, unjustifiable or passive action of an administrative agency or unreasonable administrative system which violates a citizenโ€™s right or causes inconvenience or burden.

Can transfer complaints about high political decisions, state secrets, court matters, national assembly matters, the Election Commission, matters related to administration of personnel, and other matters

Investigate matters of administration relating to Commonwealth Departments.

Canโ€™t investigate Ministerial action, proceedings in Parliament, actions by judges, or matters relating to the employment of government officials.

Investigate government, local government, and State agencies, monitor the duties of Constitutional agencies or organizations, monitor the Constitution, investigate the ethics of officials and people in political positions.

Canโ€™t investigate matters filed at court, can only investigate the implementation of policy of the Council of Ministers, can only investigate ethics of personnel administration of public officials, can refer serious corruption matters.

Supervise the administration of public services of the central and โ€˜regionalโ€™ government.

Canโ€™t โ€˜interfere with the independence of judiciary in delivering judgmentsโ€™ and canโ€™t investigate where there is a conflict of interest.

Independence

The President appoints the commission members. The Prime Minister, National Assembly, and Chief Justice each get to recommend for positions. Appointed for three-year terms.

The Head of State appoints the Ombudsman. Holds office for up to seven years.

King appoints Ombudsman after Senate vote. Selection committee includes people from courts, and members of Parliament. Appointed for sixโ€“year terms.

House of Representatives elects the Ombudsman, Deputy Ombudsmen, and Members based on the nomination of the President. The President nominates candidates

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based on the recommendation of a selection committee.

Independenceโ€ฆcont.

Members cannot also be member of the National Assembly, member of a local council, employee or officer of an organization having a โ€˜special interest โ€ฆ in any administrative agencyโ€™, or member of a political party.

Must be โ€˜recognised and respected by the public, with knowledge and experience in the administration of State affairs, enterprises or other activities of common interests of the public and with apparent integrityโ€™.

Cannot also be government official, nor carry out a business, not engage in an independent profession, nor have been a member of a political party in the previous three years, nor be a judge, nor be a bankrupt, not have been sentenced to prison, nor have been dismissed from the government for a serious violation, nor be a drug addict.

Criteria includes being religious, having a bachelors degree, 15 years of working experience, being aged between 40 and 60, having a high moral standard and good reputation.

Cannot be a member of a political party or have a criminal history. Once appointed, Ombudsmen cannot be concurrently employed in the government, business, political party or any profession.

Independenc Member can be disqualified if The Head of State or The Senate can remove the President can remove the

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eโ€ฆcont. breaches Art 33 of the State Public Officials Act, is unable to perform his/her duties due to mental or physical difficulties, or violates the prohibition on holding more than one office.

Parliament can suspend/remove Ombudsman for misbehaviour, physical or mental incapacity, if a bankrupt.

Ombudsman if he/she becomes disqualified, violates one of the prohibitions, if a Court orders that he/she has unusual wealth, or if he/she reaches 70 years of age.

Ombudsman on the basis of abuse of power, holding another job, getting a criminal record, or a permanent impediment

Independenceโ€ฆcont.

Ombudsman protected from litigation for any acts or omissions โ€˜done in good faithโ€™ in exercise of a power under the legislation

Ombudsman protected from civil and criminal prosecution as long as it exercises its duties โ€˜in good faithโ€™.

The INO is protected against arrest, detention, interrogation, prosecution and civil actions.

Powers Power to request an agency to give an explanation or submit materials, request any person of interest to present him/herself and express his/her opinion, to inspect any place or facility that is relevant to the complaint.

Power to give a notice to a person requiring him/her to produce information or documents relevant to an investigation, require a person to attend and answer questions, including under oath, enter a place that is occupied by a government agency or its contractor and inspect documents.

Powers to be exercised considering the โ€˜impact on the security of the State, public safety and international relationsโ€™. Power to request oral and written information or proof from government, request information or proof from the Courts, go into any place related to the complaint.

Power to request oral and written information from โ€œparties related to the complaintโ€ under oath, to examine and copy documents of the complainant and the party complained, to conduct on-the-spot inspections without notice, to summon โ€œparties related to the complaintโ€

Powersโ€ฆcont There are no sanctions if persons do not comply with

If a person does not comply, then can apply to

Any person who fails to respond to a TO request

Person can be compelled by the police to cooperate.

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ACRC.

the Federal Court for an order. Can be given a penalty of $1 000 ($915 USD) or up to 3 months imprisonment.

can be imprisoned for up to six months or fined up to 10,000 baht ($299 USD) and any person who fails to allow the TO access to a place related to the complaint can be imprisoned for up to one year or fined up to 20,000 baht ($598 USD).

Parties who obstruct an INO investigation can be imprisoned for up to two years and/or given a fine of up 1,000,000,000 ($108,000 USD).

Powersโ€ฆcont Can make recommendations and monitor governmentโ€™s implementation,

Limited power to publish its recommendations โ€˜provided that publication is not restricted under any other Act or will not violate an individualโ€™s privacyโ€™

Can give reports to Parliament, Ministers, and publish (with some restrictions).

Ombudsman sends its report, with recommendations to the relevant government authority. Its reports can also be disclosed to the public.

Can make recommendations, including for compensation, conduct mediation or conciliation, and make findings and recommendations. If the findings or recommendations are not complied with, to give a copy the President, Parliament, and the public.

Accountability

Required to provide annual status updates to the President and the National Assembly and publish such updates.

The CO is required to submit annual reports to Parliament on its operations during the year

Required to submit annual reports to the Council of Ministers and Parliament.

The legislation provides that this report shall also

Required to submit quarterly and annual reports to the Parliament and President. The annual report is to be published.

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be disclosed to the public.

Accessibility People have the right to complain

People have the right to complain. Investigations shall be conducted in private. There are special provisions to allow people in detention to make confidential complaints.

A complainant is protected from civil proceedings.

Any person has the right to make a complaint to the TO. Committees of Parliament also have the right to ask the TO to investigate a matter

People who comply with a TO request to provide information are protected from civil and criminal prosecution, as long as they act โ€˜in good faithโ€™

Making a complaint to the INO is free and confidential except when disclosure is in the public interest

Procedural fairness

The ACRC is required to notify the complainant of the result of the complaint. The ACRC is also required not to disclose information about the complaint.

The CO is to give the complainant an opportunity to comment.

Confidential details about a complainant are not to be revealed unless it is โ€˜fair and reasonable in all the circumstances to do soโ€™

The TO is to act without delay and is required to tell the complainant the results of its investigation in some detail.

Information given to the TO by a complainant is generally confidential

INO should act according to principles of appropriateness, justice, non-discrimination, impartiality, accountability, balance, transparency and confidentiality

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IV. Assessment of existing complaint offices in Cambodia

4.1. Methods

The assessment of the various complaint offices in the public administration of Cambodia was made with the help of interviews. Interview partners were generally the heads or their deputies of the respective institutions.

In addition, the team interviewed representatives of non-governmental organizations, which assist Cambodians in conflicts with the administration.

The interviews took place in the time period from August to February 2009 and lasted on average between 1 and 1 ยฝ hours each.

4.2. The Offices that were visited

A total of 12 institutions were visited, 9 from ministries on the national level, one on sub national level and 2 from Non State Actors.

The List of the Institutions

National Level

Dispute Settlement Office in the Ministry of Commerce

General Department of General Inspectorate in the Ministry of Interior

General Inspection Department of Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy

Working Group for the Development of a Police Act for the Cambodian National Police

Ministry of National Assembly and Senate Relation and Inspection

Anti-Corruption Unit

National Authority of Land Conflict Resolution

Cambodian Human Rights Committee

New Cambodian Human Rights Commission Initiative

Sub-National Level

Ombudsman in Battambang

NGOs

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in Cambodia

Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association (Adhoc)

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4.3 Summary

Most of the complaint offices for citizens, whether on the national or on the sub-national level, are still very new institutions. They were created in the past two to four years. This confirms the efforts of the Cambodian government to make the administration more transparent and to give citizens the possibility to check decisions made by the administration.

In fact these efforts are absolutely essential. Independent Organizations such as ADHOC and OHCHR report that the number of complaints about the administration is increasing and the relation between the citizens and state offices is strained. Many citizens have little trust in the administration or the judicial system. They have to pay โ€œunofficialโ€ fees, wait for long periods and, if the opposing party is rich, have hardly a chance of winning the case.

The relatively recent experiences with the complaint office on a national level and in the two municipalities do not allow for any final conclusions to be drawn about the level of acceptance of these institutions by the citizens. Still, the survey has led to a series of important findings, which should be incorporated into the discussion on a national complaint system. A summary of these findings follows.

The complaint offices on the national level

a) The complaint offices on the national level are not independent institutions. They are departments of the ministries and thus bound to the instructions of the ministers. Their possibility for actually making decisions as well as their financial and human resources are limited. This is true, for example, or the General Inspection Department of Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy or the Dispute Settlement Office in the Ministry of Commerce.

A visible sign of the lack of independence is the fact that these complaint offices are located in the respective ministries. This is in addition to the fact that the offices are often difficult to find, since there are no signs posted. Citizens who are looking for these offices must ask their way through the ministries to find them.

The national bodies such as the Anti-Corruption Unit, the Human Rights Commission and the National Authority for Land Conflict Solutions have their own buildings, but their competencies are also limited. For example, the Anti-Corruption unit can investigate complaints from citizens only after getting the permission of the CoM. The Committee of Human Rights accepts complaints from citizens regarding human rights abuses, investigates them, and then forwards the cases with recommendations to the relevant offices. The Committee does not, however, have the authority to solve such cases itself.

b) The process of how complaints from the citizens are addressed is largely uniform. The complaints are registered and the officials verify the incident or request a statement from the respective department. If the complaint is deemed justified, a suggested compromise is drafted. If the affected parties are in agreement then the case is closed, but if they are not in agreement,

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the case is presented to the minister or CoM with a recommendation from the complaint office.

c) Most of the complaint offices in the ministries are responsible for internal and external complaints. This double responsibility weakens the profile of the complaint office. A clear profile is necessary in order to increase acceptance levels among citizens.

d) The responsibilities are not always clearly defined. Accordingly, there are three offices, which address land conflicts: the National Authority for Land Conflict Solution, the Ministry of National Assembly and Senate Relation and Inspection (MONARSI) and the General Department of General Inspectorate in the Ministry of Interior.

e) There are only a few usable statistics about the work of complaint offices. Statistics such as the number of complaints registered each year, their content, or how they were resolved either do not exist or are not publicized. So far, surveys of customer satisfaction have not been conducted.

f) The number of citizens who resort to non-governmental organizations in this case of conflict is increasing and is markedly higher than the number of complaints that are registered by official complaint offices. This can be seen based on the available statistics.

g) Only a few complaint offices do publicity work. One must therefore assume that the existence of these offices is unknown to many citizens.

h) A completely new path was opened up with the complaint hotline of the MIME, which improves the service for businesses, particularly small and mid-size businesses. They can use the hotline to verify licensing decisions quickly and in an uncomplicated manner. This hotline was established more than a year ago, but the number of registered complaints can be counted on one hand. There is no certain evidence for why this option is not used. The responsible parties suspect that there is just not enough public knowledge of the institution.

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The Ombudsmen in Battambang and Siem Reap

The Ombudsmen in Battambang and Siem Reap have also been an attempt to open new possibilities to the citizens to contest decisions by the administration and protect against incorrect decisions. However, the implementation of the ombudsman system in municipalities is still facing quite big problems.

The reasons for this could be complex.

a) Many citizens donโ€™t yet know about the ombudsmanโ€™s existence. Although leaflets were handed out, several talk-back radio programs were financed, samples of citizens questioned have shown that the level of awareness is pretty low. Less than 5 percent of the citizens know about the ombudsman office. 103

b) The citizens donโ€™t have the courage to complain about the administration, because the ombudsmanโ€™s office is in the municipality hall and it is not possible to visit him unobserved. The possibility that this keeps the people from asking the ombudsman for help cannot be excluded.

c) The people donโ€™t believe the ombudsman can help them with a conflict with the administration.

d) The word Ombudsman does not exist in Khmer and therefore the offices in the Battambang was named Citizen's Office. Many believe that the name has a negative impact on the public awareness of the Citizen's Office. To more clearly explain the role of the office other titles such as "complaints receiving office", "citizen's relation office" or "Office for serving citizens" have been proposed by these people.104

An internal evaluation conducted by the Ministry of Interior came to the conclusion that the ombudsman remains a worthwhile innovation. The ombudsmen have created a mechanism to strengthen transparency, to curb corruption, and to build up trust of citizens in the district administration. Further, his presence has indirectly played a big factor in ensuring the efficient and transparent running of the OWSO itself.105

The Ministry of Interior recommends:

The location of the ombudsmen offices should be stationed at independent places easily causing the citizens to come for communications

A letter box should be put in public areas where people easily see and insert letters;

The citizens should be inform deeply about the role and the tasks of the ombudsman office

103 Research of gtz on the ombudsman in Battambang and Siem Reap, 2007 104

ibid 105 Evaluation on the Pilot Project Districts of Siem Reap and Battambang on One

Window Service, May 2007

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The ombudsman should get more competences 106

4.4 Conclusion

The tendency for Cambodian citizens to seek the help of non-governmental organizations in the case of conflict is a clear indication that the current services are insufficient. It is therefore necessary that the existing complaint offices be improved and supplemented by additional structures, e.g. a national complaint office of national ombudsman.

The independence of complaint offices should be strengthened and their authority expanded. Only when citizens believe that complaint offices are independently working in their interest will the offices win their trust.

An independent national complaint office should be established that all citizens can turn to regardless of which ministry their complaint effects. This office will be led by one person who is recognized by large segments of society. The office must have sufficient financial and human resources in order to carry out its responsibilities.

When the national complaint office is named, it should be taken into account the term โ€œOmbudsmanโ€ is not familiar and the Khmer translation โ€œCitizen Officeโ€ can be misunderstood. A name should be found, which summarizes the role of the office, e.g. "Citizen's Advocate" or "Public Complaints Commission".

The responsibilities of the different complaint offices should be clearly outlined and harmonized with one another in order to avoid overlap. This is true for the different institutions on the national level as well as those at the sub-national levels.

The complaint offices should be easily accessible and, if possible, located at โ€œneutralโ€ locations. This should be considered at least for the ombudsmen in the municipalities as well as for a possible national complaint office.

The complaint offices should increase their publicity work. They should inform the citizens at least once a year about their work and publicize themselves using targeted advertising. The citizens' trust can only be gained through information and transparency.

106 ibid

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New forms such as the MIME complaint hotline should continue to be tested. Experiences from other countries show that such service hotlines are well received by citizens, since the hurdle of making a telephone call is more easily surmounted than personally making a statement in a complaint office โ€“ even for those who live in remote rural areas.

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V. Options for an Ombudsman in Cambodia

5.1. Features of an Ombudsmanโ€™s Office

An Ombudsmanโ€™s office needs to be established so that itsโ€™ independence and effectiveness can be assured. The essential features of an Ombudsman are107:

5.1.1. Jurisdiction โ€“the jurisdiction of the Ombudsman must be clearly defined and comply with separation of powers,

5.1.2. Independence โ€“ an Ombudsmanโ€™s office should be free from interference with guaranteed resources to operate. The Ombudsman should be appointed for a fixed term,

5.1.3. Powers โ€“ to carry out its work, the Ombudsman should have clear powers, including the powers to investigate, question people, see documents, prepare a report and publish that report to the public,

5.1.4. Accountability โ€“ an Ombudsman should publish openly, on an annual basis, the number of complaints received and the outcome of complaints. It should be protected from defamation laws,

5.1.5. Accessibility โ€“ an Ombudsman investigates on the basis of complaints from the public. Its complaints procedure should be free, accessible and sufficiently private, and

5.1.6. Procedural fairness โ€“The Ombudsmanโ€™s own procedures should be fair. At a minimum, the Ombudsman should listen to both sides and give its reasons for its recommendation. The Ombudsman should operate without bias or favouritism.

5.1.1. Jurisdiction of an Ombudsman

It is important that the Ombudsman has a clearly defined jurisdiction to receive complaints and investigate matters on its own initiative.

Relationship with Municipal Ombudsmen

In Cambodia, some municipalities already have Municipal Ombudsman. It is suggested that these bodies continue as independent institutions, so their complaint handling and decision-making processes are able to independently mature.

People are likely to want to be able to go to a Municipal Ombudsman about a government decision made within the municipality regardless of whether the decision has been made by a commune/sangkat council, a municipal council, or the district office of a line Ministry. Given that the Municipal Ombudsmen are relatively new institutions, its important not to handicap their independence by too narrowly circumscribing the matters they can deal with. For this reason it is proposed that the Municipal Ombudsmensโ€™ jurisdiction be expanded so that they are able to receive complaints about any government matter relating to that municipality, regardless of

107 John McMillan, 2008 Whats in a Name? Use of the Term โ€˜Ombudsmanโ€™, viewed at http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 on 30/5/09.

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which level of government is involved.

This would mean that the Municipal Ombudsmen would overlap to some extent with a National Ombudsman, as a National Ombudsman would have jurisdiction over decisions of national Ministries, including their provincial and district offices. Therefore, it is possible that a person in a municipality with a complaint could have a choice of either going to the Municipal Ombudsman or the National Ombudsman.

Clear Government Powers

The National Ombudsman must have jurisdiction to examine and make recommendations about whether a Ministry has behaved with โ€˜administrative deficiencyโ€™, which is:

A decision, recommendation, act or omission which is contrary to law, was unreasonable, unjust, oppressive or discriminatory, was based on a mistake of law or fact, was wrong, involves the exercise of a discretionary power for an irrelevant purpose or irrelevant grounds, involves the failure to consider a relevant consideration, or there has been an unreasonable delay in exercising a power108.

A decision about administrative deficiency starts with an analysis of whether or not a Ministry official has acted within his or her power. Some examples are provided in the yellow box below.

The Sub-decree on Economic Land Concession No. 146 ANK/BK

The sub-decree states that an economic land concessions (ELC) can only be granted by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), or by the Provincial / Municipal Governor in the case of smaller concessions (Art 29).

It also states that ELCs can only be granted on land that has been registered and classified as state private land and where there has been an economic and social impact assessment carried out (Art 4). An ELC has to achieve one of a series of prescribed purposes (Art 3) and proposals have to be evaluated according to prescribed criteria (Art 5).

An Ombudsman could find administrative deficiency in the following circumstances:

If another Ministry granted an ELC. The Ombudsman could find that it was acting outside of power, as only the MAFF or a Provincial Governor has the power to grant an ELC.

If MAFF or a Provincial Governor granted an ELC over land that was state public land. The Ombudsman could find it was acting outside of power, because Art 4 says that the land needs to be registered as state private land before an ELC can be granted.

If a Provincial Governor gave an ELC because he was ordered to by a Minister. The Ombudsman could find that he was exercising his discretionary power for an irrelevant purpose, as Art 5 sets out the only relevant criteria for deciding whether to grant an ELC, and the wishes of a Minister is not a relevant criteria.

108

Taken from the Commonwealth Ombudsman of Australia. Sections 10 and 15, Ombudsman Act 1976 (Australia)

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The above examples show that an Ombudsman needs a clear legal and policy framework in order to know if a Ministry official is administering his/her power properly. If there were unclear or overlapping law or policy, the Ombudsman would need the power to refer the matter to the Council of Ministers for speedy clarification.

Ministries need to be especially careful that they have properly delegated power to other bodies. For example, the Ministry of Public Works and Transport may delegate its power to license cars to the Municipal Council. However, if the delegation is not authorized by law, and clearly made, then the Municipal Council will be acting outside of its power. In such a case, licenses issued by the Municipal Council would not be valid.

It is also important that the power is of the sort that can properly be delegated. Policing powers, for example, can rarely be delegated to a non-policing body because of the potential for abuses of power.

The issue of delegated power also arises in relation to Municipal Ombudsmen and sub-national levels of government. Municipalities operate with powers delegated to it by Ministries109, although in the future, it is proposed that municipalities, and other sub-national levels of government, will be assigned comprehensive functions110. Given that the municipalities currently operate on the basis of delegated power, is important for those delegations to be clear and authorized by law.

Separation of Powers

Cambodia is formally a separation of powers system, where the Legislative, Executive and Judicial powers are separate111 and act as a check-and-balance upon each other. Within this system, an Ombudsman is usually part of the Executive, but operates independently from the Ministries112. It also operates separately from the Legislature, although it reports to Parliament on its activities and observations.

The separation of powers imposes limitations on the Ombudsmanโ€™s jurisdiction. In general, an Ombudsman will not examine Ministerโ€™s actions, proceedings in

109

P 31, Transparency International 2006, National Integrity Systems: Transparency International Country Study Report,

Cambodia 2006 110

Article 200 of the Organic Law 2008, provides that โ€œthe National Committee shall review the responsibilities and functions

of ministries, institutions, departments, units, and authorities at all levels to identify functions to be transferred to sub-national councilsโ€. 111 In practice, there the Executive dominates the is considerable domination of the Judiciary and the Legislature by the

Executive, see Global Integrity 2009, Report on Cambodia, viewed at http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34 on 30 May 2009 112 There has been some debate on whether integrity agencies are getting so big that they constitute a โ€žfourthโ€Ÿ arm of government,

see John McMillan 2007, Commonwealth Ombudsman Annual Report 2006-2007, โ€œThirty yearsโ€ฆthirty changesโ€Ÿ, viewed at http://www.ombudsman.gov.au/publications_information/annual_reports/ar2006-07/chapter_8/chapter_8a.html on 26/5/09.

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Parliament, or the actions of a Judge or a magistrate113. The Ombudsman must act according to law. If it does not then its actions and decisions can be appealed to the courts. It may be difficult for courts to decide on the legality of Ombudsmanโ€™s decisions, given that they do not yet have an extensive administrative jurisprudence.

5.1.2 Independence of an Ombudsman

An Ombudsmanโ€™s office is established so that it is free from interference. It has guaranteed resources to operate, the Ombudsman is appointed for a fixed term, and the Ombudsman cannot be removed except โ€œfor misconduct or incapacity according to a clearly defined processโ€114. The Ombudsman always acts so that it is independent and appears independent. An Ombudsman is usually a single person, as with the Australian Commonwealth Ombudsman and the head of the Citizens Audit Ombudsman in South Korea115.

Appointing an Ombudsman

To ensure that an Ombudsmanโ€™s office is independent, it is important that the right person is chosen. An Ombudsman should be selected in a process that honours and symbolizes neutrality. Professor Hill enumerated the following characteristics that are desirable in a person who is selected as an Ombudsman116:

o A monitoring specialist,

o Administrative expert and professional,

o Non-partisan,

o Client-centered, but not anti-administration, and

o Popularly accessible and visible.

It is vital that the Ombudsman is independent of all other parts of government. It needs to have the trust of the Ministries and the trust of the people that it will carry out its investigations without any agenda other than the improving of public administration. For this reason, the Ombudsman should not be a member of a political party and should not hold any other position while he/she is an Ombudsman.

An Ombudsman needs to be someone who powerful and likely to have some influence over Ministries, but who is also someone who is non-partisan and has integrity. In the Cambodian context, it is difficult to find someone who is both

113 Taken from the Commonwealth Ombudsman of Australia. Section 5, Ombudsman Act 1976 (Australia) 114 p 6, John McMillan, 2008 Whats in a Name? Use of the Term โ€˜Ombudsmanโ€™, viewed at

http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 on 30/5/09. 115

Section 21, Ombudsman Act 1976 (Australia) 116

P 9, Bokhari SA 2004 , Ombudsman: An Introduction, Draft Research Paper, from

http://www.policy.hu/bokhari/Ombudsman_An%20Introduction.doc. Viewed on 20/5/09, quoting from โ€œAmerican Ombudsmen

and โ€žWannabeโ€Ÿ Ombudsmenโ€ by Larry B. Hill, Address delivered at the 1997 Spring Meeting of the American Bar Association Section of Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice, Hotel Washington, Washington D.C.

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powerful and independent, as power is often developed through connection with a political party or Ministry117.

One option is to have the Ombudsman appointed by Parliament on the recommendation of a committee. The committee could include representatives from academia and civil society. There could be minimum qualifications for the position, as there are in the South Korean ACRC model (discussed in Section IV).

Removing an Ombudsman

It is important that the Ombudsman can carry out his/her job without fear of being removed or having his/her funding cut. For this reason, the office must have guaranteed funding that is sufficient to operate. This can be expressed as a percentage of the overall budget.

Generally, legislation prescribes that an Ombudsman cannot be removed except for118:

serious misconduct, or

physical or mental incapacity.

The Head of State or the Parliament could be the ones to remove the Ombudsman in these circumstances. The parliament could be required to publish its reasons in the media for removing the Ombudsman within 14 days.

5.1.3 Powers of an Ombudsman

To carry out its work, the Ombudsman must have clear powers. These powers generally include powers to investigate, question people, see documents, prepare a report and publish that report to the public.

The primary duty of the Ombudsman is to investigate cases of poor or improper government administration. For this reason, it needs to be able to know all relevant facts and considerations underlying a Ministry officialโ€™s decision. An investigation sometimes needs to be quite wide. An example is provided below.

The Sub-decree on Economic Land Concession No. 146 ANK/BK

A person complains that a Ministry Official improperly granted an Economic Land Concession (ELC). To investigate, an Ombudsman may need to undertake the following steps:

compel the MAFF to list its reasons for granting the ELC,

question the officials who made the decision,

question officials from the company that received the ELC, and

117 Pak Kimchoeun et al 2007, Patrimonialism and Neo-patrimonialism in Cambodia: A critical Literature Review, p 58. 118

See for example Art 16 of the South Korean, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil

Rights Commission; or Sect 28, Ombudsman Act 1976 Australia.

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Inspect bank records to see if there have been any improper payments.

Of course, Ministries can be reluctant to cooperate with an investigation. In many Ombudsman systems, where a party refuses to cooperate with an investigation, the Ombudsman asks the courts to enforce a subpoena. However, this is unlikely to be a practical solution in Cambodia because of the delays and lack of independence of the judiciary119.

Rief observes that some Ombudsmen exercise repressive powers to directly impose a fine or imprison a non-cooperate official, without going to court120. However, in a Cambodian context this would be inappropriate because of separation of powers.

It would also be difficult for an Ombudsman in practice to carry out its own repressive powers unless it has support at the very highest levels. Oosting describes this as a practical culture of independence121. Unless there is a culture and practice of complying with the Ombudsman, a reluctant Ministry may refuse to comply with the fine or the order of imprisonment, along with the original request to provide information.

The Ombudsman needs to be able to operate without relying on cooperation from government, as there will always be times when Ministries do not want to cooperate. In Cambodia, it is important to consider how, in practice, the Ombudsman will enforce compliance with an investigation.

5.1.4. Accountability of an Ombudsman

An Ombudsman publishes openly, on an annual basis, its number of complaints received and the outcome of complaints. An Ombudsman can publish its recommendations to Parliament and in the media.

Ombudsmen generally try to persuade Ministries to adopt their recommendations for change. They cannot force Ministries to accept their recommendations. In theory, public pressure from Ombudsmanโ€™s reports encourages Ministries to adopt Ombudsmanโ€™s recommendations. However, for this public pressure to have an impact, there needs to be โ€˜a political and administrative system that is and wants to be and to remain a democracy governed by the rule of law, with all the appropriate

119See Global Integrity 2009, Report on Cambodia, viewed at http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34 on 30

May 2009; see also Centre for Advanced Study 2006, p5 Justice for the Poor: An Exploratory Study of Collective Grievances Over Land and Local Governance in Cambodia, World Bank. 120 Linda C Reif 2004, The Ombudsman, good governance and the international human rights system, Martinus Nijhoff

Publishers. Viewed at http://books.google.com/books?id=2NUPYybt90EC&dq=coercive+powers+and+the+Ombudsman&source=gbs_summary_s&ca

d=0 on 30/5/09, p19. 121 P 11 Marten Oosting, 2000, Protecting the Integrity and Independence of the Ombudsman Institution: the Global Perspective, paper presented at the VIIth International Conference of the International Ombudsman Institute, South Africa.

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mechanisms of external accountability this entailsโ€™ 122. In other words, Ministries need to be sensitive to public opinion, and want to improve public administration to better serve the people.

The difficulty in Cambodia is that there is not a high degree of responsiveness or sensitivity by Ministries to public opinion. Kimchouen et al., observes that in Cambodia, โ€˜in all three government branches, loyalty to political leaders and party networks and hierarchies overrides loyalty to constituenciesโ€™123. In other words, loyalty and responsiveness to party politics and Ministerial hierarchies is the highest priority. Power is vertical, imposed from the top down, rather than legitimacy being seen to arise from public acceptance. This is more the case with the central Ministries than it is with sub-national levels of government, which to a greater extent draw their legitimacy from public opinion124.

Given this lack of sensitivity to public opinion, it is possible that Ministries will ignore Ombudsman recommendations. They may even actively resist Ombudsman investigations, especially if they are perceived to disrupt or criticise internal hierarchies or the collection of resources125.

In the Cambodian context, an Ombudsman also needs protection from defamation and disinformation laws126.

5.1.5 Accessibility of an Ombudsman

An Ombudsman investigates on the basis of complaints from the public. Its complaints procedure is free, accessible and sufficiently private. To be accessible in Cambodia, an Ombudsmanโ€™s office may have to go to the countryside and prisons, among other places, to receive complaints.

The Municipal Ombudsmen in Battambang and Siem Reap used the name โ€œCitizenโ€™s Officeโ€. An evaluation of the project found that this name was not an accurate reflection of the services offered. It suggested alternatives such as โ€˜Complaints Receiving Officeโ€™, โ€˜Citizens Relations Officeโ€™ or โ€˜Office for Serving Citizensโ€™. Other options include Citizen's Aide, Citizenโ€™s Consultant, Citizenโ€™s Advocate, Public Complaints Commission, or the National Authority for Public Complaints.

122 P 15 Marten Oosting 2000, Protecting the Integrity and Independence of the Ombudsman Institution: the Global Perspective,

paper presented at the VIIth International Conference of the International Ombudsman Institute, South Africa. 123 Pak Kimchoeun et al 2007, Patrimonialism and Neo-patrimonialism in Cambodia: A critical Literature Review, p 59. 124P 32, Justice for the Poor: An Exploratory Study of Collective Grievances Over Land and Local Governance in Cambodia,

World Bank. 125 Conway and Hughes observe that Ministries in Cambodia have motivations, such as โ€œinstitutional sustainability and

increasing the resources availableโ€ฆโ€. Page 47, Caroline Hughes and Tim Conway 2003, Understanding pro poor political

change: the policy process Cambodia, Second draft- August 2003. 126

Sections 62 and 63 of the Provisions Relating to the Judiciary and Criminal Law and Procedure Applicable in Cambodia

During the Transitional Period, 1992 (UNTAC Law)

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5.1.6 Procedural Fairness by an Ombudsman

An Ombudsman encourages Ministries to develop better decision-making practices, so it is important that the Ombudsmanโ€™s own procedures are fair. At a minimum, the Ombudsman listens to both sides and gives its reasons for its recommendation. The Ombudsman operates without bias or favouritism.

5.2. Two Possible Models for an Ombudsman

5.2.1. National Ombudsman

One option is to have a National Ombudsman sitting alongside individual Municipal Ombudsmen. The National Ombudsman would be given jurisdiction over actions and omissions of Ministries in Phnom Penh and their provincial and district operations.

There is already a regime for Municipal Ombudsmen in Battambang and Siem Reap. Starting in 2009, these offices are being expanded to other municipalities. The Prakas127 already gives municipal ombudsmen jurisdiction over municipal officials. Their jurisdiction could be expanded so that they have jurisdiction over all government decisions within the municipality, regardless of whether the decision has been made by a commune council official, a municipal official, or a provincial official in a line ministry.

The National Ombudsman and the Municipal Ombudsmen would be independent of each other, although they would establish regular annual forums to compare their respective experiences and challenges, and would cooperate and assist each other where possible.

A National Ombudsman would be appointed for a fixed term of five years, on the recommendation of a committee. The committee would be composed on members of civil society and academia and would choose among candidates that met the following qualifications:

A senior academic for eight years,

a judge or lawyer for 10 years,

a local Ombudsman for four years, or

a person of high social reputation with a knowledge of administration who is recommended by a non-government organization.

The Parliament or Prime Minister would appoint the National Ombudsman and could remove the National Ombudsman for misconduct or incapacity, however, the

127

Prakas on the Structure and Management of the Ombudsman Office in Srok Siem Reap, Siem Reap Province, and Srok

Battambang, Battambang Province

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Ombudsman must be given a chance to respond to allegations and the reasons for decision must be published in the media. The Director would choose the staff working in the office. The office would be given minimum guaranteed resources, expressed as a percentage of the budget.

The National Ombudsman would have extensive powers, including the right to investigate and inspect records. If a Ministry or individual did not comply with a request, the National Ombudsman could apply to the court to impose a fine or penalty of imprisonment.

The National Ombudsman would make recommendations to the Ministries, give its report to the Parliament, and publish its reports in the media, with protection from defamation and disinformation laws. The National Ombudsman would give an account of its activities at least once a year to the Parliament, including a list of complaints received and the outcome (with names removed to protect confidentiality). The report would be public and made available to all media outlets.

The National Ombudsman could receive complaints directly or start its own investigation. It would not need any permission before beginning an investigation. Ministries would be encouraged to have their own individual complaints procedures, however, if they had not yet established one, then they would forward complaints they receive directly to the Ombudsman. People could complain to the Ombudsman if they are unhappy with the way the Ministry has handled their complaint. The National Ombudsman would regularly tour countryside areas and prisons in order to take complaints.

The National Ombudsmanโ€™s office, as well as the offices of the Municipal Ombudsmen, would be located in โ€œneutralโ€ offices, outside of a Ministry.

5.2.2 Hybrid National Ombudsman and Anti Corruption Unit

A second option would be to establish a combination Ombudsman and Anti Corruption Unit. This is similar to the hybrid institution, the ACRC in South Korea, although it is proposed that a single person would head the Cambodian body.

The Municipal Ombudsmen could be independent of the national ombudsman and Anti Corruption Unit or become branches of the national body.

This hybrid body would have jurisdiction over allegations of corruption and complaints against Ministries and their provincial and district operations. Allegations of corruption could be made against private individuals and companies where they

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involved a Ministry or Ministry official.

However, before a hybrid body could be formed, the Anti-Corruption Unit would need to be changed so that it does not need the permission of the Council of Ministers before starting an investigation.

The Anti Corruption Unit could be given expanded powers, including the right to investigate and inspect records. Like the proposal for a National Ombudsman, if a Ministry or individual did not comply with a request, the hybrid body could apply to a court to impose a fine or penalty of imprisonment.

The head of the hybrid body would be appointed for a fixed term of five years, on the recommendation of a committee. A selection process would be similar to that proposed for the National Ombudsman, as would the procedures governing removal of the head. The head would choose the staff working in the office. The office would be given minimum guaranteed resources.

At present, the Anti-Corruption Unitโ€™s reports are made directly to the Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister. This would need to be changed so that its reports are provided directly to the whole Parliament, and it is possible for it to publish its reports in the media, with protection from disinformation and defamation laws. Unlike now, the hybrid body would be required to give an account of its activities at least once a year to the Parliament, including a list of complaints received and the outcome (with names removed to protect confidentiality). The report would be public and available to all media outlets.

The Anti Corruption Unit can already receive complaints directly. Ministries should also be required to send complaints of corruption to the hybrid body. The Anti Corruption Unit could also regularly tour countryside areas and prisons in order to take complaints.

The Anti Corruption Unit is already located in a neutral area, but the hybrid body would need to be re-named.

5.3. Final Remark

A functioning complaint system could play an important role in increasing the trust of people in the administration and government of Cambodia. The requirements would be that this institution:

can operate free from political influence,

is really independent, and

does not treat any person better or worse than any other.

As discussed above, in creating an Ombudsmanโ€™s office in Cambodia, several things

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need to be considered. Firstly, it needs to be well thought-out if there is a person who is both independent enough and powerful enough to act as an Ombudsman. Generally powerful people in Cambodia are strongly aligned with the ruling party. The Ombudsman needs to be powerful enough to influence Ministries, and yet independent enough so that he or she is willing to criticise government action.

Secondly, Ministries have to be responsive to Ombudsmen recommendations. An Ombudsman is only useful to the extent that a Ministry is willing to act in the public interest and change its practices. At times, the recommendations of an Ombudsman may directly challenge the power and practices of powerful people within a Ministry. Ministries have to be willing to change, even if a change will mean that it becomes less powerful.

Thirdly, the office of the Ombudsman needs to be strong enough so that it cannot easily be disbanded or its funding cut. There will always be occasions when the government is unwilling to face the political cost of its own wrongdoing. The government needs to commit to setting up a strong institution that continues even when it is critical of government.

Finally and most importantly, the Ombudsman needs to be able to investigate, even in the face of Ministry opposition. But the courts in Cambodia may not be independent or efficient enough to support Ombudsman investigations.

It is important that these factors are considered before an Ombudsmanโ€™s office is created in Cambodia. While an Ombudsman can be a powerful tool for improving government administration, it also needs to be created at the right time and in the right way, otherwise it can further erode peopleโ€™s trust in government.

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Option 1- National Ombudsman Option 2- Hybrid Ombudsman and Anti Corruption Unit

Jurisdiction National Ombudsman to have jurisdiction over Ministries in Phnom Penh and their provincial and district operations.

Municipal Ombudsmen to be independent and have jurisdiction over all actions of government within the municipality.

Sub-decree 84 ANK 22/8/2006 would need to be expanded so that it had jurisdiction over all complaints about Ministries in Phnom Penh and their provincial and district operations.

Independence Located separately, guaranteed resources, appointed for fixed term of five years.

Limited grounds for removal.

Already located separately.

At the moment, needs authority of the Council of Ministers before can begin an investigation.

Needs a fixed term appointment, limited grounds of removal and a guarantee of resources.

Powers Power to obtain documents and to question.

Power to publish and provide a report to Parliament.

Needs explicit powers to obtain documents and to question.

Needs power to publish and provide a report to Parliament.

Accountability Publish annual report of complaints

Power to publish reports, without risk of defamation or disinformation suit.

Would need to be changed so that it provided figures on number of complaints or number of cases.

Currently reports to the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister. Needs to be able to independently publish reports, without risk of defamation or disinformation suit.

Accessibility Called the โ€œCitizenโ€™s Complaints Officeโ€.

Receive complaints directly or referred from Ministries. Travel to countryside and detention centres

Receive complaints directly or referred from Ministries.

Located outside of central Phnom Penh.

Has a clear sign and an โ€˜anonymousโ€™ complaints box. Has tv

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to receive complaints. ads to inform the public.

Needs to start to travel to countryside and detention centres to receive complaints.

Needs to be renamed.

Procedural fairness

Establish procedures for procedural fairness.

Ombudsman must be without bias or favouritism.

Needs procedures for procedural fairness.

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References

Ayeni, Victor 2000, โ€œOmbudsman Around the World: Essential Elements, Evolution and Contemporary Issuesโ€ in Victor Ayeni, Hayden Thomas, Linda C. Reif 2000, Strengthening ombudsman and human rights institutions in Commonwealth small and island states: the Carribean experience; International Ombudsman Institute, viewed at http://books.google.com/books?id=khcAd-dbJwwC&dq=creating+an+ombudsman+developing+countries&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 on 3/6/09.

Bokhari SA 2004 , Ombudsman: An Introduction, Draft Research Paper, from http://www.policy.hu/bokhari/Ombudsman_An%20Introduction.doc. Viewed on 20/5/09.

Caiden.G.E. (ed.,) 1983, international handbook of the ombudsman, Westport, Connectiant; Greenwood Press

Centre for Advanced Study 2006, p5 Justice for the Poor: An Exploratory Study of Collective Grievances Over Land and Local Governance in Cambodia, World Bank.

Conway, Tim and Hughes, Caroline 2003, Understanding pro poor political change: the policy process Cambodia, Second draft- August 2003.

Council for Legal and Judicial Reform 2008, Overview of Ombudsman System

Council for Legal and Judicial Reform 2009, Report of the pre-assessment on ombudsman and other complaint system in Cambodia

Council for Legal and Judicial Reform 2009, Report of the Study Tour in the Republic of Korea

Fenwick, Helen and Phillipson, Gavin, 2003 Texts, Cases and Materials on Public Law & Human Rights, Cavendish Publishing Limited, London, quoting from Caiden GE (ed), 1983 International Handbook of the Ombudsman

Global Integrity 2009, Report on Cambodia, viewed at http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34 on 30 May 2009

Kimchoeun Pak, Vuthy Horn, Netra Eng, Sovath Ann, Sedara Kim, Knowles Jenny, Craig, David 2007, Patrimonialism and Neo-patrimonialism in Cambodia: A critical Literature Review, Cambodian Development Research Institute.

McMillan, John 2007, Commonwealth Ombudsman Annual Report 2006-2007, โ€œThirty yearsโ€ฆthirty changesโ€™, viewed at http://www.ombudsman.gov.au/publications_information/annual_reports/ar2006-07/chapter_8/chapter_8a.html on 26/5/09.

McMillan, John 2008 Whats in a Name? Use of the Term โ€˜Ombudsmanโ€™, viewed at http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 on 30/5/09.

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Ombudsman Committee 1974, International Bar Association Resolution

Oosting, Marten 2000, Protecting the Integrity and Independence of the Ombudsman Institution: the Global Perspective, paper presented at the VIIth International Conference of the International Ombudsman Institute, South Africa.

Reif, Linda C 2004, The Ombudsman, good governance and the international human rights system, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Viewed at http://books.google.com/books?id=2NUPYybt90EC&dq=coercive+powers+and+the+Ombudsman&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 on 30/5/09.

Transparency International 2006, National Integrity Systems: Transparency International Country Study Report, Cambodia 2006

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Annex 1: pre-assessment on ombudsman and other complaint system in Cambodia

Assessment on the current Situation of Complaint System against

Administration in Cambodia

1.1 National Level

Dispute Settlement Office in the Ministry of Commerce

The Dispute Settlement Office in the Department of Legal Affairs of the Ministry of Commerce was set up in 2008 and at the time of the interviews was still under construction. The goal of the ministry is to establish a complaint office for businesspeople who are not in agreement with decisions of the ministry.

The office is located in the Ministry of Commerce, but there are no signs to indicate where one can find the office.

The office has two personnel, the Office Chief and his deputy.

It is still unclear how complaints are handled, and corresponding regulations are being drafted.

Prior to the construction of the Dispute Settlement Office, complaints went directly to the Cabinet of the Ministry, which forwarded the complaints to the respective departments. The department would investigate the case and tried to find a solution in conversation with the register of the complaint. If this was not possible, the case would be presented with a report and suggestion to the Minister for a decision.

There are no exact statistics about the number of complaints, but the estimate is 10 large and 20 smaller cases since 2000. However most of the cases complaint has been received by the cabinet of the ministry.

General Department of General Inspectorate in the Ministry of Interior

The General Department of General Inspectorate in MoI often operates as an alternative dispute resolution bureau. It investigates disputes and tries to work with the parties to find an acceptable resolution through mediation and conciliation. Land dispute cases make up a significant and increasing percentage of the General Inspectorate's caseload. The Department gets support from USAID through East West Management Institute (EWMI) in order to improve the Inspectorate's ability to effectively investigate and mediate land dispute.

Besides this role, the inspectorate is in charge of solving internal problems in the ministry as well.

According to the sub-decree on organizing and functioning of the ministry of interior

General Inspection Department of Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy

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The General Inspection Department of the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (MIME) has two main fields of responsibility: it is responsible for the annual internal auditing and is the receiving office for internal complaints.

The method of handling internal complaints is regulated in the MIME as it is in all the other ministries: the complaints are verified by the inspection department, and following a hearing with both parties, the department delivers a recommendation which the minister finally decides upon.

In difficult cases, a working group is assigned to investigate the case, and if necessary, the Disciplinary Council is convened.

There are neither numbers nor reports on the number of internal complaints each year or their content.

Complaints from Businesspeople

Businesspeople who want to complain about ministerial decisions like the distribution of licenses have two possibilities: They address their complaints to the respective department that is responsible for the licensing. The department must verify the complaints, issue a recommendation and present it to the minister for his decision. Should this process touch on multiple ministries then an inter-ministerial group is convened in order to verify the complaint.

In addition, a business licensing complaints hotline is available to businesspeople. This hotline has been unique in Cambodia for some time. Businesspeople can register their complaints through this hotline without long waiting times or administrative processes. They call the hotline and give the necessary information such as name of the business, contact person who is registering the complaint, and the reason for the complaint. If the hotline officer thinks that the complaint is justified, he forwards it to the relevant office.

Although the hotline is an initiative of the MIME, it receives complaints relating to any business licenses or inspections conducted by any ministry or government agency.

The hotline has been available for about one year. A report about the number of complaints registered on the hotline, how the cases were addressed, and the satisfaction of the customers, is not yet available.

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Working Group for the Development of a Police Act for the Cambodian National Police

A new police act has been in development in the Department of National Police since June 2008, which would revise the structure and responsibilities of the National Police. In addition, a code of conduct and the definition of disciplinary offences are being developed.

In conjunction with this new police act, a process is also being developed that gives citizens the possibility to complain about the police in the cases of improper behavior. It should ensure โ€œthat the members of the public can have confidence in the honesty and integrity of the National Police128.โ€

The exact procedure and what offices will be responsible for which complaints will be discussed throughout 2009, but it is possible according to the statements of the international expert who is guiding this work that a police ombudsman would be established.

Ministry of National Assembly and Senate Relation and Inspection

The ministry played an important role to assist the government to conduct inspection on the performance of the other government ministries or institutions in order to ensure accountability and transparency for the government and people. According to the sub decree on the organizing and functioning of MONASRI, the government provides a full power to general department of inspection to conduct inspection and mediate the complaint against administration.

For solving complaint against administration, one department called department to receive and investigate complaints is responsible to receive compliant from all source on the issues against administration to take investigation and solve by reconciliation mechanism. Most of the case, the ministry has no power to decide but they form the file with recommendations to prime minister for decision. The procedure to solve the case is, generally, the same like other ministry or government institutions did. When the case comes, the department makes clarification and identify whether the case is in their mandate or not and then they will send to the relevant government institutions for solving and asking for report. Most of the case that the ministry received is land issue. So far there is no clear statistic of number of the compliant in the ministry.

128

Framework for Legislation of the working group for the development of a police act for the Cambodian National Police, June 2008

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Concerning to the inspection, one department is responsible to make annual plan and conduct the plan to conduct inspection to the government institutions. Actually, the inspection work, MONASRI has clear procedure and plan. The will go directly to the ministry or government institution for checking irregularity of government institution performance, in particular, expenditure.

Anti Corruption Unit

The Anti Corruption Unit (ACU) was founded in 2006. It is the successor to the Entity against the Corruption Activities, which was established in 1999 and according to statements by the ACU, was largely powerless.

The legal basis for the ACU is Sub Decree Nr. 84 ANK date 22/08/2006. In this Sub Decree, the roles and responsibilities of the ACU are preventing corruption issues, enforcing laws and regulations, and encouraging the citizens to participate in the fight against corruption.

The ACU office is located somewhat outside of the center of Phnom Penh in Khan Russei Keo; the building has clear signage and in the entrance there is a large, white postbox in which letters for the ACU can be deposited.

The work of the ACU has three main focuses: 1. The development of initiatives to avoid corruption, to clear up individual and collective cases of corruption, and to encourage the citizens to participate in the fight against corruption.

The most spectacular cases since their foundation: the so-called Water Festival Case and the Hennessy Case. The Water Festival Case dealt with the illegal importing of right-hand-drive cars from Thailand, which was only possible due to corresponding bribes being paid to the respective officials. The Hennessy Case was similar: a wine importer bought the favor of several officials with bribes, and as a way of saying thanks, the officials did not bother to follow the legal regulations for the import of wine. Both cases were brought before courts by the ACU.

In the case that they receive complaints from citizens, the ACU proceeds in the following fashion: first they check whether they are responsible for the case. If so, they verify the documentation and ascertain whether there is enough evidence of corruption. If the evidence is sufficient, the ACU obtains authorization from the Council of Ministers to investigate the case. As soon as they receive this authorization, the investigation begins. When the investigation has been completed, the resulting report is delivered either to the Prime Minister or the Deputy Prime Minister. The Prime Minister or Deputy Prime Minister then makes the final decision as to which measures should be taken.

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The ACU employs a total of 15 lawyers, who are responsible for investigating cases of corruption. The ACU took at a number of ads on TV in order to inform citizens about the institution. The exact numbers are not available as to how many cases the ACU has investigated and how many cases resulted in corruption charges. There are also no publicly released figures in regards to the use of the White Box in the ACU office.

National Authority of Land Conflict Resolution

The National Authority of Land Conflict Resolution (NALCR) was established by Royal Decree No. NS/RD/0206/067, dated from February 26, 2006. Within just six months of its opening, the NALCR registered 116 complaints from citizens and institutions of which 79 were forwarded to the Secretariat of the National Cadastral Committee for examination. At the end of 2008, the number of registered complaints had reached 1500.

The job of the NALCR is to check the complaints of citizens or institutions make suggestions and forward these to the respective offices and ministries. According to article 3 and 5 of the sub-decree on the organization and functioning of the secretariat of national authority for land disputes resolution the role and function of the NALCR are to solve and coordinate all land disputes; the general secretary of NALCR has the power to conduct investigation and inspection after received complaints and to issue instruction to block the place where there has conflict after received complaints.

The sub-decree N. 65 A.N.K/BK mentioned as well on the process of the case registration and the case solution. The processes are:

1. Receive and register cases according to the place of the complaints

2. Prepare cases

3. Input in land conflict case database

4. Ask the two parties for clarification

5. Classify and prioritize case

6. Collect evidences

7. Cooperate with relevant government stakeholders to investigate in the place of conflict

8. First report to the General Secretary for decision

9. Make summary of explainary note of both matter of law and matter of fact with first recommendations to superior for decision

10. Send the decision of NALCR to MLMUPC for implementation

But the question of whether the suggestions of the NALCR are adopted and how the cases are solved individually cannot be determined from the reports. It is also not apparent in whose favor the cases were decided or how long the process took.

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Excerpts from the 2007 Report

Participated in resolving the environment land grabbing issue in Kompong Seila, Koh Kong Province, and peacefully confiscated 90 hectares of land to retain as government property.

Prepared notices to the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction and the Ministry of Environment to take action, transfer and remove from the public functions in the cases of the Director of Koh Kong Provincial Department of Land Management, Urban Planning, Construction and Cadastre and the Director of Koh Kong Provincial Department of Environment in relation to the irregularity of requesting certificates for ownership of fixed property in the Peam Krosaob wildlife sanctuary in Stung Veng village, Stung Veng commune, Smach Meanchey district, Koh Kong Province.

Took legal action against Oknha Tan Seng Hak - Oknha Te Haing and Oknha May Vuthy in relation to the case of land grabbing and illegal clearing of forest land, which is currently under court procedures.

Prepared a notice letter to the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and the Forest Administration to take strict administrative action against 15 government officials because those officials had violated the guidelines of land law, forestry law, the fisheries law and the law on environmental protection and natural resource management, and especially had disregarded the highest order of Samdech the Prime Minister.

Resolved the land dispute case between 92 families and the Chamroeun Cheat Company in village No. 4, O Tres commune, Stung Hao district, Sihanoukville, by requiring the municipality to:

o Establish a working group to collect data on the truly landless people living on the disputed land.

o Arrange and distribute social concession land to those people who have or no land.

o Investigate to find the ringleaders who provoked the people to go and live on the disputed land.

Resolved the case involving 600 families, the Sam Phannarith Company and the Seng Hong Heng Company by requesting for the return of the farming land and development land, which the province issued an order to confiscate, by recommending:

o The provincial sub-committee to prevent, eradicate and suppress the clearing, burning and fencing of forestland for ownership, and to practically review the case of the 600 families whose land was confiscated through an issuance by the province order.

o As for the request by the Sam Phannarith Company and the Seng Hong Heng Company in relation to the Government's public land, the NLA will provide its

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views and opinions including its proposed measures for the highest decision by Samdech the Prime Minister.

Cambodian Human Rights Committee

The committee has been established since 1998 by the government of Cambodia. It works in the area of promotion of human rights and assists the government in the area of human rights reviewing and clarification. The main function of the committee is to protect human rights, enforce human rights improvement, and to provide training on human rights. The committee is a government human rights body where it works is to assist government in the area of human rights.

The committee is responsible to as well to receive human rights violation cases from the public. But the committee is not a body to solve the human rights violation case. The committee just does their coordination and orientation work to assist the public complaint to line institutions who has the competence to deal the problem. The process of the dealing human rights cases is quiet similar to other government institution. After receiving the case, the committee will study and identify the competent authority who is responsible to deal that problem by sending them report with some recommendations on the how to deal the case.

Beside the receiving the cases from the public, the committee has the rights to study and review other human rights violation published in the newspaper or others mass media and make the report with recommendation to the competent authority to deal the case. The committee will make intervention directly to the responsible ministry or institution to take action for solution. So far there is no clear information on the human rights violation case that the committee has been received.

New Cambodian Human Rights Commission initiative

There is a new initiative from both government and civil society organization to establish a new National Cambodian Human Rights Commission which is an independent body for the national body to deal with the human rights aspect in the country. Actually this initiative has been influenced by the ASEAN human rights body who want to have an independent human rights institution in Cambodia working in protection human rights of the citizens.

The idea has been initiated since 2005 and the draft legal framework for the commission has been drafted and reviewed many time by both government and civil society organizations. So far the draft legal framework is in the hand of the civil society to review. There is no clear information on when the legal framework for establishment of the commission will be finalized since both government and civil society is compliant each other on the delay of the development of the legal framework.

The commission will be an independent human rights body for Cambodia in the future to deal with the human rights issues. The commission will work like other independent human rights commission of other country in the world in the

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framework of promotion and improvement of human rights as required by the United Nation human rights committee.

1.2 Sub-National Level

Ombudsman in Battambang

The Ombudsman in Battambang was elected in summer 2005 for a period of three years, based on the Prakas 790 on the Structure and Management of the Ombudsman's Office in Srok Battambang, Battambang Province of the Ministry of Interior.

The ombudsman is part of the new administrative structure at district level in Battambang. He has the task to oversee the One Window Service Office (OWSO) and the other offices of the district administration. He has to be present in the OWSO for at least 12 hours each week.

The ombudsman is โ€œa neutral representative of citizenโ€ who must seek an acceptable resolution for citizens and enterprises. To achieve this goal the ombudsman has the following powers to conciliate: He has the right to insight all relevant documents of the related staff and; if the normal intend to conciliate between citizens and administrative staff is not successful, he is asked to send a dossier with recommendations to the District Governor. Complaints on the District Governors performance shall be sent to the Provincial Governor to settle.129

The citizen's Office in Battambang is located within the district administration in the first floor. It is neither easy accessible nor visible, a clear signposting is missing.

This monitoring from the ombudsman of the OWSO has proven successful by the local authorities but the number of citizens who have come to the ombudsman to complain about the administration is vanishing small. In the course of three years, exactly 2 cases were registered and solved. However there were a number of cases has been complained by the people as well but the complaints are out the competency of the office.

1.3 NGOs

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in Cambodia

According to the OHCHR, it is being flooded with inquiries and complaints. Cambodian citizens as well as NGOs turn to the OHCHR requesting legal guidance and assistance in matters of dispute. According to the OHCHR, the number is only increasing. The number one category for some time has been land conflicts. The OHCHR also receives complaints in regard to domestic violence, the situation in prisons, and from citizens who have had their basic human rights abused (freedom to demonstrate, freedom of opinion, etc.).

The OHCHR is not a complaint office, which advises or represents individual citizens. It does however give individuals information about which NGOs they could turn to 129

Prakas 790 of Ministry of Interior

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with their concerns. Still, the actual mandate of the OHCHR is, in conjunction with the administration and government agencies, to improve the legal security of the citizens and to reduce abuses of human rights. The OHCHR aims to work truthfully with the administration, but it also supports NGOs, which address the previously mentioned issues. In interviews, representatives of the OHCHR stressed repeatedly that the citizensโ€™ trust in official government complaint offices is very low. Based on their experience, the citizens therefore are more likely to turn to independent NGOs or institutes with their complaints.

Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association (Adhoc)

On average, 300 citizens from across Cambodia look for help from ADHOC each month. At the top of the list are domestic violence (about 100 per month), human rights abuses (40-50 each month) and land disputes (30-40 each month). According to ADHOC, the numbers are tending to increase.

ADHOC has no mandate as an NGO to deal with official offices in regard to the complaints they register. It can, however, advise the affected parties. In larger conflicts such as land conflicts with local authorities, the ADHOC supports citizens through offering legal advice, conducting targeted publicity work, and other measures.

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Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

Annex 2: Study tour report on Ombudsman system in the republic of Korea

Study Tour Report on

Ombudsman System in the Republic of Korea

Seoul, 26-31 July 2009

Background

In the framework of development a suitable ombudsman system for Cambodia in the

future, the study tour to Korean Republic has been organized by the Secretary General

of the Council for Legal and Judicial Reform under the sponsorship from GTZ

โ€œAdministration Reform and Decentralization Programโ€ from 26 to 31 July 2009 in

Seoul in Korean Republic. The objectives are to find out how the ombudsman system

works in Korea and if the system is applicable to the situation of Cambodia (see

annex 1 on agenda of the study tour). The project to develop a suitable ombudsman system for Cambodia has been agreed in the MOU between the Council of Legal and Judicial Reform (CLJR) and the โ€œAdministrative Reform and Decentralization Programโ€ (ARDP) implemented by GTZ in June 2008. The project objective is to study and develop a suitable system of ombudsman for Cambodia in order to monitor the responsibility, accountability and transparency of public administration in the framework of public service delivery to the citizen whereas the public service delivery is a core priority of the fourth legislative mandate of the Royal Government of Cambodia. The project composes of four stages which are (1) conducting pre-assessment on ombudsman and other complaint system in Cambodia, (2) conducting deepen understanding on other ombudsman system implementation from other country, (3) conducting consultative meetings to develop suitable ombudsman system for Cambodia, (4) finalizing report of suitable ombudsman system for Cambodia. The first stage of the project implementation on conducting pre-assessment of ombudsman and other complaint systems in Cambodia has been conducted and presented in the seminar on Introduction of Ombudsman in Cambodiaโ€.

Participant

The study tour has been participated from different high level government officials from relevant government institutions which are:

1. H.E Chan Tany, Secretary of State, Office of the Council of Ministers 2. H.E Suy Mong Leang, Secretary General, Council for Legal and Judicial Reform 3. H.E Sak Setha, Secretary of State of Ministry of Interior 4. H.E Mak Sambath, Member of Cambodian Human Rights Committee 5. H.E Sar Sambath, Permanent Member of Anti Corruption Unit 6. H.E Suong Leang Hay, Deputy Secretary General of the Council for Legal and

Judicial Reform 7. H.E Chan Mono, General Director of Administration of Ministry of Justice 8. H.E Buon Somony, Deputy Secretary General of the Council for Legal and Judicial

Reform 9. Mr. Liem Soda, MOI 10. Mr. Yous Virak, MOI 11. Mr. Khlok Dara, Coordinator with GTZ

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12. Mrs. Ruth Gruber, Consultant GTZ

Republic of Korea

The Republic of Korea government was established on August 15, 1948. The President is the head of state and represents the state in international affairs. The Prime Minister is the principal executive assistant to the President. The executive branch, headed by the President, consists of the Prime Minister, the Cabinet, 15 executive ministries, and 16 independent agencies including the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. The President performs his executive functions through the Cabinet made up of 15 to 30 members. The Cabinet is presided over by the President, who is solely responsible for deciding all important government policies. In addition to the Cabinet, the President has several agencies under his direct control to formulate and carry out national policies: the Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea, the National Intelligence Service, and the Broadcasting and Communications Commission. The heads of these organizations are appointed by the President, but the presidential appointment of the Chairman of the Board of Audit and Inspection is subject to the approval of the National Assembly (see annex 2 on organization chart of Republic of Korea).

Visits/Meetings

The delegation visited five government institutions of the Korean Republic and one

civil society organization. The delegation has been welcomed by high level officials

of the Korean government institutions. They gain a lot of information and

experiences from all institutions. Among them, three main government institutions

related to establishment and implementation of the ombudsman system in Korea such

as Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission, Korean Human Rights

Commission, and Seoulโ€Ÿs Audit Ombudsman is the main government institution

which is very much linked to the purpose of the study tour.

a. Meeting with Governmental Agencies

Cambodian Embassy in Korean Republic

The delegation visited the

Cambodian embassy in

Korea. In that time, the

delegation was warmly

welcomed by H.E Lim

Samkol, ambassador of

Cambodia in Korea. He

presented the situation of

the relationship between

Cambodian and Korea

where it has been increased

more and more cooperation

within this recent year and

especially after the official

visit of the Prime Minister

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of Cambodia to Korean Republic last month.

He was very appreciated very much the delegation to come here to get more

understanding the ombudsman system in Korea where it was established since quiet

long time since 1994 and it has been recognized by many country in the world. It is a

good time for Cambodian delegation to study more from Korea for the development.

He accepted to assist the delegation to coordinate and facilitate with Korean

government side for more cooperation in the framework of development new

institution of ombudsman system for Cambodia in the future.

Information center outside Seoul Metropolitan

The delegation visited to the information center of one community where is located

outside Seoul. The information Center is a single place for all citizens in the

community to gather to get all relevant information on from both local authority and

national level authority. The information Center is a place that the citizen can access

information like their farming knowledge. The Center has been provided training on

computers, internet use and other skill for community.

The information provided and brought information on market and product price for

the citizen in the

community. Actually the

Program to set up the

information center is an

initiative of the Ministry

of Public Administration

and Security in the

framework of

administration reform and

decentralization program

in order to make

information and services

close to the people in

community.

National Human Rights Commission of Korea (NHRCK)

The Commission was established in 2001 as a national advocacy institution for

human rights protection. It is committed to the fulfillment of human rights in a

broader sense, including dignity, value and freedom of every human being, as

signified in international human rights conventions and treaties to which Korea is a

signatory. The commission is an independent government institution which received

direct financial support from the government. The body is composed by a mixture

commission from different institution.

The Commission is comprised of 11 commissioners, chairperson, 3 standing

commissioners and 7 non-standing commissioners. Among them, 4 will be elected by

the National Assembly, 4 will be nominated by the President of Korea, and 3 will be

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nominated by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and then approved by the

President of Korea.

The Commissioners has 3 year terms and can serve for up to 2 terms. It is compulsory

for the commission to have at least 4 female commissioners. The commission is

assisted by a secretariat which is comprised of 3 departments, 11 teams and 3

subsidiaries. The Secretariat executes the Commission's decisions and policies, and is

responsible for all of the NHRCK's administrative duties.

The roles of the commission are:

- Analysis and research of human rights statutes (including bills pending at

the National Assembly), legal and judicial systems, policies and practices

as well as issuance of opinions and improvement recommendations

thereon;

- Investigation of human rights violations and discriminatory practices and

remedy recommendations;

- Review of human rights issues and environments;

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- Proposal for and recommendation of guidelines for various categories of

human rights violations, determination standards, and preventive measures

thereof;

- Research and issuance of recommendations or opinions with respect to the

ratification

and/or implementation of international human rights treaties to which

Korea is a party;

- Exchanges and cooperation with international human rights organizations

and human

rights institutions of foreign countries; and

In summary, the Commission will be responsible to request for the submission of

relevant information and materials to concerned entities and professionals subject to

investigation; visit to and investigation of detention or protective facilities, if

necessary; filing of Commissionโ€Ÿs opinions on human rights issues with the courts

and the Constitutional Court; and submission of annual reports on Commissionโ€Ÿs

activities and human rights situations to the President of the Republic of Korea and

the National Assembly. For this instant, all citizens have the rights to file a complaint

against human rights violation and unlawful discrimination through three channels of

calling/faxing, mailing/visiting, and email to the Commission. The process of

compliant solution is:

1. Complaint receipt: all citizens can file their complaint against human rights

violation by visiting to the Commission, by phone call, by faxing, and by

internet then the complaint will be registered in the counseling center for

checking before going to investigate.

2. Investigation process: KNHRC can conduct investigation to government

agency for more clarification. One KNHRC can conduct on site investigation

and another KNHRC conduct document/materials reviewing. KNHRC can ask

government agency to provided concerned documents/materials for more

verification.

3. Conciliation: The first step of the solution is that the Commission tries to

conciliate both parties before the case is going to deliberation and decision.

4. Deliberation and decision after both party does not agreed the conciliation.

5. Conclusion: Within fourteen days after such decision, the Commission should

forward to the complainant a written guide and written notice of case handling

results.

Complaint Resolution Process

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Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission (ACRC)

The Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission was launched on February 29, 2008

by the integration of the Ombudsman of Korea, the Korea Independent Commission

against Corruption and the Administrative Appeals Commission. With the

consolidation of these three organizations, citizens can be provided with one-stop

service of addressing public complaints, filing administrative appeals and fighting

corruption by a single organization in a speedier and more convenient manner. ACRC

will overhaul a legal and institutional framework to offer more convenient and

efficient public service to the people, resolve people's grievances and as swiftly as

possible, and spread a culture of integrity throughout the society to create a more

advanced country where civil rights are fully respected and rule of law is abided by

(see more in annex 3 on Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-

Corruption & Civil Rights Commission).

ACRC consists of a total of 15 commissioners including 1 Chairman (minister-level), 3 Vice-Chairmen (vice minister-level), 3 Standing Commissioners and 8 Non-standing Commissioners. To deal with administrative tasks, the secretariat is set up, divided into three bureaus of Ombudsman, Anti-Corruption and Administrative Appeals. They are headed by each vice-chairman. The Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission (ACRC) performs the following three functions;

- Handle and address public complaints and improve related unreasonable systems

- Build a clean society by preventing and deterring corruption in the public sector - Protect peopleโ€™s rights from illegal and unfair administrative practices through

the administrative appeals system In the framework of Ombudsman activities, ombudsman is devoted to discovering systems to be improved through a variety of channels like investigation and handling of civil complaints, analysis of repeatedly filed complaints, review of suggestions made by citizens and civic groups, media monitoring, etc. Furthermore, in order to make sure that recommendations are immediately incorporated into the active system and then promote civil rights, ACRC takes appropriate follow-up measures. These include an implementation

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check for accepted measures on a regular basis and a coordination meeting on unaccepted measures. Korean Ombudsman system has been established since 1994 and integrated with the Korea Independent Commission against Corruption and the Administrative Appeals Commission in 2008. The ombudsman bureau provided has been divided into 10 divisions according to the type of the complaint. Ombudsman bureau has the role to:

investigate and handling complaints and grievances, recommending rectification or submitting options

provide recommendations for improvement on administration system

investigate actual condition and evaluate the result of complaint

provide counseling on the complaints

arbitrate and settling matters related to conflict of a majority of people and investigate and handle business complaint

fine for negligence

In the investigation process, Ombudsman Bureau can request relevant materials and documents from involved public institution for explanation. All citizens can file their complaint against any illegal, unjustifiable or passive action of an administrative agency or unreasonable administrative system which violates their rights or causes inconvenience

or burden to their rights through: 1. visiting to ACRC 2. Phone calling or fax 3. Posting 4. Operating E-portal (www.epeople.go.kr): It is the Online Citizen Participation Plaza

where the system can handle civil complaints online at the pan-governmental level to provide people easier access to public administrative service.

ACRC Secretary General In-je Park on 29 July met H.E. Chan Thani,

Secretary of State of the Cambodian Office the Council of Ministers

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5. Integrated government call center which is connected to a single number of 110 from anywhere in the country. Those who want to be provided information on civil complaint services of all administrative agencies can call 110, the phone number of the Integrated Government Call Center, anywhere in the country. The public organizations connected to this call center include 56 central administrative agencies and 16 upper-level and 234 lower-level local governments. This center provides counseling and guidance service to citizens about civil complaints with the single number of 110.

Process of integrated government call center

There are four main processes of complaint receipt and solution which are:

1. Complaint receipt

where anyone can file

a complaint via his or

her representative,

written document,

mail, internet, fax or

by coming to the

ACRC in person

2. Investigation process: ACRC can request an administrative agency concerned

to provide an explanation, documents, by asking complainants, interested

parties, references, and employees concerned to show themselves in the

Commission or by demanding their opinion statement. It can be going directly

to the administrative agencies where the complaint happened to verify the fact.

3. Recommendations: while the investigation is completed, ACRC decides based

on the fact and rules and provide recommendations for correction,

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recommendation for institutional improvement after a deliberation in the

plenary session or small committee.

4. Notification or decision: ACRC will notify both parties of the result within 3

days of resolution. The head of agency received the result have to respect and

follow within 30 days and inform back to ACRC on their implementation.

Since 2008, there are 27,509 complaints among 29,433 has been solved. It means

93% of complaints have been handled by Ombudsman Bureau. Of 29,433 complaints,

2,061 were carried over from 2007 and 27,373 were received in 2008. Of them, 93%

or 27,509 were already taken care of and 1,926 is being dealt with currently.

Compared to 2007, the year 2008 witnessed 15.7% increase in complaints received

and 17.7% increase in complaints handled.

Citizenโ€™s Audit Ombudsman (CAO)

Citizenโ€™s audit ombudsman has been introduced since 1997 and it has been integrated with Transparent-Contract Ombudsman in 2007 in order to make administration small and more effective in public services delivery. CAO has been set up to protect citizens against violation of rights, abuses of powers, negligence, unfair decision, malpractices and maladministration. It tries to improve public administrative procedure through audit. The institution is based in Seoul and other 16 metropolitan cities across Korea. CAO plays an very important role to protect rights and improve transparency through auditing and monitoring according to citizenโ€™s perspective. CAO comprises of 5 ombudsmen which are selected from the appointment from the Mayer of Seoul after screening of candidates who freely applies from the public. The 5 ombudsmen will be supported by 10 advisors who are appointed from the academic and legal field. Eight assistants will assist the institution as a secretariat of the institution. The five ombudsmen will be selected based on professional ethics, experiences officer bearer with a minimum of two years services, and not permitted to hold additional appointment and office.

The jurisdiction of the institution is covered on local government and autonomous district within Seoul to protect citizens against violation of rights, abuses of powers, negligence, unfair decision, malpractices and maladministration. It tries to improve public administrative procedure. There are three main functions of the institution which are:

1. Citizenโ€™s audit request system

The delegation in the Seoul Metropolitan

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The body allows citizen to request for auditing against discriminatory practices violation of rights, abuses of power negligence, unfair decisions, malpractices and maladministration of the public administration. There are two kinds of requests: (1) for residentsโ€™ audit, the request should be jointly singed by more than 200 people in the autonomous district; and (2) for Citizensโ€™ audit, the request should be jointly signed by more than 100 people in the city or corporation. When the request has been accepted, then the deliberation process is starting by the Audit Advisory Committee which composes of 12 people who got appointed from the municipal government from academic and legal field. After deliberation process, the audit process will start by Ombudsman Operation Committee to investigate petition, invest for data and call for correction. The result the audit will then start to measure implementation by publicly dissemination through internet and report to Mayer and city assemblymen.

2. Monitoring contract implementation

It conducts monitoring contract implementation to all public agencies and relevant corporation who get the contract from the public administration to construct or provide services or supply materials. The monitoring will start from the beginning of the contract to the end of the implementation of the contract in order to make all contract implementation transparent, accountable and fair.

3. Civil Petition Jury System

It is a place where the petitioner/citizens can request to the system for solution. The case will then be studied and investigated by Petition Juries which composes of ombudsman and outsourced experts to draw a reasonable solution.

The implementation of the three functions has been noted high satisfaction from the citizens in Seoul Metropolitan. It is a good mechanism to monitor the implementation or performance of the public administration accountably and transparently and closed to the citizens.

Ministry of Public Administration and Security (MOPAS)

The delegation got a very warm welcome from vice minister of MOPAS and other

officers in the ministry. After the welcome remark from the vice minister, the

presentation on the public services and ethics in the Korean civil services has been

presented to our

delegation.

MOPAS has been

integrated with four

institutions together in

June 2008 in order to

make public sector small

and effective. MOPAS

endeavors to effectively

improve the government

organization and

personnel as part of the

total cost management

process. Within a

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framework of decentralization, we provide administrative and financial support to the

local government to achieve greater local autonomy. Furthermore, in preparation for

the future, MOPAS actively pursues the low-carbon green growth strategy focusing

efforts on bike riding campaigns and green informatization, creating a new

development paradigm to raise the quality of life. There are two important roles of

MOPAS which are National administration by improving government reform,

deregulation and public participation; and public personnel policy by improving fair

recruitment and human resource development.

One successful work of MOPAS is to provide efficient management of government

organization and human resource for the Korean civil servant by

Restructuring the organization from 22 national government bodies to 17 bodies and eliminating 25 bureaus, 219 divisions, 81 agencies, and 119 administrations units at local level

Reshuffling officer from 604,783 to 601,356 at national level and from 282,476 to 272,090 at local level, and

Abolishing advisory committee from 530 to 273 in both national and sub-national levels.

Besides that, MOPAS played a very important role to make a global impression on

the digital Korea where MOPAS provided extended support to the citizens without

online access. MOPAS provided greater local government autonomy through

communication and coordination by using high IT throughout the country.

The civil service system in Korea has been said clearly the Korean constitution and

civil servants serve the public and are accountable to the public. The Korean civil

servant divided into 7 categories according to the characteristic of job. Civil servant

is under a strict rule of civil servant act and code of conduct for civil servant where all

should respect all the rules of the government otherwise they will be punished by the

Central Disciplinary Committee.

The anti-corruption system has been said clearly in the Code of conduct of the Civil

Servant where all should be followed:

The Code of Conduct for Public Servants which is:

Reporting Corruption where anyone can report the case of corruption to the ACRC

and ACRC transfers the case to the relevant organization (BAI, Prosecutorโ€™s Office)

when it needs further investigation

Performance of Duties with Impartiality Prohibition of Receiving Excessive Profits

Prohibition of Solicitation with reference to Personal Benefits

Prohibition of Preferential Treatment

Restriction on Conflict of Interest and etc.

Restriction on receiving money and articles

for congratulations and condolences

Prohibition of taking bribes for favor given

Prohibition of private utilization of the

objects for public use and etc.

The delegation in the Ministry of Public Administration and Security

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โ€œClean Cardโ€ where the credit card used by government and public corporations

should be the โ€œclean cardโ€ and the โ€œclean cardโ€ is not accepted at some restricted

category of business

Registration and Disclosure of Personal Assets

Declaration of Gifts Given and Received: Gifts given and received from foreign

government or foreign officials should be equivalent to $100 or below

b. Civil Society Organization

Korean Human Rights Organization Peopleโ€™s Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD)

PSPD was founded in 1994 by more than 200 members, the Peopleโ€Ÿs Solidarity for

Participatory Democracy (PSPD) is a civil organization dedicated to promoting

justice and human rights in Korean society through the participation of the people.

PSPD has been serving as a watchdog against the abuse of power. It has developed

various activities to bring justice and democracy to many areas in our society: the

PSPD evokes public awareness through campaigns, questioning social and political

activities, filing administrative and public litigations, and petitioning legislation. The

Civil Actions for 2000 General Election (the CAGE) and the Minority Shareholdersโ€Ÿ

Campaign might be said to be the most successful activities. PSPD has developed and

coordinated a wide range of activities to bring about a systematic reform and to

suggest counterproposals to various government policies and agendas. In this

process, the PSPD has regarded independence and consistency as the most important

principles of being a watchdog of power.

PSPD is comprised of 11 departments/centers where each center is responsible

according to field of monitoring of the performance of government. Each department

is composed of executive committee members, of whom some are progressive

scholars, attorneys, accountants, etc. There are 11 centers who are responsible to

monitor the performance of government. Among them the main centers are:

Center for Judiciary Watch monitors power abuse in the judiciary and provides reform plans,

Center for National Assembly Watch contributes to participatory democracy through continuous watch of and civil participation in national politics,

Center for Tax Reform aims to promote fairness and equality in taxation,

Center for Government Administration Watch works on making the society and the government transparent and accountable while stamping out corruption and frauds,

PSPD is an active Korean Non-Governmental Organization in monitoring the

performance of the public sector officers in many fields, especially in the legal and

judicial reform and performance. PSPD is independent NGOs where the financial

support is from their own member contribution.

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Lesson learned

The organization of the study tour is a good opportunity for all relevant government stakeholders to have chance to discuss and share information, knowledge and challenges where their institutions has been done and faced. Information sharing is a key for all state reform where each actor in the reform sector should understand each other and try to go together for challenging the reform process. It is a best experience where the high level governmental officials met, talked, and shared information to each other. Such a good organization should be considered to prepare more in the future in order to provide more opportunities to all relevant reform actors sharing information since they are sometime very busy with their own agenda and they donโ€™t have such a best time for sharing. From the study tour, many information and knowledge had been gained by the delegation as follow: Korean Human Rights Commission is an independent government body which

received direct financial support from the government to be responsible to request for the submission of relevant information and materials to concerned entities and professionals subject to investigation; visit to and investigation of detention or protective facilities, if necessary; filing of Commissionโ€™s opinions on human rights issues with the courts and the Constitutional Court; and submission of annual reports on Commissionโ€™s activities and human rights situations to the President of the Republic of Korea and the National Assembly. The body is lead by mixture commission from different institution which is comprised of 11 commissioners (a Chairperson, 3 Standing Commissioners and 7 Non-Standing Commissioners). Among the 11 commissioners, 4 shall be elected by the National Assembly, 4 shall be nominated by the President of Korea, and 3 shall be nominated by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and then approved by the President of Korea. The term of the Commissioners is for 3 years and can serve for up to 2 terms. The Commission compulsorily consists of at least 4 female commissioners.

The ombudsman system has been introduced quiet long time since 1994 in Korea. It took around five year to introduce the ombudsman system more understanding among citizens. For instant, in order to make easier to understand from citizens, the ombudsman system in Seoul metropolitan added โ€œAuditโ€ term in front of ombudsman system. Then it becomes to โ€œCitizensโ€™ Audit Ombudsmanโ€. It would be good al well for the Cambodian context to consider.

Korean Ombudsman is an independent government institution who has full power to bring citizenโ€™s voice for consideration even they get the financial support from the government.

Composition of the member of the ombudsman has been selected from different voice of citizen which is from government, civil society, and parliament in the majority selection.

The Citizensโ€™ audit ombudsman in Seoul is a part of Citizen Satisfaction Bureau of Seoul metropolitan. However the office is independent from the both the bureau and Seoul metropolitan. The office plays a very important role to monitor and check the performance of public administration in order to make public services more transparency, accountability, and closed to citizens.

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The composition of the Citizensโ€™ Audit Ombudsman is come from academic profession which is selected from all public with high qualified persons. The ombudsman will be then selected by the committee in the Seoul metropolitan and appointed by the Mayer of Seoul. 15 experts from high academic professions have been selected to assist the ombudsman.

The result of the ombudsman decision has been published wisely in the public through many channels of mass media, especially internet and even reporting to the Seoul assemblymen. All decision has been made to be heart by all high level of politician in order to make the decision more strong enough for enforcement.

Korean Ombudsman System is trying to integrated government institution that has similar functions together in order to have a single place for citizens to access their rights. Among them we can see that the institution working in fighting corruption, civil rights violation, and maladministration has been integrated together into one national institution from national level to sub-national level.

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1 แžขแžถแžšแž˜แž—แž€แžแžถ | Propose for Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

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Page 73: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

i แžขแžถแžšแž˜แž—แž€แžแžถ |

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Page 74: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

ii |

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Page 75: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

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แžขแŸ†แŸ‚แžšแž‚แžปแŸ’แŸ‚แž“แžผแžœแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžแžทแžแžแŸ†แžšแž”แžนแž„แžŽแžšแž”แž„ แžฏแžšแžแžแž‡แž“ แžšแžšแžปแž˜ แž“แžทแž„แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž‘แŸ†แž„แžกแžถแž™แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž“แž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžšแž˜แžฝแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŽแŸ‚แžšแžฑแž™แžšแž›แžšแžพแžแž› แžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแžšแžถแž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜ แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแžทแžšแžถ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแž…แžปแŸ’แž”แž„แž›แžšแž€แžถแž™แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแžšแžถแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ”

แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜ แžŸแžผแž˜แžŽแž›แž›แž„แžขแŸ†แŸ‚แžšแž‚แžปแŸ’แŸ‚แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แŸแŸ‡แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แžแžธแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„/แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ— แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž“แž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžšแž˜แžฝแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŽแŸ‚แžšแž‡แžถแž‚แŸ†แŸ’แž“แžทแžแž›แŸ„แž”แž›แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸแž‡แžถแž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแžแž‚แŸ’แž›แžšแŸ„แž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แžฑแž™แž”แžถแž“แž›แž‡แžถแž‚แŸ’แž‡แŸแž™แŸ”

แžŸแžผแž˜แžŽแž›แž›แž„แžขแŸ†แŸ‚แžšแž‚แžปแŸ’แŸ‚แŸ„แž„แž„แžšแž‡แžถแž›แž›แžšแŸ… แž‡แžถแž–แžทแž›แžŸแžŸแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แŸแŸ‡แžšแžšแžปแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžŽแžŠแž›แžŠแžนแžšแž“แŸ†แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžฏแžšแžงแžแžแž˜ แž…แžถแŸƒ แŸ‹ แžแžถแŸƒแžพ แžšแžŠแžŒแž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแž‘แžธแžŸแžแžธแž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แžแžธ แž› แžพแž™แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚- แž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“ แžŸแžผแž˜แžŸแŸ†แžŽแžŠแž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแžขแžšแž‚แžปแŸ’แŸ‚แž‡แžถแž–แžทแž›แžŸแžŸแž•แž„แžŽแžŠแžš แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แŸแŸ‡แž€แžถแžšแž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžšแž˜แžฝแŸ„แž„แž„แžŸแžšแž˜แž˜แž–แžธแžŸแŸ„แž‡แžทแžšแžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถ แžฏแžšแžงแžแžแž˜ แžŸ แž™แžป แž˜แŸ’ แž„แžปแž›แžถแž„ แžฏแžšแžงแžแžแž˜ แžŸแžš แŸ‹แžŽแžŸแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถ แžฏแžšแžงแžแžแž˜ แž˜แŸ’ แžš แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž”แžแŸ’แžแžท แžฏแžšแžงแžแžแž˜ แžŸแžš แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž”แžแŸ’แžแžท แžฏแžšแžงแžแžแž˜ แžŸแž„แžฝ แž›แžถแž„แž“แŸƒ แžฏแžšแžงแžแžแž˜ แž…แžถแŸƒ แŸ‹ แž˜แŸ’แžŽแŸ„ แžฏแžšแžงแžแžแž˜ แž”แŸƒแžฝ แžŸแž˜แžปแŸ’แŸƒแžปแžพ แž›แž›แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžธ Ruth Grueber แž“แžทแž„แž›แž›แžถแžš แžŽแž›แŸ„ แžš แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžš แŸ”

แžŸแžผแž˜แžŽแž›แž›แž„แž“แžผแžœแž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแžแžธแž›แž€แžถแžแžŸแžšแž›แžŸแžพแžšแŸ„แž„แž„แžšแž‡แžถแž›แž›แžšแŸ… แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แŸแŸ‡แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžš GIZ แž‡แžถ แž–แžทแž›แžŸแžŸแž‚แŸ’แž›แžšแŸ„แž„แžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แž“แžทแž„แžœแž˜แžทแž‡แžˆแž€แžถแžš (ARDP) แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž“แž‚แŸ†แžšแž‘แž‘แŸ†แž„ แžทแžšแž‰แŸ’แžŠแžœแžแž‘แžป แž“แžทแž„แž”แž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžšแž›แž‘แžŸแž›แž›แžพแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแžšแžถแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ”

แž‡แžถแž…แžปแŸ’แž”แž„แž”แž‰แŸ’แž… แž”แŸ‹ แž›แž™แžพแž„แžšแŸแžŸแžผแž˜แžŽแž›แž›แž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž‚ แž›แŸ‹แž“แžผแžœแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžแžทแžแžแŸ†แžšแž”แžนแž„แžŽแžšแž”แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžปแž˜แžšแž‚แŸ’แž”แŸ‹แžšแž‚แŸ’แž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแžšแžถแžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แžฏแžšแžงแžแžแž˜ แžŸแž„แžฝ แž›แžถแž„แž“แŸƒ แž›แž›แžถแžš แž‡แžนแž„ แžŽแŸแž„แž€แŸ’แžŸแž™แžผ แžšแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžŠ แž•แžถแŸƒ แž–แžทแžŸแžพแŸƒแž›แžšแžแžŽแŸ’ แŸ แž›แž›แžถแžš แžŽแž›แŸ„ แžš แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžš แž›แž›แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžธ Ruth Grueber แž“แžทแž„แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แžแžธแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž‘แŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹ แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž“แž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžšแž˜แžฝแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŽแŸ‚แžšแž‡แŸ†แžšแž‰แžปแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแžšแžถแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžฑแž™แž”แžถแž“ แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž›แž‡แžถแž‚แŸ’แž‡แŸแž™แŸ”

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iv |

แžขแžถแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž€แžแžถ ................................................................................................................................................................ i

แžŸแŸแž…แž€แž แžธแžแŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„แžขแŸ†แžŽแžšแž‚แžปแžŽ .......................................................................................................................................... iii

แŸก. ................................................................................................................................................ 1

แŸข. .................................................................................................................................. 2

แŸข.แŸก .................................................................................................................................. 2

แŸข.แŸข ............................................................................................................ 3

แŸข.แŸฃ ................................................................................................................... 4

แŸฃ.แŸก ................................................................................................................................ 6

แŸฃ.แŸข ................................................................................................................................... 10

แŸฃ.แŸฃ ............................................................................................................................................. 14

แŸฃ.แŸค .............................................................................................................................. 17

แŸค. .................................. 26

แŸข.แŸก ................................................................................................................................ 26

แŸค.แŸข แž” ........................................................................................................ 26

แŸค.แŸฃ ........................................................................................................................................ 27

แŸค.แŸค ...................................................................................................................................... 30

แŸฅ. แž‡แžŽแž€แŸ’แž˜แŸ’แžพแžŸ ................................................................................ 32

แŸฅ.แŸก .................................................................................................. 32

แŸฅ.แŸข แŸข .......................................................................... 41

แŸฅ.แŸฃ ..................................................................................................................... 44

....................................................................................................................................................... 47

แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแžขแž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžŸแž•แŸแž„แžŸแž‘แŸ€แžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ ....................... 49

แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ .................................. 62

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1 แŸก. แžŸแŸแž…แž€แžŠแžธแžŸแž•แžŠแžพแž˜ |

แŸก.

แž˜แŸŒ แž™แžป แž˜แŸŒ แŸ„แž‚ แžŠแŸ

แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฃ

แŸกแŸจแŸ แŸฉ แŸขแŸ  แž“แž’ แž˜แŸŒ แžšแŸ (

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2 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸข) แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฅ แž˜แŸŒ (CLJR) แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แŸก.แŸฆ.แŸก แžšแŸ„ แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ แž˜แŸŒ (ARDP) GTZ CLJR ARDP/GTZ แž˜แŸ–

แŸก. แŸข. แžšแŸ‹ แžŒแžŽแž“แŸ

แŸฃ. แŸค.

แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ แŸ–

แŸก. แŸข. แŸฃ. แŸค. แž›แžšแž˜แžพแžŸ

แŸข.

แŸข.แŸก " แžšแž ...

-

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3 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž˜แŸŒ แžšแŸ แžšแžŠแžŒ "1

แŸ– - - 2 - 3 - -

แŸข.แŸข - แžšแžŠแžŒ ( . , , )

1 แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžš แŸงแŸฉแŸก, Helen Fenwick and Gavin Phillipson, แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฃ, แžขแžแžแž”แž‘แž€แžšแžŽแžธแŸแžทแž€แžถ แž“แžทแž„แŸแž˜แŸ’แž—แž— แžšแŸˆแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆ แž“แžทแž„แŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž˜แž“แžปแŸแŸ,

แžŠแž€แžŸแŸ’แŸแž„แŸ‹แžŸแž…แž‰แž–แžธ GE Caiden (ed), แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸกแŸฉแŸจแŸฃ แžŸแŸแŸ€แžœแžŸแŸ…แžแŸ’แžŽแž“แŸ†แžถแžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ 2 แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžšแŸฃ แžŸแŸ„แž€ Marten Oosting, แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸ , แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž—แžถแž–แžŸแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แŸ„แŸ‡แžšแžแž„แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžฏแž€แžšแžถแž‡แž™แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž”แŸแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸ– แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แž‡แžถแŸแž€แž› แžฏแž€แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถ แž‰แžŸแŸ…แŸแž“แž“แžทแŸแžธแž‘แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแž›แžพแž€แž‘แžธ แŸง แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž”แŸแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท แžŸแŸ…แžขแžถแž แŸ’แžšแŸ’แžœแžทแž€แžแžถแž„แžแž”แžผแž„

3 แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžšแŸฃ แžŸแŸ„แž€ Marten Oosting, แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸ , แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž—แžถแž–แžŸแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แŸ„แŸ‡แžšแžแž„แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžฏแž€แžšแžถแž‡แž™แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž”แŸแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸ– แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แž‡แžถแŸแž€แž› แžฏแž€แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถ แž‰แžŸแŸ…แŸแž“แž“แžทแŸแžธแž‘แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแž›แžพแž€แž‘แžธ แŸง แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž”แŸแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท แžŸแŸ…แžขแžถแž แŸ’แžšแŸ’แžœแžทแž€แžแžถแž„

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4 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžšแŸ (Classic Ombudsman) แžš แžŠแŸ แžšแŸ แž–แžฝแžš โ€œ โ€ แžšแž˜แžทแž โ€œ โ€ 4 Ayeni

แŸข.แŸฃ แŸ„แž‚

4 แžŸแŸ„แž€ Marten Oosting, แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸ , แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž—แžถแž–แžŸแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แŸ„แŸ‡แžšแžแž„แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžฏแž€แžšแžถแž‡แž™แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž”แŸแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸ– แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แž‡แžถแŸแž€แž› แžฏแž€แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถ แž‰แžŸแŸ…แŸแž“แž“แžทแŸแžธแž‘แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแž›แžพแž€แž‘แžธ แŸง แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž”แŸแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท แžŸแŸ…แžขแžถแž แŸ’แžšแŸ’แžœแžทแž€แžแžถแž„แžแž”แžผแž„

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5 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸฃ

โ€œ โ€ (Ombudsman โ€œ โ€ แŸ„แž‚ แž›แŸแž™ แž‡แžถแŸ–

Defensor del Pueblo แžŸแžถแž„ แžŸแžถแž„ แž‘แžธแž“ แŸ†แžป

Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration ( แžšแŸ„

Mรฉdiateur de la Rรฉpublique ( แž›แŸ‹)

Public Protector ( Protecteur du Citoyen ( Volksanwaltschaft ( Public Complaints Commission

( Provedor de Justiรงa ( Difensore Civico ( Investigator-General ( Citizen's Aide ( Wafaqi Mohtasib ( Lok Ayukta (

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6 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

- แŸ–5

แžแŸ’แžแž แŸ– , แŸ–

แŸ–

แŸ– แž˜แž–

แŸ–

แŸ–

แŸฃ.แŸก

แŸขแŸฆ-แŸฃแŸก แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฉ ( ( แž‘แžธ แŸข

5 แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžš แŸฆ, John McMillan, แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ แžŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แž›แžแžพแž› แž˜แŸ’ แŸแŸ‡แžขแžœแžธ? แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแž”แžพแžšแž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹ แžšแž™ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแžผแž˜แž›แž˜แžพแž›

http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 แž›แž˜แžพแž›แž›แŸ…แž“แž›แŸƒ 30/5/09.

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7 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข6 แŸกแŸฉแŸฉแŸค7 8 9 แŸฃ.แŸก.แŸก

( 10 แŸ„แŸƒ แž…แŸ’แž”แž…

6 Chong-Min Park, Jung Hyun Bae แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ, แžšแžŠแžŒแž“แž“แžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŽแž”แž”แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž’แžทแž”แž›แžแž™แž™ แž›แŸ…แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แžแžถแž„แžแž•แžผแž„แŸ– แž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แž‘แž“แž–แžธแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แžŸแŸ’แžแž˜แž‰แŸ’แžŠ, แžŸแž“แž”แžทแžŸแžธแž‘แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแž’ แž”แžŸแž’แž„แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžขแžถแžŸแžธแžป แžŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŽแž”แž”แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž’แžทแž”แž›แžแž™แž™แž›แŸ…แžขแžถแžŸแžธแžป แž–แžธแž“แž›แŸƒแž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ  แž›แŸ… แŸขแŸก แž˜แžทแž›แžปแž“ แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ, แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžš แŸจ

7 Linda C Reif แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸค, แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แž›แžข แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท, แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžš แŸง, แž›แž”แžถแŸแŸ‡แž–แžปแž˜แž–แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™ Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

8 Chong-Min Park, Jung Hyun Bae แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ, แžšแžŠแžŒแž“แž“แžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŽแž”แž”แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž’แžทแž”แž›แžแž™แž™ แž›แŸ…แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แžแžถแž„แžแž•แžผแž„แŸ– แž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แž‘แž“แž–แžธแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แžŸแŸ’แžแž˜แž‰แŸ’แžŠ, แžŸแž“แž”แžทแžŸแžธแž‘แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแž’ แž”แžŸแž’แž„แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžขแžถแžŸแžธแžป แžŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŽแž”แž”แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž’แžทแž”แž›แžแž™แž™แž›แŸ…แžขแžถแžŸแžธแžป แž–แžธแž“แž›แŸƒแž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ  แž›แŸ… แŸขแŸก แž˜แžทแž›แžปแž“ แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ, แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžš แŸกแŸจ

9 แŸ„แžšแžแŸ’แž แŸฃแŸข แž“แž“แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแŸ„แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž›แž›แž แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข 10 แŸ„แžšแžแŸ’แž แŸข แž“แžทแž„แŸฃแŸฉ แž“แž“แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแŸ„แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž›แž›แž แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข

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8 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžš 11 แŸฃ.แŸก.แŸข

แŸฃ แŸฃ แŸจ แŸฃ 12แŸ” แž€แŸ แž˜แŸ’แžšแŸแž… แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… ACRC แž… แž… แŸค แŸ” แž… แž… แž… (Concensus) แž… แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… แŸฃ แŸ” แž… แŸข แŸข แŸ” แž… แŸค 13แŸ”

แž… แž… 14

แŸจ แŸกแŸ  แŸค แž… แž˜แŸ’ แŸแŸ‡

,

/ ... 15แŸ”

11

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸคแŸฃ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžŸแž›แž แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข 12 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸกแŸฃ แž“แžทแž„แŸกแŸฆ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™

แžŸแž›แž แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข 13 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸกแŸฃ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžŸแž›แž

แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข 14 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸกแŸฃ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžŸแž›แž

แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข

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9 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

ACRC แž… แŸฃแŸฃ

แž… แž… 16แŸ” แŸฃ.แŸก.แŸฃ

ACRC แž…แŸ–17

แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผ /

แž… แŸ”

แž… แž€แŸ แž€แŸ 18แŸ” แž… แž…

แŸ” ACRC 19แŸ” ACRC แž… แŸแž– แž… แž… แž… (... แŸแž– แž… )20แŸ”

ACRC แž… แŸฅ แŸฃแŸ  21 (แŸขแŸฅ.แŸฉแŸฃแŸ 

)แŸ”

15 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸกแŸง แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžŸแž›แž

แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข 16

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸกแŸฅ แž“แžทแž„แŸกแŸฆ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžŸแž›แž แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข

17 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸคแŸข แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžŸแž›แž แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข

18 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸคแŸข แž“แžทแž„ แŸจแŸ  แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžŸแž›แž แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข

19 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸคแŸค แžŸแŸ… แŸฅแŸข แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžŸแž›แž แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข

20 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸฅแŸฃ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžŸแž›แž แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข

21 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸฃแŸ  แž“แžทแž„แŸจแŸง แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžŸแž›แž แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข

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10 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸฃ.แŸก.แŸค

ACRC แž… - แŸแž– 22แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸก.แŸฅ

ACRC 23แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸก.แŸฆ ACRC 24

25แŸ”

แŸฃ แŸข (Australian Commonwealth Ombudsman-CO)

แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ แž… แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ ( แŸกแŸจแŸก)แŸ” แŸฃ 26แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸข.แŸก

(Commonwealth) แž€แŸ แž… แž… แž… แž… 27แŸ”

แŸ–28

แž…

แž… แž…

แž…

22 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸขแŸฆ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžŸแž›แž แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข 23

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸฃแŸฉ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžŸแž›แž แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข 24

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸคแŸ , แŸคแŸก, แŸคแŸฃ, แž“แžทแž„ แŸคแŸฉ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžŸแž›แž แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข

25 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸงแŸจ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžŸแž›แž แŸฉแŸคแŸ แŸข

26 แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸค แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก)

27 แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ  แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก)

28 แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸฅ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก)

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11 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž…

แž… แž…

แž… แž… แŸ”

แžแŸ’แžแžถ แž’แžท แžšแŸแžทแž แž… แž… 29แŸ” แž… แž… 30แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸข.แŸข

แŸง แŸ”

31แŸ” 32แŸ” แž… แžšแžถ 33แŸ”

แž… แž…

แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แŸ”

แžŠแŸ’แž‹ แž… แŸกแŸค แŸขแŸจ แŸกแŸข แž… แžšแžถ แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸข.แŸฃ แž…

แž…แŸ–34

แž… 29

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸฅ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 30

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸกA แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 31

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธแŸขแŸก,แŸขแŸข แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 32

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸค แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 33

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸจ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 34

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸฉ,แŸกแŸฃ แž“แžทแž„แŸกแŸค แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก)

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12 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แž…แž” แŸแŸ‡ แž… แž… แž… แžถแžถ แž… แŸ” แž€แŸ แž… แž… แž…แž” แŸแŸ‡

(Commonwealth) 35แŸ”

36แŸ” แž… 37แŸ”

แž… แŸกแŸ แŸ แŸ  (แŸฉแŸกแŸฅ ) แŸฃ 38แŸ”

39แŸ” แž… แŸ” แž… 40แŸ” แž… 41แŸ” แž€แŸ แž… แž… แŸแž– 42แŸ”

43แŸ”

แž… แŸ” 35

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸฉแž“แžทแž„แŸกแŸค แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 36

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸงA, แŸจ, แŸฉ แž“แžทแž„แŸฃแŸง แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 37

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸงA, แŸจ, แŸฉ แž“แžทแž„แŸฃแŸง แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 38

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธแŸฃแŸฆ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 39

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸจ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 40

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸข, แŸกแŸฅ แž“แžทแž„แŸกแŸฆ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 41

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸฆ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 42 แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸจ(แŸฅ) แž“แžทแž„ แŸฃแŸฅ A แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 43 แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸฉ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก)

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13 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

44แŸ” แž€แŸ

45 แž… แž… แž… แŸแŸŒ แŸ” แž… " แž… แž… " แž… แž… 46แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸข.แŸค แž˜แŸ’แŸ

แŸก 47แŸ”

แž… HansardแŸ” แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ-แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฉ

แž… แŸ–

แž… แž…

แž… แž”แŸ‹

แž… แŸแŸ

แž…

แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸข.แŸฅ

แžถแžถ 48แŸ” แž… แž… แž… 49แŸ”

แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸข.แŸฆ

50แŸ”

44

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸฃแŸฅ A แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 45

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸฃแŸฅ A แŸฃแŸฅB แž“แžทแž„แŸกแŸฉ X แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 46

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸฃแŸฃ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 47 แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸฉ, แŸกแŸฉ F แž“แžทแž„แŸกแŸฉ X แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 48

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸง A แž“แžทแž„แŸจ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 49

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸง A แž“แžทแž„แŸจ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 50

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸจ แž“แžทแž„แŸกแŸข แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก)

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14 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž–แŸ 51แŸ”

แžถแžถ 52แŸ”

แŸฃ แŸฃ แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸ  แž…

แŸกแŸฉแŸฉแŸฉ53แŸ” แž… แŸกแŸก แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง แž… แž˜แŸ’ แŸ€แž”แž…แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฉ (B.C แŸขแŸฅแŸฅแŸข)แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸฃ.แŸก

แž… แŸ”

แž…แŸ–54

, , แž… แž…

แžŸแŸ‹ แž… แŸแž˜

55

แŸแŸŒ

( แž… แž… แž…)แŸ” แŸแŸŒ แŸ” แž… แŸ”

แŸแŸŒ56แŸ”

แž…

แž… แŸ”

51

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸฃแŸฅ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 52

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸฃแŸฅ A แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ (แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸจแŸก) 53

แž€แžถแžšแž™แžทแžถแž›แŸแž™แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแž˜แŸ’แž แŸแžผแž˜แžŸแž˜แžพแž› http://www.ombudsman.go.th/2008/Eng/Eng3_1.html แž…แžผแž›แžŸแž˜แžพแž›แžŸแŸ…แž˜แŸ’แžแŸƒ 29/9/09 54

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸขแŸคแŸค แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแžŠแž‹แž’แž˜แž˜แž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแž˜แŸ’แž แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง แž“แžทแž„แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€ แŸกแŸฃ แž“แžทแž„แŸกแŸค แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009)

55

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸฃ แž“แžทแž„แŸกแŸค แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009) 56

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸขแŸคแŸค, แŸขแŸงแŸฉ,แŸขแŸจแŸ  แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแžŠแž‹แž’แž˜แž˜แž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแž˜แŸ’แž แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง แž“แžทแž„แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€ แŸฃแŸฆ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552

(2009)

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15 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แŸแŸŒ 57แŸ” แž… แŸฃ 58แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸฃ.แŸข

แž… แŸฃ แŸฆ 59แŸ”

แž…

60แŸ” แž… แž… (Good faith)

61แŸ” แž˜แŸ’แžšแŸแžพ แžŠแŸแŸ’ แž… แŸ” แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง แŸก.แŸฉแŸ แŸง แž… แŸกแŸค.แŸงแŸฆแŸข62แŸ”

แž… แŸข แŸก แŸข

แŸข แŸ” แž… แž€แž แŸ” แž…

แžšแž แž… 63แŸ” แž…

แŸฃ

แžŠแžŠแŸ’แž›แž€แžŸ แŸ แžถแžทแŸ แž… แž… แž…

64แŸ”

แž… 65แŸ”

แž… แž˜แŸ’แžšแŸแžพ

57

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸขแŸคแŸค แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแžŠแž‹แž’แž˜แž˜แž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแž˜แŸ’แž แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง แž“แžทแž„แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€ แŸขแŸจ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009) 58

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸฃแŸค แžŸแŸ… แŸฃแŸฉ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009) 59แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸขแŸคแŸข แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแžŠแž‹แž’แž˜แž˜แž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแž˜แŸ’แž แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง 60

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธแŸกแŸข แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009) 61 แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸจ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009) 62

แŸแžปแž…แžšแžแžทแž‡แžถแŸแž€แž› แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง, แž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แŸแžผแž…แž“แžถแž€แžšแŸแžปแž…แžšแžแžทแž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแž˜แŸ’แžแžถแž˜ Scorecard 63 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸขแŸคแŸข แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแžŠแž‹แž’แž˜แž˜แž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแž˜แŸ’แž แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง 64

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸขแŸ แŸง แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแžŠแž‹แž’แž˜แž˜แž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแž˜แŸ’แž แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง แž“แžทแž„แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€ แŸจ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009) 65 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸขแŸ แŸง แž“แžทแž„แŸขแŸคแŸฃ แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแžŠแž‹แž’แž˜แž˜แž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแž˜แŸ’แž แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง

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16 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… 66แŸ” แžšแŸแžทแž แŸคแŸฅ แŸ”

แž…

แž… แŸงแŸ  67แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸฃ.แŸฃ แž…

แž…

" "68แŸ” แž…แŸ–

แž… แŸ”

แž… 69แŸ” แž€แŸ

แž… แŸฆ แŸขแŸ .แŸ แŸ แŸ  (แŸฅแŸฉแŸจ )70แŸ” แž… แž… 71แŸ”

แŸ”

แŸ” แž… 72แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸฃ.แŸค แž˜แŸ’แŸ

แŸ–

66 แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸจ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009) 67

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸฉ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009) 68

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸฅ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009) 69

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸฆ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009) 70

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸคแŸฅ แž“แžทแž„แŸคแŸฆ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009) 71 แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸฉ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009) 72

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸขแŸคแŸค แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแžŠแž‹แž’แž˜แž˜แž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแž˜แŸ’แž แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง แž“แžทแž„ แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸฃแŸข แž“แžทแž„แŸฃแŸฃ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552

(2009)

Page 93: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

17 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

( แžถแžถ )

แž…

แŸแŸŒ

แŸ”

แž… แž… แž€แŸ 73แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸฃ.แŸฅ

แŸ” 74แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸฃ.แŸฆ

75แŸ” แžถแžถ แŸ” แž… แŸฆ แŸกแŸ .แŸ แŸ แŸ  (แŸขแŸฉแŸฉ )76แŸ”

แŸฃ แŸค แŸคแŸค/แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸ  (INO)

แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸ แŸ” แž… แŸฃแŸง/แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ

แž… แŸ” / แŸ” แž… 77แŸ” แž… แŸ” Yogyakata

73

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸคแŸฃ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009); แŸแžปแž…แžšแžแžทแž‡แžถแŸแž€แž› แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง, แž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แŸแžผแž…แž“แžถแž€แžšแŸแžปแž…แžšแžแžทแž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแž˜แŸ’แžแžถแž˜ Scorecard 74

แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸฃ แž“แžทแž„แŸขแŸฆ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009) 75 แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸฃแŸก แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009) 76 แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸก แž“แžทแž„ แŸคแŸฅ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแž›แž B.E. 2552 (2009) 77

Aspinall, Edward and Fealy, Greg แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฃ, แžŸแŸแž…แž€แžแžธแžŸแž•แžแžพแž˜แŸˆ แžœแž˜แžทแž‡แžˆแž€แžถแžš แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž’แžทแž”แžŸแžแž™แž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž€แžพแžแžŸ แžพแž„แžแžถแž“ แž€แŸ‹แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž“, แž€แž“แžปแž„

Aspinall, Ed แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถแŸก/แŸฃ, แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจแŸ” แžŸแŸ„แž€ ward and

Fealy, Greg (eds) แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฃ, แž“แžŸแž™แžถแž”แžถแž™ แž“แžทแž„แžขแŸ†แžŽแžถแž…แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž“แžŸแŸ…แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžแŸ’แž“แŸแžธแžปแŸˆ แžœแž˜แžทแž‡แžˆแž€แžถแžš แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž’แžทแž”แžŸแžแž™แž™, แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž€แž›แžœแž‘แžทแžถแž›แŸแž™แž‡แžถแžแžทแžขแžผแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž›แžธ, แžœแž‘แžทแžถแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž“แŸแžทแž€แžถแžขแžถแŸแžธแžปแžขแžŸแž‚แž“แž™แŸ แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแŸแžทแž„แžถแž”แžปแžš แžธ

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18 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

78แŸ” แž… แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸค.แŸก

79แŸ” แž… 80แŸ”

โ€œ แž… โ€ แž… แž… แž… แžฎ แž… แž… / 81แŸ” แžšแŸแžท แž… แž… แž… แž… แž… 82แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸค.แŸข

แž… แž… 83แŸ”

84แŸ”

แž… แŸง แž… แŸ” แž… 85แŸ”

แŸ” 78

Melissa Crouch, แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง, แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž“แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹โ€˜Yogyakarta, แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž›แžพแž€แž€แž˜แž–แŸแŸ‹แžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž€แžทแž…แž…แž›แžขแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ†แžšแž‘แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถ แž“, แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแžœแžŠแžŠแžธแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžšแž”แŸ€แž”แžŸแž’แŸ€แž”แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแžถแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸข แžŸแž”แžถแŸ„แŸ‡แž–แžปแž˜แž—แž•แžถแž™แžŸแž›แž แŸก แžขแžแžแž”แž‘แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸก แžŸแž”แžถแŸ„แŸ‡แž–แžปแž˜แž—แžŸแžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™ Berkely Electronic Press.

79 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถแŸฆ, แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ

80 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถแŸง, แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ 81

แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ 82

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸฉ แž“แžทแž„ แŸคแŸ  แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ 83

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸข แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ 84

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸข แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ 85

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸกแŸฃ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ

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19 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸ” แž… 86แŸ” แž… แŸกแŸฅ แŸคแŸ -แŸฆแŸ  แŸ” แž… แž… แž˜แŸ’แžšแŸแžพ 87แŸ” แž… แž… แž… แž… 88แŸ”

แž… แž… 89แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸค.แŸฃ แž…

แž… แž… 90แŸ” แž… แŸข / แž… แŸก.แŸ แŸ แŸ .แŸ แŸ แŸ .แŸ แŸ แŸ 

(แŸกแŸ แŸจ แŸ แŸ แŸ  ) 91

แŸ–

แž…แŸแž›

แŸ”

แž… แž…แŸ–

แž…

แž…

แž… แŸ”

86 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸกแŸฅ แž“แžทแž„ แŸกแŸฆ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ 87

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸขแŸ  แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ 88

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸฃแŸง แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ 89

Melissa Crouch, แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง, แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž“แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹โ€˜Yogyakarta, แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž›แžพแž€แž€แž˜แž–แŸแŸ‹แžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž€แžทแž…แž…แž›แžขแžถแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ†แžšแž‘แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถ แž“, แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแžœแžŠแžŠแžธแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžšแž”แŸ€แž”แžŸแž’แŸ€แž”แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแžถแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸข แžŸแž”แžถแŸ„แŸ‡แž–แžปแž˜แž—แž•แžถแž™แžŸแž›แž แŸก แžขแžแžแž”แž‘แžŸแž›แž แŸกแŸก แžŸแž”แžถแŸ„แŸ‡แž–แžปแž˜แž—แžŸแžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™ Berkely Electronic Press. 90

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸจ, แŸฃแŸก, แŸฃแŸค แž“แžทแž„ แŸฃแŸจ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ 91

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸฃแŸฉ แž“แžทแž„ แŸคแŸค แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ

Page 96: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

20 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸฃ.แŸค.แŸค แž˜แŸ’แŸ

แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผ แŸ”

แž… 92แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸค.แŸฅ แž…

Jakata Yogyakarta 93แŸ” แžถแžถ แŸ”

แŸฃ.แŸค.แŸฆ

แž…

แžถแžถ 94แŸ”

92 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸคแŸข แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ 93 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸฃแŸ  แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ 94

แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸฃ แž“แžทแž„ แŸขแŸฉ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแŸˆแžšแžŠแž‹แžฅแžŽแžŒแžผ แžŸแžŽแŸแžธแžป แžŸแž›แž แŸฃแŸง แž…แžปแŸ„แŸ‡แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ

Page 97: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

21 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

- แž… แž… แž… แž… แž… แžถแžถ -

- แž…

แŸแŸŒ

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แž… แž… แž… แž… แž…

แŸ”

แžขแžถ แŸฃ แŸ”

แžšแžถ แžขแžถ แŸง แŸ”

- แž€แžถ - แŸ”

แŸ”

Page 98: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

22 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžšแžถ แŸฆ แŸ”

แŸ”

( )

แž…

-

-แž„แžถ แž… - แž‡ แž… แŸ” แž… แž… แž…แž…

แŸฃ แž… -

แž… แŸกแŸฅ แŸคแŸ -แŸฆแŸ  แŸแŸŒ แŸ” แŸ” แž… แž˜แŸ’แžšแŸแžพ

แŸ”

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Page 99: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

23 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

( )

แŸฃแŸฃ แž… แŸˆ แž… แžแŸ‹

แž–แž™ แŸงแŸ 

แž… แž…

( )

แž… แž… แž… แž…

แž… แž…

แž…

แž… แž… แž–แŸ

แž… แž… แž…แž˜แŸ’แŸแž›แžพ แž… - แž… แŸแžน - แž…

แž…

- แŸ”

แž…

แž… แž…แŸแž› แž… แž…

แž… แžŠแžธแŸ’

Page 100: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

24 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž…( )

แž… แž… - แž…

แž… แŸก.แŸ แŸ แŸ  ($915 USD)

แž… แŸฆ แŸกแŸ .แŸ แŸ แŸ  ($299 USD)

แž…

แž… แŸก แŸขแŸ .แŸ แŸ แŸ 

($598 USD)แŸ”

แž… แŸ” แž… แŸข แŸก.แŸ แŸ แŸ .แŸ แŸ แŸ 

.แŸ แŸ แŸ  ($108,000 USD)แŸ”

แž…( )

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( แžšแŸแžท )

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แŸ”

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แŸ”

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แž… แž…

แŸ”

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- แŸ” แŸ”

Page 101: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

25 แŸข. แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸ”

แŸ” แŸ”

แž… แžŸแžถแžถ แŸ” แŸ”

แŸ”

แŸ” แž…

แžถแžถ แžŸแžแžท

แŸ”

แŸ” แžถแžถ

โ€ แž… โ€

แŸ”

แžถแžถ แŸ”

แžถแžถ แŸ”

Page 102: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

26 แŸค. แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž™แžทแžถแž›แŸแž™แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžแŸ’แžŠแž›แž˜แŸ’แž—แž“แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸค

แŸข แŸก

แž… แŸ” แŸ”

แž… แŸ” แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจแŸ” แŸก แŸก แŸ”

แŸค แŸข แž” แž… แŸกแŸข แž…

แž… แŸฉ แž… แŸก แž… แŸขแŸ”

- - - - ( แž‘แŸ’แž’แžท ...) - CCJAPIII

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Page 103: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

27 แŸค. แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž™แžทแžถแž›แŸแž™แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžแŸ’แžŠแž›แž˜แŸ’แž—แž“แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

-

แŸค แŸฃ แž…

แŸ” แŸข แŸค แŸ”

แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… แŸ” แž… แž… ADHOC OHCHR แž…

แžšแŸแžท แŸ” แž… แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แž… แŸ”

แž€แŸ

แž… แžšแŸแžท แŸ” แžŠแŸแŸ’ แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แž… แŸ–

แŸ”

- แŸ”

แž… แž… แž€แŸ แž… แžšแŸแžท แŸ”

แž… แž…

แŸ”

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แŸ” แžŸแŸ’แž›แž› แŸ” แž…

แŸ” แž…

Page 104: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

28 แŸค. แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž™แžทแžถแž›แŸแž™แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžแŸ’แžŠแž›แž˜แŸ’แž—แž“แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แž… แžšแŸแžท แŸ” แž… แŸ”

แž…

แŸ” แž… แŸ”

แž… แŸ” แž… แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แŸ” แž… แŸ”

แž… แŸ” แž… แŸ” แž… แŸˆ แžšแŸแžท แž… แŸ”

แž… แŸ” แŸฃ แŸ– แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แž… แž€แŸ

แž€แŸ แŸ” แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แŸ” แŸ”

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แž… (hotline) ( )

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Page 105: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

29 แŸค. แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž™แžทแžถแž›แŸแž™แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžแŸ’แžŠแž›แž˜แŸ’แž—แž“แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แž… แž…

แž‰ แŸ†แŸ” แž€แŸ แž…

แž… แŸ” แŸ”

แž… แž… แž… แž… แŸ” แž€แŸ แž… แŸ” แŸ–

. แž… แž‘แžทแŸ’ แž… แž… แž€แŸ แž€แŸ แž… แžšแŸแžท แŸ” แž… แŸฅ 95แŸ”

. แž…แž… แŸ” แŸ”

. แž… แŸ”

. แž… แŸ” แž… แŸ” แž… แž… โ€œ โ€

โ€œ โ€ โ€œ โ€ แž… แŸ”

แŸ” แž… แŸ” 95

แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžœแžšแž‡แžถแžœแžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸ’แŸแžธแž’แžธแžŸแŸ’แŸแž แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แž„ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸแŸ€แž˜แžšแžถแž”แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง

Page 106: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

30 แŸค. แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž™แžทแžถแž›แŸแž™แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžแŸ’แžŠแž›แž˜แŸ’แž—แž“แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แž… แž… แž… 96แŸ”

แŸ–

- แž…

แžšแž

แž˜แŸ’แžšแŸ…

แž… แž… แŸ”

แŸค แŸค

แž… แž”แŸ‹ แŸ” แž… แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… แž€แŸ แŸ” แŸแŸแŸ‡ แŸ”

แž… - แŸ” แž… แŸ” แŸ”

แž… แž… ยซ ยป ยซ ยป แž… แž… แŸ” แŸ”

96

แž€แžถแžšแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแžแž‚แžŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž„แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž€แž›แž”แž„แž€แžถแžšแž™แžทแžถแž›แŸแž™แžšแž…แž€แžŸแž…แž‰แž…แžผแž›แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžฝแž™แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แŸแž€แžปแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แž„ แžŸแžแžแžแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แž„ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ’แŸแž€แžปแžŸแŸแŸ€แž˜แžšแžถแž” แžŸแžแžแžแžŸแŸแŸ€แž˜แžšแžถแž” แžฉแŸแž—แžถ แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง

Page 107: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

31 แŸค. แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž™แžทแžถแž›แŸแž™แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžแŸ’แžŠแž›แž˜แŸ’แž—แž“แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แŸ” แŸ”

แž… แŸ”

แž… แž€แŸ แž… แŸ”

แŸ” แž… แŸก แŸก แŸแž– แŸ” แž…

แŸ”

แž… แž… (hotline) แŸ” แž… แŸ”

Page 108: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

32 แŸฅ. แž‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแŸแžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ—แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸฅ แž‡แžŽแž€แŸ’แž˜แŸ’แžพแžŸ

แŸฅ แŸก แž… แž… แŸ” แŸ–97

แŸ– แž… แž… แž… แž…

แŸ–

แŸ”

แž…แŸ– แž…แž… แž… แž…

แŸ– แŸแž– แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แž…

แŸ– - แŸ” แž…

แŸ– แŸ” แž… แŸ” แŸ”

แŸฅ.แŸก.แŸก แž… แž„ แž… แŸ”

97 แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžš แŸฆ, John McMillan, แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ แŸแžแž–แžธ แžŸแžแžพแžŸ แž˜แŸ’ แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแžœแžธ? แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžšแž”แžพแžšแž”แžถแŸแŸ‹แž–แžถแž€แž™ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸแžผแž˜แžŸแž˜แžพแž›

http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 แžŸแž˜แžพแž›แžŸแŸ…แž˜แŸ’แžแŸƒ 30/5/09.

Page 109: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

33 แŸฅ. แž‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแŸแžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ—แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แž…

แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แž… แž… แž… แž… / แž€แž€แŸ แŸ” แž… แŸ” แž… แž… แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แž… แž… แŸข แŸ”

แž… แž…

โ€œ โ€ แŸ–

แž… แž… แž… แž… แž… แž… 98แŸ”

แž… แž… แž… แŸ” แŸ–

98 แž™แž€แžŸแž…แž‰แž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžœ แŸ‰แŸแž› แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแžขแžผแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž›แžธ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ แž€แž“แžปแž„แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€ แŸกแŸ  แž“แžทแž„แŸกแŸฅ

Page 110: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

34 แŸฅ. แž‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแŸแžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ—แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แŸกแŸคแŸฆ / .

แž… แž… แž€แžถแž แžšแž”แžถแž‰แŸ‹

/ แž… แž… ( แŸขแŸ )

แž… แž… แž… แž… - แž… ( แŸค)แŸ” แž… แž… แž… ( แŸฃ) แž› แž ( แŸฅ)แŸ” แž… แž… แŸ–

- แž… แž… แž… แž… แŸ”

- แž… แž… แŸค แž… แž… แž… แŸ”

- แž… แž… แž… แŸฅ แž›แŸ แžแŸ แž… แž… แž… แž›แŸ แžแŸ แŸ”

แž… แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แž… แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แž…

Page 111: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

35 แŸฅ. แž‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแŸแžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ—แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แž… แŸ” แŸ”

แž… แŸ” แž… แž… - แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… แŸ” แž… 99

แž… 100แŸ” แž… แž… แž… แž… แž‰แŸ’แž‰ แž… แŸ”

แž… แž…

แž… แž… แž… แž… แž… 101 แŸ” แž‡แžถแžŠแž“แž“ แž… 102แŸ” แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แŸ”

103แŸ” แž… แŸ”

99

แŸฃแŸก, แžแž˜แŸ’แž—แž› แž—แžถแž–แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฆ แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แŸแžปแž…แžšแžแžนแž—แžถแž–แž‡แžถแžแžทแŸˆ แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžแž˜แŸ’แž—แž› แž—แžถแž–แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฆ

100 แž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸขแŸ แŸ  แž˜แŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžš แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถ แž‰แžแžถ ยซ แž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แŸ’แž—แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท แžšแžแžผแžœแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž˜แžปแžแž„แŸ’แž แžš แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแŸแžšแžแžผแžœแžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžšแž€แŸแžฝแž„/แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž”แŸแž“ แž“แžถแž™แž€แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž“ แžขแž„แž‚แž—แžถแž– แž“แžทแž„แžขแžถแž‡แžถแžถ แž’แžšแžšแž‚แž”แŸ‹แž€แŸ†แžšแžแžทแžŸแžŠแžพแž˜แž”แžธแž€แŸ†แžŽแžแŸ‹แž˜แžปแžแž„แŸ’แž แžš แž€แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž•แž‘แžšแžŸแŸ…แžแžถแž“ แž€แŸ‹แžŸแžšแž€แžถแž˜แž‡แžถแžแžทยป

101 แž€แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž แž“แžธแžแžทแžšแž”แžแžทแž”แžแžแž‡แžถแžขแž“แž€แžšแž‚แž”แžŠแžŽแž แž”แŸ‹แž‚แžฝแžšแž€แž€แžแŸ‹แŸแž˜แŸ’แž—แž‚ แž›แŸ‹แžŸแž›แžพแž“แžธแžแžทแž” แž‰แŸ’ แžแžท แž“แžทแž„แžขแŸ†แžŽแžถแž…แžแžปแŸ„แž€แžถแžš แŸแžผแž˜แžŸแž˜แžพแž› แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸแž–แžธแž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แŸแžปแž…แžšแžแžนแž‡แžถแŸแž€แž› แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฉ แŸแžผแž˜แžŸแž˜แžพแž› http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34

แžŸแž˜แžพแž›แžŸแŸ…แž˜แŸ’แžแŸƒแž‘แžธ แŸฃแŸ แžฉแŸแž—แžถ แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฉ 102 แž˜แŸ’แž—แž“แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžแŸ’แž‡แž€แž–แžทแž—แžถแž€แžถแž‚แž“ แžแžถแžŸแžแžพแž—แžถแž“ แž€แŸ‹แž„แŸ’แž แžšแžŸแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แŸ„แŸ‡แžšแžแž„แŸ‹แž˜แŸ’แž—แž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แžธแž…แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแž“ แžธแž„แŸ— แžแŸ’แžŠแž›แž€แžถแž› แž™แž‡แžถแž˜แŸ’แžŠแž‘แžธแž”แžฝแž“แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžแŸ’แžŠแžšแžŸแž‘แŸ” แŸแžผแž˜แžŸแž˜แžพแž›

John McMillan แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง, แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸแžšแž”แž…แŸ†แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ†แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžแŸ†แž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžœ แŸ‰แŸแž› แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฆ แž“แžทแž„ แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸงแŸ” ยซ แŸฃแŸ  แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ†... แž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž›แž› แŸแŸ‹แž”แžแžผแžš แŸฃแŸ  แžŠแž„ยป แŸแžผแž˜แžŸแž˜แžพแž› http://www.ombudsman.gov.au/publications_information/annual_reports/ar2006-07/chapter_8/chapter_8a.html

แžŸแž˜แžพแž›แžŸแŸ…แž˜แŸ’แžแŸƒแž‘แžธ 26/5/09. 103

แž™แž€แžŸแž…แž‰แž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ†แž˜แžทแž“แžแŸ’แžœ แŸ‰แŸแž› แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแžขแžผแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž›แžธ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ

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36 แŸฅ. แž‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแŸแžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ—แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แž… แž… แŸ”

แŸฅ.แŸก.แŸข แž…

แŸ” แž… แž…

แž… 104แŸ” แŸ” แž… 105แŸ”

แŸ” แž€แžท แŸ”

Hill แž… แž… 106

o

o

o แž… แŸแž’ o

o แŸ”

แŸ”

แž… แž… แŸ”

104 แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžš แŸฆ, John McMillan, แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ แŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แžŸแžแžพแžŸ แž˜แŸ’ แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแžœแžธ? แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžšแž”แžพแžšแž”แžถแŸแŸ‹แž–แžถแž€แž™ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸแžผแž˜แžŸแž˜แžพแž›

http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 แžŸแž˜แžพแž›แžŸแŸ…แž˜แŸ’แžแŸƒ 30/5/09. 105 แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸก แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžขแžผแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž›แžธ แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ 106

แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžš แŸฉ, Bokhari SA แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸค แžŸแŸแž…แž€แžแžธแžšแž–แžถแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžœแžšแž‡แžถแžœ แž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸˆ แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžŽแž“แŸ†แžถแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„ แŸแžผแž˜แžŸแž˜แžพแž›http://www.policy.hu/bokhari/Ombudsman_An%20Introduction.doc. แžŸแž˜แžพแž›แžŸแŸ…แž˜แŸ’แžแŸƒแž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ /แŸฅ/แŸ แŸฉ แžŠแž€แžŸแŸ’แŸแž„แŸ‹แžŸแž…แž‰แž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžขแžถแžŸแž˜แžšแž€แžท แž“แžทแž„แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ โ€˜Wannabeโ€™ แžŸแžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™ Larry B. Hill, แž”แžถแž“แž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž™แž€แž“แžปแž„แž€แžทแž…แž…แžšแž”แž‡แŸ†แžป แž‚แžŽแŸˆแžŸแž˜แž’แžถแžœแžขแžธแžถแžŸแž˜แžšแž€แžท แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแžแž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ— แž“แžทแž„แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแžŠแž‹แž”แžถแž› แž“แžถแžšแžŠแžผแžœแžšแž„แŸ’แž แžšแž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸกแŸฉแŸฉแŸง แžŸแŸ…แŸแžŽแžถแž‹ แž‚แžš แžœแžถแŸ‰แŸแŸแžทแž“แžแžปแž“, Washington D.C.

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37 แŸฅ. แž‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแŸแžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ—แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แŸ”

แž… - แž… แŸ” แž… แž… - 107แŸ”

แŸ” แŸ” แž… ( แŸค)แŸ”

แžŸแŸ’แž›แž˜ แž… แž… แž… แŸ” แŸ” แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แž… แŸ–108

แŸ”

แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แž…

แŸกแŸค แŸ”

แŸฅ.แŸก.แŸฃ แž… แž…แž… แŸ” แž… แž… แž… แŸ”

107 Pak Kimchoeun et al แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง, แžŸแž”แžแžทแž€แž—แŸแžŽแžŒ แž“แžทแž™แž˜ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž”แžแžทแž€แž—แŸแžŽแžŒ แž“แžทแž™แž˜แŸแž˜แŸแž™แžแž˜แžธ แžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแŸˆ แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžขแžแžแž”แž‘แŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แŸ—,แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžš แŸฅแŸจ 108 แŸแžผแž˜แžŸแž˜แžพแž› แžฉแž‘แžถแŸ’แžšแžŽแŸแž˜แŸ’แž—แžšแžถ แŸกแŸฆ แžแŸ’แž“แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แžŸแž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แžŽแŸˆแž€แž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž‘แž‘แž’แžทแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แžŸแž–แžพแž–แžปแž€แžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸแžแžถแž„แžแž”แžผแž„ แžฌ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแž‘แŸแžขแžผแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž›แžธ แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸฆ

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38 แŸฅ. แž‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแŸแžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ—แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แŸ” แž… แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แŸ–

แž… แŸกแŸคแŸฆ / .

แž… แŸ”

แž… แŸ–

แž… แž…

แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… แŸ” แž…

แž… แžŠแžธแŸ’ แŸ” แž€แŸ แž… 109แŸ”

Rief แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž„แŸ แž… แž… แž… 110แŸ” แž€แŸ แž… แž… แž… แž…แŸ”

แž… แž… แŸ” Oosting 111แŸ” แŸแŸŒ

109

แŸแžผแž˜แžŸแž˜แžพแž› Global Integrity แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฉ, แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸแž–แžธแž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แžขแžถแž…แžแŸ’แŸแžœแž„แžšแž€แž”แžถแž“แžถแž˜ http://report.globalintegrity.org/ Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34 แžŸแŸ…แž˜แŸ’แžแŸƒแž‘แžธแŸฃแŸ  แžแŸ’แžแžงแŸแž—แžถ แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฉแŸ” แŸแžผแž˜แžŸแž˜แžพแž›แž•แž„แžแŸ’แžŠแžš แž˜แž‡แžˆแž˜แžŽแžŒแžป แž›แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแž‡แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแž–แŸแŸ‹ แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฆ แžŸแŸ…แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžš แŸฅ แž™แžปแžแžแžทแž’แž˜แŸŒแŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แžšแž€แžธแžšแž€แŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžแŸ’แž”แž”แž–แž“แž™แž›แŸ‹แž–แžธแžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž€แžทแž…แž…แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž“ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแžšแž˜แžฝแžŸแž›แžพแž” แžถแŸ’ แžŠแžธแž’แž›แžธ แžŸแžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž’แž“แžถแž‚แžšแž–แžทแž—แž–แžŸแŸ„แž€

110 Linda C Reif แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸค, แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž€แžทแž…แž…แž›แžข แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž”แŸแž“แŸแžทแž‘แž’แžทแž˜แž“แžปแŸแŸ แžขแž“แž€แžŸแž”แžถแŸ„แŸ‡แž–แžปแž˜แž– Martinus Nijhoff แžขแžถแž…แžแŸ’แŸแžœแž„แžšแž€แž”แžถแž“ แžถแž˜http://books.google.com/books?id=2NUPYybt90EC&dq=coercive+powers+and+the+Ombudsman&source=gbs_summary_s&cad

=0 on 30/5/09, p19. 111 แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžšแŸกแŸก แžŸแŸ„แž€ Marten Oosting, แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸ  แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž—แžถแž–แžŸแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แŸ„แŸ‡แžšแžแž„แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžฏแž€แžšแžถแž‡แž™แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž”แŸแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸ– แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž‘แžถแž“แž‡แžถแŸแž€แž›

แžฏแž€แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถ แž‰แžŸแŸ…แŸแž“แž“แžทแŸแžธแž‘แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแž›แžพแž€แž‘แžธ แŸง แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž”แŸแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท แžŸแŸ…แžขแžถแž แŸ’แžšแŸ’แžœแžทแž€แžแžถแž„แžแž”แžผแž„

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39 แŸฅ. แž‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแŸแžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ—แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แž… แŸ”

แŸฅ.แŸก.แŸค แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แŸ”

แŸ” แž… แŸ”

แž… แŸ” แž€แŸ

แž… แž… 112แŸ” แž… แž… แž… แž˜แŸ’แžšแŸแžพ แŸ”

( ) แžšแŸแžทแž แŸ” Kimchouen et al โ€œ โ€ แž… แž… แž… 113แŸ” แž… แŸ” แž… แž… แž… แž… แž… แž… แŸ”

112

แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžš แŸกแŸฅ Marten Oosting แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸ  แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแžšแž—แžถแž–แžŸแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แŸ„แŸ‡แžšแžแž„แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžฏแž€แžšแžถแž‡แž™แž—แžถแž–แžšแž”แŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž”แŸแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸ– แž‘แŸแŸแž“แžถแž‘แžถแž“แž‡แžถแŸแž€แž› แžฏแž€แžŸแŸ’แž˜แžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถ แž‰แžŸแŸ…แŸแž“แž“แžทแŸแžธแž‘แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแž›แžพแž€แž‘แžธ แŸง แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž”แŸแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท แžŸแŸ…แžขแžถแž แŸ’แžšแŸ’แžœแžทแž€แžแžถแž„แžแž”แžผแž„

113 Pak Kimchoeun et al แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง, แžŸแž”แžแžทแž€แž—แŸแžŽแžŒ แž“แžทแž™แž˜ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž”แžแžทแž€แž—แŸแžŽแžŒ แž“แžทแž™แž˜แŸแž˜แŸแž™แžแž˜แžธ แžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžขแžแžแž”แž‘แŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แŸ— แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžš แŸฅแŸฉ

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40 แŸฅ. แž‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแŸแžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ—แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แž… แž… แž… 114แŸ”

แž… แŸ” แž…

115แŸ”

แž… แž… 116แŸ”

แŸฅ.แŸก.แŸฅ แŸ” แž…แž… แŸ” แž… แŸ”

ยซ - ยปแŸ” แŸ” แž›แŸ

ยซ ยป ยซ ยปแŸ” แŸ”

แŸฅ.แŸก.แŸฆ

แž… แž… แž… แž…แž… แž… แŸแŸŒแŸ”

114

แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžš แŸฃแŸข แž™แžปแžแžแžทแž’แž˜แŸŒแŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แžขแž“แž€แžšแž€แŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžแŸ’แž”แž”แž–แž“แž™แž›แŸ‹ แž–แžธแžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž€แžทแž…แž…แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž“ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแžšแž˜แžฝแžŸแž›แžพแž” แžถแŸ’ แžŠแžธแž’แž›แžธ แžŸแžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž’แž“แžถแž‚แžšแž–แžทแž—แž–แžŸแŸ„แž€

115 แžŸแŸ„แž€ Conway and Hughes แž”แžถแž“แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แžŸแžƒแžพแž‰แžแžถ แžšแž€แŸแžฝแž„แž‡แžถแžŸแžšแž…แžพแž“แžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแž˜แŸ’แž—แž“แž†แž“แž‘แŸˆ แžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถแž“แžธแžšแž“แžแžšแž—แžถแž–แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž แž”แŸแž“ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž€แžพแž“แžŸ แžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแž’แž“แž’แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžŠแž›แž˜แŸ’แž—แž“โ€ฆโ€แŸ” แž‘แŸ†แž–แŸแžš แŸคแŸง แžŸแŸ„แž€ Caroline Hughes and Tim Conway แž†แŸ’แž“ แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฃ แž€แžถแžšแž™แž›แŸ‹แžŠแžนแž„ แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž›แž› แŸแŸ‹แž”แžแžผแžšแžšแž€แžธแžšแž€แŸ– แžŠแŸ†แžŸแžŽแžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแžŸแž‚แž›แž“แžŸแž™แžถแž”แžถแž™แžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แžŸแŸแž…แž€แžแžธแžšแž–แžถแž„แžŸแŸ„แž€แž‘แžธแž–แžธแžš แžแŸ’แžแŸแžธแž แžถ แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฃ

116 แžแŸ’แž•แž“แž€แž‘แžธ แŸฆแŸข แž“แžทแž„แŸฆแŸฃ แž˜แŸ’แž“แž”แž‘แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แžแžแžทแž‘แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž“แžธแžแžทแžœแž’แžธแžทแžแžปแŸ„แž€แžถแžš แž“แžทแž„แžšแž–แŸ’แž˜แž‘แžŽแžŒ แžแŸ’แžŠแž›แžขแž“แžปแžœแžแžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแž€แž“แžปแž„แž€แŸ† แžปแž„แžขแž“แžแžšแž€แžถแž›

แŸกแŸฉแŸฉแŸข แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹ UNTAC

Page 117: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

41 แŸฅ. แž‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแŸแžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ—แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แž… แŸ” แŸ”

แŸฅ แŸข แŸข แŸฅ.แŸข.แŸก

แž˜แŸ’แžšแŸแžพแžŸ แŸ”

แŸ”

แž… แŸ” แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฉ

แŸ” แž… แž… 117แŸ” แž… แž… แž… แž… - แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แž… แž… แž…แŸ”

แž… แŸฅ แŸ” แž…

แž… แž…

แŸกแŸ  แŸกแŸ  แŸค แž…

117

แžšแž”แž€แžถแŸ แŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžšแž…แž“แžถแŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž‚แž”แŸ‹แžšแž‚แž„แž€แžถแžšแž™แžทแžถแž›แŸแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแž‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แŸแžปแž€แžŸแŸแŸ€แž˜แžšแžถแž” แžŸแžแžแžแžŸแŸแŸ€แž˜แžšแžถแž” แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แŸแžปแž€ แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แž„ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแžแžแžแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แž„

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42 แŸฅ. แž‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแŸแžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ—แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž€แŸ แž… แž… แž… แŸ” แž˜แŸ’แžšแŸแžพ แŸ”

แŸ”

แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แž… แž–แŸ แŸ” แž… แŸก ( แž… แžถแžถ )แŸ”

แž… แŸ”

แž…

แž… แŸ” แž… แž…

แž… แŸ” แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… แŸ” แž€แŸ แž… แž… แŸ”

แŸฅ.แŸข.แŸข

แž˜แŸ’แžšแŸแžพแžŸ แŸ”

(ACRC) แž€แŸ แŸ”

แž…

แž€แŸ แž… แŸ”

แŸ”

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43 แŸฅ. แž‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแŸแžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ—แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แž… แŸ”

แŸฅ แŸ” แž… แž… แŸ” แž˜แŸ’แžšแŸแžพ แŸ” แŸ”

แž… แŸ” แž—แžถ แž… แŸแž– แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แŸก ( แž… แžถแžถ )แŸ” - แž… แŸ”

แž… แž… แŸ”

แŸ” แž… แŸ”

แž… แŸ” แž… แŸ”

Page 120: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

44 แŸฅ. แž‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแŸแžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ—แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸฅ แŸฃ แž… แŸ” แž˜แŸ’แŸแŸแŸ‡แŸ–

แž…

แž…

แž… แž… แŸ” แž… แŸ” แž… แž…แŸ” แž… - แž… แŸ”

แŸ” แŸแž‘แŸˆ แžถแž› แŸ” แž… แž… แžถแž› แŸ” แŸแž‘แŸˆ แž…แž€แŸ แŸ”

แž…

แŸ” แž… แŸ” แŸแž‘แŸˆ แžŠแŸแŸ’ แž„แž€แŸ แŸ”

แž… แž… แž€แŸ แŸ” แž… แŸ” แž… แŸ” แžŠแŸแŸ’ แž… แž… แž… แŸ”

Page 121: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

45 แŸฅ. แž‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแŸแžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ—แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž‘แžธแŸ’ แŸกแŸ–

แŸข:

แŸ”

แŸจแŸค แž… แŸขแŸข/แŸ แŸจ/แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฆ

แž… แŸ”

แž… แŸฅ

แž…

แž…

แž… แž…

แž… แž…

แž… แž…

แž… แž…

แž…

แž…

แž…

แž…

Page 122: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

46 แŸฅ. แž‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžพแŸแžŸแž•แŸแž„แŸ—แž˜แŸ’แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸแžšแž˜แŸ’แž—แž”แŸ‹แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ |

แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

-

ยซ ยป

แŸ” แž… แž‡แž“แž”แž‘

แžŸแŸ’แž›แž› แž…

แž…

แŸ”

Page 123: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

47 แžฏแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžšแžŸแž™แžถแž„ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

Ayeni, Victor, แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ, ยซแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž‡แŸ†แžปแžœแž‰แžทแž–แžทแž—แž–แž›แž›แžถแžšแŸˆ แž’แžถแžแžปแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แŸ— แžŸแŸ„แžŸแž’แžถแžแžปแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แŸ— แž“แžทแž„

แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž€แžถแžšแžœแžœแžทแžแžแž“แŸ แž“แžทแž„แžŸ แžŸแž˜แŸแž™ยป, แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„ Bokhari SA แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸค แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแžแžธแžš แž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžšแž‡แžถแžœ แž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸ– แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ‚แž“แŸ†แžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„ แžŸแžผแž˜แž›แž˜แžพแž›http://www.policy.hu/bokhari/Ombudsman_An%20Introduction.doc. แž›แž˜แžพแž›แž›แŸ…แž“แž›แŸƒแž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ /แŸฅ/แŸ แŸฉ แžŠแžšแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž„แŸ‹แž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž‰แž–แžธ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžขแžถแž›แž˜แžšแžšแžท แž“แžทแž„แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ โ€žWannabeโ€Ÿ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™ Larry B. Hill, แž”แžถแž“แž”แžšแžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžšแž”แž‡แŸ†แžปแž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแž›แž˜แž’แžถแžœแžขแžธแžถแž›แž˜แžšแžšแžท แžŸแžแžธแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแžแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ— แž“แžทแž„แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แž“แžšแžŠแžผแžœแžšแž„แžถแžšแž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸกแŸฉแŸฉแŸง แž›แŸ…แžŸแžŽแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž‚แžš แžœแž„แžŸแžทแž“แžแžปแž“, Washington D.C.

Caiden.G.E. (ed.,) แŸกแŸฉแŸจแŸฃ, แž›แžŸแŸ€แžœแž›แŸ…แžŽแŸ‚แž“แŸ†แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹

Caroline Hughes and Tim Conway แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฃ, แž€แžถแžšแž™แž›แŸ‹แžŠแžนแž„แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž›แž› แžŸแŸ‹แž”แžแžผแžšแžšแžšแžธแžšแžšแŸ– แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแž›แž‚แž›แž“แž›แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแžแžธแžš แž„แž›แž›แžถแžšแž‘แžธแž–แžธแžš แžŽแžแžŸแžธแž แžถ แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฃ

Caroline Hughes and Tim Conway, แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฃ, แž€แžถแžšแž™แž›แŸ‹แžŠแžนแž„แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž›แž› แžŸแŸ‹แž”แžแžผแžšแžšแžšแžธแžšแžšแŸ– แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแž›แž‚แž›แž“แž›แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแžแžธแžš แž„แž›แž›แžถแžšแž‘แžธแž–แžธแžš แžŽแžแžŸแžธแž แžถ แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฃ

Global Integrity แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฉ, แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแž–แžธแžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แžŽแžŸแžœแž„แžšแžšแž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แžแž˜ http://report.globalintegrity.org/ Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34 แž›แŸ…แž“แž›แŸƒแž‘แžธแŸฃแŸ  แžฉแžŸแž—แŸ’แž“ แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฉ

Helen Fenwick and Gavin Phillipson, แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฃ, แžขแžแž‘แž”แž‘แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แžธแžŸแžทแžšแžถ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ„แžถ แžšแŸˆแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แž“แžทแž„ แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ, แžŠแžšแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž„แŸ‹แž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž‰แž–แžธ GE Caiden (ed), แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸกแŸฉแŸจแŸฃ แž›แžŸแŸ€แžœแž›แŸ…แžŽแŸ‚แž“แŸ†แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹

John McMillan แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง, แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแžšแž”แž…แŸ†แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ†แž˜แžทแž“แžŽแžœ แž„แž› แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฆ แž“แžทแž„ แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸงแŸ” ยซ แŸฃแŸ  แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†... แž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž›แž› แžŸแŸ‹แž”แžแžผแžš แŸฃแŸ  แžŠแž„ยป แžŸแžผแž˜แž›แž˜แžพแž› http://www.ombudsman.gov.au/publications_information/annual_ reports/ar2006-07/chapter_8/chapter_8a.html แž›แž˜แžพแž›แž›แŸ…แž“แž›แŸƒแž‘แžธ 26/5/09.

John McMillan, แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ แžŸแžแžธแž–แžธ แž›แžแžพแž› แž˜แŸ’ แŸแŸ‡แžขแžœแžธ? แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแž”แžพแžšแž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹ แžšแž™ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžŸแžผแž˜แž›แž˜แžพแž› http://ombudsman.gov.au/ commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 แž›แž˜แžพแž›แž›แŸ…แž“แž›แŸƒ 30/5/09..

Linda C Reif, แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸค, แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แž›แžข แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท, แž›แž”แžถแŸแŸ‡แž–แžปแž˜แž–แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™ Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

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48 แžฏแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžšแžŸแž™แžถแž„ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

Marten Oosting แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸ , แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžš แžšแž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แŸแŸ‡แžšแžแž„แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžฏแžšแžšแžถแž‡แž™แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แŸ– แž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แž‘แž“แž‡แžถแžŸแžšแž› แžฏแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแž”แž„แžถแžถ แž‰แž›แŸ…แžŸแž“แž”แžทแžŸแžธแž‘แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแž›แž›แžพแžšแž‘แžธ แŸง แžŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท แž›แŸ… แžขแžถแž“แŸ’แžš แžœแžทแžšแžแžถแž„แžแž•แžผแž„

Pak Kimchoeun et al, แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง, แž›แž”แžแžทแžšแž—แŸแŸ‚แž แž“แžทแž™แž˜ แž“แžทแž„แž›แž”แžแžทแžšแž—แŸแŸ‚แž แž“แžทแž™แž˜แžŸแž˜แŸแž™แž›แž˜แžธ แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแžšแžถแžขแžแž‘แž”แž‘แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แŸ—, แžœแž‘แžทแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžšแž‡แžถแžœแžขแž—แžทแžœแžŒแžŽแž“แŸแžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

Victor Ayeni, Hayden Thomas, Linda C Reif, แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸค, แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แž›แžข แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท, แž›แž”แžถแŸแŸ‡แž–แžปแž˜แž–แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™ Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. แžŸแžผแž˜แž›แž˜แžพแž› http://books.google.com/books?id=khcAd-dbJwwC&dq=creating+an+ombudsman+developing+countries&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 แž›แž˜แžพแž›แž›แŸ…แž“แž›แŸƒ 3/6/09.

แžšแžšแžปแž˜แžšแž”แžนแžšแžถแžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž™แžปแžแžแžทแž’แž˜แŸŒ, แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ, แž‘แžŸแžถแž“แž‘แž“แž“แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž›แŸ…

แžšแžšแžปแž˜แžšแž”แžนแžšแžถแžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž™แžปแžแžแžทแž’แž˜แŸŒ, แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฉ, แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแžšแžถแž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แžŸแžแžธแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แžšแž™แž”แŸ‚แžแžน แž„แž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ—แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžšแžšแžปแž˜แžšแž”แžนแžšแžถแžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž™แžปแžแžแžทแž’แž˜แŸŒ, แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฉ, แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแžทแžšแžถแž›แŸ…แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แžšแžŠแžŒแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„

แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแŸ„แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ„แž˜ แž“แŸ‹, แŸกแŸฉแŸงแŸค, แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแžแžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ„แž‚แŸ’แž˜แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแž›แž˜แž’แžถแžœแžขแžธแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท

แžแŸ„แž› แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท, แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฆ, แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžŸแžปแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแžแžทแž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž‡แžถแžแžทแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแžšแžถแžšแž”แž…แŸ†แžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแŸ„แž› แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžขแž“แžแžšแž‡แžถแžแžท, แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฆ

แž˜แž‡แžˆแž˜แŸ‚แžแžป แž›แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแžšแžถแž‡แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแž–แžŸแŸ‹, แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฆ, แž™แžปแžแžแžทแž’แž˜แŸŒแžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžขแž”แžšแžšแžšแŸ– Centre for Advanced Study 2006, p5 Justice for the Poor: An Exploratory Study of Collective Grievances Over Land and Local Governance in Cambodia, World Bank.

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49 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแžขแž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžŸแž•แŸแž„แžŸแž‘แŸ€แžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแžขแž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹

แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžŸแž•แŸแž„แžŸแž‘แŸ€แžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸก.แŸก แžแŸ’แž“แžถ แžšแž‡แŸ‹แžถแžแŸ’แž แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แžœแžœแžทแž‘แž›แŸ…แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„ แŸ‚แžทแž‡แž‡แžšแž˜แž˜

แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŸแž‘แžทแžแž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž“แžธแžแžทแžšแž˜แž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„ แŸ‚แžทแž‡แž‡แžšแž˜แž˜ แž› แžพแž™แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž“ แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž› แžพแž„แž›แŸ…แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจแŸ” แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžšแŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžŽแžแž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž” แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แž“แžŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž“แžšแž”แžปแž„แž›แž–แž› แžŽแžŠแž›แžšแžšแž˜แžป แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž‚แŸ’แž›แžšแŸ„แž„แž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž‡แžฝแž”แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แžพแž„แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžขแž“แžปแžšแžšแžนแžแž™แžŸแž‹แžธแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž” แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžš แžšแž”แžšแž–แžนแžแž‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„ แŸ‚แžทแž‡แž‡แžšแž˜แž˜แŸ” แž›แž‚แž›แž›แžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„ แž‚แžบแŸ’แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แžšแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„ แž–แžธ แŸ‚แžทแž‡แž‡แžšแžš แžŽแžŠแž›แž˜แžทแž“แž›แž–แž‰แž…แžทแŸ’แž”แžแž‹ แž“แžทแž„แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แŸ”

แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŸแž‘แžทแžแž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„ แŸ‚แžทแž‡แž‡แžšแž˜แž˜ แžŽแžแž˜แžทแž“แŸ„แž“แž•แŸ’แž›แž› แžšแžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžŠ แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แž„แžถแžถ แž‰ แž–แžธ แžšแžŽแž“แž›แž„ แžŽแžŠแž›แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แžŽแžŸแžœแž„แžšแžšแž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แž‘แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ„แž“แž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แžทแžšแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แŸขแž“แžšแŸ‹ แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“ แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™ แž“แžทแž„แžขแž“แžปแžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แžšแŸ†แŸ‚แžแŸ‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž–แžธ แžแžถแž›แžแžพ แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž›แž‚แŸ’แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แžŽแž”แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž›แž‘ แžŽแžแž”แž‘แž”แž‰แŸ’แžŠแžแž‹แžทแž‘แžšแŸ‹แž‘แž„ แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แžšแŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžŽแžแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แŸ”

แž˜แžปแž“แž›แž–แž›แžŽแžŠแž›แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผ แž“

แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž•แŸ’แž›แž’ แž›แŸ‹ แž›แŸ…แžแžปแž‘แž“แž€แžถแž›แŸแž™แžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธ แž› แžพแž™แž”แž“แž’ แž”แŸ‹แž˜แžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผ แž“แž›แŸ…แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž‡แŸ†แž“แž‰แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แŸ” แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“ แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžšแž‡แžถแžœแž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธ แž“แžทแž„แžŽแžŸแžœแž„แžšแžšแžŠแŸ†แž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž‘แžšแŸ‹แž‘แž„แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžขแž”แžšแž”แž‹แžนแž„แŸ” แž›แž”แžพแžŸแžทแž“แž‡แžถแž˜แžทแž“ แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแž“แžนแž„แžšแžแžผแžœแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸ แžขแž˜แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸ แž›แŸ…แžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธ แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แŸ” แž˜แžšแž‘แž›แŸ‹แž›แž–แž›

Page 126: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

50 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแžขแž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžŸแž•แŸแž„แžŸแž‘แŸ€แžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž˜แžทแž“แŸ„แž“แžŸแž‘แžทแžแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž–แžธแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แž‘ แž”แž„แžปแžŽแž“แž‹แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž„ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ„แž“แžšแž”แŸ„แŸ‚ แŸกแŸ  แžšแžšแŸ‚แžธแž’แŸ†แŸ— แž“แžทแž„ แŸขแŸ  แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแžแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แžแŸ’แžแž…แŸ’แž”แŸ”

แžขแž‚แž‚ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž… แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž˜แž แžถแž“แž•แž’

แžขแž‚แž‚ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž˜แž แžถแž“แž•แž’ แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž›แŸ…แž”แžถแž“แžšแž”แžแžทแž”แžแž‹แžทแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแž›แžฝแž“แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แžœแžœแžทแž‘แž›แžšแŸ…แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžแžปแž›แžถแž€แžถแžšแŸ” แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžšแž‡แžถแžœ แž“แžทแž„แž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แžธแŸ’ แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แžŸแžœแž„แžšแžšแžŠแŸ†แž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แžŽแžŠแž›แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž™แžšแž”แžถแž“แŸ” แžšแžšแŸ‚แžธแž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแžŠแžธแž’แž›แžธ แž‡แžถแž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแž‚แžฝแŸ’แžšแžฑแž™แžšแžแŸ‹แžŸแŸ„แž‚ แž›แŸ‹ แž› แžพแž™แž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž™แž“แž“แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แžšแŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž›แžšแžพแž“แž› แžพแž„ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž’แŸแŸ‡แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžขแž‚แž‚ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ” แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แžถแž“ แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž‡แŸ†แž“แžฝแž™แž–แžธ USAID แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแžœแž‘แžทแžถแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“ EWMI แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžŽแžšแž›แž˜แžขแžŸแž˜แžแž‘แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แžขแž‚แž‚ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžš แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžšแž‡แžถแžœ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแžšแž˜แžปแŸแŸ‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžฝแž›แžšแžšแŸ‚แžธแžŠแžธแž’แž›แžธแžšแž”แžšแž”แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž”แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แŸ” แž›แžšแŸ…แž–แžธแžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžขแž‚แž‚ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž›แŸ…แŸ„แž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แž“แž’แžปแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แžœแžœแžทแž‘แž“แž•แž’แžšแž”แžปแž„ แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž•แž„แžŽแžŠแžšแŸ” แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แž›แžแžถแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž… แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แžงแžŸแžถ แžšแž˜แž˜ แžŽแžš แž„ แž“แžทแž„แžแžถแž˜แž–แž›

แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แž›แžแžถแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž… แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แžงแžŸแžถ แžšแž˜แž˜ แžŽแžš แž„ แž“แžทแž„แžแžถแž˜แž–แž› แŸ„แž“แžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธแž–แžธแžšแŸ– แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แž“แž’แžปแžšแž›แž’แžœแžพ แžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แž“แž•แž’แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแž”แž…แŸ†แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แž“แžทแž„แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แžšแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž“แž•แž’แžšแž”แžปแž„แŸ”

แž“แžธแžแžทแžœแž’แžธแžทแž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž“แž•แž’แžšแž”แžปแž„

แž‚แžบแŸ’แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แžŠแžแž‹แžทแž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‚แž” แž“แžนแž„แž”แž‘แž”แž‰แŸ’แžŠแžแž‹แžท แž“แž“ แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž›แž•แžŸแž„แž›แž‘แŸ€แžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ—แžŽแžŠแžšแŸ” แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“ แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“ แžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž… แž› แžพแž™แž”แž“แž’ แž”แŸ‹แž˜แžšแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžšแž˜แžปแŸแŸ‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžฝแž›แžšแžœแž„แž‚แžผแŸ’แž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แžธแŸ’แž‘แŸ†แž„แž–แžธแžš แž› แžพแž™แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžšแŸ†แŸ‚แžแŸ‹ แž”แž„แžถแžถ แž‰แžขแž˜แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž›แŸ„แž”แž›แŸ‹แž‡แŸ†แž“แž‰แžŽแžŠแž›แž…แžปแŸ’แž”แž„แž›แžšแž€แžถแž™ แžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแŸ” แž›แž”แžพแžŸแžทแž“แž‡แžถแž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถ แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแžŸแž˜แžปแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž‰ แžšแžšแžปแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแž“แžนแž„แžšแžแžผแžœแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แžพแž„ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžŸแžธแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžšแž‡แžถแžœแž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธ แž› แžพแž™แž›แž”แžพแžŸแžทแž“แž‡แžถแž…แŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แŸ’แž” แžšแžšแž˜แžป- แžšแž”แžนแžšแžถแžœแž“แŸแžทแž™แžšแžแžผแžœแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžšแž”แž‡แŸ†แžปแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แŸ” แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž˜แžทแž“แŸ„แž“แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸ แžฌแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹ แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แž‘แŸ” แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แŸ‚แžทแž‡แž‡แžšแžš

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51 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแžขแž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžŸแž•แŸแž„แžŸแž‘แŸ€แžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸ„แž“แž›แž‘แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แž–แžธแžšแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แŸแŸ‡ แŸ‚แžทแž‡แž‡แžšแžš แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แž”แŸ†แŸ‚แž„แž”แž‹แžนแž„แž–แžธแž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž” แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„ แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถ แž€แžถแžšแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แžทแžแžทแžแžขแž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžŠ แžแž‡แžถแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ” แŸ‚แžทแž‡แž‡แžšแžšแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแž›แžฝแž“แž›แŸ…แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž‡แŸ†แž“แž‰ แžŽแžŠแž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แž“แž’แžปแžšแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แžทแžแžทแžแžขแž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžŠ แžแŸ” แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แžšแžแžผแžœแžŸแžทแžšแžถแž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธ แž›แž›แžพแžšแžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸ แž“แžทแž„แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžšแŸ‹ แž‡แžผแž“ แžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แŸ” แž›แž”แžพแžŸแžทแž“แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธ แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“ แžšแžšแžปแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžขแž“แž‹แžšแžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„ แž“แžนแž„แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แžพแž„ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžŸแžทแžšแžถแž›แž›แžพแž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ”

แž‡แžถแž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แž‘แŸ€แž แŸ‚แžทแž‡แž‡แžšแžšแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„ แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž‰แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แžšแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž”แž“แž’ แž“แŸ‹ แž›แž›แžพ แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž‘แžšแŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„แž›แžทแžแžทแžแžขแž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžŠ แž แŸ‚แžทแž‡แž‡แžšแž˜แž˜ (hotline complaint office)แŸ” แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž‰แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แžšแž™ แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž”แž“แž’ แž“แŸ‹แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžบแŸ’แŸ„แž“แžŽแžแž˜แžฝแž™แž‚แŸ’แžแŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแŸ” แŸ‚แžทแž‡แž‡แžšแžšแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแž›แžฝแž“ แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž‰ แž‘แžผแžšแžŸแŸแž–แž’แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž˜แžทแž“แž…แŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แŸ’แž”แžšแž„แž…แŸ†แž›แž–แž›แž›แžœแž›แžถแž™แžผแžš แžฌแžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แž›แž‘แŸ” แŸ‚แžทแž‡แž‡แžšแžšแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž‘แžผแžšแžŸแŸแž–แž’ แž› แžพแž™แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แž…แŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แŸ’แž”แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแž› แž˜แŸ’ แŸแŸ‡ แŸ‚แžทแž‡แž‡แžšแž˜แž˜ แžขแž”แžšแž‘แŸ†แž“แžšแŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„ แžŽแžŠแž›แž˜แžšแž”แž‹แžนแž„ แž“แžทแž„ แž˜แžผแž›แž› แžแžปแž“แž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž‡แžถแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ” แž›แž”แžพแžŸแžทแž“แž‡แžถแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแžŽแžŠแž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แž“แž’แžปแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž™แž›แŸ‹แž› แžพแž‰แžแžถ แžšแžแžนแž˜แžšแžแžผแžœแž› แžพแž™ แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž“แžนแž„แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผ แž“แž›แŸ…แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž‡แŸ†แž“แž‰แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แŸ”

แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž‰แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แžšแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž”แž“แž’ แž“แŸ‹ แž…แž”แŸ‹แž›แž•แž‹แžพแž˜แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŽ แž› แŸกแž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แž˜แžšแž› แžพแž™แŸ” แž˜แžšแž‘แž›แŸ‹ แž›แž–แž›แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž˜แžทแž“แž‘แž“แŸ‹แŸ„แž“แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸ แž–แžธแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แž“แž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž“แžธแžแžทแžœแž’แžธแžทแž“แž“แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธ แž“แžทแž„แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž›แž–แž‰แž…แžทแŸ’แž”แžแž‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แžขแž”แžšแž”แž‹แžนแž„แž›แŸ…แž› แžพแž™แž›แž‘แŸ” แžšแžšแž˜แžปแž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžš แž„แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แžถแž› แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แžถแž›แž‡แžถแžแžทแžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžš แž„แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แžถแž›แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžถแž“ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แžพแž„แž›แŸ…แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แžŸแž”แž„แž€แžถแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แžถแž›แž‡แžถแžแžท แž…แž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแžŽแžแž˜แžทแž›แžปแž“ แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ แž˜แžš แžŽแžŠแž›แž“แžนแž„แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž›แž˜แžพแž›แž› แžพแž„แžœแž‰แžทแž“แžผแžœแžšแž…แŸ’แž”แž“แžŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž“ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžšแžแžผแžœ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แžถแž›แž‡แžถแžแžทแžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแŸ” แž‡แžถแž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แž‘แŸ€แž แžšแžšแž˜แžŸแžธแž›แž’แž˜แŸŒ แž“แžทแž„แžœแž“แŸแžทแž™แž›แž›แžพแž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžš แžš แžšแŸแž“แžนแž„แžšแžแžผแžœแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž” แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž‚แž” แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŽแžŠแžšแŸ”

แž—แŸ’แž“แž‡ แž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžš แž„แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแž˜แžฝแž™แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”

แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž”แžธแž‰แŸ’แž…แžผ แž›แž“แžผแžœ แž™แž“แž‹แž€แžถแžšแžŽแžŠแž›แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แž‘แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžฑแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แž‹แžนแž„แž–แžธแž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แžถแž› แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžšแŸ‚แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž›แž–แž‰แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแž˜แžทแž“แžŸแž˜- แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แŸ” แž‘แŸ†แž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž“แžนแž„แž’แžถแž“แžแžถ แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แž‡แž“แž‘แŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž‡แžฟแž‘แžปแžšแž…แžทแŸ’แž”แžแž‹ แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แŸแŸ‡แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แŸแŸ‡แžšแžแž„แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แžŸแžปแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแžแžทแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แžถแž›แž‡แžถแžแžทแž”แžถแž“แŸ”

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52 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแžขแž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžŸแž•แŸแž„แžŸแž‘แŸ€แžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž“แžธแžแžทแžœแž’แžธแžท แž“แžทแž„แžขแžœแžธแžŽแžŠแž›แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž“แžนแž„แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แž“แž’แžปแžšแžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‹แžนแž„แžŽแž”แž”แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž“แžทแž„

แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž” แž–แžทแž—แŸ’แž“แžšแžถแž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžขแŸ†แž‘แž•แžปแž„แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฉ แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ” แž”แž„แžปแžŽแž“แž‹แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แžถแž› แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แŸ„แž“แž›แž‘แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž”แžถแž“ แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แž”แžพแžแŸ’แžแž˜แž€แžถแžšแžขแŸแŸ‡แžขแžถแž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แŸ†แž“แž‰แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แž‹แžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŽแžŠแž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แž“แž’แžปแžšแž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ”

แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž‘แŸ†แž“แžšแŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แžŸแž—แŸ’แž“ แžšแž–แžนแž‘แž“แžŸแŸ’แžแž—แŸ’แž“ แž“แžทแž„แžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…

แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž”แžถแž“แž›แžŠแžพแžšแžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธแŸ„แž„แž„แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‡แžฝแž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž›แž’แžœแžพแžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž… แž›แž›แžพแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž›แž–แž‰ แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„ แž“แžทแž„แž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž’แžถแž“แž”แžถแž“แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžšแžแžผแžœ แž“แžทแž„แžแŸ„แž› แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹ แžšแžถแž‡แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แžšแŸแžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแŸ” แž›แŸ„แž„แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžขแž“แžปแžšแžšแžนแžแž™แžŸแž‹แžธแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž” แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž–แžนแžแž‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„ แžšแžถแž‡แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž”แžถแž“แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžขแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž–แž‰แž›แž›แž‰แžŠแž›แŸ‹แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž… แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แž’แžœแžพแžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž… แž“แžทแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžˆแžšแž›แž›แžพแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžšแž˜แžปแŸแŸ‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžฝแž›แž‘แŸ†แž“แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แž“แžนแž„แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แŸ”

แž‘แžšแŸ‹แž‘แžทแž“แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž‘แŸ†แž“แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แž“แžนแž„แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แžšแž™

แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž“แžนแž„ แž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžšแžแžผแžœแž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แžšแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„ แž–แžธแžšแž‚แŸ’แž”แŸ‹แž˜แž‡แžŽแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž‘แžšแŸ‹แž‘แžทแž“แž“แžนแž„แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แŸแŸ‡แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แž› แžพแž™แž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แž แž“แžทแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž™แž“แž‹แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžšแž˜แžปแŸแŸ‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžฝแž›แŸ” แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แŸ’แž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“ แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž˜แžทแž“ แŸ„แž“แžขแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž‘ แžŽแžแžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŸแŸ†แžปแŸ‚แŸ†แžปแžŽแž”แž”แž”แž‘แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸ แž›แŸ…แž“แž™แžš แžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แŸ” แž“แžธแžแžทแžœแž’แžธแžทแž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž‘แŸ†แž“แžŸแŸ‹ แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž›แŸ…แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž‘แŸ†แž“แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž•แžŸแž„แž›แž‘แŸ€แžแžŽแžŠแžšแŸ” แž›แž–แž›แžŽแžŠแž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธ แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž” แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ†แŸ‚แžแŸ‹แžแžถแž›แžแžพแž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŸแž‘แžทแžแž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžŸแž˜แžแž‹แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแž›แžฝแž“แžฌแž›แž‘ แž› แžพแž™แž›แž”แžพแž˜แžทแž“แžŸแž‘แžทแžแž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžŸแž˜แžแž‘แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแž›แžฝแž“ แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„ แž“แžนแž„แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผ แž“แž›แŸ…แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“ แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž›แžŸแž”แžพแžŸแŸ†แžปแžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแŸ” แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แŸ’แž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“แžŽแžŠแž›แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แž‚แžบแŸ’แž‡แžถแž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแžŠแžธแž’แž›แžธแŸ” แž˜แžšแž‘แž›แŸ‹แž›แž–แž›แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžทแž“แž‘แž“แŸ‹แŸ„แž“แžŸแž‘แžทแžแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž˜แžฝแž™ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž‘แžšแŸ‹แž‘แžทแž“แž“แžนแž„แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแž›แŸ…แž› แžพแž™แž›แž‘แŸ”

แž‘แžšแŸ‹แž‘แžทแž“แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแž›แž’แžœแžพแžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž… แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž… แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžšแžแžผแžœแž›แžšแžฟแž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŽแž•แž“แž€แžถแžš

แžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž… แžšแž”แž…แŸ†แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž€แžถแžšแž›แž’แžœแžพแžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แž›แž›แžพแž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›

Page 129: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

53 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแžขแž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžŸแž•แŸแž„แžŸแž‘แŸ€แžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ—แŸ” แž”แž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžปแž”แž•แž“แž”แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž€แžถแžš- แž„แžถแžš แžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แŸ„แž“แž“แžธแžแžทแžœแž’แžธแžท แž“แžทแž„แžŽแž•แž“แž€แžถแžšแžšแžแžนแž˜แžšแžแžผแžœ แž“แžทแž„แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แŸ” แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž”แžถแž“แž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž›แž’แžœแžพ แžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž•แŸ’แž›แž’ แž›แŸ‹ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž›แž˜แžพแž›แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž˜แžทแž“แžšแžแžนแž˜แžšแžแžผแžœ แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž›แž–แž‰แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„ แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“ แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž‡แžถแž–แžทแž›แžŸแžŸแž›แž•แŸ’แž›แž‹ แžแž›แž›แžพแž€แžถแžšแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž“แžธแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ—แŸ”

แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™

แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž”แžถแž“แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž› แžพแž„แž›แŸ…แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฆแŸ” แžœแž‡แžถแžขแž”แžšแžŸแž”แž„แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„ แžขแž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™ แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž“แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž› แžพแž„แž›แŸ…แž†แŸ†แŸ’แŸกแŸฉแŸฉแŸฉ แž› แžพแž™แžŽแžŠแž›แž˜แžทแž“แŸ„แž“แžขแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‚แŸ’แž”แŸ‹แžšแž‚แž“แŸ‹แŸ” แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™แž›แž˜แžธ แž”แžถแž“แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž› แžพแž„แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แžขแž“แžปแžšแžšแžนแžแž™แžŸแž‹แžธแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž” แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžšแž–แžนแžแž‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แžแž›แžฝแž“ แž›แž›แž แŸจแŸค แžขแž“แžšแžš.แž”แžš แž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž“แž›แŸƒแž‘แžธแŸขแŸข แžŽแžแžŸแžธแž แžถ แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฆ แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธแž…แŸ’แž”แž˜แž•แž„ แž‚แžบแŸ’แž€แžถแžš แž”แž„แžถแž€ แžšแž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแž€ แžแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž˜แžปแž“แž€แžถแžšแž–แžšแž„แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ†แžšแž‘แž–แžธแž˜แž แžถแž‡แž“แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž™แžปแž‘แž“แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžš แžšแž›แžฝแž™แŸ”

แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŸแž‘แžทแžแž›แŸ…แž›แžšแŸ…แž‘แžธแžšแž”แž‡แŸ†แžปแž‡แž“แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžšแžปแž„แž—แž”แŸ†แž›แž–แž‰แŸ” แžขแžถแž‚แžšแŸ„แž“แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžšแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแž› แžšแžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžŠ

แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹ แž› แžพแž™แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แž•แž›แžผแžœแž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แž’แŸ†แž‘แžผแž›แžถแž™แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แžšแž”แžขแž”แŸ‹แž–แŸ‚แŸŒแžŸ แžŽแžŠแž›แžŸแŸ†แž”แžปแžšแžแž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž›แž‚แŸ’แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžšแŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž›แžŸแžšแŸ”แžธ

แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž›แž•แŸ’แž›แž‹ แžแž›แž›แžพแžŸแžšแž˜แž˜แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž”แžธแž‡แžถแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แŸ– แž‚แžบแŸ’แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แžถแž€ แžšแž‘แž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแž€ แžแŸ‹แž‡แžถ

แž˜แžปแž“แž€แžถแžšแž–แžšแž„แžนแž„ แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ†แžšแž‘แž–แžธแž˜แž แžถแž‡แž“แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž™แžปแž‘แž“แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™แŸ” แžŸแžšแž˜แž˜แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“ แžšแž”แž‡แžถแžšแž”แžทแž™แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž…แž”แŸ‹แžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแž แž‚แžบแŸ’แž™แžปแž‘แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แžปแŸ‚แž™แžข แžป แŸŠแžปแŸ†แž‘แžผแžš แž“แžทแž„แž™แžปแž‘แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž› แž“แž“แžธแž›แžšแž“แŸ” แž™แžปแž‘แž“แž“แž€แžถแžš แž”แžปแŸ‚แž™แžข แžป แŸŠแžปแŸ†แž‘แžผแžš แž‚แžบแŸ’แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžแžทแž”แžแž‹แžทแž€แžถแžšแž›แž›แžพแž€แžถแžšแž“แŸ†แž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžกแžถแž“แž…แŸ’แž”แž„แž€แžผแžแžŸแŸ’แžแž‹ แŸ†แžแžปแžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž“แž› แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžšแŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„ แž“แžทแž„ แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แŸแŸ‡แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แžแžธแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แŸ” แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแž› แž“แž“แžธแž›แžšแž“ แžšแŸแžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‚แž” แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŽแžŠแžšแŸ” แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแž‘แŸ†แž„แž–แžธแžšแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผ แž“ แžŠแž›แŸ‹แžแžปแž›แžถแž€แžถแžš แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แŸ”

แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžšแŸ‚แžธแž›แž–แž›แžŽแžŠแž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธ แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถ แž‘แžธแž˜แžฝแž™

แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž” แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™ แžแžถแž›แžแžพแž‡แžถแžŸแž˜แžแž‘แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแž›แžฝแž“แžฌแž›แž‘ แž›แž”แžพแžŸแžทแž“แž‡แžถแžŸแž˜แžแž‘แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž“แžนแž„แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ†แŸ‚แžแŸ‹แžแžถ แž›แžแžพแž—แžŸแž‹แžปแžแŸ’แžแž„ แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ„แž“แž›แžšแžแŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž‚แž“แŸ‹แžšแž‚แž“แŸ‹แž› แžพแž™แžฌแž›แŸ…แŸ” แž›แž”แžพแžŸแžทแž“แž—แžŸแž‹แžปแžแŸ’แžแž„แžšแž‚แŸ’แž”แŸ‹แžšแž‚แž“แŸ‹แž› แžพแž™ แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž“แžนแž„ แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž–แžธแžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแŸ” แž›แž–แž›แžŽแžŠแž›แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž… แž”แŸ‹ แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸ แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผ แž“แž›แŸ…แž“แž™แžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธ

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54 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแžขแž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžŸแž•แŸแž„แžŸแž‘แŸ€แžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžฌแžงแž”แž“แž™แžšแžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแŸ” แž“แž™แžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธ แžฌแžงแž”แž“แž™แžšแžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธ แž›แž’แžœแžพแž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธ แžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แžœแž’แžทแžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžขแžธแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แŸ”

แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ„แž“แž›แž˜แž’แžถแžœแž…แŸ†แžธแŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แŸกแŸฅ แžšแž”แžผ แž”แž›แžšแž˜แžพแž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžš

แžŽแžŠแž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แž“แž’แžปแžšแž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžš แžšแž›แžฝแž™แŸ” แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž€แžถแžšแž•แžŸแž–แžœแž•แžถแž™แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž‘แžผแžšแž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แŸ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž”แž„แžถแžถ แž‰แž–แžธแžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แžŠแž›แŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแŸ” แž˜แžทแž“แž‘แž“แŸ‹แŸ„แž“แžŸแž‘แžทแžแžทแž–แžธ แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแžŽแžŠแž›แžšแŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แž แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแž“แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แžฑแž™ แž”แžถแž“แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แŸ…แž› แžพแž™แž›แž‘ แž› แžพแž™แžšแŸแž˜แžทแž“แŸ„แž“แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‹แžนแž„แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแžšแž”แžขแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž”แžปแžšแžแžŸแž”แž„แžปแž“แž˜ แž“แž›แŸ… แž› แžพแž™แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž‰แž•แžถแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แž‘แŸ”

แžขแžถแž‡แžถแž‰ แž’แžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž›แžธแžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แžœแžœแžทแž‘แžŠแžธแž’แž›แžธ

แžขแžถแž‡แžถแž‰ แž’แžšแž‡แžถแžแžท แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แžœแžœแžทแž‘แžŠแžธแž’แž›แžธ แž”แžถแž“แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž› แžพแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž–แŸแŸ‡แžšแžถแž‡แžšแžšแžนแžแž™แž›แž›แž แž“.แžŸ/แžšแžŠ/ แŸ แŸขแŸ แŸฆ/ แŸ แŸฆแŸง แž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž“แž›แŸƒแž‘แžธแŸขแŸฆ แžŽแžแžšแž˜แžถแŸˆ แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฆแŸ” แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแž™แž›แž–แž›แžŽแžแŸฆแžŽแžแž”แž„แžปแž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž แŸแŸ‡แž…แž”แŸ‹แžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแž แžขแžถแž‡แžถแž‰ แž’แžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžŽแžŠแž›แž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡ แžธแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แŸกแŸกแŸฆ แžšแžšแŸ‚แžธ แž–แžธแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ— แžŽแžŠแž› แžšแž”แžปแž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸงแŸฉแžšแžšแŸ‚แžธ แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผ แž“แž›แŸ…แž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“ แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžปแžšแž›แžทแŸ„แžŠแžธแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž–แžทแžธแž“แžทแžแž™แŸ” แž›แŸ… แžŠแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž…แŸ‹แŸ’แž”แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแžพแž“แž› แžพแž„แžš แžผแžแžŠแž›แŸ‹ แŸก.แŸฅแŸ แŸ  แžšแžšแŸ‚แžธแŸ”

แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแžถแž‡แžถแž‰ แž’แžš แž‚แžบแŸ’แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžšแž‡แžถแžœแž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แžฌแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“

แž› แžพแž™แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž” แž‡แžถแž›แŸ„แž”แž›แŸ‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผ แž“แž›แŸ…แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™ แžฌแžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แžŽแžŠแž› แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“แŸ” แž›แŸ„แž„แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžขแž“แžปแžšแžšแžนแžแž™แžŸแž‹แžธแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž” แž“แžทแž„ แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžšแž–แžนแžแž‹แž›แŸ… แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž“แž“แžขแžถแž‡แžถแž‰ แž’แžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ„แžšแžแŸ’แž แŸฃ แž“แžทแž„ แŸ„แžšแžแŸ’แž แŸฅ แž”แžถแž“แžšแŸ†แŸ‚แžแŸ‹แžแžถ แž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž“แž“แžขแžถแž‡แžถแž‰ แž’แžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ„แž“แžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแžšแž˜แž”แžŸแžšแž˜แžฝแž›แžšแžถแž›แŸ‹แžœแžœแžทแž‘แžŠแžธแž’แž›แžธ แž› แžพแž™แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแž“แž“แžขแžถแž‡แžถแž‰ แž’แžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ„แž“แžขแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž‰แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ‚แž“แŸ† แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž”แžธแž‰แŸ’แžˆแž”แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแžŽแž“แž›แž„แžŽแŸ’แž‹ แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แžœแžœแžทแž‘แž”แž“แž’ แž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แŸ”

แžขแžถแž‡แžถแž‰ แž’แžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ„แž“แžขแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แž แž“แžทแž„แž›แž’แžœแžพแžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž… แž”แž“แž’ แž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›

แž”แžถแž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แŸ” แžขแž“แžปแžšแžšแžนแžแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžšแŸแž”แžถแž“แž›แž›แžพแžšแž› แžพแž„แž–แžธแžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แž€แžถแžšแž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡ แžธ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแž•แž„แžŽแžŠแžšแŸ” แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžš- แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ„แž“แŸ–

แŸก. แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แž“แžทแž„แž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡ แžธแž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแžแŸ’แžแž˜แž‘แžธแžšแžŽแž“แž›แž„แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„

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55 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแžขแž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžŸแž•แŸแž„แžŸแž‘แŸ€แžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸข. แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŸแŸ†แŸ‚แŸ†แžปแž›แžšแžฟแž„ แŸฃ. แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผ แž›แžšแž”แžปแž„แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž‘แžทแž“แž”แž“แŸแž™แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแžŠแžธแž’แž›แžธ แŸค. แž›แž€แžถแŸแŸ‡แžขแž›แž‰แŸ’แž‡ แžพแž‰แž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แžธแŸ’แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž”แžธแž‰แŸ’แž‰แž‡ แžšแŸ‹ แŸฅ. แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แž‡ แžšแŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ†แŸ‚แžแŸ‹แžขแžถแž‘แžทแž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž“แž“แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธ แŸฆ. แžšแž”แž˜แžผแž›แž—แžŸแž‹แžปแžแŸ’แžแž„ แŸง. แžŸ แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžšแžŠแžŒ แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžšแž‡แžถแžœแžŠแž›แŸ‹แž‘แžธแžšแžŽแž“แž›แž„แžœแžœแžทแž‘ แŸจ. แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแž‡แžผแž“แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž” แŸฉ. แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžšแŸ†แŸ‚แžแŸ‹แž”แž„แžถแžถ แž‰แž‘แŸ†แž„แžขแž„แž‚แž› แžแžป แž“แžทแž„แžขแž„แž‚แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžšแž˜แžฝแž“แžทแž„แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸแž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ—

แž‡แžผแž“แžแžถแž” แžšแŸ‹แžŠแžนแžšแž“แŸ† แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž” แŸกแŸ . แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡แžผ แž“แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แž›แŸ…แžขแžถแž‡แžถแž‰ แž’แžšแž‡แžถแžแžท แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž›แžธแžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แžœแžœแžทแž‘แžŠแžธแž’แž›แžธ แž“แžทแž„แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„

แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŽแžŠแž“แžŠแžธ แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแžšแž”แžผแž“แžธแž™แžšแž˜แž˜ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ†แŸ‚แž„แŸ‹ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžขแžธแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžŸแŸ†แŸ‚แžฝแžšแž›แž…แž‘แž› แžพแž„แžแžถ แž›แžแžพแž˜แžแžทแž›แŸ„แž”แž›แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแžถแž‡แžถแž‰ แž’แžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžฌแž›แž‘ แž› แžพแž™แžแžถแž›แžแžพแž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแž“แžธแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ— แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แŸ„แž„แž„แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž˜แž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž˜แžทแž“แžšแžแžผแžœ แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แžถแžถ แž‰แžฑแž™แž”แžถแž“แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹ แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แž‘แŸ” แž”แžŽแž“แž‘แž˜แž–แžธแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แžšแŸแž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แžถแžถ แž‰แžแžถ แž›แžแžพ แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž›แž–แž‰แž…แžทแŸ’แž”แžแž‹แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŽแžŠแžšแž›แž‘ แž› แžพแž™แž›แžแžพแž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ„แž“แžšแž™แŸˆแž›แž–แž› แž”แž„แžปแžŽแŸ’แž‹แž แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžšแŸแž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แžถแžถ แž‰แžŽแžŠแžšแŸ”

แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžŠแžšแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž„แŸ‹แž–แžธแžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง แŸ– แž”แžถแž“แž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžšแž˜แžฝแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แž”แŸ† แž“แž™แžšแžŠแžธแž”แžšแžŸแžทแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“แž›แŸ…แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžปแžšแžšแŸ†แž–แž„แŸ‹แžŸแžธแž›แžถ

แž›แžแžแž‹แž›แž€แžถแŸแŸ‡แžšแžปแž„ แž› แžพแž™แžšแž”แž˜แžผแž› แžŠแžธแž˜แžšแž‘แžปแžšแž‡แžถแžŸแž˜แž•แžแž‹แžทแžšแžŠแžŒแžœแž‰แžทแž”แžถแž“แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แŸฉแŸ  แžทแžšแžแŸ’แž แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŸแž“แž‹แžทแžœแž’แžธแžท

แž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแž‡แžผแž“แžŠแŸ†แŸ‚แžนแž„แžฑแž™แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŽแžŠแž“แžŠแžธ แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แžผแž“แžธแž™แžšแž˜แž˜ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ†แŸ‚แž„แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž”แžšแžŸแžทแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“ แŸ„แž“แžœแž’แžทแžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แž•แž’แžšแž—แŸ’แž“แžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŠแžšแž˜แžปแžแžแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž„ แž“แžทแž„แž”แž›แŸ‚แž‹ แž‰แž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž‰แž–แžธแžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแžšแžถแž‡แž€แžถแžš แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แŸแŸ‡แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž˜แž“แž’แžธแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŽแžŠแž“แžŠแžธ แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แžผแž“แžธแž™ แžšแž˜แž˜แžŸแŸ†แŸ‚แž„แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแžปแžšแž›แžทแŸ„แžŠแžธ แž›แžแžแž‹แž›แž€แžถแŸแŸ‡แžšแžปแž„ แž“แžทแž„ แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž˜แž“แž’แžธแžšแž”แžšแžŸแžทแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“แž›แžแžแž‹แž›แž€แžถแŸแŸ‡แžšแžปแž„ แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“แž“แžนแž„แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž˜แžทแž“แžšแž”แžšแžšแžแžธ แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แž’แžœแžพแž”แŸแžšแžแžŸแŸ„แž‚ แž›แŸ‹แžšแž˜แž˜แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžท แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž“แžœแžแž‘แžป แžšแž”แžปแž„แžแŸ†แž”แž“แŸ‹แžŽแžŠแž“แž‡แžšแž˜แžšแžŸแžแžœ แž“แžšแž– แž˜แžšแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแž” แž›แžทแžแžšแž”แžปแž„แž—แžผแž˜แžทแžŸแž’แžนแž„แžŽแžœแž„ แŸ†แžป แžŸแž’แžนแž„แžŽแžœแž„ แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžปแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž…แŸ’แž”แŸ„แž“แž‡แŸแž™ แž›แžแžแž‹แž›แž€แžถแŸแŸ‡แžšแžปแž„

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56 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแžขแž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžŸแž•แŸแž„แžŸแž‘แŸ€แžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž”แžถแž“แž…แžแŸ‹แžœแž’แžทแžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžแž˜แž•แž›แžผแžœแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แŸแŸ‡แžงแžšแž‰แž„ แžแŸ’แžแž“แŸ‹ แž›แžŸแž„แž แžถแžšแŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„ แžงแžšแž‰แž„ แžŽแž แž แŸ†แžถแž„ แžŽแžŠแž› แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“แž“แžนแž„แžšแžšแŸ‚แžธแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžŠแžธแž’แž›แžธ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž’ แž“แžŠแžธแž“แžšแž–แž›แžˆแžพแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžแžปแžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžŽแžแž”แž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžปแž”แž•แž“แž” แžแžปแž›แžถแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžš แžแŸ’แžแž˜แž“แžธแžแžทแžœแž’แžธแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹

แž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แžทแžแžทแžแž‡แžผแž“แžŠแŸ†แŸ‚แžนแž„แžŠแž›แŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŽแžŠแž“แžŠแžธ แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž”แžผแž“แžธแž™แžšแž˜แž˜ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ†แŸ‚แž„แŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„ แž”แžšแžŸแžทแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“ แž“แžทแž„แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„ แžšแžŸแžทแžšแž˜แž˜ แžšแž€แžปแžถแž แžšแž”แŸ„แž‰แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž›แž“แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“แžทแž„แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แž“แžšแž–แž›แžˆแžพแžฑแž™แŸ„แž“แžœแž’แžทแžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แžแžนแž„แžšแž„แžนแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แŸแŸ‡แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แŸกแŸฅแžšแž”แžผ แž›แžš แŸแŸ‡แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแž‘แŸ†แž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แžถแž“แžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แž›แž›แžพแž›แž‚แž›แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž—แžผแž˜แžทแž”แžถแž› แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแž‹แžธแž–แžธแž“แžšแž–แž›แžˆแžพ แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแž‹แžธแž–แžธแž‡แž›แž•แž› แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแž‹แžธแž–แžธแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แž€แžถแžš แžšแž”แžšแžŸแžทแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžš แžšแž‚แŸ’แž”แŸ‹แžšแž‚แŸ’แž„แž’แž“แž’แžถแž“แž’แž˜แž˜แž‡แžถแžแžท แž‡แžถแž–แžทแž›แžŸแžŸแž›แž•แž‚แžพแž“แž“แžนแž„แž”แž‘แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แž‡ แžŠแŸแžแž–แž„แŸ‹แžแž–แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแž›แž˜แž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž˜แž แžถ แž›แžŸแž“แž”แžแžธแž›แžแž›แž‡แžถ แž“แž™แžšแžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธ

แž”แžถแž“แž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แžšแžšแŸ‚แžธแžŠแžธแž‘แŸ†แž“แžŸแŸ‹ แžšแžœแž„แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แŸฉแŸข แžšแž‚แŸ’แžฝแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžšแžšแžปแž˜ แžปแž“ แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แžš แžพแž“แž‡แžถแžแžท แž“แžทแž„แž›แž›แžถแžš แžŸแžš แžŸแžนแžปแž„ แž›แŸ…แž—แžผแž˜แžทแŸค แžŸแž„แžถแž€ แžแŸ‹แžขแžผแž›แžšแžแŸแŸ‡ แžแŸ‚แž แžŸแž’แžนแž„แž แžถแžœ แžšแžšแž„แžปแžšแž–แŸแŸ‡แžŸแžธ แž“แžป แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžแŸ†แžšแžœแžผแžฑแž™แžŸแŸ’แžแž›แžถแžšแžšแžปแž„แŸ– -แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแžšแžšแžปแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžš แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž„แŸ‹แžŸแž‘แžทแžแžทแžขแž”แžšแžŽแžŠแž›แžแžœแŸแŸ‡แžŠแžธแž–แžทแžแžšแž”แžถแžšแžŠ

แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž“แžšแžŸแŸ‹แž›แŸ…แž›แž›แžพ แžŠแžธแž‘แŸ†แž“แžŸแŸ‹ แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž” แž“แžทแž„แžŽแž”แž„แžŽแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแžŠแžธแžŸแž˜แž•แž‘แž“แžŸแž„แž‚แž˜แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž… แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แŸแŸ‡แžขแž”แžšแžŽแžŠแž›แžแžœแŸแŸ‡แžŠแžธ แž“แžทแž„แž‚แž˜ แž“แžŠแžธ แžŸแžทแžšแžถแžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžšแž‡แžถแžœ แžšแžšแž›แž˜แž›แž€แžถแž› แž„แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžŸแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแž›แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ

แžฑแž™แž›แŸ…แžšแžŸแŸ‹แž›แŸ…แž›แž›แžพแžŠแžธแž‘แŸ†แž“แžŸแŸ‹ แž”แžถแž“แž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แžšแžšแŸ‚แžธ แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แŸฆแŸ แŸ  แžšแž‚แŸ’แžŸแžฝแŸ’แžแžš แžšแžšแžปแž˜ แžปแž“ แžŸแŸ† แž•แŸ’แž›แž“แŸ‹แžŽแŸ’แž‹แžšแž‘แžทแž“

แž“แžทแž„แžšแžšแž˜แžป แžปแž“ แž›แžŸแž„ แžปแž„แž› แž„ แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž“แž›แžŸแž”แžพแžŸแŸ†แžปแž˜แžšแžœแž‰แžทแž“แžผแžœแž“แž•แž’แžŠแžธแž”แž„แž€แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแž“แž•แž› แž“แžทแž„แžŠแžธแžขแž—แžทแžœแžŒแžŽแž“แŸ แžŽแžŠแž›แž›แžแžแž‹แž”แžถแž“ แž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž‰แžŠแžธแž€แžถแžšแžŠแžš แžผแžแžšแž“แž›แž„แž˜แžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž”แžถแž“ แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸแžฑแž™แŸ–

แžขแž“แžปแž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแŸ„แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแž›แžแžแž‹ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž‘แžธแž”แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแž€ แžแŸ‹แž›แžปแž”แž”แŸ†แž”แžถแžแŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž”แž“แŸ’แžšแž„แžถแž€ แž”แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแžถแž“ แžŠแžปแžแžˆแžผแžŸ แž†แŸ’แž™ แž“แžทแž„ แžปแž˜แž–แŸแž‘แž“แžŠแžธแž“แžšแž–แž›แžˆแžพ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžœแžธแžแž™แžšแžŠแžธแž›แž’แžœแžพแž‡แžถแžšแž˜แž˜แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžธ

Page 133: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

57 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแžขแž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžŸแž•แŸแž„แžŸแž‘แŸ€แžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž‡แžถแžšแŸ‹แžŽแžŸแž‹แž„ แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แŸแŸ‡ แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แŸฆแŸ แŸ แžšแž‚แŸ’แžŸแžฝแŸ’แžแžš แžŽแžŠแž› แž›แžแžแž‹แž”แžถแž“แž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž‰แžŠแžธแž€แžถแžŠแžš แžผแžแžŠแžธ

แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแž˜แžป แžปแž“ แžŸแŸ† แž•แŸ’แž›แž“แŸ‹แžŽแŸ’แž‹แžšแž‘แžทแž“ แž“แžทแž„แžšแžšแžปแž˜ แžปแž“ แž›แžŸแž„ แž› แž„ แžปแž„ แžŽแžŠแž› แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“ แž“แžนแž„แžŠแžธแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแžขแžถแž‡แžถแž‰ แž’แžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž‘แŸ†แž“แžŸแŸ‹แžŠแžธแž’แž›แžธ แž“แžนแž„แž›แž›แžพแžšแž›แŸ„แž”แž›แŸ‹ แž›แžŸแž”แžพแžŸแŸ†แžป แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แžŠแŸแžแž–แž„แŸ‹แžแž–แžŸแŸ‹แž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแž–แžธแžŸแž›แž˜แž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แž“แž™แžšแžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแŸ”

แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแŸ„แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžšแžแžœแžผแž”แžถแž“แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž›แŸ…แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แŸกแŸฉแŸฉแŸจ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแŸ” แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแŸ„แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแž›แž’แžœแžพ แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžปแž„แžœแžŸแŸแžทแž™แž›แž›แžพแžšแžŠแŸ†แž›แžšแžพแž“แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แž“แžทแž„แž‡แžฝแž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แž‡ แžšแŸ‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžท แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแŸ„แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแž‚แžบแŸ’ แž€แžถแžš แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž€แžถแžšแžŽแžšแž›แž˜แžขแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แž“แžทแž„ แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‚แž‹แžป แŸแŸ‡แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž›แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แŸ” แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถแžŽแž•แž”แžšแž˜แžฝแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แŸ”

แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแŸ„แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžš แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แž“แž’แžปแžšแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแžŽแžŠแž›แž‘แžšแŸ‹แž‘แž„ แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ

แž–แžธ แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แž‡แž“แŸ” แžŽแžแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž˜แžทแž“แžŽแž˜แž“แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž›แž‘แŸ” แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแŸ„แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžšแž˜แž”- แžŸแžšแž˜แžฝแž› แž“แžทแž„แžŽแŸ‚แž“แŸ†แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แž‡แž“แž–แžธแž”แŸ‚แžแžน แž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž›แŸ…แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“ แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แŸ” แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžš แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แŸ„แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžšแž”แž แžถแžšแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŽ แž› แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž›แž•แžŸแž„แž›แž‘แŸ€แžแŸ”

แž›แžšแŸ…แž–แžธแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แž‡แž“ แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแŸ„แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแŸ„แž“แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแžŸแžทแžšแžถ แž“แžทแž„แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž€แžถแžšแžš แŸ†

แž›แž›แžถแž—แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแž›แž•แžŸแž„แž›แž‘แŸ€แž แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž•แžถแž™แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแžšแž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“ แžฌแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž•แžŸแž–แžœแž•แžถแž™แž›แž•แžŸแž„แž›แž‘แŸ€แž แž› แžพแž™แž›แž’แžœแžพแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸแž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ— แž›แŸ…แžขแžถแž‡แžถแž‰ แž’แžšแŸ„แž“แžŸแž˜แžแž‹แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž›แžธแžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แŸ” แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž“แžนแž„แž…แžแŸ‹แžœแž’แžทแžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž•แŸ’แž›แž’ แž›แŸ‹ แž›แŸ…แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แž“แž’แžปแžšแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž…แžธแžแŸ‹แžœแž’แžทแžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แŸ” แž˜แžšแžŠแž›แŸ‹ แž›แž–แž›แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž˜แžทแž“แž‘แž“แŸ‹แŸ„แž“แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แž‡แžถแžšแŸ‹แž›แžถแžšแŸ‹แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž˜แžฝแž™แž–แžธแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แž”แŸ‚แžแžน แž„ แžŽแžŠแž›แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแŸ„แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แž‘แŸ”

แž‚แŸ†แŸ’แž“แžทแžแž•แž‹แžฝแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž•แž‹แžพแž˜แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแž›แž˜แžธ

Page 134: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

58 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแžขแž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžŸแž•แŸแž„แžŸแž‘แŸ€แžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸ„แž“แž‚แŸ†แŸ’แž“แžทแžแž•แž‹แžฝแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž•แž‹แžพแž˜แž›แž˜แžธแž–แžธแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž„แž‚แž˜แžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžทแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแž˜แžฝแž™แž›แž˜แžธ แžŽแžŠแž›แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžฏแžšแžšแžถแž‡แž™ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแžแžทแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž›แžธแžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแŸ” แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแžแž‚แŸ†แŸ’แž“แžทแž แž•แž‹แžฝแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž•แž‹แžพแž˜แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ„แž“แžฅแž‘แž“แžทแž–แž›แž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžขแžถแžŸแŸ’แž แž“แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แž”แŸ†แŸ‚แž„แžฑแž™แŸ„แž“แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แžฏแžšแžšแžถแž‡แž™แž˜แžฝแž™แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžš แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแŸ”

แž‚แŸ†แŸ’แž“แžทแžแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž”แžถแž“แž•แž‹แžฝแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž•แž‹แžพแž˜แžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž–แžธแž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฅ แž› แžพแž™แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžš แž„แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹

แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆ-แžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แžถแž“แž›แž’แžœแžพ แž“แžทแž„แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“แžŠแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžšแžŠแžŒ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž„แž‚แž˜แžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžทแŸ” แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžš แž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แž–แž›แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แžšแŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžŸแž‘แžทแžแž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŸแž„แž‚แž˜แžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžทแŸ” แž˜แžทแž“แž‘แž“แŸ‹แŸ„แž“แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แž‡แžถแžšแŸ‹แž›แžถแžšแŸ‹แžแžถ แž›แžแžพแžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž“แžนแž„แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แž‰แŸ’แž… แž”แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แž›แž–แž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž›แž‘ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŸแŸ’แžแžšแžŽแžแž‘แŸ†แž„แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž„แž‚แž˜แžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžทแžšแŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž›แž…แž‘แž‚แž” แž›แŸ…แžœแž‰แžท แž›แŸ…แž˜แžšแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž–แž“แž™แž›แž–แž›แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ”

แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแž› แž™แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžฏแžšแžšแžถแž‡แž™แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แž›แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแž›แŸ…แž›แž–แž›แžขแž“แž‚แŸ’แž

แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž›แžธแžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡ แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แž› แžพแž™แž“แžนแž„แž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžฏแžšแžšแžถแž‡แž™แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ—แž›แž‘แŸ€แž แž›แŸ…แž›แž›แžพแž–แžทแž—แž–แž›แž›แžถแžš แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž›แž›แžพแžšแžŠแŸ†แž›แžšแžพแž„ แž“แžทแž„แžŽแžšแž›แž˜แžขแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแžŽแžŠแž›แžแžšแž˜แžœแžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแŸ„แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแžŸ แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž‡แžถแžแžทแŸ”

แŸก.แŸข แžแŸ’แž“แžถ แžšแžŽแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž€แžถแž˜แŸ’แž‡แžถแžแŸ’แž แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แž„

แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž›แŸ…แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžปแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แž„ แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž›แž”แžถแŸแŸ‡แž›แž†แŸ’แž” แžแž›แžšแž‡แžพแžŸแž›แžš แžพแžŸแž›แŸ…แžšแžŠแžผแžœแž›แŸ…แž‹ แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฅ แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžขแžถแŸ‚แžแž‹แžทแŸฃแž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แžŽแžŠแž›แžŽแž•แžขแžšแž›แž›แžพแžšแž”แž€แžถแžŸแž›แž›แžแŸงแŸฉแŸ  แžŸแž‹แžธแž–แžธแžšแž…แŸ’แž”แž“แžŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž“ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž‚แŸ’แž”แŸ‹แžšแž‚แŸ’แž„ แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž›แŸ…แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžปแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แž„ แž›แžแžแž‹แž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แž„ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž˜แž แžถแž“แž•แž’แŸ”

แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถแžŽแž•แž”แžšแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แž“แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แž“แžŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž“แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แž›แž˜แžธแžแžถแž” แžšแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžปแžš แž›แŸ…

แž›แžแžแž‹แž”แžถแžแŸ‹- แžŠแŸ†แž”แž„แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž›แžŠแžพแžšแžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž›แž˜แžพแž›แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž‰แž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžŽแžแž˜แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžš-แžท แŸ„แž›แŸแž™แž›แž•แžŸแž„แž›แž‘แŸ€แž แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžปแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แž„แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™

Page 135: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

59 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแžขแž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžŸแž•แŸแž„แžŸแž‘แŸ€แžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แžšแžแžผแžœแŸ„แž“แžœแžแž‹แŸ„แž“แž›แŸ… แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™ แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž‰แž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžŽแžแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ„แž„แž„แžแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แŸกแŸขแž›แŸ„แž„แž„แžšแž”แžปแž„แž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแž”แžถแž‹ แŸแŸ”

แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž‚แžบแŸ’แž‡แžถแžขแž”แžšแžแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž„แžขแž–แžถแžšแžšแžนแžแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“

แžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธแžŽแžŸแžœแž„แžšแžšแžŠแŸ†แž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™ แžŽแžŠแž›แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž™แžšแž”แžถแž“แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž“แžทแž„แžŸ แžšแž‚แžทแŸ’แž“แŸ” แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แž”แžถแž“แž“แžผแžœแž›แž‚แž›แž›แžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแŸ„แž“แžขแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แžแžถแž„แž›แžšแž€แžถแž˜แŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แŸ„แž“แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แžšแžถแž›แŸ‹แž›แžทแžแžทแžแžŸแŸ’แžแž” แž˜แžŽแžŠแž› แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“ แž›แž”แžพแžŸแžทแž“แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžšแž˜แžปแŸแŸ‡แžŸแžšแž˜แž›แžฝแžšแžœแž„แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ

แž“แžทแž„แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž›แž‡แžถแž‚แŸ’แž‡แŸแž™แž›แž‘แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžท- แž›แŸแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แŸ„แž“แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผ แž“แžฏแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแžšแž˜แžฝแž‘แŸ†แž„แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸแž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ—แž›แŸ…แžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžปแžš แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธ แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”

แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„ แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž›แž–แž‰แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžšแžป แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผ แž“แž›แŸ…แžแžถแž” แžšแŸ‹แžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž›แžแžแž‹ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž• แžธแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™

แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แžŸแž‘แžทแžแž›แŸ…แž‡แžถแž“แŸ‹แž‘แžธแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แž“แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžปแžšแž”แžถแžแŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แž”แž„แŸ” แž‘แžธแžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž›แž’แžœแžพแžฑแž™ แŸ„แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž˜แžทแž“แž„แžถแž™แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžฝแž›แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž‘แžšแŸ‹แž‘แž„ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแžผแžœแž›แž˜แžพแž›แž› แžพแž‰แŸ” แžŸแŸ’แžแž› แžšแžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžŠ แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžšแŸแž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžšแŸ‹แžฑแž™แž›แž˜แžพแž›แž› แžพแž‰แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŽแžŠแžšแŸ”

แž€แžถแžšแžœแž™แžแž“แž˜แž› แž“แžทแž„แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž“แž–แžธแžขแžถแž‡แžถแž‰ แž’แžšแž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž›แž›แžพแž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ

แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž‰แž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžŽแžแž˜แžฝแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžšแžแžœแžผแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แž‡ แžšแŸ‹แžแžถ แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“แž›แž‡แžถแž‚แŸ’แž‡แŸแž™ แž”แž„แžปแžŽแž“แž‹แŸ„แž“แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›-แžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แžแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž”แž„แžปแž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž แŸแŸ‡ แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž›แž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แž˜แžšแž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž”แžธแž‹แžนแž„แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž›แž–แž‰แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แŸ” แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแž™แŸˆแž›แž–แž›แŸฃแž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แž˜แžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ„แž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แžŽแž แŸข แž”แž„แžปแž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž แŸแŸ‡ แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž“แž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แžšแž”แžปแž„แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡ แžธ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžถแž“แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แŸ” แž›แž‘แŸแŸ‡แž”แžธแž‡แžถแŸ„แž„แž„แžŽแŸ’แž‹แžšแŸแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™ แžšแŸแŸ„แž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แž›แž‘แŸ€แžแžŽแžŠแž›แž”แž‹แžนแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แžŽแžŠแžš แž”แž„แžปแžŽแž“แž‹แž‡แžถแž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžŽแžŠแž›แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแž‘แžทแžแž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžŸแž˜แžแž‹แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž… แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ”

แŸก.แŸฃ แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแžŽแž€แŸ’แŸ…แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž“แž“แžงแžแž‹แž˜แžŸแž”แž„แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แž“แž’แžปแžšแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

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60 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแžขแž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžŸแž•แŸแž„แžŸแž‘แŸ€แžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ„แž“แžšแžšแŸ‚แžธแž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžŸแžฝแžš แž“แžทแž„แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž‡แžถแž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“แžšแŸ†แž–แžปแž„แž›แžšแžพแž

แŸ„แž“แž›แž‘แž•แžพแž„แŸ” แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แžšแŸแžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ…แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž”แžถแž“แž›แžŸแž”แžพแžŸแŸ†แžปแž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž‡แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แžŽแŸ‚แž“แŸ†แŸ” แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แž“แž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž‘แžšแŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแžพแž“แž› แžพแž„แž‡แžถแž›แŸ†แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž”แŸ‹แŸ” แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„ แžŽแžŠแž›แžŸแž‘แžทแžแž›แŸ…แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แžแŸ‹แžแžถแž” แžšแŸ‹แž‘แžธแž˜แžฝแž™ แž‚แžบแŸ’แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž‘แžšแŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„แžœแžœแžทแž‘แžŠแžธแž’แž›แžธแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„ แž‘แžšแŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพ แžทแž„แžถแžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแž‚แŸ’แžฝแžŸแŸ’แžแžš แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž–แž“แž“แž“แž‚แžšแž–แžธแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แžŽแžŠแž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžšแž„แž“แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ (แž›แžŸแžšแž—แžธแŸ’แž“แž–แž”แž›แž‰แŸ’แž…แž‰แž˜แžแžท แž›แžŸแžšแž—แžธแŸ’แž“แž–แž›แž’แžœแžพแž”แžถแžแžปแžšแž˜แž˜)แŸ”

แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž˜แžทแž“แžŽแž˜แž“แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แžšแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„ แžŽแžŠแž›แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แŸ„แž”แž›แŸ‹

แž“แžทแž„แžแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž„ แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž›แž‘แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžšแž‚แž“แŸ‹แžŽแžแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แž–แžธแžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ…แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹ แžŽแžŠแž›แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžฝแž™แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แžŽแžŠแž›แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแžšแž˜แžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแŸ” แž›แž‘แŸแŸ‡แž”แžธแž‡แžถแŸ„แž„แž„แžŽแŸ’แž‹แžšแŸแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‘แžšแŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แž“แžทแž„แž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแžšแžถแž‡แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž‚แžบแŸ’แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธ แž›แž›แžพแžšแžŠแŸ†แž›แžšแžพแž„แžŸแž“แž‹แžทแžŸแžปแžแž•แž›แžผแžœแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž“แžทแž„แž‡แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แž‘แž™แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžท- แž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ„แž“แž›แž‚แž›แž”แŸ†แŸ‚แž„แž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž›แž‡แžฟแž‘แžปแžšแž…แžทแŸ’แž”แžแž‹แž‚แž” แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แž› แžพแž™แžšแŸแž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ†แžšแž‘แžŠแž›แŸ‹ แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ…แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž•แž„แžŽแžŠแžš แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž›แžธแž›แžพแžšแž› แžพแž„แž“แžผแžœแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž“แž›แž›แžพแžšแž› แžพแž„แžแžถแž„แž›แž›แžพแŸ” แžšแž”แžปแž„แž›แž–แž›แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแŸ„แžถ แžŸแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž„แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž”แžถแž“แž›แž›แžพแžšแž› แžพแž„แž˜แž‹แž„แž› แžพแž™แž˜แž‹แž„แž›แž‘แŸ€แžแžแžถ แž€แžถแžšแž›แž‡แžฟแž‘แžปแžšแž…แžทแŸ’แž”แžแž‹แž›แž›แžพ แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แžšแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž‚แžบแŸ’แž›แŸ…แžšแžšแž˜แžทแžแž‘แž”แŸ” แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž”แž‘แž–แžทแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แž“แŸ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแž›แžฝแž“แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž›แŸ…แž แžถแžšแŸ‹แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแž‘แžปแžšแž…แžทแŸ’แž”แžแž‹แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ…แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แžฌแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“ แžฏแžšแžšแžถแž‡แž™ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž• แžธแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแž›แžฝแž“แž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„แŸ” แžŸแŸ„แž‚แŸ’แž˜แžขแž—แžทแžœแžŒแžŽแž“แŸ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แžขแžถแžŠ แžปแžš

แž‡แžถแž˜แž’แž™แž˜ แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแžšแž”แŸ„แŸ‚ แŸฃแŸ แŸ  แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸแžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แžŽแžŸแžœแž„แžšแžšแž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ†แžšแž‘แž–แžธแžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถแž›แžšแŸ€แž„แžšแžถแž›แŸ‹แžŽแžแŸ” แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แžŽแžŠแž›แžŸแž‘แžทแžแž›แŸ…แž›แŸ†แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž”แŸ‹แžแž–แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แžถแž„แž›แž‚แŸ’ แž‚แžบแŸ’แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพ แžทแž„แžถแžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแž‚แŸ’แžฝแžŸแŸ’แžแžš แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แžšแž”แžŽ แž› แŸกแŸ แŸ  แžšแžšแŸ‚แžธแžšแž”แžปแž„แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแž แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แŸคแŸ -แŸฅแŸ  แžšแžšแŸ‚แžธแžšแž”แžปแž„แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแž แžœแžœแžทแž‘แžŠแžธแž’แž›แžธ แŸฃแŸ -แŸคแŸ  แžšแžšแŸ‚แžธแžšแž”แžปแž„แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžแŸ” แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ„แž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแžพแž“แž› แžพแž„แž‡แžถแž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แŸ”

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61 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸกแŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸแžทแž€แžถแžœแžถแž™แžแž˜แŸ’แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž–แžธแžขแž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แž”แžŽแžŠแžน แž„แžŸแž•แŸแž„แžŸแž‘แŸ€แžแžŸแŸ…แž€แž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžšแŸแžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ…แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž›แž•แžŸแž„แž›แž‘แŸ€แžแžŽแžŠแžš แž˜แžทแž“แŸ„แž“แžขแžถแŸ‚แžแž‹แžท แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡- แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„ แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž›แž‘แŸ” แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แŸ„แž”แž›แŸ‹แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แžธแŸ’ แžšแž„แž›แžšแž‚แŸแŸ‡แŸ” แžœแžœแžทแž‘แž‡แžถแž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแžŠแžธแž’แž›แžธ แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžขแžถแž‡แžถแž‰ แž’แžšแž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“ แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แžถแž“แž‡แžฝแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆ แž€แžถแžšแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แŸ„แž”แž›แŸ‹แžŽแž•แž”แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž” แž•แžŸแž–แžœแž•แžถแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž…แžแŸ‹แžœแž’แžทแžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ—แŸ”

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62 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ

แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแžทแžšแžถแž›แŸ…แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แžšแžŠแžŒแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แžพแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“ แž“แž“แžšแžšแž˜แžปแžšแž”แžนแžšแžถแžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„ แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž™แžปแžแž‹แžทแž’แž˜แŸŒ แž›แžšแž€แžถแž˜แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แž‚แŸ†แžšแž‘แž–แžธแžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแžŸ แžšแž”แžแžทแž”แžแž‹แžทแž€แžถแžš GTZ แžšแž˜แž˜แžœแž’แžธแžทแžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แž“แžทแž„ แžœแž˜แžทแž‡แžˆแž€แžถแžš แž–แžธแž“แž›แŸƒแž‘แžธแŸขแŸฆ-แŸฃแŸก แžšแžšแž€แžŠแŸ’แž‹ แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸฉ แž›แŸ…แž‘แžธแžšแžšแžปแž„แž›แžŸแžข แžผแž› แžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แžแžถแž„แžแž•แžผแž„แŸ” แž›แž‚แž›แž”แŸ†แŸ‚แž„แž“แž“แž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแžทแžšแžถแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžบแŸ’แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžŽแžธแžŸแžœแž„แžšแžšแž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แžแžถ แž›แžแžพแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแŸ„แž„แž„แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž˜แž‹แž…แŸ’แž” แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แž› แžพแž™แžแžถแž›แžแžพแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž™แžšแž˜แžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแžŽแžŠแžšแžฌแž›แž‘แŸ”

แž‚แŸ’แž›แžšแŸ„แž„แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แžšแžแžœแžผแž”แžถแž“แž™แž›แŸ‹

แžšแž–แž˜แžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžขแž“แžปแžŸแžŸแžšแŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž–แž˜แž›แžšแž–แŸ€แž„แž‚แž” แžšแžœแž„แžšแžšแžปแž˜แžšแž”แžนแžšแžถแžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž™แžปแžแž‹แžทแž’แŸŒแž˜ แž“แžทแž„แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแžŸ แžšแž”แžแžทแž”แžแž‹แžทแž€แžถแžš GTZ แžšแž˜แž˜แžœแž’แžธแžทแžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แž“แžทแž„แžœแž˜แžทแž‡แžˆแž€แžถแžš แž›แŸ…แžŽแžแž˜แžทแž›แžปแž“ แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจแŸ” แž›แž‚แž›แž”แŸ†แŸ‚แž„แž“แž“แž‚แŸ’แž›แžšแŸ„แž„แž‚แžบแŸ’ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแžšแžถ แž“แžทแž„แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž›แžธแž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž“แž€แžถแžšแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžแžปแžŸแžšแžแžผแžœ แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แž›แž“แž™แž™แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แž“แžทแž„แžแŸ„แž› แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž“แž“แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž›แžŸแžœแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆแžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŸแŸ’แžแžšแžŽแžแž€แžถแžšแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แžŸแžœแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แž‚แžบแŸ’แž‡แžถ แžขแžถแž‘แžทแž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž‚แŸ’แž“แž›แžนแŸแŸ‡แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžถแž‡แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž“แžธแžแžทแž€แžถแž›แž‘แžธ แŸค แž“แž“แžšแžŠแžŒแžŸแž—แŸ’แž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ”

แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž‚แŸ’แž›แžšแŸ„แž„แŸ„แž“แŸคแžŠแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แžšแŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แŸ– (แŸก) แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแžšแžถแžœแž™แžแž“แž˜แž›แž‡แžถแž”แž‹แž˜แž“แž“แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž”แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„ แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ (แŸข) แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž™แž›แŸ‹แžŠแžนแž„แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŽแžแžŸแžธแžปแž‡แž›แžšแŸ… แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸ แž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ— (แŸฃ) แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžšแž”แž‡แŸ†แžปแž–แžทแž›แžšแž‚แŸแŸ‡แž›แŸ„แž”แž›แŸ‹แž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ— แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แž˜แžฝแž™ แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แž“แžทแž„ (แŸค) แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž”แž‰แŸ’แž… แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแŸ” แžŠแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แžšแŸ‹แž€แžถแž› แž‘แžธแŸก แžšแžแžœแžผแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž… แž”แŸ‹แžšแž…แžฝแŸ’แž”แžšแžถแž›แŸ‹ แž› แžพแž™แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แžถแžถ แž‰แž–แžธแž›แž‘แž“แž•แž›แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžšแžšแž› แžพแž‰แžšแž”แžปแž„แžŸแžทแž€แžถแž แžŸแŸ’แžแž›แžถแž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ‚แž“แŸ† แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแžšแž…แžฝแŸ’แž”แžšแžถแž›แŸ‹แž•แž„แžŽแžŠแžšแŸ” แžขแž”แžšแž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžšแž˜แžฝ

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63 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸก. แžฏแžšแžงแžแž‹แž˜ แž…แž“แŸ‹ แžแŸ’แžแž“แžธ แžšแžŠแžŒแž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแž‘แžธแžŸแž‹แžธแž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธ แž‡แžถแžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž”แžแžทแž—แžผ

แŸข. แžฏแžšแžงแžแž‹แž˜ แžŸ แž™แžป แž˜แž„แžปแž„แž›แžถแž„ แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžšแžปแž˜แžšแž”แžนแžšแžถแžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“ แž™แžปแžแž‹แžทแž’แž˜แŸŒ

แŸฃ. แžฏแžšแžงแžแž‹แž˜ แžŸแžšแŸ‹ แž›แžŸแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แžšแžŠแžŒแž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž˜แž แžถแž“แž•แž’ แŸค. แžฏแžšแžงแžแž‹แž˜ แž˜แž„แžšแŸ‹ แžŸแž˜แž•แžแž‹แžท แžขแž“แžปแžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแŸ„แž˜ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แŸฅ. แžฏแžšแžงแžแž‹แž˜ แžŸแžš แžŸแž˜แž•แžแž‹แžท แžŸแŸ„แž‡แžทแžšแžขแž…แžทแŸ’แž”แž“แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แž™แŸ แž“แž“แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™ แŸฆ. แžฏแžšแžงแžแž‹แž˜ แžŸแžฝแž„ แž›แžถแž„แž“ แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแž„แžšแžšแž˜แžปแžšแž”แžนแžšแžถแžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹

แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“ แž™แžปแžแž‹แžทแž’แž˜แŸŒ แŸง. แžฏแžšแžงแžแž‹แž˜ แž…แŸแŸ’แž”แž“แž’ แž˜แž›แž“ แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž“แž™แžš แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž™แžปแžแž‹แžทแž’แž˜แŸŒ แŸจ. แžฏแžšแžงแžแž‹แž˜ แž”แžฝแž“ แžŸแžปแž˜แžปแž“แžธ แžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแž„แžšแžšแžปแž˜แžšแž”แžนแžšแžถแžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„

แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“ แž™แžปแžแž‹แžทแž’แž˜แŸŒ แŸฉ. แž›แž›แžถแžš แž›แž›แž› แžš แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžšแžถแž„ แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แžŽแž•แž”แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แž‡แžˆแžแž‹แžšแž˜แž˜ แžš.แžš.แž…แŸ’แž”.แž™ แŸกแŸ . แž›แž›แžถแžš Ruth Grueber แžแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž„แžขแž„แž‚ GTZ

แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แžšแžŠแžŒแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„

แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž“แž“แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แžšแžŠแžŒแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แžšแžแžœแžผแž”แžถแž“แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž› แžพแž„แž›แŸ… แž“แž›แŸƒแž‘แžธแŸกแŸฅ แžŽแžแžŸแžธแž แžถ แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸกแŸฉแŸคแŸจแŸ” แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž’แžทแž”แžแžธ แž‚แžบแŸ’แž‡แžถแžšแž”แž˜แžปแž“แžšแžŠแžŒ แž“แžทแž„แž‡แžถแžขแž”แžšแžแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž„แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แž€แžถแžšแž”แžšแž›แž‘แžŸแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแŸ” แž“แž™แžšแžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธ แž‚แžบแŸ’แž‡แžถ แž‡แŸ†แž“แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžแžทแž”แžแž‹แžทแžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แž“แž™แžšแžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแŸ” แž“แžธแžแžทแžšแž”แžแžทแž”แžแž‹แžท แžŠแžนแžšแž“แŸ†แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž’แžทแž”แžแžธ แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“ แž“แž™แžšแžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธ แžแžปแž‘แž“แž€แžถแž›แŸแž™แžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแžšแž”แžแžทแž”แžแž‹แžท แŸกแŸฅ แžšแž”แžผ แž“แžทแž„แž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแžฏแžšแžšแžถแž‡แž™ แŸกแŸฆ แžšแž˜แžฝแž‘แŸ†แž„แž›แžแžแž‹แžŸแžœแž™แŸแž Jeju

แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž’แžทแž”แžแžธแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžแžทแž”แžแž‹แžท แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแžแžปแž‘แž“แž€แžถแž›แŸแž™ แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แžŸแŸ„แž‡แžทแžš

แžšแž”แŸ„แŸ‚ แŸกแŸฅ-แŸฃแŸ แžšแž”แžผแŸ” แžแžปแž‘แž“แž€แžถแž›แŸแž™ แžŠแžนแžšแž“แŸ†แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž’แžทแž”แžแžธ แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธแžŽแžแŸ„แž” แžšแŸ‹แžฏแž„แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แž“แžผแžœแžšแžถแž›แŸ‹ แž›แž‚แž›แž“แž›แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แŸ” แž‡แžถแž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แž‘แŸ€แž แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžแžปแž‘แž“แž€แžถแž›แŸแž™ แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž’แžทแž”แžแžธ แŸ„แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแž‡แžถแž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“ แž›แŸ…แž›แžšแž€แžถแž˜แžฑแžœแž‘แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž›แžธแžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž” แž“แžทแž„แžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž›แž‚แž›แž“แž›แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แŸ„แž“แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแŸ– แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜ แž“แžทแž„ แžขแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแžŸแŸ„แŸƒ แžแŸ‹แž‡แžถแžแžท,

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64 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž“แžทแž„แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž‘แŸ†แž“แžšแŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„ แž“แžทแž„แž•แžŸแž–แžœแž•แžถแž™แŸ” แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžš แž‘แŸ†แž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŽแžแž„แžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž’แžทแž”แžแžธ แž”แž„แžปแžŽแž“แž‹แž€แžถแžšแžŽแžแž„แžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž’แžทแž”แžแžธ แžšแžแžผแžœแŸ„แž“แž€แžถแžšแž™แž›แŸ‹แžšแž–แž˜แž–แžธ แžŸแž—แŸ’แž“แž‡แžถแžแžทแž‡แžถแž˜แžปแž“แŸ”

แž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แž“แžทแž„แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžšแž”แž‡แŸ†แžป

แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž”แžแžทแž—แžผแž”แžถแž“แž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“ แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แŸฅ แž“แžทแž„แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž„แž‚แž˜แžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžทแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แŸกแŸ” แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž”แžแžทแž—แžผ แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แžŸแŸ’แžแžœ แž‚แŸ’แž˜แž“แŸแŸ„แž„แž„แžšแžšแŸ‹แž›แŸ…แž‹ แž–แžธ lwm sMkul แžŸแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แžšแŸ‹ แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแž‡แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแž–แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แŸ” แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆ- แžšแž”แžแžทแž—แžผแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“แž“แžผแžœแž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แŸ‚แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžนแž„ แž“แžทแž„แž”แž‘แž–แžทแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แž“แŸแŸ„แž„แž„แž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“แž–แžธแž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž… แžŸแžทแžšแžถแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ” แžšแž”แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž˜แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“ แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แŸฃ แžŽแžŠแž›แž‘แžšแŸ‹แž‘แž„ แž“แžทแž„ แž€แžถแžšแž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแž แž“แžทแž„แžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž›แŸ…แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แŸ„แž“แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถ แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„ แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž‡แž“แžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžท แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แž“แžทแž„แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜แž›แžŸแžข แžผแž› แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แžŽแžŠแž›แž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ”

a. แž‡แžฝแž”แžšแž”แž‡แŸ†แžปแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“แž‘แžผแžแžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแž›แŸ…แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แžšแžŠแžŒแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž”แžแžทแž—แžผแž”แžถแž“แž›แž’แžœแžพแž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“แž‘แžผแžแžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแž›แŸ…แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแžœ แž‚แŸ’แž˜แž“แŸแŸ„แž„แž„แžšแžšแŸ‹แž›แŸ…แž‹ แž–แžธแžฏแžšแžงแžแž‹แž˜ แž›แžนแž˜ แžŸแŸ†แžšแžปแž› แžฏแžšแžขแž‚แŸ’แž‚แžšแžถแž‡แž‘แžผแžแžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแžšแž”แž…แŸ†แžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แŸ” แžฏแžšแžงแžแž‹แž˜แž”แžถแž“แž”แž„แžถแžถ แž‰แž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แž“แž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžšแŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แžŽแžŠแž›แžšแŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžŽแžแŸ„แž“แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸ แžšแž”แžแžทแž”แžแž‹แžทแž€แžถแžš แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŽแž

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65 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž›แžขแž› แžพแž„แžšแž”แžปแž„ แžšแž™แŸˆแž›แž–แž›แž”แž„แžปแž“แž˜ แž“แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แž…แžปแŸ’แž”แž„แž›แžšแž€แžถแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž”แž“แž’ แž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแŸ„แž“แž‘แžŸแžŸแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แž•แž›แžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž“แž™แžšแžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸ แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แž€แžถแž›แž–แžธแžŽแžแž˜แžปแž“แŸ”

แžฏแžšแžงแžแž‹แž˜ แž”แžถแž“แžขแž”แžขแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘แžšแŸ„แž„แž„แžšแžšแŸ‹แž›แŸ…แž‹ แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แŸแŸ‡แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž”แžแžทแž—แžผ แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž“แž˜แžšแž”แŸ†แž›แž–แž‰แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžŽแžŸแžœแž„แž™แž›แŸ‹แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แžŽแžŠแž›แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž› แžพแž„แžšแž™แŸˆแž›แž–แž›แž™แžผแžšแž˜แžšแž› แžพแž™แžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž–แžธแž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แŸกแŸฉแŸฉแŸค แž› แžพแž™แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž‚ แž›แŸ‹แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แžแžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸแž‡แžถแž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“ แž›แŸ…แž›แž›แžพแž–แžทแž—แž–แž›แž›แžถแžšแŸ” แžœแž‡แžถแž›แž–แž› แžŠแŸแž›แžขแžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž”แžแžทแž—แžผแžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžŸแžทแžšแžถแžŽแžŸแžœแž„แž™แž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŽแžแžŸแžธแžปแž‡แž›แžšแŸ…แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžขแž—แžทแžœแžŒแžŽแž“แŸ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸ แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แŸ” แžฏแžšแžงแžแž‹แž˜แž‚แŸ†แžšแž‘ แž“แžทแž„แž‡แžฝแž™แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž”แžแžทแž—แžผแžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžšแž˜แž”แžŸแžšแž˜แžฝแž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžŸ แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžฝแž™แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“ แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸแžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแž“แž›แž–แž›แžขแž“แž‚แŸ’แžแŸ” แž˜แž‡แžˆแž˜แŸ‚แžแžป แž›แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แž›แžšแŸ…แžšแžšแž„แžปแž›แžŸแžข แžผแž›

แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž”แžแžทแž—แžผแž”แžถแž“แž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แž˜แž‡แžˆแž˜แŸ‚แžแžป แž›แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“ แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžŸ แž‚แŸ’แž˜แž“แŸแž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžŠแž›แžŸแž‘แžทแžแž›แŸ…แž›แžšแŸ…แžšแžšแž„แžป แž›แžŸแžข แžผแž›แŸ” แž˜แž‡แžˆแž˜แŸ‚แžแžป แž›แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถแžšแžŽแž“แž›แž„แžŽแžแž˜แžฝแž™แž‚แŸ’แžแŸ‹แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžŸ แž‚แŸ’แž˜แž“แŸ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž‡แžฝแžธแž”แž‡แŸ†แžปแž‚แž” แž•แŸ’แž›แž› แžŸแŸ‹แž”แž‹แžผแžšแž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แž–แžธแžขแžถแž‡แž‰แž’แžšแž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“ แž“แžทแž„แžแžถแž” แžšแŸ‹แž‡แžถแžแžทแŸ” แž˜แž‡แžˆแž˜แŸ‚แž แž›แž‡แžถแžšแžŽแž“แž›แž„แžŽแžŠแž›แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž” แžŽแžŸแžœแž„แžšแžšแž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แŸ‚แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžนแž„แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž›แž’แžœแžพแžŽแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž‡แžถแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ” แž˜แž‡แžˆแž˜แŸ‚แž แž›แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‚แž‹แžป แŸแŸ‡แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž แž›แžšแŸ†แž–แž™แžผแž‘แŸแžš แžขแžทแžปแž“แž’แžบแžŽแŸ‚แž แž“แžทแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แž‰แž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ—แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžŸ แž‚แŸ’แž˜แž“แŸแŸ” แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แžŽแžŠแž›แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แŸ„แž“ แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แž–แžธแž‘แžธแž•แžถแžš แž“แžทแž„แž“แž˜แž› แž•แž›แžทแžแž•แž›แŸ” แž”แž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžปแž”แž•แž“แž”แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžšแž˜แž˜แžœแž’แžธแžทแž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž˜แž‡แžˆแž˜แŸ‚แžแžป แž›แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžบแŸ’แž‡แžถแž‚แŸ†แŸ’แž“แžทแžแž•แž‹แžฝแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž•แž‹แžพแž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž“แž‹แžทแžŸแžปแžแž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แž“แžทแž„แžšแž˜แž˜แžœแž’แžธแžทแžœแž˜แžทแž‡แžˆแž€แžถแžš แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž•แžธแž‹แž›แŸ‹แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“ แž“แžทแž„แž›แžŸแžœแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆแžแžทแžแž‡แžทแžแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž›แŸ…แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžŸ แž‚แŸ’แž˜แž“แŸแŸ”

แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ (NHRCK)

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66 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแž“แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž› แžพแž„แž›แŸ…แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸก แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžแžŸ แžผแž˜แžแžทแž‡แžถแžแžท แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž€แžถแžš แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแŸ” แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž›แž”แž‹แž‡แžถแž‰ แžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แžฑแž™แž”แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžš แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž›แŸ…แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž˜แžฝแŸ„แž“ แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแž“แž›แž›แž›แž”แžผแžš แžแž“แž˜แž› แž›แžŸแžšแž—แžธแŸ’แž“แž– แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แž“แžšแž‚แŸ’แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แžผ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž“แž“แžทแžŸแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžŠ แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž“แž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡ แžแž‘แž›แž›แžแžถแž™แž›แŸ‹แžšแž–แž˜ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แŸ” แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถ แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžฏแžšแžšแžถแž‡แž™ แž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แžŽแžŠแž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แžทแžšแž‰แŸ’แžŠแžœแžแž‘แžปแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž•แŸ’แž›แž’ แž›แŸ‹ แž–แžธแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แŸ” แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ„แž“แžŸแŸ„แžŸแž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžšแŸแžปแŸ‡ แž–แžธ แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ—แŸ”

แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แž“แžŸแž”แž„แž€แžถแžšแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แŸกแŸก แžšแž”แžผ แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“ แŸก แžšแž”แžผ แžŸแž”แž„แž€แžถแžš แžขแž…แžทแŸ’แž”แž“แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แž™แŸ แŸฃ แžšแž”แžผ

แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž”แž„แž€แžถแžšแž˜แžทแž“ แžขแž…แžทแŸ’แž”แž“แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แž™แŸ แŸง แžšแž”แžผแŸ” แžšแž”แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž˜แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸค แžšแž”แžผ แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแž‡แžพแžŸแž›แžš แžพแžŸ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™ แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž’แžทแž”แžแžธ แŸค แžšแž”แžผแž›แž‘แŸ€แž แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŸแž—แŸ’แž“ แž“แžทแž„ แŸฃ แžšแž”แžผแž›แžšแž‡แžพแžŸ แžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แžแžปแž›แžถแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž–แžผแž› แž› แžพแž™แž”แž“แž’ แž”แŸ‹แž˜แžšแž™แž›แŸ‹แžšแž–แž˜แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™ แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž’แžทแž”แžแžธแŸ”

แžŸแž”แž„แž€แžถแžšแž‘แŸ†แž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ„แž“แžขแžถแŸ‚แžแž‹แžทแŸฃแž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แž› แžพแž™แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž”แž“แž‹แžš แžผแž แŸข แžขแŸ‚แžแž‹แžทแž”แžถแž“แŸ” แžœแž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ† แžทแž แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แžŽแžšแžŽแžšแž”แž”แžถแž“ แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž„แž„แž›แž แžถแž…แŸ’แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžแžผแžœแŸ„แž“แžŸแž”แž„แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžŠแžŸแž‹แžธแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แŸคแžšแž”แžผแŸ” แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžš แž‡แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“ แŸฃ แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“ แŸกแŸก แžšแžšแžปแž˜ แž“แžทแž„ แŸฃ แžŽแž•แž”แžšแž”แž“แž’ แž”แŸ‹แž”แž“แžŸแž›แŸ†แž‘แŸ€แžแŸ” แž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž” แž“แžทแž„แž›แž‚แž›แž“แž›แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแž”แž„แž€แžถแžš แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แž‘แŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแŸ”

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67 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแŸ–

- แžœแž—แžทแŸ’แž“แž‚แŸ’ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžšแž‡แžถแžœแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ (แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถ แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŽแžŠแž›แžšแŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžŸแž‘แžทแžแž›แŸ…แžšแžŠแžŒแžŸแž—แŸ’แž“), แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž™แžปแžแž‹แžทแž’แŸŒแž˜, แž›แž‚แž›แž“แž›แŸ„แž”แžถแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹ แžšแŸแžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž”แž›แž‰แŸ’แž…แž‰แž›แŸ„แž”แž›แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžŽแžšแž›แž˜แžข

- แž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž€แžถแžšแž›แžš แžพแžŸแž›แžขแžพแž„ แž“แžทแž„แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธ แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แŸ‚แž„

- แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž› แžพแž„แžœแž‰แžทแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžทแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ - แž›แž›แžพแžšแžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แž“แžทแž„แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸแžŽแŸ‚แž“แŸ† แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ—

แžŸแž‹แž„แŸ‹แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžšแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แŸ‚แžแŸ‹แžœแž’แžทแžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžš แžš

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68 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

- แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžšแž‡แžถแžœ แž“แžทแž„แž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž‰แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸ แžฌแž˜แžแžทแž›แŸ„แž”แž›แŸ‹ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž›แž‚แžšแž–แžแŸ’แžแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžŸแž…แž… แž”แŸแž“ แžฌแž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžšแž–แž˜แž›แžšแž–แŸ€แž„แžขแž“แž‹แžšแž‡แžถแžแžท แžŽแžŠแž›แžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ„แž‡แžทแžš

- แž•แŸ’แž›แž› แžŸแŸ‹แž”แž‹แžผแžš แž“แžทแž„แžŸ แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแžขแž“แž‹แžšแž‡แžถแžแžท

แž‡แžถแžŸแž›แž„แžแž” แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แž“แž’แžปแžšแž›แžŸแž”แžพแžŸแŸ†แžปแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“ แž“แžทแž„แžฏแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแžš แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“ แž“แžธแžแžทแž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž› แžฌแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžœแž‡แžทแžถแž‡ แž‡แžธแžœแŸˆแžŽแŸ’แž‹แž˜แžฝแž™ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž›แžธแžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™ แž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแž€แžถแžš แŸ†แžปแž›แŸ†แž„ แž€แžถแžš แžš แžงแž”แžšแžšแŸ‚แŸแž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ— แž›แž”แžพแžŸแžทแž“แž‡แžถแž…แŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แŸ’แž” แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แŸ„แž”แž›แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž–แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžแžปแž›แžถแž€แžถแžš แž“แžทแž„แžแžปแž›แžถแž€แžถแžšแž’แž˜แž˜แž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แžŠ แžšแžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแžšแž”แž…แŸ†แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แž–แžธแžŸแžšแž˜แž˜แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžš แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแž›แŸ…แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž’แžทแž”แžแžธ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž—แŸ’แž“แž‡แžถแžแžทแŸ” แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแžšแž‚แŸ’แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แžผ แŸ„แž“แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž”แž‹แžนแž„แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž— แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž›แžš แžพแžŸแž›แžขแžพแž„แžแžปแžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž‡แž›แžšแž˜แžพแžŸ แŸฃ แŸ„แž“แŸ– แž€แžถแžšแž‘แžผแžšแžŸแŸแž–แž’ แžฌแž›แž•แž‰แžพแž‘แžผแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแžš, แžแŸ’แžแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž›แž•แž‰แžพแžŸแŸ†แž”แžปแžšแž แžฌแž˜แžšแž”แž‹แžนแž„แž›แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แžšแžŽแž“แž›แž„ แž“แžทแž„แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแžขแžธแžปแžŽแž˜แž„แž›แŸ” แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™ แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž‚แžบแŸ’แŸ–

1. แž€แžถแžšแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แŸ– แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแžšแž‚แŸ’แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แžผ แŸ„แž“แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž”แž‹แžนแž„แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™ แž•แŸ’แž›แž’ แž›แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžš แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž‘แžผแžšแžŸแŸแž–แž’ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž›แž•แž‰แžพแž‘แžผแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแžš แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžขแžธแžปแžŽแž˜แž„แž›แŸ” แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž“แžนแž„แžšแžแžผแžœแž›แž‚แŸ’ แž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‡ แžธแž›แŸ…แž˜แž‡แžˆแž˜แŸ‚แž แž›แžšแž”แžนแžšแžถ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž˜แžปแž“แž…แž”แŸ‹แž›แž•แžแžพแž˜แž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แž

2. แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแŸ– แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แž‡ แžšแŸ‹แžฑแž™ แž”แžถแž“แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แŸ” แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแž›แŸ…แž“แžนแž„แžšแžŽแž“แž›แž„ แž› แžพแž™แžšแŸแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แžฏแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแžŽแžŠแž› แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“แž•แž„แžŽแžŠแžšแŸ”

3. แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžšแž˜แžปแŸแŸ‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžฝแž›แŸ– แž‡แŸ†แž แžถแž“แž‘แžธแž˜แžฝแž™แž‚แžบแŸ’แž–แžถแŸ„แž˜แžŸแžšแž˜แžปแŸแŸ‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžฝแž›แž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แžธแŸ’แž‘แŸ†แž„แž–แžธแžš แž˜แžปแž“แž›แž–แž›แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แžธแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž–แžทแž—แŸ’แž“แžšแžถ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”

4. แž–แžทแž—แŸ’แž“แžšแžถ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แž”แž“แž’ แž”แŸ‹แž”แžธแž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แžธแŸ’แž˜แžทแž“แž™แž›แŸ‹แžšแž–แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžšแž˜แžปแŸแŸ‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžฝแž› 5. แž”แž‰แŸ’แž… แž”แŸ‹แŸ– แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแž™แŸˆแž›แž–แž› แŸกแŸค แž“แž›แŸƒ แž”แž“แž’ แž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”

แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แž‘แž“แž•แž›แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แŸ…แžขแž”แžšแž”แž‹แžนแž„

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69 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„

แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžท (ACRC)

แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž”แžถแž“แž…แž”แŸ‹แž›แž•แž‹แžพแž˜แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž›แŸ…แž“แž›แŸƒแž‘แžธแŸขแŸฉ แžŽแžแžšแžปแž˜แžถแŸˆ แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ†แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ

แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แŸ’แž”แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผ แž› แž‚แž” แžšแžœแž„แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžฏแžšแžšแžถแž‡แž™แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžงแž‘แž“แžšแŸ‚แŸแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แŸ” แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž˜แžฝแž” แž… แž›แž‚แž” แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแžšแžแžœแžผแž”แžถแž“แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžฑแž™แž“แžผแžœแž›แžŸแžœแžšแž˜แž˜แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž‰แž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžŽแžแž˜แžฝแž™ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž• แžธแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แŸ‚แžแžน แž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แž“แžทแž„แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแžŽแžแž˜แžฝแž™ แžšแž”แžšแž”แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแž›แž›แžฟแž“ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžฝแž›แž‡แžถแž„แž˜แžปแž“แŸ” แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž“แžนแž„แž‡แžฝแžŸแž‡แžปแž›แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„ แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž•แžธแž‹แž›แŸ‹แžฑแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž“แžผแžœแž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžŸแžปแžแžŸแŸ’แžŸแžฝแž› แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แž“แž“แž›แžŸแžœแžšแž˜แž˜แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แžฑแž™แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŽแžแž›แž›แžฟแž“แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžŽแžแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž’แžœแžพแž”แžถแž“ แž“แžทแž„แž•แžŸแž–แžœแž•แžถแž™แžœแž”แž•แž’แŸŒแž˜แž“แž“ แžŸแžปแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแžแžทแž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžŸแž„แž‚แž˜ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแžฑแž™แŸ„แž“แžŸแž„แž‚แž˜แž˜แžฝแž™แŸ„แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž›แž‡แžฟแž“แž›แž›แžฟแž“ แžŽแžŠแž›แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แžšแžแžผแžœ แž”แžถแž“แž€แžถแžš แžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž›แž–แž‰แž›แž›แž‰ แž“แžทแž„แž“แžธแžแžทแžšแžŠแžŒแžšแžแžœแžผแž”แžถแž“แž›แž‚แžšแž–แžแŸ’แžแž˜แŸ”

แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžš แŸ„แž“แžŸแž”แž„แž€แžถแžšแž‘แŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แŸกแŸฅ แžšแž”แžผ แŸ„แž“แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž˜แžฝแž™แžšแž”แžผ(แžแžถแž” แžšแŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธ)

แžขแž“แžปแžšแž”แž’แžถแž“ แŸฃ แžšแž”แžผ (แžแžถแž” แžšแŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžš) แžŸแž”แž„แž€แžถแžšแžขแž…แžทแŸ’แž”แž“แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แž™แŸ แŸฃ แžšแž”แžผ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž”แž„แž€แžถแžšแž˜แžทแž“แžขแž…แžทแŸ’แž”แž“แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แž™แŸ แŸจ แžšแž”แžผแŸ” แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž˜แžฝแž™แž”แžถแž“แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแž› แžพแž„

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70 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“ แŸฃ แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แŸ– แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž‘แŸ†แž„แž”แžธ แžŠแžนแžšแž“แŸ†แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžขแž“แžปแžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž˜แžฝแž™แŸ” แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž›แž–แž‰แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแž‡แžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž˜แž•แž„ แŸฃ แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แžแžถแž„แž›แžšแž€แžถแž˜แŸ–

- แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แŸ‚แžแžน แž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แž‡แž“ แž“แžทแž„แžŽแžšแž›แž˜แžขแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžšแŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž“แž„แžฑแž™แž”แžถแž“แžŸแž˜แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”

- แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแžŸแž„แž‚แž˜แž˜แžฝแž™แžŽแžŠแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแžข แž แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž€แžถแžš แžš แž“แžทแž„แž”แž“แž‘แž™แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžœแžŸแŸแžทแž™แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ

- แž€แžถแžš แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŽแžŠแž›แž˜แžทแž“แžšแžแžนแž˜แžšแžแžœแžผ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžงแž‘แž“แžšแŸ‚แŸแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›

แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž›แž”แž‹แž‡แžถแž‰ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžŽแžŸแžœแž„แžšแžšแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž˜แžฝแž™

แžŽแžŠแž›แžŽแžšแž›แž˜แžข แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแžœแž’แžธแžทแž‡แžถแž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“ แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แž แž“แžทแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžท แž€แžถแžšแžœแž—แžทแŸ’แž“แž‚แŸ’แžŸแŸ†แŸ‚แŸ†แžปแž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแžฑแž™แž”แžถแž“แž›แžขแžทแžแž›แžขแž“แŸ‹ แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž›แžŸแžพแž›แžš แžพแž€แžถแžšแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แŸ„แž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž“แžทแž„แžšแžšแž˜แžปแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž“แžŸแŸ’แžแžšแž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แž‡แžถแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ” แž›แž›แžพแžŸแž–แžธแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แž‘แŸ€แž แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž’แžถแž“แž”แžถแž“แžแžถ แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸแžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž›แž‚แŸ’แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แž“แžทแž„แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผ แž› แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แž›แžพแžšแžŠแŸ†แž›แžšแžพแž„แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แž“แžœแž’แžทแžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ” แž‘แŸ†แž„ แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แžšแž˜แžฝแŸ„แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž€แžถแžšแžšแžแžฝแžแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž™แžšแžœแž’แžทแžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž”แžšแžšแžแžธ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแžšแž˜แž”แžŸแžšแž˜แžฝแž› แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžšแž”แž‡แŸ†แžปแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž˜แžทแž“แžšแž–แž˜แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžœแž’แžทแžถแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ”

แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แžšแžแžœแžผแž”แžถแž“แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž–แžธแž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸกแŸฉแŸฉแŸค แž› แžพแž™แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผ แž›แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžš แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžงแž‘แž“แžšแŸ‚แŸแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แž›แŸ…แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž”แžถแž“แžŽแž”แž„แžŽแž…แŸ’แž”แžš แŸกแŸ  แžŽแž•แž”แžš แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž”แž›แž—แž‘แž“แž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ„แž“แžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธแŸ–

แž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แž แž“แžทแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸแžŽแžšแžŽแžšแž” แž“แžทแž„แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž‡แž›แžšแž˜แžพแž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ—

แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžŽแžธแžšแžŽแžšแž”แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž”แž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžปแž”แž•แž“แž” แž“แžทแž„แžœแž™แžแž“แž˜แž›แž–แžธแž›แž‘แž“แž•แž›แž“แž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„

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71 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžšแž”แžนแžšแžถแž›แž›แžพแž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„ แžŸแžšแž˜แžปแŸแŸ‡แžŸแžšแž˜แžฝ

แž“แžทแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแžŽแžŠแž›แž‘แžšแŸ‹แž‘แž„แž“แžนแž„แžœแžœแžทแž‘แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แŸ’

แž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“ แž“แžทแž„แž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แž แž“แžทแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„

แž‡แŸ†แž“แžฝแž‰แž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ— แž•แŸ’แž›แžšแž–แžทแž“แŸแž™แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž›แž’แžœแžŸแžšแž”แžŽ แžŸ แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแž›แžฝแž“แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™

แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แžŸแž”แžพแžŸแŸ†แžปแžฏแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแžš แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“แž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แžŽแžŠแž› แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž–แž“แž™แž›แŸ‹แŸ”

แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž‘แŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž” แž”แž‹แžนแž„แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แž“แžนแž„แžŸแžšแž˜แž˜แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแŸ’แžŸแž”แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž˜แžทแž“แžšแžแžนแž˜แžšแžแžผแžœแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžš แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แžฌแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแž˜แž› แžแžปแž•แž› แžŽแžŠแž›แžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžท แžฌแž›แž’แžœแžพแžฑแž™แŸ„แž“แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž…แž”แŸ‹แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžท แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸ–

1. แž€แžถแžšแž›แŸ…แž”แž‹แžนแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž•แŸ’แž›แž’ แž›แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ 2. แž‘แžผแžšแžŸแŸแž–แž’ แžฌแž›แž•แž‰แžพแžŸแŸ’แžแžš 3. แž”แžทแž‘แžšแž”แž€แžถแžŸ 4. แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžขแžทแžปแž“แž’แžบแžŽแŸ‚แž (www.epeople.go.kr)

แžœแž‡แžถแžšแžŽแž“แž›แž„แžŽแžŠแž›แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžšแž˜แžฝแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแžทแžปแž“แž’แžบแžŽแŸ‚แž แž› แžพแž™แžŽแžŠแž›แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แŸ‚แžแžน แž„แžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžทแŸ” แž‡แžถแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™ แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžขแžทแžปแž“แž’แžบแžŽแŸ‚แž แžŽแžŠแž›แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แžŸแžœแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆแžŽแž”แž”แž‘แŸ†แž›แž“แžพแž” (แžŸแžผแž˜แž›แž˜แžพแž›แžšแž”แžผแžแžถแž„แž›แžšแž€แžถแž˜)

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72 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

5. แž˜แž‡แžˆแž˜แŸ‚แž แž›แžŸแŸ„ แžšแŸ‚แžšแž˜แž˜แž‘แžผแžšแžŸแŸแž–แž’แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แžŽแžŠแž›แž‡แžถแžšแžŽแž“แž›แž„แž—แŸ’แž“แž‡ แž”แŸ‹แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž‰แžŽแžแž˜แžฝแž™ (แŸกแŸกแŸ ) แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž›แŸ…แž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แž–แžธแžšแžŽแž“แž›แž„แž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ—แž‘แžผแž›แž‘แŸ†แž„แžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸแŸ” แž‡แž“แžŽแŸ’แž‹แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แž”แŸ†แŸ‚แž„แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แž–แžธแž›แžŸแžœแž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžทแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž‘แžผแžšแžŸแŸแž–แž’แž˜แžšแž›แž›แž แŸกแŸกแŸ  แžŽแžŠแž›แž‡แžถแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž‰แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แŸ”

แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž—แŸ’แž“แž‡ แž”แŸ‹แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž‰แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแž›แžฝแž“แž‘แŸ†แž„ แŸฅแŸฆ แž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžšแžŽแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž›

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73 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž“แžทแž„ แŸกแŸฆ แžแžถแž” แžšแŸ‹แžšแžŽแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž› แž“แžทแž„ แŸขแŸฃแŸค แžแžถแž” แžšแŸ‹แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แŸ” แž˜แž‡แžˆแž˜แŸ‚แž แž›แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžšแž”แžนแžšแžถแž–แžธแž›แžŸแžœแžšแž˜แž˜แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‹แžนแž„แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆ แž‘แžผแžšแžŸแŸแž–แž’แž›แž›แž แŸกแŸกแŸ  แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ (แžŸแžผแž˜แž›แž˜แžพแž›แž‚แŸ†แŸ’แž“แžผแžŸ แžแŸ’แžแž„แžแžถแž„แžšแž€แžถแž˜)แŸ” แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแž“แž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แŸ„แž“แŸคแžŠแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แžšแŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แž’แŸ†แŸ—แŸ– แŸก.แž€แžถแžšแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„ แžŽแžŠแž›แž‡แž“แžšแž‚แŸ’แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แžผแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž”แž‹แžนแž„แžแŸ’แžแž˜ แžšแž™แŸˆแžแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž„ แžŸแžšแž›แžŸแžšแž‡แžถแž›แžถแž™แž›แžšแžแžขแžšแžŸแžš แžแŸ’แžแž˜ แžขแžธแžปแžŽแž˜แž„แž› แžขแžทแžปแž“แž’แžบแžŽแŸ‚แž แžแŸ’แžแž˜แž€แžถแžšแž›แž•แž‰แžพแžŸแŸ’แžแžš แžฌแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆ แž€แžถแžšแž˜แžšแž”แž‹แžนแž„แž•แŸ’แž›แž’ แž›แŸ‹แŸ” แŸข. แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแŸ– แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž” แž›แžŸแž”แžพแžŸแŸ†แžปแž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แžŽแžŠแž› แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“แž˜แžšแž”แŸ†แž—แž›แžบ แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžฏแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแžš แž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แžธแŸ’ แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“ แžŸแŸ’แžแžšแžŸ แžธ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžปแž‚แŸ’แž‚แž›แžทแžš แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž”แžธแž„แžถแžถ แž‰แžแž›แžฝแž“แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžš แžฌแžแŸ’แžแž˜ แž€แžถแžšแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แŸ„แž”แž›แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ” แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แŸ…แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž•แŸ’แž›แž’ แž›แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแžŽแž“แž›แž„แž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“ แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžŽแžธแžŸแžœแž„แžšแžšแž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแžแŸ”

แŸฃ. แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸแŸ– แž›แž–แž›แžŽแžŠแž›แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแž”แžถแž“แž”แž‰แŸ’แž… แž”แŸ‹ แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŽแž•แžขแžšแž›แž›แžพ แžขแž„แž‚แž› แžแžป แž“แžทแž„แžขแž„แž‚แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžขแž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแž“แŸแžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžŽแžšแž›แž˜แžข แž“แžทแž„แžŽแžšแžŽแžšแž”แž”แž“แž’ แž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž”แžถแž“แž–แžทแž—แŸ’แž“แžšแžถแžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžšแž”แž‡แŸ†แžปแž›แž–แž‰แžขแž„แž‚ แžฌแžขแž„แž‚แžšแž”แž‡แŸ†แžปแžแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแŸ”

แŸค. แž€แžถแžšแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แŸ‚แžนแž„ แžฌแž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แŸ– แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž“แžนแž„แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แŸ‚แžนแž„

แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แžธแŸ’ แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“แž–แžธ แž›แž‘แž“แž•แž›แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแž™แŸˆแž›แž–แž›แŸฃแž“แž›แŸƒแž–แžธแž“แž›แŸƒแž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž‰แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แŸ” แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแžŽแžŠแž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž›แž‘แž“แž•แž› แžšแžแžœแžผแž›แž‚แžšแž– แž“แžทแž„แžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแž™แŸˆแž›แž–แž› แŸฃแŸ  แž“แž›แŸƒ แž› แžพแž™แžšแžแžผแžœแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžŠแŸ†แŸ‚แžนแž„แžšแž แž”แŸ‹แžœแž‰แžทแž›แŸ…แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžแž›แžฝแž“แŸ”

แž…แž”แŸ‹แžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž–แžธแž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ แž˜แžš แŸ„แž“แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แŸขแŸง.แŸฅแŸ แŸฉ แžšแž”แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž˜ แŸขแŸฉ.แŸคแŸฃแŸฃ

แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™ แŸ„แž“แž“แŸแž™แžแžถ แŸฉแŸฃ แž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž™แž“แž“แž”แŸ‚แžแžน แž„แž”แžถแž“แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แžšแž…แžฝแŸ’แž” แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแŸ” แžšแž”แžปแž„ แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž˜แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„ แŸขแŸฉ.แŸคแŸฃแŸฃ แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แŸข.แŸ แŸฆแŸก

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74 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž”แžถแž“แžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž”แž“แž‹แž–แžธแž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง แž› แžพแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แŸขแŸง.แŸฃแŸงแŸฃ แž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž›แŸ…แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจแŸ” แžšแž”แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž˜ แŸฉแŸฃ แž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž™ แžฌแž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„ แŸขแŸง.แŸฅแŸ แŸฉ แžšแžแžœแžผแž”แžถแž“ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž› แžพแž™ แž› แžพแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แŸก.แŸฉแŸขแŸฆ แžšแŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžŽแžŠแž›แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แŸ” แž›แž”แžพแž›แžšแž”แŸ€แž”แž›แž’แŸ€แž”แž›แŸ…แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ แž€แžถแžšแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แŸ‚แžแžน แž„แž›แžšแžพแž“แž› แžพแž„ แŸกแŸฅ,แŸง แž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž™ แž› แžพแž™แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž›แžšแžพแž“แž› แžพแž„ แŸกแŸง,แŸง แž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แŸ’แžšแž™แŸ”

แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜แžšแžšแž„แžปแž›แžŸแžข แžผแž›(CAO)

แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž”แžถแž“แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž› แžพแž„แžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž–แžธแž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸกแŸฉแŸฉแŸง แžŽแžŠแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž”แžถแž“แž›แž’แžœแžพแžŸแŸ„ แžšแŸ‚แžšแž˜แž˜แž‡แžถแž˜แžฝแž™แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแž“แžถ-แžแŸ„แž› แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แž›แŸ…แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸง แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แž’แžœแžพแžฑแž™แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆแž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแžทแžแž‡แžทแžแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž“แžทแž„แŸ„แž“แžšแž”แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แžŸแžœแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆแŸ” แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž› แžพแž„แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž€แžถแžš แžšแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžขแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž…แŸ’แž” แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แž˜แžทแž“แžšแžแžนแž˜แžšแžแžผแžœ แž€แžถแžšแž›แž’แžœแžŸแžšแž”แžŽ แžŸ แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž•แž’แžปแž™แž–แžธแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž˜แžทแž“แžšแžแžนแž˜แžšแžแžผแžœแŸ” แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž–แžถแŸ„แž˜แžŽแžšแž›แž˜แžขแž“แžธแžแžทแžœแž’แžธแžทแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž€แžถแžšแž›แž’แžœแžพแžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜แŸ”

แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŸแž‘แžทแžแž›แŸ…แž‘แžธแžšแžšแž„แžปแž›แžŸแžข แžผ แž“แžทแž„แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แžšแžšแž„แžป แŸกแŸฆ

แž›แž•แžŸแž„แž›แž‘แŸ€แžแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ†แž„แžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แŸ” แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž”แžถแž“แž›แžŠแžพแžšแžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธแŸ„แž„แž„แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž€แžธแžถแžš แžšแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžท แž“แžทแž„แžŽแžšแž›แž˜แžขแžฑแž™แŸ„แž“แžแŸ„แž› แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแžถแž™แŸˆแžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜ แž“แžทแž„แžšแžแžแžฝแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž“ แžแŸ’แžแž˜แž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แž‘แž“แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแŸ”

แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ„แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แŸฅ แžšแž”แžผ แžŽแžŠแž›แž›แžšแž‡แžพแžŸแž›แžš แžพแžŸแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแžแž„แžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž–แžธแž›แŸ…แž แžถแžœ แž™

แžšแžšแž„แžปแž›แžŸแžข แžผแž› แž”แž“แž’ แž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแž‡แžพแžŸแž›แžš แžพแžŸ แž“แžทแž„แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž›แž”แžšแžแž‡แž“ แžŽแžŠแž›แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžšแŸ‹ แžšแž™แžŸแŸ†แžปแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž›แžŸแžš แžธแž–แžธแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแŸ” แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž‘แŸ†แž„ แŸฅ แž“แžนแž„แŸ„แž“แžขแž”แžšแžšแž”แžนแžšแžถแŸกแŸ แžšแž”แžผ แž‡แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžš แžŽแžŠแž›แžขแž”แžšแž‘แŸ†แž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž‰แž˜แžšแž–แžธแž”แŸ‚แžแžท แžแžŸแž—แŸ’แž“ แž“แžทแž„ แž–แžธแžœแžŸแŸแžทแž™แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸ” แž‡แŸ†แž“แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แŸจ แžšแž”แžผ แž“แžนแž„แž‡แžฝแž™แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž› แžพแž™แž‡แžถแž›แž›แžแžถแž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“ แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ” แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž‘แŸ†แž„ แŸฅ แžšแžแžผแžœแž›แžšแž‡แžพแžŸแž›แžš แžพแžŸแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŽแž•แžขแžšแž›แž›แžพแžšแžšแž˜แžŸแžธแž›แž’แž˜แŸŒแžœแž‡แžทแž‡แž‡แžธแžœแŸˆ แž”แž‘แž–แžทแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แž“แŸแž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแž‡แžถแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธ แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แŸ„แž„แž„แžแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แŸขแž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžทแž“แžขแž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžŠ แžแžฑแž™แŸ„แž“แžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธแžŽแŸ’แž‹แž˜แžฝแž™แž›แž‘แŸ€แžแž›แž‘แž›แž–แž›แž”แŸ†แž›แž–แž‰แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแŸ”

Page 151: Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

75 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž™แžปแžแŸ’แžแž‹ แž’แžทแž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžšแž‚แŸ’แž”

แžŠแŸ‚แž‹ แž”แŸ‹แž›แž›แžพแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžปแžš แžŸแžœแž™แŸแžšแžแžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžšแžปแž„แž›แžŸแžข แžผแž› แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž€แžธแžถแžš แžš แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžขแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธ แžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž” แž˜แžทแž“แžšแžแžนแž˜แžšแžแžผแžœ แž€แžถแžšแž›แž’แžœแžŸแžšแž”แžŽ แžŸแž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž•แž’แžปแž™แž–แžธแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž˜แžทแž“แžšแžแžนแž˜แžšแžแžผแžœแŸ” แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž–แžถแŸ„แž˜ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธ แžŽแžšแž›แž˜แžขแž“แžธแžแžทแžœแž’แžธแžทแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถ- แžšแŸ‚แŸˆแŸ” แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ„แž“แžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แŸ— แŸฃแŸ–

1. แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžŽแžŠแž›แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แžฑแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž›แžŸแž”แžพแžŸแŸ†แžปแž›แž’แžœแžพแžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜

แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžขแž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžŠ แžแžฑแž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž›แžŸแž”แžพแžŸแŸ†แžปแž›แž’แžœแžพแžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜แž”แžถแž“ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž— แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž›แžš แžพแžŸแž›แžขแžพแž„ แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžขแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž…แŸ’แž” แž€แžถแžšแž›แž’แžœแžŸแžšแž”แžŽ แžŸ แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แž˜แžทแž“แžšแžแžนแž˜แžšแžแžœแžผ แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž•แž’แžปแž™แž”แžธแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžŽแžŠแž›แž˜แžทแž“แžšแžแžนแž˜แžšแžแžผแžœแŸ” แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž›แŸ…แŸ„แž“แž‡แž›แžšแž˜แžพแžŸแž–แžธแžšแžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŸแžพแžŸแŸ†แžปแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ– (แŸก) แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แž’แžœแžพแžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแž”แžšแžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž‘แžธแž›แŸ†แž›แŸ…แŸ– แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŸแž”แžพแžŸแŸ†แžปแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แžšแžแžผแžœแŸ„แž“แž€แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡ แžแž‘แž›แž›แžแžถแžšแž˜แžฝแž‚แž” แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„ แŸขแŸ แŸ  แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžŸแŸ’แžŸแžปแžšแžŸแžœแž™แŸแž แž“แžทแž„ (แŸข) แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŸแž”แžพแžŸแŸ†แžปแžšแžแžœแžผแŸ„แž“ แž€แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡ แžแž‘แž›แž›แžแžถแžšแž˜แžฝแž–แžธแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“แž‡แžถแž„ แŸกแŸ แŸ  แž“แžšแŸ‹แŸ‹ แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžšแž„แžป แžฌแžŸแŸ’แžแž‡แžธแžœแžšแž˜แž˜แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž˜แžฝแž™แŸ” แž›แž–แž› แžŽแžŠแž›แž€แžถแžšแž›แžŸแž”แžพแžŸแŸ†แžปแžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž›แž‚แŸ’แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แž› แžพแž™แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž—แŸ’แž“แžšแžถแž“แžนแž„แž…แž”แŸ‹แž›แž•แž‹แžพแž˜ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžนแžšแžถ แžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜ แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แžŸแŸ„แžŸแž—แŸ’แž“แž– แŸกแŸข แžšแž”แžผ แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž“แžŽแžแž„แžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แžšแžŠแžŒแž’แžถแž“แžธแž›แžŸแžข แžผแž› แžšแž”แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž˜แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž’แžถแž“แžธ แžขแž”แžšแž”แŸ‚แžแžท แžแžŸแž—แŸ’แž“ แž“แžทแž„แžขแž”แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸ” แž”แž“แž’ แž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแž—แŸ’แž“แžšแžถ แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜แž“แžนแž„แž…แž”แŸ‹แž›แž•แž‹แžพแž˜แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžแžทแž”แžแž‹แžทแž€แžถแžšแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž›แžธแžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแž€แžถแžšแž”แž‹แžนแž„ แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡

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76 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžŽแžŸแžœแž„แžšแžšแž‘แžทแž“แž”แž“แŸแž™ แž“แžทแž„แž›แžŸแž”แžพแžŸแŸ†แžปแžฑแž™แŸ„แž“แžšแžšแžŽแžšแžŽแžšแž”แŸ” แž›แž‘แž“แž•แž›แž“แž“แžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž“แžนแž„แž…แž”แŸ‹แž›แž•แž‹แžพแž˜แž…แžแŸ‹ แžœแž’แžทแžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž—แŸ’แž“แž› แž˜ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž€แžถแžšแž•แžŸแž–แžœแž•แžถแž™แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแžขแžทแžปแž“แž’แžบแžŽแŸ‚แž แž“แžทแž„แž›แž’แžœแžพแžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸ แž›แŸ…แžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž‡แž’แžถแž“แžธ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ„แž‡แžทแžšแžŸแž—แŸ’แž“แžšแžŠแžŒแž‡แž’แžถแž“แžธแŸ”

2. แžšแžแžแžฝแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแž“แžถ

แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž“แžนแž„แžšแžแžฝแžแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™ แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแž“แžถแž›แž›แžพแž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆแž‘แŸ†แž„แžกแžถแž™ แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“ แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแž“แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแž„แžŸแž„แŸ‹ แž€แžถแžšแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แžŸแžœแžšแž˜แž˜ แžฌแž•แž‚แžแŸ‹แž•แž‚แž„แŸ‹แžŸแŸ„แžถ แžšแŸˆแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแžšแžแžฝแžแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžšแžแžผแžœแž…แž”แŸ‹แž›แž•แž‹แžพแž˜แžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž…แž”แŸ‹ แžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแž…แž”แŸ‹แž›แž•แž‹แžพแž˜แž›แž’แžœแžพแžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแž“แžถแžŠแŸ†แž”แžผแž„ แžš แžผแžแžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž”แž‰แŸ’แž… แž”แŸ‹แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแž“แžถ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž›แžธแž’แžœแžพแžฑแž™แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹ แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแž“แžถแŸ„แž“แžแŸ„แž› แž—แŸ’แž“ แž™แžปแžแž‹แžทแž’แŸŒแž˜ แž“แžทแž„แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แž›แž“แž™แž™แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แŸ”

3. แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžœแž“แžทแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž†แŸแž™แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„แžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžท

แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถแžšแžŽแž“แž›แž„แžŽแžŠแž›แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž›แžŸแž”แžพแžŸแŸ†แžปแžฑแž™แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž”แžถแž“แŸ” แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแž“แžนแž„แžšแžแžผแžœแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™ แžŸแžทแžšแžถ แž“แžทแž„แž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แž แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžœแž“แžทแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž†แŸแž™แž”แŸ‚แž‹แžน แž„ แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แžŸแŸ„แžŸแž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž˜แžšแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แžขแž”แžšแž‡แŸ†แž“แž‰แžŽแžŠแž›แžขแž›แž‰แŸ’แž‡ แžพแž‰แž˜แžšแž–แžธแžแžถแž„แž›แžšแŸ… แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แž…แŸ’แž”แž‰แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แžŽแžŠแž›แžŸแž˜แž› แžแžปแž•แž›แŸ”

แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแž‘แŸ†แž„ แŸฃ แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž‚ แž›แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž›แž–แž‰แž…แžทแŸ’แž”แžแž‹แž–แžธแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแŸ” แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถแž™แž“แž‹แž€แžถแžšแžšแžแžฝแžแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹ แžฌแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž›แž–แž‰แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™ แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แž›แž“แž™แž™แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แžแŸ„แž› แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŽแžแžแžทแžแž‡แžทแžแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแŸ”

แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž“แž‹แžทแžŸแžปแž (MOPAS) แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž”แžแžทแž—แžผแž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแžœ แž‚แŸ’แž˜แž“แŸแŸ„แž„แž„แžšแžšแŸ‹แž›แŸ…แž‹

แž–แžธแžขแž“แžปแžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž“แž‹แžทแžŸแžปแž แž“แžทแž„แž–แžธแž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž‹ แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแž‡แžถแž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“แž›แž‘แŸ€แžแž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แŸ” แž”แž“แž’ แž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž”แŸ‹แžขแžถแžšแž˜แž˜แŸ‚แŸแžŸแŸ’แžแžœ แž‚แŸ’แž˜แž“แŸแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แžขแž“แžปแžšแžŠแžŒแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแžšแž…แžฝแŸ’แž”แž˜แžš แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แžถแžถ แž‰แž–แžธแž›แžŸแžœแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แž“แžทแž„แžšแžšแž˜แžŸแžธแž›แž’แŸŒแž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž˜แžปแžแž„แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แž”แžถแž“แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แž„แžถแžถ แž‰แž‡แžผแž“แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž”แžแžทแž—แžผแŸ”

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77 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แžถแž“แž›แž’แžœแžพแžŸแŸ„ แžšแŸ‚แžšแž˜แž˜แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“ แŸค แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžผ แž›แž€แžถแž” แž›แŸ…แžŽแžแž˜แžทแž›แžปแž“ แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸจ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž”แžšแž„แž˜แžฝแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แž“แžทแž„แž–แžšแž„แžธแžšแžšแž”แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แŸ” แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แž”แž‹แž‡แžถแž‰ แžŽแžšแž›แž˜แžขแžฑแž™แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŽแžแžšแž”แž›แžŸแžพแžšแžŠแž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“ แž“แžทแž„แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แžŽแžŠแž›แž‡แžถแžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแžšแž‚แŸ’แž”แŸ‹แžšแž‚แŸ’แž„แŸ” แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แžแžœแž˜แžทแž‡แžˆแž€แžถแžšแžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž‚แŸ†แžšแž‘แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แž“แžทแž„ แžทแžšแž‰แŸ’แžŠแžœแžแž‘แžป แžŠแž›แŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แžฑแž™แž”แžถแž“แžŸแžœแŸแž™แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แŸ” แž‡แžถแž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แž‘แŸ€แž แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แž›แž–แž›แžขแž“แž‚แŸ’แž แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แžšแŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžŽแžแž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแŸ„แž„แž„แžŸแžšแž˜แž˜แž™แžปแž‘แž“แžŸแŸ’แžแžŸแŸ’แžŠแžŸแž‹ แžœแžœแžทแžแž‹แž“แŸแž“แž”แžแž„แž€แžถแž”แžผแž“-แž‘แž”(low-carbon green growth) แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž›แž•แŸ’แž›แž‹ แž แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แž›แž›แžพแž™แžปแž‘แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžทแŸแŸ‡แžšแž„แŸ‹ แž›แž’แžœแžพแžฑแž™ แŸ„แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž’แž˜แž˜แžแŸ’แžแž“แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž“แž”แžแž„ แž€แžถแžšแž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž‚แŸ†แŸ’แžšแžšแžผแž›แž˜แžธแŸ—แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแž“แž‚แžปแŸ’แŸ‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž‡แžธแžœแžแžทแŸ” แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„แŸ„แž“แžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹ แž–แžธแžš แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แž‡แžถแžแžท แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแžšแž›แž˜แžขแž€แžถแžšแžŽแžšแž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž€แžถแžแŸ‹แž”แž“แž‘แž™แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŸแž˜แžปแž‚แŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž‰ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžšแž˜แžฝแž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แž‡แž“ แž“แžทแž„แž›แž‚แž›แž“แž›แŸ„แž”แžถแž™ แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŽแžšแž›แž˜แžขแž€แžถแžš แž›แžšแž‡แžพแžŸแž›แžš แžพแžŸแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแžแžนแž˜แžšแžแžผแžœแž™แžปแžแž‹แžทแž’แŸŒแž˜ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแžขแž—แžทแžœแžŒแžŽแž“แŸแž’แž“แž’แžถแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแŸ”

แž€แžถแžšแžŠแŸแž›แž‡แžถแž‚แŸ’แž‡แŸแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžšแžŸแžฝแž„ แž‚แžบแŸ’แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแžšแž‚แŸ’แž”แŸ‹แžšแž‚แŸ’แž„แžšแž”แžšแž”แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž”แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž–

แžŠแž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžท- แž”แžถแž› แž“แžทแž„แž’แž“แž’แžถแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แŸ– แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แž“แžŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž“แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž› แžพแž„แžœแž‰แžท แž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แŸขแŸ  แžแžถแž” แžšแŸ‹แž‡แžถแžแžท

แž”แž“แž‘แž™แžšแžแžนแž˜ แŸกแŸง แž› แžพแž™แž”แžถแž“แž›แž”แŸ‹แž›แž…แž›แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แŸขแŸฅ แžŽแž•แž”แžš แŸขแŸกแŸฉ แž—แŸ’แž“แž” แžšแŸ‹แž„แžถแžš แŸจแŸก แž“แžทแž„แžขแž„แž‚แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แŸกแŸกแŸฉ แž›แŸ…แžแžถแž” แžšแŸ‹แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“

แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž› แžพแž„แžœแž‰แžทแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธ แž–แžธ แŸฆแŸ แŸค.แŸงแŸจแŸค แž›แŸ… แŸฆแŸ แŸก.แŸฃแŸฅแŸฆ แž›แŸ…แžแžถแž” แžšแŸ‹แž‡แžถแžแžท แž“แžทแž„แž–แžธ แŸขแŸจแŸข.แŸคแŸงแŸฆ แž›แŸ… แŸขแŸงแŸข.แŸ แŸฉแŸ  แž›แŸ…แžแžถแž” แžšแŸ‹แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“

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78 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž›แž”แŸ‹แž›แž…แž›แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžนแžšแžถแž–แžธ แŸฅแŸฃแŸ  แž›แŸ… แŸขแŸงแŸฃ แž‘แŸ†แž„แžแžถแž” แžšแŸ‹แž‡แžถแžแžท แž“แžทแž„แžแžถแž” แžšแŸ‹แž›แžšแž€แžถแž˜แž‡แžถแžแžท

แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™ แž”แžถแž“แžŸแžšแž›แžŸแžšแŸ„แž„แž„แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแžšแž˜แžŸแžธแž›แž’แŸŒแž˜แž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แŸ–

แžšแžšแž˜แžŸแžธแž›แž’แŸŒแž˜แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ„แž“แŸ–

แžšแžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแž–แžธแž”แž‘แž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™แŸ–

แž‡แž“แžšแž‚แŸ’แž”แŸ‹แžšแž”แžผแžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแž–แžธแž”แž‘แž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™แž›แŸ…แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžš ACRC แž› แžพแž™ ACRC แž“แžนแž„แž›แž•แž’แžšแž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž›แŸ…แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸ แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“ (แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžขแž™แž™แž€แžถแžš) แž›แž–แž›แžŽแžŠแž› แžšแžแžผแžœแž€แžถแžšแž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แžแž”แžŽแž“แž‘แž˜

แž”แŸแŸ‚แžแžŸแŸ’แžแžข แžแžŸแžขแŸ† โ€œClean Cardโ€ แž‡แžถแž”แŸแŸ‚แžแžฅแŸ‚แž‘แž“แž›แžšแž”แžพแžšแž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž‡แžธแžœแžšแž˜แž˜ แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แžšแžแžœแžผแžŽแžแž‡แžถ โ€œแž”แŸแŸ‚แžแžŸแŸ’แžแžข แžแžŸแžขแŸ†โ€ แž› แžพแž™แž”แŸแŸ‚แžแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“แž›แž‘แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž”แž›แž—แž‘ แž“แž“ แž€แžถแžšแž แžถแž˜แž›แžแŸ‹แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แŸ‚แžทแž‡แž‡แžšแž˜แž˜

แž€แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž› แž˜แŸ’ แŸแŸ‡ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แžถแžถ แž‰แž–แžธแžšแž‘แž–แž™แžŸแž˜แž•แžแž‹แžทแž•แŸ’แž›แž’ แž›แŸ‹แžแž›แžฝแž“ แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แž€แžถแžŸแž–แžธแžขแŸ†แž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŽแžŠแž›แž”แžถแž“แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แŸ– แžขแŸ†แž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŽแžŠแž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›

แž“แžทแž„แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แžฌแž˜แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แžธแž”แžšแž›แž‘แžŸแžšแžแžผแžœแžŽแžแž›แžŸแž˜แžพ แžฌแžแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแž„ แŸกแŸ แŸ  แžŠแžปแž›แžถแž› แžขแžถแž›แž˜แžšแžšแžท

b. แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแžŸแž„แž‚แž˜แžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžท แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜แž‚แŸ’แž‚แžธแž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž‡แž“แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžšแžธแž”แž‡แžถแž’แžทแž”แž›แžแž™แž™แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžŽแž”แž”แž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžšแž˜แžฝ (PSPD)

แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž›แž–แž‰แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžš แž“แžทแž„แž˜แžทแž“แž›แŸ†แž›แžขแŸ€แž„ แž€แžถแžšแž แžถแž˜แž›แžแŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžšแž”แž›แŸ„แž‡แž“แŸแž”แž“แž‹แž”แž“แž’ แž”แŸ‹ แž แžถแž˜แž˜แžทแž“แžฑแž™แž€แžถแžšแž“แžš แž„แžขแž„แžถแž‚ แžŸ

แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžšแž”แž›แŸ„แž‡แž“แŸแž•แŸ’แž›แž’ แž›แŸ‹แžแž›แžฝแž“ แž แžถแž˜แž˜แžทแž“แžฑแž™แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžšแž–แžนแžแž‹แž›แŸ†แž›แžขแŸ€แž„ แž แžถแž˜แž˜แžทแž“แžฑแž™แŸ„แž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แžŸแŸ‹แž•แž›แžšแž”แž›แŸ„แž‡แž“แŸ

แž แžถแž˜แž˜แžทแž“แžฑแž™แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แžšแž”แžถแžšแŸ‹ แžฌแžขแžแž‘แž”แž‘แžŸแžšแž›แžŸแžพแžš แž แžถแž˜แž˜แžทแž“แžฑแž™แžŸแžธแžปแžŸแŸ†แŸ‚แžผแžš แž แžถแž˜แžทแž“แžฑแž™แž›แžšแž”แžพแžšแž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แžŸแŸ„แž’ แžšแŸˆแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ

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79 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แžถแž“แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž› แžพแž„แž›แŸ…แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸกแŸฉแŸฉแŸค แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŸแŸ„แž‡แžทแžšแž‡แžถแž„ แŸขแŸ แŸ  แž“แžšแŸ‹แŸ” แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‡แžถ แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แž“แžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžทแž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แž›แžพแžšแžŠแŸ†แž›แžšแžพแž„แž™แžปแžแž‹แžทแž’แŸŒแž˜ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแž›แŸ…แžšแž”แž›แž‘แžŸแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆ แž€แžถแžšแž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžšแž˜แžฝแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแŸ” แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแžขแž”แžšแž›แž› แŸ†แž›แž˜แžพแž› แžšแž”แž†แŸ†แŸ’แž„แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžขแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แŸ” แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแž‡แžถแž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž™แžปแžแž‹แžทแž’แŸŒแž˜ แž“แžทแž„แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž’แžทแž”แž›แžแž™แž™แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžœแžŸแŸแžทแž™แž‡แžถแž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“ แž›แŸ…แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„แŸ” แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž€แžถแžšแž•แžŸแž–แžœแž•แžถแž™แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž™แžปแž‘แž“แž“แž€แžถแžš แžŸแžฝแžšแžŸแŸ†แŸ‚แžฝแžšแžŸแž„แž‚แž˜ แž“แžทแž„ แžŸแžšแž˜แž˜แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž“แž›แŸ„แž”แžถแž™ แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž”แŸ‚แžแžน แž„แž–แžธแžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž› แž“แžทแž„แž›แžšแžฟแž„แžšแž‹แžธแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‹แžนแž„แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž–แžธแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แŸ” แžœแž’แžทแžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžทแžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แž€แžถแžšแž›แž”แžถแŸแŸ‡แž›แž†แŸ’แž” แžแž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸขแŸ แŸ แŸ  ยฌCAGEยฆ

แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž›แž’แžœแžพแž™แžปแž‘แž“แž“แž€แžถแžš แžขแž”แžš แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“ แž‡แž“แž‡แžถแžแžทแž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แŸ’แžแžทแž…แŸ’แž” แž‚แžบแŸ’แž‡แžถแžŸแžšแž˜แž˜แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžŠแŸแŸ„แž“แž›แž‡แžถแž‚แŸ’แž‡แŸแž™แŸ” แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž” แž“แžทแž„แžŸแžšแž˜แž”แžŸแžšแž˜แžฝแž›แžŸแžšแž˜แž˜แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แž‡แžถแž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“แž–แžธแžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ—แžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแž˜แž˜แžœแž’แžธแžท แž“แžทแž„แž›แž‚แž›แž“แž›แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แŸ” แžšแž”แžปแž„แžŠแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž™แž›แŸ‹แžแžถ แžฏแžšแžšแžถแž‡แž™แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แž“แžทแž„แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžŸแžธแžปแžŸแž„แžถแžœ แžšแŸ‹แž‚แž” แž‚แžบแŸ’แž‡แžถแž›แž‚แž›แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹ แžŽแŸ’แž‹แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแžขแž”แžšแž›แž› แŸ†แž›แž˜แžพแž›แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžขแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ”

แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แž“ แŸกแŸก แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“/แž˜แž‡แžˆแž˜แŸ‚แž แž› แžŽแžŠแž›แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž“แžธแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ—แŸ„แž“แž€แžถแžšแž‘แž‘แžฝแž›

แžแžปแžŸแžšแžแžผแžœ แž›แžšแŸ€แž„แžแž›แžฝแž“ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž›แž–แž‰แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แŸ” แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž˜แžฝแž™แŸ„แž“แžŸแŸ„แž‡แžทแžšแž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžแžทแž”แžแž‹แžท แžŽแžŠแž›แž˜แžšแž–แžธแžขแž”แžšแŸ„แž“แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แŸ‚แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžนแž„แžแž–แžŸแŸ‹ แž›แž˜แž’แžถแžœ แžธแž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แž›แž“แž™แž™แžšแžš แž‡แžถแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ” แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“/ แž˜แž‡แžˆแž˜แŸ‚แž แž›แž‘แŸ†แž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžบแŸ’แŸ–

แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž›แž› แž›แŸ†แž˜แžพแž›แžแžปแž›แžถแž€แžถแžš แž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž“แž€แžถแžšแžšแž›แŸ†แž›แžถแž—แžขแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แžปแž„แžœแžŸแŸแžทแž™แžแžปแž›แžถแž€แžถแžš แž“แžทแž„ แž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžŽแž•แž“แž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹

แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž›แž› แž›แŸ†แž˜แžพแž›แžŸแž—แŸ’แž“แž‡แžถแžแžท แžšแž˜แžฝแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžŽแŸ‚แžšแžšแž”แžปแž„แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž’แžทแž”แž›แžแž™แž™แžŽแž”แž”แž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžšแž˜แžฝ แžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแž€แžถแžšแž›แž› แŸ† แž›แž˜แžพแž›แž‡แžถแžšแž”แž…แŸ† แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž…แžผแŸ’แž”แž›แžšแž˜แžฝแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‡แž“แžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžทแžšแž”แžปแž„แž›แž‚แž›แž“แž›แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แž‡แžถแžแžท

แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แž–แž“แž“แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžš แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž›แžธแž›แžพแžšแžŠแŸ†แž›แžšแžพแž„แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžšแžแžนแž˜แžšแžแžผแžœแž™แžปแžแž‹แžทแž’แŸŒแž˜ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž˜แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžšแž”แžปแž„ แž–แž“แž“แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžš

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80 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แž“แž™แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž“แž›แž› แž›แŸ†แž˜แžพแž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž›แžธแž’แžœแžพแžฑแž™แžŸแž„แž‚แž˜ แž“แžทแž„แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แŸ„แž“ แžแŸ„แž› แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แž“แžทแž„แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แž›แž“แž™แž™แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž›แž‡แŸ€แžŸแžฑแž™แž•แžปแžแž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžšแž–แžนแžแž‹แžแžปแžŸ แž“แžทแž„แžขแŸ†แž›แž–แžพแž–แžปแžšแžšแž›แžฝแž™

แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถแžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ…แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž›แž’แžœแžพแž€แžถแžšแŸ„แž„แž„แžŸแžšแž˜แž˜แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž›แž–แž‰แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžš แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžŸแŸแžทแž™แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แž‡แžถแž–แžทแž›แžŸแžŸแž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž›แž–แž‰แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžš แž“แžทแž„แžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž™แžปแžแž‹แžทแž’แŸŒแž˜แŸ” แžขแž„แž‚แž€แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžฏแžšแžšแžถแž‡แž™ แž› แžพแž™แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž“ แžทแžšแž‰แŸ’แžŠแžœแžแž‘แžปแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แžšแž…แžทแž… แžšแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŸแŸ„แž‡แžทแžšแŸ” แž”แž‘แž–แžทแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แž“แŸแžŽแžŠแž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“

แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแžทแžšแžถแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถแžฑแž€แžถแžŸแž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸแžšแž”แž›แžŸแžพแžšแžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžขแž”แžšแŸ‹ แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แž‘แŸ†แž„ แžขแžŸแŸ‹ แž•แŸ’แž›แž› แžŸแŸ‹แž”แž‹แžผแžš แž“แžทแž„แž–แžทแž—แŸ’แž“แžšแžถแž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“ แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แŸ‚แŸแŸ‡แžŠแžนแž„ แž“แžทแž„แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แžšแž”แžˆแž˜แž‚แž” แž›แŸ…แžœแž‰แžทแž›แŸ…แž˜แžš แžŽแžŠแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž“แžธแž˜แžฝแž™แŸ—แž”แžถแž“แžšแŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžŽแžแž›แžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž›แž› แžŸแŸ‹แž”แž‹แžผแžšแž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“ แž‚แžบแŸ’แž‡แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžแž‹ แž‚แŸ’แž“แž›แžนแŸแŸ‡ แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แžšแŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž‘แžšแž˜แž„แŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแž‘แŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹ แžŽแžŠแž›แžšแžแžผแžœแŸ„แž“แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แžšแž‚แŸ’แž”แŸ‹แžšแž‚แž“แŸ‹ แž“แžทแž„แž™แž›แŸ‹แžŠแžนแž„แž–แžธแž‚แž” แž›แŸ…แžœแž‰แžทแž›แŸ…แž˜แžš แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแŸ„แž˜แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แŸแŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแž™แž‘แŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž‚แž” แŸ” แž”แž‘แž–แžทแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แž“แŸแžŠแŸแž›แžขแžŽแž”แž”แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžฝแŸ’แžšแžŽแžแŸ„แž“แž€แžถแžšแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แžฑแž™แŸ„แž“แž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“แžŽแž›แž˜แž›แž‘แŸ€แžแž›แŸ…แž›แž–แž›แžขแž“แž‚แŸ’แž แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แžฑแž€แžถแžŸแž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“แž”แžŽแž“แž‘แž˜แž›แž‘แŸ€แžแžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž•แŸ’แž›แž› แžŸแŸ‹แž”แž‹แžผแžšแž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“แž”แž‘แž–แžทแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แž“แŸ แž“แžทแž„แž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แžšแž”แžˆแž˜แž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ—แŸ” แž‘แžŸแžŸแž“แžšแžทแž…แŸ’แž”แž…แžŸแžทแžšแžถแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž”แžแžทแž—แžผแž”แžถแž“แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“ แž“แžทแž„แž”แž‘แž–แžทแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แž“แŸแž›แžขแŸ— แž‡แžถแž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“แžŠแžผแž…แŸ’แž”แž‡แžถแŸ– แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแžแžทแžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸแžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžฏแžšแžšแžถแž‡แž™

แžŽแžŠแž›แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แžทแžšแž‰แŸ’แžŠแžœแžแž‘แžปแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž•แŸ’แž›แž’ แž›แŸ‹แž–แžธ แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แž› แžพแž™แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แž“แž’แžปแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžšแŸ‹แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžŸแŸ†แžปแž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“ แž“แžทแž„แžฏแžšแžŸแŸ’แžแžšแž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ—แž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“ แžšแŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แž“แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แžŸแžปแžพแž”แžขแž›แž„แž€แž แž€แžถแžšแž…แžปแŸ’แž”แŸแŸ‡แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸ’แžแžœแžšแž‡แžถแžœ แžฌแž€แžถแžšแžšแžšแžถแž‘แžปแžšแž—แžŸแž‹แžปแžแŸ’แžแž„ แž› แžพแž™แž›แž”แžพแžŸแžทแž“แž‡แžถแž…แŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แŸ’แž”แž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แŸ„แž”แž›แŸ‹แžŸแžšแŸ„แž”แŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแž–แžธแž”แž‰แŸ’แž‰แžถ แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แž›แŸ…แžแžปแž›แžถแž€แžถแžš แžฌแžแžปแž›แžถแž€แžถแžšแž’แž˜แž˜แž“แžปแž‰แŸ’แžŠ แž“แžทแž„แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžšแŸ‹แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแžšแž”แž…แŸ†แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แž–แžธแžŸแžšแž˜แž˜แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžš แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž“แž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแžŸ แž›แŸ…แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž’แžทแž”แžแžธ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแž—แŸ’แž“แž‡แžถแžแžทแŸ” แžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ„แž“แžŸแž”แž„แž€แžถแžšแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แŸกแŸก แž˜แžšแž–แžธแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž•แžŸแž„แŸ— (แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“ แžŸแž”แž„แž€แžถแžšแžขแž…แžทแŸ’แž”แž“แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แž™แŸ

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81 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แŸฃ แžšแž”แžผ แž˜แžทแž“แžขแž…แžธแŸ’แž”แž“แž“แŸ’แžšแž“แž‹แž™แŸ แŸง แžšแž”แžผ)แŸ” แžšแž”แžปแž„แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž›แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž˜แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸค แžšแž”แžผแžšแžแžœแžผแž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแž‡แžพแžŸแž›แžš แžพแžŸแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž’แžทแž”แžแžธ แŸค แžšแž”แžผแž›แž‘แŸ€แž แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŸแž—แŸ’แž“ แž“แžทแž„ แŸฃ แžšแž”แžผแž›แžšแž‡แžพแžŸแžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แžแžปแž›แžถแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ†แž–แžผแž› แž› แžพแž™แž”แž“แž’ แž”แŸ‹แž˜แžšแž™แž›แŸ‹แžšแž–แž˜แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžšแž”แž’แžถแž“แž’แžทแž”แžแžธแŸ” แžŸแž”แž„แž€แžถแžšแž‘แŸ†แž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แŸ„แž“แžขแžถแŸ‚แžแž‹แžท แŸฃ แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แž› แžพแž™แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แž”แž“แž‹แžš แžผแž แŸข แžขแžถแŸ‚แžแž‹แžทแž”แžถแž“แŸ” แžœแž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแžšแŸ† แžทแž แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แŸ’แž”แžŽแžšแžŽแžšแž”แž”แžถแž“ แžŽแžŠแž›แŸ„แž„แž„แž›แž แžถแž…แŸ’แž”แžŽแŸ’แž‹แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžแžผแžœแŸ„แž“แžŸแž”แž„แž€แžถแžšแž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžŠแžŸแž‹แžธแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แŸค แžšแž”แžผแŸ”

แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แžšแžแžœแžผแž”แžถแž“แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแž›แž› แžธแž„แžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž–แžธแž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แŸกแŸฉแŸฉแŸคแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ‚แž“แŸ†แžฑแž™แž”แžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžแž‚ แž›แŸ‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แžšแžแžœแžผแž”แžถแž“แž›แž’แžœแžพแžšแž™แŸˆแž›แž–แž› แŸฅ แž†แŸ’แž” แŸ† แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž™แž›แŸ‹แžŠแžนแž„แŸ” แž‡แžถแžงแž‘ แžšแŸ‚แŸ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแžฑแž™ แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŽแžแž™แž›แŸ‹แžŠแžนแž„แž”แžŽแž“แž‘แž˜แž›แž‘แŸ€แž แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž”แžถแž“แž”แžŽแž“แž‘แž˜ แžšแž™แž–แžธแž˜แžปแžแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹โ€แžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜ โ€œ แžŽแžŠแž›แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž€แžถแž› แž™แž›แŸ…แž‡แžถแžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแŸ” แž‘แŸ†แž„แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžฝแŸ’แžšแžšแžแžœแžผแž–แžทแž…แžšแžŽแŸ’แž‹แž•แž„แžŽแžŠแžš แž›แž–แž› แžŽแžŠแž›แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถแž›แžšแŸ€แž”แž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž”แž›แž„แž€แžพแžแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ”

แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแžผแž›แžš แž„ แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžฏแžšแžšแžถแž‡แž™ แž›แžŠแž›แŸ„แž“แžขแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž…แŸ’แž”แž›แž–แž‰แžŸแžทแž‘แž“แžทแžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž‚แžทแŸ’แžแž‚แžผแŸ’แžšแž–แžทแž…แžšแžŽแŸ’แž‹แž–แžธแžŸแž›แž˜แž›แž„แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž›แž”แžพแž›แž‘แŸแŸ‡แž”แžธแž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแž‘ แž”แŸแž“แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‘แž‘แžฝแž› แžทแžšแž‰แŸ’แžŠแžœแžแž‘แžปแž–แžธแžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแŸแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™

แžŸแŸ„แžŸแž—แŸ’แž“แž–แž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžšแžแžผแžœแž›แžšแž‡แžพแžŸแž›แžš แžพแžŸแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžŸแž›แž˜แž›แž„แž—แŸ’แž“แž‚แŸ’แž›แžšแž…แŸ’แž”แžพแž“แž–แžธแžŸแž›แž˜แž›แž„แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แžŽแžŠแž›แž˜แžš แž–แžธแžแŸ†แžŽแŸ’แž‹แž„แžšแžŠแŸ’แž‹แžŒ แž—แžทแž”แžถแž› แžŸแž„แž‚แž˜แžŸแžธแžปแžœแž›แžท แžšแžŠแžŒแžŸแž—แŸ’แž“

แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž›แŸ…แžšแžŠแžŒแž’แžถแž“แžธแž›แžŸแžข แžผแž› แž‚แžบแŸ’แž‡แžถแžŽแž•แž”แžšแž˜แžฝแž™แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž€แžถแžšแž›แž–แž‰แž…แžทแŸ’แž”แžแž‹ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแž’แžถแž“แžธแž›แžŸแžข แžผแž› แž›แž‘แŸแŸ‡แž”แžธแž‡แžถแŸ„แž„แž„แžŽแŸ’แž‹แžšแŸแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™ แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‡แžถ แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แžฏแžšแžšแžถแž‡แž™แž–แžธแž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž€แžถแžšแž›แž–แž‰แž…แžทแŸ’แž”แžแž‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž“แžทแž„แžŸแŸ’แžแž›แžถแžšแžถแž‡แž’แžถแž“แžธแž›แžŸแžข แžผแž›แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแŸ„แžทแž›แŸแž™แž›แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž›แžŠแžพแžšแžแžฝแž“แž‘แžธแŸ„แž„แž„แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹แžšแž”แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž“ แž“แžทแž„แžšแžแžฝแžแž–แžทแž“แžทแžแž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ†แž›แž–แž‰แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžš แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแž”แžถแž›แžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž›แž’แžœแžพแžฑแž™แž€แžถแžšแž•แž‹แž›แŸ‹แž›แžŸแžœแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆ แž€แžถแž“แŸ‹แžŽแžแŸ„แž“แžแŸ„แž› แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แž›แž“แž™แž™แž—แŸ’แž“แž– แž“แžทแž„แžแžทแžแž‡แžทแžแžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒแŸ”

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82 แžงแž”แŸแž˜แž–แŸแž“แž’แž‘แžธ แŸขแŸ– แžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž‘แŸแŸแž“แž€แžทแž…แž…แŸแžทแž€แžถแž–แžธแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž’แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แž˜แž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแŸ…แžŸแŸ’แž˜แž’แžถแžšแžŽแžšแžŠแž‹แž€แžผแžŸแžš แŸ‰แŸ | แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸ‚แžพ แžšแžšแž”แžแŸ‚แž แž“แž“แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹แžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แž›แŸ…แžšแž˜แž–แžปแž‡แžถ

แžŸแŸ„แžŸแž—แŸ’แž“แž–แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹แžŸแžœแž“แžšแž˜แž˜แžšแž”แž‡แžถแž–แž›แžšแžŠแžŒ แž‚แžบแŸ’แž˜แžšแž–แžธแžœแž‡แžทแžถแž‡ แž‡แžธแžœแŸˆแž”แŸ‚แžแžท แžแžŸแž—แŸ’แž“ แžŽแžŠแž›แžšแžแžผแžœแž›แžšแž‡แžพแžŸแž›แžš แžพแžŸ แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แž‚แŸ’แŸ‚แŸˆแžšแž˜แž˜แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžšแžŠแžŒแž’แžถแž“แžธแž›แžŸแžข แžผแž› แž“แžทแž„แžŽแžแž„แžแŸ†แŸ’แžแž„แž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แž™แžขแž—แžทแž”แžถแž›แžšแžŠแžŒแž’แžถแž“แžธแž›แžŸแžข แžผแž›แŸ” แžขแž”แžšแž‡แŸ†แž“แž‰แž€แžถแžšแž…แŸ†แŸ’แž”แž“แžฝแž“ แŸกแŸฅ แžšแž”แžผ แžŽแžŠแž›แž˜แžšแž–แžธแžœแž‡แžทแžถแž‡แžธแžœแŸˆแž”แŸ‚แžแžท แžแžŸแž—แŸ’แž“ แž“แžนแž„แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž›แžšแž‡แžพแžŸแž›แžš แžพแžŸแž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แž‡แžฝแžธแž™ แž€แžถแžšแž„แžถแžšแž›แž“แŸแŸ‡แŸ”

แž›แž‘แž“แž•แž›แž“แž“แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžขแŸ†แž” แžผแžŸแŸ’แžแž˜ แž“แŸ‹ แžšแžแžผแžœแž”แžถแž“แž›แž”แžถแŸแŸ‡แž•แžถแž™แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžแž’แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸˆแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžšแž™แŸˆแžšแž”แž–แŸแž“แž“แž–แŸแžแŸŒแŸ„แž“ แž‡แžถแž–แžทแž›แžŸแžŸแžแŸ’แžแž˜แžขแžทแžปแž“แž’แžบแžŽแŸ‚แž แž› แžพแž™แžšแŸแžšแžแžผแžœแž›แž’แžœแžพแžšแž”แžถแž™แž€แžถแžšแŸ‚แŸแž›แŸ…แžŸแž—แŸ’แž“แžšแžŠแžŒแž’แžถแž“แžธแž›แžŸแžข แžผแž› แžŽแžŠแžšแŸ” แžšแžถแž›แŸ‹แž›แžŸแž…แŸ’แž”แžšแž‹แžธแžŸแž›แžšแž˜แž…แŸ’แž” แžšแžแžผแžœแžŽแžแž›แž’แžœแžพแžฑแž™แžฐแžŠแž›แŸ‹แžขแž”แžšแž“แž›แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แž‡แžถแž“แŸ‹แžแž–แžŸแŸ‹ แž›แžŠแžพแž˜แž•แžธแž…แžแŸ‹แžœแž’แžทแžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแžšแž”แžปแž„ แž€แžถแžšแžขแž“แžปแžœแžแž‹

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