Proposal Enumeration
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Transcript of Proposal Enumeration
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Progress and advancement of the countries of the world are
always related to the kind of education they offer to their people. Generally
education is the concern of government and public in democratic countries.
Education is essential for human development. Modern age is the age of
science and technology. Education gives people expertise and skills for
different fields to keep them abreast with the changing realities of life. The
development of education depends upon the language that is a unique tool
granted to human beings for communication. It is one of the gifts, granted by
Allah to distinguish mankind from animal. Therefore, development of
civilization and education depend upon the growth and use of language.
As a developing country, Indonesia really needs English. Firstly
English is the language of science and technology. We cannot make progress
in the field of science and technology without the knowledge of English
language. Secondly, it is the common of lingua franca of the world. It is the
tool through which we can conduct our daily business with the worlds
community. Thirdly, it is the language of worlds literature for understanding
the cultures of other nation so is essential for us to know the English
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language. Fourthly, it is the language of the world diplomats. We cannot
express ourselves on the world forum without English language.
In short, the knowledge of English language is most important
because of mentioned facts. It is the currency of our time. But in our country,
the majority of the students fail in this subject because of the lack of language
learning environment and incompetent teachers in the academic and
professional areas.
The problem that faced by students in learning English are;
speaking, writing, listening, and reading. The fourth English skills are basic for
us to mastery English. Most of students had difficulty in speaking and writing.
In this study, writer would be focused in writing skill. Writing is a means of
communicating ideas and information. Writing is one of important ways to
expressing your thought, and communicating ideas and views to others.
Writing is beneficial, specifically for those who are emotional, and do not
express verbally. This tool allows them to express their ideas, thoughts or
their existing mental condition. People express themselves by writing novels,
short story, biographies, and even personal diaries, etc. this paper will help
you to develop your writing. How to develop paragraph? How to list a support
sentences?
1.2 Problem Statement
The writer tries to formulate the research question based on the
problem above as follow:
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1. How does enumeration technique?
2. How is student of second grade SMU Islam Terpadu Yabis Bontang
developing topic sentences using enumeration?
1.3 Objective of the Study
The objectives of this study are:
1. To explain the enumeration technique?
2. To know whether enumeration can give effect to second grade SMU
Islam Terpadu Yabis Bontang in developing topic sentences.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This study is contributed for:
1. The writer: to fulfill the participle program of the studying at
Muhammadiyah University of Makassar, one of requirement of which is
to write a thesis in order to get Strata one Degree in English
Department.
2. The students: this study can be used to increase their English
achievement.
3. The teacher: this study can be enriching their method in teaching
English.
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1.5 Scope of the Study
The writer will give limitation of this study to control the objective
areas. These are focuses area of this study, first the object of this study is the
student of second grade SMU Islam Terpadu Yabis Bontang. Second, the
writer will be focus on writing skill only, that study about the way in developing
topic sentence that identifies your support point. And the last is the writer will
hence this study on personal topic sentence.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter contains the relevant information selected for supporting
the problem that has been determined.
2.1 Topic Sentences
Topic sentence consist of two words, they are topic and sentence.
The meaning of each word is topic means a heading in an outlined
argument or exposition. While sentence means a word, clause, or phrase or
a group of clauses or phrases forming a syntactic
According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, topic sentence is a
sentence that states the main thought of paragraph or of a larger unit of
discourse and is usually placed at or near the beginning. The other dictionary
said that topic sentence is a sentence that expresses the essential idea of a
paragraph or larger section, usually appearing at the beginning.
The topic sentence is a perspective grammatical term to describe the
sentence in an expository paragraph which summarizes the main idea of that
paragraph. It is usually the first sentence in a paragraph.
The American Heritage Dictionary states topic sentence is the
sentence within a paragraph or discourse that states the main thought, often
placed at the beginning.
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According to the respected grammarian and expert linguist David
Crystal most native English speakers are taught that sentences are
constructions which can used on their own-units of meaning which seem to
make sense by themselves.
2.1.1 Structure and Coherence
Topic sentence have difficult history in the business of teaching
writing, in the 1960s, an influential article was published in a scholarly journal
read by writing teachers which proclaimed that research proved that topic
sentences were practically nonexistent. However, that research was based
on light, journalistic, entertainment-oriented texts where topic sentences
would be the equivalent of lead boots.
Actually, topic sentences play an important role in giving a
document coherence especially technical, scientific, and business
document. In light, journalistic, entertainment oriented writing, topic sentences
of a subtle, unobtrusive type are used.
2.1.2 Anatomy of the Topic Sentence
What is the topic sentence? It is a sentence occurring towards the
beginning of a paragraph that some way tips the reader off as to the focus,
purpose, contents of that paragraph (and perhaps one or more paragraph
following). At its best, it focuses the readers attention; it says hey, heres
what were talking about! heres an example:
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There is no doubt that Gage suffered the accident, and
that it had a dramatic impact on his life. However, in his
book An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage,
Australian psychologist Malcolm Macmillan casts serious
doubts on the accuracy of the account that entered both
scientific and popular discourse. First, very little is
known about Gage's personality and habits before the
accident. . . .
In this example, serious doubts on the accuracy of the account is
the core of the topic sentence, indicating the focus of the following discussion,
which is doubts. Notice it does not begin the paragraph; the first sentence
seems to be transitioning from a previous paragraph.
2.1.3 Types of Topic Sentences
Six kinds of topic sentences are commonly used by experienced
writers. They are not the only kinds, but if you learn how to write them, you
will be able to express the main idea of almost any paragraph.
1. A Basic Topic Sentence
A basic topic sentence is the quickest and simplest way to begin
your paragraph. Just copy the main idea from the outline, making sure that
the sentence has a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought.
Make sure, too, that the sentence begins with a capital letter and ends in a
period. When we write a basic topic sentence, do not change any key words
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or add any new words that might change the meaning of our main idea. Here
are three examples:
Main idea : Tango is my favorite restaurant.
Topic sentence : Tango is my favorite restaurant.
Main idea : Music is important in my life.
Topic sentence : Music is important in my life.
Main idea : I could not live without my car.
Topic sentence : I could not live without my car.
Basic topic sentences are clear and direct, and they get us writing
quickly. You might want to use a basic topic sentence in the following
situations:
- If we are being timed and must write quickly
- If we get stuck when we try to begin writing
- If a topic is difficult for us
When we begin our paragraph with a basic topic sentence, you can
always go back and revise it later if we have time.
2. A Topic Sentence That Adds a Description
A topic sentence that adds a description is similar to a basic topic
sentence but requires just a little more work. Copy the main idea from the
outline and add a brief descriptive phrase to clarify the subject of the
paragraph. Here are three examples with the descriptive phrase underlined:
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Main idea : Tango is my favorite restaurant.
Topic sentence : Tango, an Argentinean restaurant in my neighborhood,
is my favorite place to eat.
Main idea : Music is important in my life.
Topic sentence : Hip-Hop and classical music are important in my life.
Main idea : I could not live without my car.
Topic sentence : I could not live without my car, a beat-up 1992 Honda
Civic.
A topic sentence that adds a description is more precise and colorful
than a basic topic sentence. With practice, we will be able to add a brief
descriptive phrase to the topic sentences with little effort or loss of time.
However, in order to keep the main idea clear, remember these suggestions:
- Use only brief descriptive phrases.
- Do not change any key words or add any new words that might
change the meaning of your main idea.
- If a descriptive phrase does not fit smoothly into the main idea,
do not force it. Some main ideas do not work well with an added
description
3. A Topic Sentence That Creates a Contrast
A contrast is another effective way to start the paragraph. To form
this type of topic sentence, we will need to write a complex sentence
beginning with although, even though, or while. Here are three examples:
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Main idea : Tango is my favorite restaurant.
Topic sentence : Although I have eaten at many good restaurants, Tango
stands out as my favorite.
Main idea : Music is important in my life.
Topic sentence : Event though I dont get to listen to music as often as I
would like, it is very important in my life.
Main idea : I could not live without my car.
Topic sentence : while I could survive without many of my possessions. I
could not live without my car.
A topic sentence that creates a contrast shows that we have a deep
understanding of our main idea. However, since this type of topic sentence
tends to be longer than a basic topic sentence, we must be careful that our
main idea stays clear. Keep these suggestion in mind:
- Make sure that the first word of the sentence is although, even
though, or while.
- Be sure that the main idea is in the second half of the sentence.
- When writing the main idea, do not change any key words or add
any new words that might change its meaning.
4. A Topic Sentence That Identifies The Support Points
Identifying the support points is another popular and effective way to
begin the paragraph. This type of topic sentence includes the main idea and
briefly identifies the support points that you will develop in the paragraph.
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These support points may be introduced by the word because, as shown in
the following examples. Keep your list as brief as possible so that it flows
smoothly.
MAIN IDEA
Tango is my favorite restaurant.
SUPPORT POINT 1
The food is delicious.
SUPPORT POINT 2
The atmosphere is romantic.
SUPPORT POINT 3
The prices are reasonable.
TOPIC SENTENCE
Tango is my favorite restaurant
because of the delicious food,
romantic atmosphere, and
reasonable prices.
A topic sentence that identifies the support point gives the reader a
snapshot ofthe paragraph and it demonstrates that we have a firm grasp on
the organization. However, since this type of topic sentence tend to be longer
than a basic topic sentence, we must be careful that your main idea stays
clear. Keep these suggestions in mind:
- Be sure the main idea is in the first half of the sentence.
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- When writing the main idea, do not change any key words or add
any new words that might change its meaning.
- When copying the support points from outline, we may shorten
them so that they flow smoothly; however, do not omit any of
them or change their meaning.
- If we use the word because before the support points, it should
come in the middle of the topic sentence.
2.1.4 The Purpose of a Topic Sentence
The main point (claim) of a paragraph is often indicated in a single
sentence called the topic sentence. A topic sentence is like a thesis in that
you can also ask yourself: Can I disagree? You want to be able to answer
YES to show that there is an arguable claim that needs to be proven. While it
is true that in published writing youll sometimes find topic sentences in the
middle or even at the end of a paragraph, placing your topic sentences at the
beginning of each of your paragraphs is useful because:
A strong topic sentence can help you, the writer to focus each
paragraph around one main point.
A strong topic sentence can help your reader to see where you
are headed with your ideas in a particular paragraph; topic
sentences help your reader form a mental map of your essay.
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A strong topic sentence connects back to your overall thesis and
connects forward to the specific supporting point you are making in the
paragraph to prove and illustrate your thesis.
2.1.5 The Differentiates a Strong Topic Sentence from a Weak Topic
Sentence
The chart below points out some of the main difference between a
topic sentence that is genuinely helpful to the reader:
A weak topic sentence: A strong topic sentence:
Doesnt fit your paragraphthat
is, it misleads your reader into
Fits your paragraph,
accurately reflecting what
THESISTopic
SentenceSupporting
Point
And forward to the supporting point
Connects back to the thesis
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thinking you will be writing about
one thing, but the paragraph itself
is about something else
youve actually written
Is so general that your reader cant
form a clear image about what is
to come
Is specific enough that your
reader can predict what you
will cover in that paragraph
Simply states a fact, a piece of
information that can be confirmed
with observation or reference to
reputable sources. Your reader is
left wondering, What is the point
of this paragraph? What is the
writer trying to prove with this
piece of information?
Like a thesis statement, it sets
up the controlling idea of the
paragraph, clearly indicating
the point or claim the writer
will illustrate, describe, explain,
analyze in the body of the
paragraph
Does not seem clearly related to
your thesis
Helps your reader see how this
paragraph relates to and
advances/supports your thesis
A topic sentence must predict or promise what follows, so it cannot
be a question. To orient the reader, you may use a question as the
first sentence, with the topic sentence as the answer to that question.
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Weak: Should schools provide free computers for their students?
Strong: Schools must provide free computers for their students to assist
them in their studies and prepare them for their future careers.
Phrases such as I think or in my opinion may muddle or weaken
topic sentences. Your writing is always your opinion, so you dont need these
phrases unless they are central to the idea that you are trying to convey.
Weak: I think that it is important for every woman to carry pepper spray.
Strong: As violent criminals take over the city streets, women must carry
pepper spray to protect themselves.
The topic sentence should provide clear relationships among all of
its elements so that it can provide a framework for understanding the rest of
the paragraph.
Weak: Historians record only dry statistics; we should read novels.
Strong: Accurate historical novels give us a deeper understanding of the
past than do the dry collections of facts and statistics that pass for history
texts.
A topic sentence needs to be clear and specific, so that it can
predict and summarize the rest of the paragraph for the reader.
Weak: Public transit is terrible.
Strong: Incapable of providing reliable, comfortable service, the San
Francisco Municipal Transit System is failing its ridership.
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Good topic sentences can improve an essays readability and
organization. They usually meet following criteria:
1. A topic sentence is usually the first sentence of the paragraph, not
the last sentence of the previous paragraph.
2. Topic sentences use keywords or phrases from the thesis to
indicate which part of the thesis will be discussed.
3. Topic sentences tell the reader what concept will be discussed
and provide and introduction to the paragraph.
4. Topic sentences link the subject of the present paragraph to that
of the previous paragraph.
Good topic sentences also include:
1. Topic sentences may also signal to the reader where the essay
has been and where it is headed through the use of certain
words such as first, second, or finally.
2. Topic sentences may act as a mini thesis statement, essentially
saying that this is my claim, or point I will prove in the following
paragraph. All the sentences that follow these topic sentences
must relate to it in some way.
3. Topic sentences make a point and give reasons or examples to
support it.
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Good topic sentences typically do not begin with following.
1. A quotation from a critic or the piece of fiction you are
discussing. The topic sentence should relate to your points and
tell the reader what the subject of the paragraph will be.
Beginning the paragraph with someone else's words doesn't
allow you to provide this information for the reader.
2. A piece of information that tells the reader something more about
the plot of the story. When you're writing about a piece of
literature, it's easy to fall into the habit of telling the plot of the
story and then adding a sentence of analysis, but such an
approach leaves the reader wondering what the point of the
paragraph is supposed to be; it also doesn't leave you sufficient
room to analyze the story fully. These "narrative" topic sentences
don't provide enough information about your analysis and the
points you're making.
Weak "narrative" topic sentence: Lily Bart next
travels to Bellomont, where she meets Lawrence
Selden again.
Stronger "topic-based" topic sentence: A second
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example of Lily's gambling on her marriage chances
occurs at Bellomont, where she ignores Percy Gryce
in favor of Selden. [Note that this tells your reader
that it's the second paragraph in a series of
paragraph relating to the thesis, which in this case
would be a thesis related to Lily's gambling on her
marriage chances.]
3. A sentence that explains your response or reaction to the
work, or that describes why you're talking about a particular
part of it, rather than why the paragraph is important to your
analysis.
Weak "reaction" topic sentence: I felt that Lily should
have known that Bertha Dorset was her enemy.
Stronger "topic-based" topic sentence: Bertha Dorset
is first established as Lily's antagonist in the train
scene, when she interrupts Lily's conversation with
Percy Gryce and reveals that Lily smokes.
2.2 Enumeration
An enumeration is a data type consisting of a set of named values
that represent integral constants, known as enumeration constants. An
enumeration also referred to as an enumerated type because you must list
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(enumerate) each of the values in creating a name for each of them. In
addition to providing a way of defining and grouping sets of integral
constants, enumerations are useful for variables that have a small number of
possible values.
According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, enumerate means to
ascertain the number of, to specify one after another. World English
Dictionary define enumerate is 1) To mention separately or in order; name
one by one; list, 2) to determine the number of; count.
When an enumeration is used in an ordered list context, we impose
some sort of ordering structure requirement on the index set. While we can
make the requirements on the ordering quite lax in order to allow for great
generality, the most natural and common prerequisite is that index set be
well-ordered. According to this characterization, an ordered enumeration is
define to be a surjection with a well-ordered domain. This definition is natural
in sense that a given well-ordering on the index set provides a unique way to
list the next element given a partial enumeration
From all definition above, the writer conclude that enumeration is
proceeds to break general class down by listing some or all of its members or
parts.
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2.3 Conceptual Framework
The conceptual above explains the process of teaching English
writing in developing students writing skill in terms of developing topic
sentences. The process of teaching, students will give another way in
developing topic sentence. The writer sure that the students of SMA IT Yabis
Bontang will be easier in developing topic sentence by using enumeration.
General
structure
Part
1
Part
2
Part
3
Part
4
Part
5
Writing Skill
Paragraph
Enumeration
Topic Sentence
Student
Development
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter deals with research types, research variables and
indicators, research hypothesis, population and sample, research instrument,
and data collection
3.1 Research Design
This study will be a true-experimental research is one kinds of
experimental research. In experimental design for the objective of explaining
the progress after treatment, the research design is conducted as follows:
Comparison
The design of the study, namely Pretest and Posttest control group
design; it involves two groups, those groups take a pretest-treatment-posttest.
One group is given new treatment and the other class is usual treatment
Pretest PosttestTreatment
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This design is one of the most effective designs in minimizing the
threats to experimental validity but there may be the possibility of influence of
the effect of testing and interaction with experimental variable (Farooq, 2001)
3.2 Research Variables and Indicators
3.2.1 The Variables
The variables of this research consist of independent variable and
dependent variable. The independent variable of this research is the use of
Enumeration in developing paragraph. While, dependent variable of this
research is development of topic sentence in writing achievement in
developing personal topic sentence that identifies the support point.
3.2.2 Indicators
The indicator of this research is the students of SMA Islam Terpadu
Yabis Bontang in writing skills, in developing topic sentence through
enumeration which consists of determine the topic or main idea, then listing
the supporting point with related topic.
3.3 Research Hypothesis
The writer considers that the hypothesis of this research is students of
SMA IT Yabis Bontang could develop a writing skill in developing topic
sentence through Enumeration.
3.4 Population and Sample
3.4.1 Population
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Students at second grade Senior High School at Bontang constitute
the target population of the study. The accessible population will comprise
students at second grade SMA IT Yabis Bontang.
3.4.1 Sample
The sample will consist of two class, they are IPA and IPS, assigned
to experimental and control class. writer will choose by random whether IPA
or IPS classes as experimental class or control class. there was no another
second grade class at this school besides of them.
3.5 Research Instrument
In order to measure the achievement of sample students before and
after the study the subject of writing, Pretest, and Posttest will develop for the
study. Achievement test (pretest as well as posttest) consist of giving an a
topic sentence than they develop it sentence into paragraph.
After giving a pretest both of experimental class and control class, the
experimental class will be given a treatment by teacher, it is developing topic
sentence by enumeration, while control class will not give any treatment.
3.6 Data Collection
This study will presents qualitative data, and served data with words,
phrases, clauses, sentences, expressions, texts, etc. because this is a
experimental study so writer use test for gathering data. The test will be given
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such make paragraph by listing each topic sentence. This external data is
main data that will be gather by writer. Gathering data is very important for
this study, it could be a mirror that will be presented by writer and know the
effectiveness of enumeration.
3.7 Data Analysis
After collecting the data from students on pretest, and posttest the
writer will present the correlation between topic sentences and enumeration,
and the different posttest between experimental class and control class.