UNIVERSITE DE SHERBROOKE

Faculté d’éducation

Département de pédagogie

B.E.A.L.S.

Providing Feedback to Written Assignments

Work presented to Michelle Paradis and Dominique Hétu

As part of

Professional Essay (INT 400) 41

December 21, 2009

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………..2

CONTEXT…....................…………………………………………………………………..3

LITERATURE REVIEW.......……………………………………………………………....5

METHODOLOGY.........................………………………………………………………....10

POSSIBLE CHALLENGES….……………………………………………………….....…16

CONCLUSION...…………………………………………………………………………....16

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………................…17

APPENDIX..............................................………………………………………………........18

APPENDIX A – QUESTIONS…….………………………………………………...………19

APPENDIX B - QUESTIONAIRE…………………………………………………….....….20

APPENDIX C- CHECKLIST……………………………………………………….……......22

APPENDIX D – OUTLINE FOR A FIVE-PARAGPRAH TEXT.………………..…….......23

APPENDIX E – HOW TO USE A DICTIONARY………….....………………..………......24

APPENDIX F - SCALE………………………………………..………..…….….………..…25

APPENDIX G – THE MT. MERCURY ADVENTURE.........………......……………….…26APPENDIX H- SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONAIRE ………………………………….31

APPENDIX I - RUBRIC..…….......………………………………………………………….32

APPENDIX J – MEDIUM RANGE PLANNING…....……………………………………...34

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Providing Feedback to Written Assignments

This is a description of an action-research in progress, which inspires students to write

and use constructive feedback from the teacher to learn from their mistakes. The purpose of

this assignment is to elaborate my action research project proposal in which I describe the

context, develop a review of the literature as well as elaborating on a methodological

approach.

Up until now in my career, I have gained experience while teaching every level from

kindergarten to secondary five. I also had the occasion to teach Intensive English to six

graders, teach in a private school as well as being an animator for group discussions in

college. Ever since I started teaching, I noticed that students do not take into consideration

written corrections on their assignment which is why I am focusing my action research on the

following question: how to provide constructive feedback on ESL students` written

assignments.

Context

I have selected this subject because, at the beginning of my teaching career, my

standards were too high. I quickly learned that when correcting a student’s written

assignment, I should not underline in red every mistake, because when students received their

copy they were disappointed. Another pitfall was that they did not take the time to look at the

mistakes. As a teacher, I would spend time correcting each text and it was upsetting to see that

students did not even take the time to look at the corrections and learn from their mistakes.

Next, I changed my correcting method. I would spend more time looking for what the

students did right and I was working to build on those strengths, rather than pointing to

weaknesses. Of course I was also helping students to improve their weak points but I learned

to share with them what they had done right instead of only telling them what they had done

wrong.

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For my part, this subject interests me greatly because I would like to find a

constructive way to correct assignments and provide meaningful feedback and corrections.

Students have different ways of learning. Some will take the time to read the corrections and

will not make the same mistake twice because they acquired new knowledge and understand

it. Others do not even take the time to look over the corrections. Why should I correct if it is

not meaningful for the students? The impact my corrections have on students is important for

me as a teacher and I would like to take this occasion to research on the subject.

Another dilemma I experienced in correcting mistakes is that I remember correcting a

student frequently who was making the same mistake repetitively. It seems as if even if I

corrected her and taught her using a different method, she never acquired the correction I was

trying to fix. Why do some students learn differently? Why do some take a longer time to find

a proper way to learn and to grasp a grammar concept?

An additional problem I was confronted with regarding written production is the fact

that once a student obtains a satisfying result, he does not think it is necessary to apply

himself when he is asked to write a text. Therefore, his first written production was very well

written, the second one was acceptable and the third one was terrible. He did not take the time

to review his mistakes since his score was satisfying to him.

My action- research is taking place in three elementary schools: Notre-Dame-des-

Bois-Francs, St-Christophe, and Saint-David, which are part of the Commission scolaire des

Bois-Francs in Victoriaville. I have chosen these schools because they offer a regular English

program as well as an Intensive English program. Students for whom English is a second

language are a growing segment in these school populations.

In these schools, there are no typical ESL students. I teach to four hundred and thirty

students from grade one to grade six. They are divided into nineteen groups which I see

between two to three times, for a period of sixty minutes in a cycle of ten days.

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Most students are Canadian-born from francophone families who live in the

surrounding neighborhood. All students have had varied degrees of exposure to their second

language, as well as a wide variety of life experiences and attributes that can significantly

enrich the life of the school and help enhance learning for all students. Some have various

linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Not all require the same types of support. A number of

students may need to complement their early childhood experiences and first languages with

wide ESL support if they are to be successful in the school system.

A few who have immigrated to Victoriaville from Germany, Algeria, Columbia and

the United-States with their families after having received some formal education in their

home countries. In some cases, they have learned English as a foreign language in school.

Given appropriate ESL support, including cultural-bridging experiences, these students

progress well in their new schools.

Some students arrived in Canada as refugees. These students may have received little

or no schooling in their country. They may also have experienced traumatic conditions caused

by political, social, and economic disturbance. In addition to ESL support, these students may

need specialized counseling and literacy training in their first language as well as in French

since it is the main language taught in schools.

A few students have special needs associated with mental challenges, physical

challenges, and behavioral difficulties which do not facilitate their success in their second

language. One student even has a special educator who comes with her in the classroom.

Even if students have different abilities and backgrounds, I will need to motivate all of

them to write. As far as I am concerned, they are not stimulated to write in their second

language whether it is from their parents or English teacher. Therefore, it will be a challenge

for me to get them to write a text but I believe that with the proper tools and motivation they

will succeed. On top of focusing on my action-research question, I will also focus on sub

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questions such as: how to teach students to revise their text and how to motivate students to

write.

Since English is mostly a second language in Quebec, it is hard to expect a well

structured and error free text on behalf of the students. Teaching a second language is a

challenge and learning it is even a greater challenge also. But, in my opinion, students should

start writing in English as soon as in grade one. That way, the quality of texts would be

greater by the end of high school which means after eleven years of English as a second

language.

Literature Review

Writing is a highly valued skill that is often neglected in the ESL classroom. I think

that one reason is that teachers often do not receive adequate training in writing assessment.

Many different methods are used by teachers to evaluate student writing. Which method is the

best? How may teachers provide constructive feedback on ESL students` written

assignments? In this present study various feedback methods are analyzed. I examine

effective and efficient methods to provide feedback according to authors and the preference

between peer feedback, self feedback and teacher feedback. I will also explain the writing

competencies that students need to achieve according to the MELS.

According to Williams, the traditional method used by teachers which is only

correcting the mistakes is not working. Students copy the corrections but do not understand

the mistakes they made. It does not teach students how to recognize or correct errors on their

own. Indicating the presence or types of errors without correction is also ineffective. Many

times the students do not understand why the errors were indicated and guess the corrections

as they rewrite. Both of these methods ask students to focus more on surface errors than on

the clarity of their ideas, and it only stresses the negative.

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Let’s focus on the meaning of feedback for the purpose of this study. What does it

really signify? According to Williams, (2003) “The goal of feedback is to teach skills that

help students improve their writing proficiency to the point where they are cognizant of what

is expected of them as writers and are able to produce it with minimal errors and maximum

clarity.” (Williams, 2003) He also states the difference between feedback on form which is to

indicate by underlining the place and type of error but without correction and feedback on

content which is written comments by teachers on drafts, to point out problems and offer

suggestions. Students are expected to incorporate information from the comments into their

writing.

In order to give effective and efficient feedback, Woodhouse and Page (2006) suggests

the following:

Don’t correct more than a paragraph or two; Give rules or strategies for language errors; Distinguish language issues from comments on the substantive issues about the assignment; Give feedback anonymously to the whole group highlighting common problems, rather than to each individual; Give feedback on aspects that the student requests; Refer for ESL support when necessary. (Woodhouse and Page, 2006)

I will take into consideration these suggestions when I correct and provide feedback.

Williams (2003) believes that two methods work to give appropriate and effective

feedback. The first one is when students receive grammar feedback that indicated the place

but not types of errors. Indirect feedback is more useful than direct correction. The second one

is when students find understanding written feedback problematic. Student-teacher

conferencing is useful to develop strategies for improvement, since direct questions can be

asked and answered right away. (Williams, 2003)

The two previous authors only elaborated on written feedback on the other hand Ferris

and Hedgcock (2004) suppose that “it is safe to assume that some students may have

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problems adequately comprehending oral feedback, even though the conference format allows

them increased opportunities to request clarification.” (Ferris and Hedgcock, 2004, p. 205)

Williams (2003) also states that teachers should consistently use a standard set of

symbols and familiarize students with the system. They should also use a standard set of clear

and direct comments and questions to indicate content feedback. They should also familiarize

students with the types of comments and train them how to make use of the comments.

(Williams, 2003)

Shum, a teacher at the University of Hong Kong in China, performed a study which

“investigated the effects of four different methods used to evaluate Chinese compositions

of senior secondary students in Hong Kong, with a particular interest in examining whether

any one method would result in improving students' attitudes to writing (especially their

willingness to revise) and increasing their writing achievements. ” (Shum, p.1) The first

method is a “detailed evaluation by the teacher”. The second one is an “evaluation by the

teacher using symbolic codes”. The third one is a “peer evaluation by students using a

checklist after students receive some training”. The last one is a “self-evaluation by students

using a checklist.” (Shum, p.2) Shum cited Liu (1985) who used a rather interesting figure of

speech to describe these four methods:

The process of conducting detailed evaluation of composition by teachers is similar to that of teaching a child how to walk. The adult would first demonstrate how to walk to the child. The process of teacher evaluation by using symbolic codes and giving the composition back to the students is similar to that of helping the child to walk by leading him the way. For peer evaluation, it is similar to the process of letting the children walk hand in hand. Self-evaluation by students is similar to the situation when the child learned how to walk on his own, as equivalent to the ultimate goal of training. (Liu, 1985)

Shum’s results “showed that the students in the 'peer evaluation (checklist)' group

performed better in terms of taking the initiative in rewriting, their writing habits and their

recall rate of revising. A post-study questionnaire survey of the students found that they

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generally held a positive attitude toward peer evaluation by checklist. ” (Shum, p.1) However,

Woodhouse and Page (2006) obtained a different result on a similar survey. Apparently,

students “overwhelmingly preferred teacher feedback over peer and self-feedback”

(Woodhouse and Page, 2006, p. 228)

Students also want, according to William (2003), multiple rewrites, student-teacher

conferencing, label mistakes and to make corrections on their own and feedback about the

content. He also provided a list of questions about form, content, comments that teachers

should take into consideration when giving feedback. (Appendix A)

In the school system, students need to achieve a writing competency whether it is at the

primary level or in secondary. At the end of cycle 3, in elementary school, which is grade six,

students are expected to attain competency 3: To write texts. According to the elementary

English as a Second Language Program:

By the end of Cycle Three, students write a variety of well structured texts to fulfill meaningful goals. Supported by peers and the teacher, students make greater and more confident use of compensatory and learning strategies. They produce a text that is pertinent to the instructions given and apply the language conventions targeted for the task. From an open-ended model and available resources, students deliver a personalized final product that shows imagination and creativity, and takes the intended audience into account. (MELS, 2003)

Few are the students who can write a text at the level and hardly any have the ability to revise

their texts using strategies.

In the first cycle in secondary, students need to achieve competency 3: Writes and

produces texts. According to the Secondary Cycle One ESL programs:

By the end of Secondary Cycle One, students write and produce popular, literary and information-based texts that represent their increased proficiency and their emerging personal style. In order to write/produce an effective, well-structured text, they use and adapt personalized writing and production processes to the task at hand with increased ease…. They write/ produce a well formulated text that is easily understood. They request, provide and integrate feedback from peers and teachers on a regular basis….Students reflect regularly on

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their successes and challenges and make appropriate adjustments for their continued language development. (MELS, 2003)

Even if students are expected to accomplish all that, it is not everyone who does.

In the second cycle in secondary, students need to perform the same competency as in

cycle one. According to the Secondary Cycle Two ESL programs:

By the end of Secondary Cycle Two, students have developed a positive attitude towards writing and producing texts in English. With some support from the teacher and peers, they use and adapt the writing and production processes to suit the task. They persevere, even when faced with challenges, and take risks with language. Students cooperate and are open to other viewpoints during the writing and production processes. (MELS, 2003)

These outcomes are not realistic for some students.

According to the British Columbia ministry of education, experienced teachers have

found that ESL students make better, faster, progress in the long run if they are given

sufficient time to absorb new input and are not pressured to complete work or meet the usual

age-level performance expectations right away.

Most of the frequently used and relied on methods of teacher feedback on written

assignments are ineffective when it comes to developing writing skills. Although students

tend to have greater confidence in teachers' evaluations and, in opposition, tend to have

doubts about their classmates' feedback, peer evaluation can encourage students to revise and

improve students' writing habits. Moreover, teachers need to familiarise and train students in

how to effectively use the feedback in order to make gains in their proficiency and

competence as English writers.

Methodology

The purpose of my action research is to bring students to consider the teacher’s

feedback on their written assignments. I am focusing on students in grade six since I do not

think the other levels produce a sufficient amount of texts for me to elaborate my project. The

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objectives of my action research are to find appropriate ways of correcting texts and providing

feedback to students in order to answer the question: how to provide effective feedback to

ESL students’ written assignments?

Given that students in cycle three have targeted competencies to achieve. I am

focusing my action research on competency 3. They will also develop other competencies as I

elaborate my action-research. In addition, they will develop many cross-curricular

competencies such as to use creativity, to adopt effective work methods, to cooperate with

others and to communicate appropriately. Moreover they will use strategies like cooperation,

self-monitoring, use of prior knowledge and using resources.

My action-research will take place during a period of many months from

approximately January to March. During those months, I am planning to ask grade six

students to write three texts on various subjects. I will use different methods to correct their

written assignments. Following that, I will compile the results and compare the texts in order

to see which of my methods will have been more constructive for students. I will also ask

students to fill out a questionnaire. (Appendix B)

Before teaching students how to write a text, I will talk to the students’ French teacher,

Stéphane Lemieux, to see which steps they have learned to use for writing. Students can

transfer their prior knowledge and apply it in their writing process.

First of all, I will teach students the steps they should follow in order to write a text. I

will provide them with a checklist with all the following aspects to focus on, as demonstrated

in appendix C. The first step is to prepare to write. Students need to think of the instructions;

take out the resources they need such as books, dictionaries, bank of expressions and more;

look a the model provided by the teacher, write down ideas which is brainstorming and then

put them in order in an outline. Refer to appendix D to see an outline students will need to

complete. The second step is to write a draft. Students need to look at the model again,

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follow the instructions, use their ideas, write short sentences in English with a subject, verb

and object; use the vocabulary and expressions known; and if they have any problems they

need to ask for help. The third step is to revise the text. Students need to ask themselves

questions such as: ``did I follow the instructions? Did I follow the model? Are my ideas

original? `` Afterwards, they need to check the spelling, the word order and punctuation with

the resources they have as well as with a friend. The last step is to write the final copy of the

text. Students need to ask themselves questions such as: Is it ok? Is it neat? Is it easy to read?

Next, I will teach them how to decide their layout which consists of five paragraphs:

an introduction which includes roughly three sentences. It should contain two sentences about

the topic and one thesis sentence. What are you going to write about in your text? A body or

development of three paragraphs of more or less five sentences each. To complete your text,

you need a conclusion which holds around three sentences. It should rephrase the question,

summarize the main ideas, give your opinion, if you have not given it already and look to the

future by saying what will happen if the situation continues or change. All this needs to be

done in just three sentences! The conclusion is the end of the text and it is the part that the

reader may remember the most. It should be clear, and avoid confusing the reader which is

why you should never add new information. Each sentence should have an average of about

12 words each, which makes a text of about 252 words. It might seem like a big amount of

words but in my experience, with intensive English grade 6 students, most of them could

write long texts without any difficulties. There was only two or three who were struggling to

attain that quantity of words.

Secondly, I will explain to them how to revise and correct their work and remind them

about the sentence structure. I will give them strategies to edit and proofread their text such

as: correcting vocabulary errors, correcting grammar errors, correcting punctuation, and

capitalization and editing to improve style. I will also show them how to look up words in the

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dictionary since a lot of them are not sure which word to take when they want to translate a

word. (Appendix E)

Thirdly, I will show them the grading scale I will use which is the same one the Mels

provides to teachers for the correction of their ministry exams. I have decided to use that scale

because I find it easy to use and straightforward. It allows me to be equal with all the

students’ texts. As you will see in appendix F, the scale is divided in three sections. Once I

read a text, I read the first question in the scale and answer it. As you will see, they are all yes

and no questions that allows the teacher to answer easily without too much questioning. Once

all the questions are answered, a level is given to the text.

Fourthly, I will give them a subject and precisions such as the number of words and

the amount of time they have to complete their text. For the strong students, I would increase

the amount of words that is required. I would explain to them that since they are strong, they

have the ability to create a text of a greater length. According to my experience, students who

are strong enjoy writing and do not mind to submit a bigger amount of words. It allows them

to express their ideas with a rich variety of words. For the weaker one, I will propose to them

to come to remedial English either at lunch time or after school in order to finish their text. I

will also be more present for them since writing is hard for them.

Given that I am planning to make students write a few texts, many subjects will be

given to students such as: The Mount Mercury Adventure, What would you do if you won 9

million dollars? What will you do during the summer?

For the first subject, students need to write a narrative text in groups. Students are

guided throughout a process to stimulate their imagination. The Mount Mercury Adventure is

a writing project where students create a narrative based on a very simple structure. This came

to me as an idea to help students realize they can report past events.

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To start with, I will teach target language such as: in the beginning, first, next, after

that, afterward, while, as, before long, finally, in the end. After, I will review the past tense:

simple past and/or past perfect as well as adjectives.

The written project requires at least 4 or 5 lessons. It gives the time to the students to

process the information and make changes. It also allows them to rewrite their story and

correct it.

The materials needed for each group are: a model of a story, a map, a hero sheet, an

obstacle sheet, and a story board. All the materials are available in appendix G.

Here is a description of the planning step by step. First of all, have the students read an

example of a story. Give one map to each group of students as well as a hero and obstacle

sheet. Explain that they are going to create a story using this map as a guideline. First, choose

and give your hero a name. Give names to any other characters. Second, decide upon a reason

for him/her to be going to Mt. Gold. Explain that on the way to Mt. Mercury their hero will

have 3 major obstacles. Discuss some possibilities as a class (giant spider attack, giants from

the mountains, a lake of fire, a waterfall and more). Have the groups decide upon 3 obstacles

from the discussion period or on their own. Have the students begin creating their storyboard.

Let the students begin elaborating on the events and creating their story. When they get to the

temple at Mt. Mercury they can bring the story to any conclusion they want. Once completed,

review the target language and ask students to go back and try to improve the flow of the

story. Have the students add ten adjectives or adverbs to their story. Ask students to type their

story on the computer and use the correction tools provided but teach them how to be critical

of Spelling & Grammar check on Microsoft Word or on translation websites. Recommend

them to use online dictionary. Ask them to insert pictures related to the story. Ask them to

print their story, read it, correct it, and hand it in. While correcting, I will underline the

mistakes and ask them to correct it and bring the modifications to their story on the computer.

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As a follow up, have the students tell their story to the class using their storyboard.

This makes the writing project more communicative, post their stories in the classroom if

possible and have the students read their story to younger students.

For the second and last subject, students need to write texts individually. In both of

them, they need to use the future tense to write which is why I will review the tense with the

students prior to the writing. The subject will be written on the board and students will be

guided toward the writing process taught previously.

Once they are completed their writing process, I will ask students to fill out a self-

evaluation (appendix H). Answering these questions allows students to reflect on their

performance. Questions 1 and 2 ask students to evaluate successful and unsuccessful aspects

of their papers. Both of these questions seek to uncover students` developing awareness of

their intentions and to ascertain how accurately and specifically they are able to explain these

intentions. Questions 3 and 4 ask students what aspects of writing the paper were easier and

more difficult. I believe these two questions prompt students to think about changes that may

be occurring in their composing processes. I do not expect that students` responses will show

steady growth; on the contrary, I assume that changes in composing will only be inferable

over an extended period of time.

The correction methods that will be used are the following: first of all, as the students

will be writing, I will read parts of their writing and give immediate feedback to the students.

After doing that, I will correct students’ text using a rubric (appendix I). While using this

rubric, I will correct every mistake with a red pen. I will also label the characteristics of

students writing skills using a rubric such as in appendix I. While correcting, I will gather

mistakes that are made often by many students and bring it to the attention of the class. This

way, other students can benefit from it and learn from others mistakes. After that, I will hand

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them back their text and give them time to read and reflect on their results and mistakes. I

could also ask them to rewrite their text and include the corrections that were made.

Since students are expected to write two texts individually, I will ask them to refer to

their first text done individually while they will be correcting their second text. I think this

method will allow them to recognize their mistakes and not reproduce them. At least, it is the

goal I am hoping to attain. In other words, they will have a corrected text as a resource to

follow. For the second text, my correction method will vary since I will only underline the

mistakes and then ask students to correct them. I am also considering other methods such as

to use abbreviations while correcting to let students know which type of mistakes they made.

But, I believe this method might be too difficult for grade six students to understand.

My medium range planning is available in appendix J. It divides my action-research

process in ten classes. It is an approximation of what I will do with students and modifications

might occur.

The students’ texts will provide information to be shared. For that reason, the texts

will be put in the students’ portfolios in order for parents to see them during parent-teacher

night and for students to refer to them when needed.

Possible Challenges

Since I am correcting all the mistakes one of my hypotheses is that it might be

confusing for students. I should possibly focus on one, two, or three main errors and correct

only those. I could also let the students know which grammar point I will be correcting.

Therefore, they can pay attention to that grammar point when they are writing. Using this

method, won’t penalize students for other mistakes they do apart from the grammar point

demanded.

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The potential challenges and complications could be the fact that I am not doing my

action-research with the appropriate level since students in elementary are not expected to

create a big amount of texts. Therefore, I believe it would be useful for me to pursue my

research in high school eventually during my career. Once I will start gathering texts from

students, maybe I will realize that my project is too big and not realistic. I am ready and open

to change and to adapt my action-research if I experience any problems. As a matter of fact, I

am possibly going to ask the students to write letters instead of texts since they will have

penpals.

As I perform my action-research, I will keep in mind that error correction should be

helpful and lead to better learning, not become a huge burden on the students and I. I view

error correction as a necessary and important part of student learning, not just testing.

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References

British Columbia Ministry of Education (1999). English as a Second Language Learners : A

Guide for Classroom Teachers. Special Programs Branch.

Dana R. Ferris & John S. Hedgcock. (2004) Teaching ESL Composition: Purpose,

Process, and Practice. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, NJ. Publication.

Gouvernement du Québec (2003). The elementary English as a Second Language (ESL)

Program. Programme de formation de l’école québécoise. Québec : Ministère de

l’Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport. 351-362.

Gouvernement du Québec (2003). Secondary Cycle One ESL programs: Core ESL and

Enriched ESL. Programme de formation de l’école québécoise. Québec : Ministère de

l’Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport. 579-631.

Gouvernement du Québec (2003). Secondary Cycle Two ESL programs: Core and Enriched.

Programme de formation de l’école québécoise. Québec : Ministère de l’Éducation, du

Loisir et du Sport. 1-56.

Shum, K. E. Mark. Effects of Four Methods of Evaluation of Chinese Composition in

Hong Kong Secondary Schools. Peer checklist at a closer look. The University of

Hong Kong, China.

Williams, G. Jason. (2003). Providing Feedback on ESL Students` Written Assignments.

Retrieve September 7, 2009, from http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Williams-

Feedback.html

Woodhouse, Ros & Page Joan. (2006). Strategies for Assessing and Giving Feedback to ESL

Learners. Retrieve September 29, 2009, from http://www.yorku.ca /cst/faculty/nfty/

resources/nfty_assessment-esl.ppt#1

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Appendix

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Appendix A

General questions1. Is the feedback consistent with the goals of the course?2. Is the feedback consistent with the goals of the assignment?

Form1. Is the feedback clear and easy for the students to understand?2. Did I use the system and symbols that I made the students aware of?3. Will the student know what to do with the feedback?

Content1. Is the feedback clear and easy for the students to see and understand?2. Did I use the system and symbols that I made the students aware of?3. Have I made only negative comments or did I also add some praise?

Comments for feedback on content1. I like this very much.2. This is a good example.3. Tell me more about this.4. Can you think of another example?5. Do you have a personal example about this?6. Can you make this clearer?7. Can you think of another way to say this?8. Why did you think so?9. Is this paragraph complete?10. Do you think this is necessary? Why or why not?11. Should this paragraph be divided?12. Is your thesis clear?13. Are your topic sentences clear?14. You are repeating yourself here.15. I am not sure what you mean.

(Williams, 2003)

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Appendix B

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Appendix C

Put a check mark in the circle

Checklist : I write Texts1. I prepare to write

o I think of the instructions.o I take out the resources I need. (My books, my dictionary, my bank of

expressions…)o I look at the model.o I write down ideas in English.o I put them in order.

2. I write a draft.

o I look at the model again.o I follow the instructions.o I use my ideas.o I write short sentences in English. (Subject / Verb / Object)o I use the vocabulary and expressions I know.o If I have a problem:

I ask for help.

3. I revise my text.

o Did I follow the instructions?o Did I follow the model?o Are my ideas original?o I check the spelling, the word order and punctuation with the resources I have.o I ask a friend to revise my text.

I correct my text.

4. I write my final text.

o Is it OK?o Is it neat?o Is it easy to read?

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Appendix D

Outline for a five-paragraph text

Title: ___________________________

I. Introduction

A. Introductory statement

B. Thesis statement: _______________________________________________

II. Body

A. First supporting idea

1. ___________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________________

III. Conclusion

A. Closing statement

B. Restate thesis: _________________________________________________

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Appendix E

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Appendix F

Scale

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Appendix G

The Mt. Mercury Adventure 1. Our hero’s name:

2. What are the hero’s physical characteristics and character traits?

Physical characteristics Character Traits

3. Why is he/she going to Mt. Mercury? : _____________________________________________________

4. On his/her way to Mt. Mercury the hero comes upon 3 major obstacles. What are the names of the 3 obstacles that the hero encounters?

Obstacle 1 Obstacle 2 Obstacle 3

_______________ _______________ _______________

The Storyboard:

Introduction

Obstacle one: (How does the hero get out of the situation?)

Obstacle two: (How does the hero get out of the situation?)

Obstacle three: (How does the hero get out of the situation?)

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Conclusion

The Mount Mercury Adventure

Once upon a time there was a man. His name was Achilles. He was tall and strong. He had long blond hair. He had green eyes. He wore an armor, an axe, a bow with arrows, a sword and a shield. Achilles went to Mount Mercury because he wanted to save his princess

Achilles left for Mount Mercury. He found a maze. He met a Minotaur. He killed the Minotaur and then found the exit.

He walked towards the mountain. He climbed up the mountain. He saw a dragon of ice; he got his sword out, and attacked the dragon of ice. The dragon of ice froze his sword. Then he got his axe out and threw the axe in the dragon’s neck. The dragon collapsed. The dragon of ice was dead.

He continued his way and he found a troll archer, he continued his way and there was an ambush by the smurfs. Achilles and his troll arrived in front of an army of smurfs. He set his bow with magic arrows. He shot the magic arrows and the smurfs died.

He continued his way and found a magic potion. He put it in his bag. Suddenly he saw the magnificent lost city of smurfs.

The two guards of the lost city blocked the way. Achilles got out his axe and he fought. He killed them easily. He went back in the lost city. He climbed the stairs. The king of smurfs left lost city and Achilles found the princess. Achilles freed the princess. He went back to his castle.

THE END

Corentin, Théo, Jérôme and Hugo wrote this story.

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Appendix H

Self-Evaluation Questionnaire

1. List the most successful actions you did in writing this story. List the things that a reader will think are successful.

2. List the things you were unable to do in this paper that would have made it more successful.

3. In the process of writing this paper, what aspects were easier than when you have written previous papers?

4. In the process of writing this paper, what aspects were more difficult than when you have written previous papers?

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Appendix I

Rubric for Text Evaluation

1 2 3 4Visual * There was no

evidence of relation between the writing and the subject.

There was little evidence of links between the text and the subject.

There was some pertinent evidence of the connection between the text and the subject.

There was clear and concrete evidence of understanding of the text and the subject.

Quality of writing

The text is written in poor English and needs to be re-written.

The writing is difficult to understand.

The text has many interesting things in it. The writing is understandable, but there are some places where it may be hard to understand.

The text is interesting to read and holds the attention. Writing is simple, clear, direct, and in an active voice. It is well structured and there is a logical flow.

Details There is a variety of supporting information, much of which is useful, adds interest and contributes to an understanding of the text's main idea. Some of the information may not seem to fit or doesn't seem to make any important contribution.

There is a rich variety of relevant supporting information that is useful, adds interest and contributes to an understanding of the text's main idea.

*Visual aids are required in the first story students will write.

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Characteristics of Students Writing Skills

Focus: writingEmerging ¥ uses single words, pictures, and patterned phrases

¥ copies from a model¥ exhibits little awareness of spelling, capitalization, or punctuation

Beginning ¥ writes predominantly phrases and patterned or simple sentences¥ uses limited or repetitious vocabulary¥ uses temporary (phonetic) spelling

Developing ¥ writes in present tense and simple sentences; has difficulty with subject-verbagreement; run-on sentences are common¥ uses high-frequency words; may have difficulty with word order; omits endings or words¥ uses some capitalization, punctuation, and transitional spelling; errors often interfere with meaning

Expanding ¥ able to write an entire paragraph¥ writing exhibits inconsistent use of a variety of verb tenses, subject verb agreement errors, and limited use of transitions, articles, and prepositions¥ vocabulary is appropriate to purpose, but sometimes awkward¥ uses punctuation, capitalization, and mostly conventional spelling; errorssometimes interfere with meaning

Proficient ¥ writes multiple paragraphs, as necessary ¥ is generally able to present a main idea with supporting detail¥ uses appropriate verb tenses; errors in sentence structure do not detract frommeaning¥ uses varied vocabulary appropriate fro the purpose¥ makes few mechanical errors (errors of spelling, punctuation, and capitalization) and seldom any that detract from meaning

Independent ¥ Writes for enjoyment¥ Writes and completes a wide variety of texts¥ responds personally and critically to texts¥ matches a wide variety of writing strategies to purpose

Fluent ¥ writes single or multiple paragraphs with a clear introduction, fully developed ideas, appropriate transitions, and a conclusion¥ uses appropriate verb tenses and varied sentence structures¥ uses varied, precise vocabulary¥ makes only occasional mechanical errors, none of which detract from meaning

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Appendix J

School: Notre-Dame-des-Bois-Francs, St-Christophe, and Saint-David

Dates covered by this plan: January to March

Pedagogical context Subject: English second language, regular groupCycle & Grade: Elementary cycle 3, grade 6School Board: Commission scolaire des Bois-Francs

Group characteristics. Group 610: 26 studentsHomeroom teacher: Stéphane Lemieux

2 students have an attention deficit 5 students are enriched in English 1 student is bilingual 6 students are weak in English 1 student speaks only Spanish

Themes - Writing process- Revising and correcting- Narrative Text- Simple future- What will you do if you won 9 million dollars? - What will you do during the summer?

Lesson 1

Theme:

Writing process

Objective:Introduce the writing process and layout they should follow.

Disciplinary competencies:-Reinvests understanding of texts

Cross-curricular competencies:- Adopt effective work methods - Uses information

Methods & activities:Lecture about the steps to follow in order to write a text.

Material: Checklist: I write TextsOutline for a five-paragraph text

Evaluation: - Observations- Read Outline

Link to next lesson:Steps to write a text.

Lesson 2

Theme:

Revising and correcting

Objective:Give techniques on how to revise and correct a text.

Disciplinary competencies:-Reinvests understanding of texts

Cross-curricular competencies:- Adopt effective work methods - Uses information

Methods & activities:Lecture about strategies to edit and proofread. Show students how to find the translation of a word in a bilingual dictionary.

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Material:Dictionaries

Evaluation:- Observations- Correct the activities

Link to next lesson:Steps to write a text.

Lesson 3

Theme:

Narrative Text

Objective:Introduce The Mount Mercury Adventure.

Disciplinary competencies:-Reinvests understanding of texts-Writes and produces texts

Cross-curricular competencies:- Adopt effective work methods- Uses information- Achieves his potential- To solve problems

Methods & activities:Lecture and activities to motivate students to write.

Material:Handouts

Evaluation:- Observations- Direct feedback

Link to next lesson:Introduction of a writing activity.

Lesson 4

Theme:

Narrative Text

Objective:Give time to students to write their stories.

Disciplinary competencies:-Reinvests understanding of texts-Writes and produces texts

Cross-curricular competencies:- Adopt effective work methods

Methods & activities:Students write with their partner. They have access to tools in order to help them in their writing process.

Material:Handouts previously givenDictionary

Evaluation:-Observation-Provide direct feedback

Link to next lesson:The writing process continues

Lesson 5

Theme:

Narrative Text

Objective:Give time to students to write their stories.

Disciplinary competencies:-Reinvests understanding of texts-Writes and produces texts

Cross-curricular competencies:- Adopt effective work methods

Methods & activities:Students write with their partner. They have access to tools in order to help them in their writing process.

Material:Handouts previously givenDictionary

Evaluation:-Observation-Provide direct feedback-Correct texts

Link to next lesson:Give corrected texts

Lesson 6

Theme:

Simple future

Objective:Introduce the base form of the simple future ‘’will’’ and ‘’be going to’’ and the negative form and the contracted form of the future.

Disciplinary competencies:-Interacts orally in English-Reinvests understanding of texts-Writes and produces texts

Methods & activities:

Lecture about the verb tense simple future

Activity Book ‘’Kick Off’’ chapter 3.

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Cross-curricular competencies:- Adopt effective work methods - Uses information- To cooperate with others- Communicates appropriately- Achieves his potential

Material

Activity Book ‘’Kick Off’’ chapter 3.

Evaluation:- Observations- Activity Book correction

Link to the next lesson where the correction of the chapter 3 will be done.

Lesson 7

Theme:

What will you do if you won 9 million dollars?

Objective:Write a text.Get the students to write using the future tense.

Disciplinary competencies:-Writes and produces texts

Cross-curricular competencies:- Adopt effective work methods- Uses information- Uses creativity- Achieves his potential

Methods & activities:

Introduce them the subject.

Give instructions.

Guide them through their brainstorming.

MaterialDictionary

Evaluation- Provide direct feedback

Link to next lessonOverview of mistakes done and give back corrected texts.

Lesson 8

Theme:

What will you do if you won 9 million dollars?

Objective:Writing continues

Disciplinary competencies:-Writes and produces texts

Cross-curricular competencies:- Adopt effective work methods- Uses information- Uses creativity- Achieves his potential

Methods & activities:

Provide a quite classroom in which students can concentrate.

Material:Dictionary

Evaluation:Correct texts and provide feedback

Link to next lesson:Students will receive their corrected texts and continue their writing process.

Lesson 9

Theme:

What will you do during the summer?

Objective:Write a text.Get the students to write using the future tense.

Disciplinary competencies:-Writes and produces texts

Cross-curricular competencies:- Adopt effective work methods- Uses information- Uses creativity- Achieves his potential

Methods & activities:

Introduce them the subject.

Give instructions.

Guide them through their brainstorming.

MaterialDictionaryText

EvaluationCorrect texts and provide feedback

Link to next lessonOverview of mistakes done and give back corrected texts.

Lesson 10 Objective:Writing continues

Methods & activities:

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Theme:

What will you do during the summer?

Disciplinary competencies:-Writes and produces texts

Cross-curricular competencies:- Adopt effective work methods- Uses information- Uses creativity- Achieves his potential

Provide a quite classroom in which students can concentrate.

Material:Dictionary

Evaluation:Correct texts and provide feedback

Link to next lesson:Students will receive their corrected texts.