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Transcript of Properties of Water Watch this video: ions/content/propertiesofwater/water.html .
Properties of Water• Watch this video:
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/propertiesofwater/water.html – Write down at least 5 things you learned while
watching! (Use complete sentences please.)
Properties of Water
• Cohesive Properties– Cohesion- Water molecules tend to _____ together
because of ________________.• Caused by an unequal charge distribution due to
the difference in ______________ between H and O atoms.
stickHydrogen bonding
electronegativity
• Adhesive Properties– Adhesion- ______ molecules stick to _____
molecules due to hydrogen bonding. This allows for _________ of water along surfaces.
Water other
movement
Water to water
Water to non-water
• Thermal Properties- Absorbs heat when ___ and releases heat when _____.– High specific heat capacity. Requires more ______
in order to raise the temperature.• Therefore, temperature remains _______ comparatively
to air or land.
hotcold
energy
stable
– Water is most ______ at 4 °C.• Allows ice to ______• Allows aquatic organisms to live below the ice
densefloat
– Broad range of temperatures from 0°C to 100°C.• To _________, lots of heat is required which makes water a good
evaporative ________.– Example: Water in a lake during a hot summer day.
• (Draw body of water with land)
– Why useful?• When water evaporates, large amounts of ___________ are
used to break the bonds which results in a large ___________ effect.
– Ex. Sweating (water acts as a coolant)heat
cooling
vaporizecoolant
• Solvent properties– Water is the universal solvent- most ________
reactions in organisms occur with water.• Ex. In plants, blood and sap that flow through the
vascular system are water based.
– Due to its _____ nature, water forms shells around charged and polar molecules which prevents them from clumping, keeping them in ___________
• Ex. NaCl in water
– Why useful?• ___________ substances in water can from a
mixture where chemical reactions can occur. Ex. Metabolism in ___________.
chemical
polar
solution
Dissolved
cytoplasm
• Acid and bases– H2O H+ + OH-
– Bronsted-Lowry Acid- substance that can act as a proton (H+) __________
– Bronsted-Lowry Base- substance that can act as a proton (H+) __________
• pH Scale– Acid: __ 7– Base: __ 7– Each pH unit represents a ______ difference in H+
and OH- concentrations 10-14= [H+][OH-]
– pH 2 solution is ____ times as acidic as a pH 4 solution.
donor
acceptor
<
>
tenfold
100
• Buffers– Definition: a buffer is a substance that __________
changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution.
– Ex. Human blood pH stays very close to 7.4 due to buffers. pH <7 or pH >7.8 may result in death.
– How does a buffer work?• A buffer __________ hydrogen ions from solution
when H+ is in excess and __________ H+ ions when they have been depleted.
– Ex. H2CO3
– buffer link 1
minimizes
acceptsdonates
Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
– Carbon has a total of 6 __________ with 2 in the first shell and 4 in the second (valence) shell.
– In order to complete its __________ shell, it would have to donate or accept 4 electrons
• Instead, carbon usually __________ its 4 electrons with other atoms in covalent bonds to complete its valence shell
• Ex. CH4
ELECTRONS
VALENCE
SHARES
http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/images/carbon-hydrogen-e-dots.gifhttps://vinstan.wikispaces.com/file/view/this_1.JPG/45032109/this_1.JPG
Types of Carbon Molecules• Hydrocarbons
– __________ molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.– Hydrocarbons are the major components of _____________
(fossil fuels).– Example: Fat molecule p. 61 Fig. 4.6
• Contains a small non-hydrocarbon component joined to three hydrocarbon tails.
• ______ can be broken down to provide energy.– Example: __________ - composed of hydrocarbons
http://www.chemistryland.com/ElementarySchool/BuildingBlocks/hydrocarbonsMore.jpg
ORGANIC
PETROLEUM
TAILGASOLINE
Isomers– __________ in the structure of organic molecules
can be seen in isomer. Different structures= different ____________.
– Types:• ______________ isomers: differ in the covalent
arrangements of their atoms.• ___________ isomers- same covalent
partnerships but differ in spatial arrangements due to double bonds.– Cis-trans isomers i.e. C2H2Cl2
VARIATION
PROPERTIES
STRUCTURAL
GEOMETRIC
• _______________- molecules that are mirror images of each other
–contains a middle carbon attached to four __________ atoms or groups of atoms.
–Atoms can be arranged in two different ways that are __________ images: Left handed, right handed versions.
–One is usually active and the other is ___________.
ENANTIOMERS
DIFFERENT
MIRROR
INACTIVE
STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIC
ENANTIOMERS
http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/350/exams/3513/351f98/351mt98sd.gif
D-DOPA (INACTIVE)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/D-DOPA.png/200px-D-DOPA.png
L-DOPA
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/3%2C4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanin_%28Levodopa%29.svg/200px-3%2C4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanin_%28Levodopa%29.svg.png
Organic Compouds– What does it mean to be organic?
• Organic compounds- any molecule which contains ___________. Exceptions: hydrogen _____________ and the oxides of carbon
• The word “organic” meant “___________” and still is used in that way although many inorganic substances are important to life and some organic substances such as ___________and petrol are not found in living things.
CARBON
LIVING
PLASTIC
http://www.cmu.edu/maty/images/8a-route-1.jpg
http://i.istockimg.com/file_thumbview_approve/13566282/2/stock-illustration-13566282-cartoon-train-cars.jpg
CARBONATES
– Macromolecules• ___________- long molecule made up of many similar
or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds (think: _______ with many cars).
–___________: small molecules that are the building blocks of polymers
• Reactions- p. 69 Fig 5.2–Condensation Reaction
(________________________)–___________ Reaction
POLYMER
TRAIN
MONOMERS
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
HYDROLYSIS
Carbohydrates– Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of
sugars.– Carbohydrates contain ___________, hydrogen,
and oxygen with a ratio of ________________.CARBON
1C:2H:1O (CH2O)
– Types of carbohydrates• ___________________- monomers or sub-units
of carbohydrates. –Important in cellular _____________ and
synthesis of materials–Examples: Ribose, ___________, and
glucose, and ______________.
Structures: Glucose: Ribose:
http://palaeos.com/fungi/fpieces/images/Glucose.gifhttp://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C10/C10Links/www.chem.wsu.edu/chem102/102-GlucStr.html
MONOSACCHARIDES
RESPIRATION
FRUCTOSEGALACTOSE
• ________________- carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosodic __________.– Examples: Maltose is 2 __________ molecules.
Sucrose is one __________ and one _________. Lactose is one __________ and one __________.
• _________________-carbohydrates formed from many monosaccharides.
Examples: ___________, glycogen, cellulose
DISACCHARIDE
LINKAGE
GLUCOSE
GLUCOSE FRUCTOSEGLUCOSE GALACTOSE
POLYSACCHARIDES
STARCH
ANIMALS
PLANTS
PLANTS
State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants.
Lipids– Lipids are grouped together
because they are _____________.– Category of molecules that
includes steroids, waxes, fatty acids, and _____ (fats if solid at room temp, oil if liquid)
– Functions of Lipids• can serve as ___________insulation • Can serve as a source of ___________ storage.• Can provide ___________
– ex. ___________in arctic marine animals.– How to make a triglyceride (fat)
• Three fatty acids combine with one molecule of ___________creating a triglyceride and releasing three molecules of water. (______________ reaction) p. 75 Fig. 5.11
HYDROPHOBIC
OILS
THERMAL
ENERGYBUOYANCY
BLUBBER
GLYCEROLDEHYDRATION
Lipids
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats– Saturated Fats
• No double bonds which allows the greatest number of _____________ to be attached to the carbon skeleton
• Includes most animal fats• Solid at room temp
HYDROGENS
http://www.nature.com/horizon/livingfrontier/background/images/fat_f2.jpg
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/cistrans.jpg
– Unsaturated Fats• Has 1 or more ___________ bonds and thus fewer
hydrogen atoms• A kink in the chain will occur whenever a cis double
bond occurs (as opposed to trans double bonds –– ie ______ fats found in hydrogenated veg. oil)
• Includes plant and fish oils• Liquid at room temp
– Nutrition!
DOUBLE
TRANS
Phospholipids– essential for cell ___________composition– Similar to fat molecule, but only have ____ fatty acids
attached to glycerol – The 3rd hydroxyl group is attached to a phosphate group
(these can in turn bond to other molecules)– Hydrocarbon tail is ___________ (inside the bilayer),
phosphate group is ___________ (face outward)• ______________– carbon skeleton composed of 4 fused
rings with different chemical groups attached– Includes many ___________ and cholesterol– _____ can affect cholesterol levels
MEMBRANE
2
NONPOLAR
POLAR
STEROIDS
HORMONES
FAT
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/lipid/P-lipid.gif
http://liquidbio.pbworks.com/f/phopholipid%20bilayer.jpg
– How do lipids and carbohydrates compare?• Similarities: both used for energy storage• Differences:
– Lipids» are used for ______________ energy storage. » have ___________as much energy per gram.» ___________ in water
– Carbohydrates» are used as energy sources ___________. » are more soluble and ___________to transport » have a stronger impact on osmotic ___________.
LONG TERM
TWICE
INSOLUBLE
FIRST
EASIER
PRESSURE
Amino Acids and Proteins (20 AAs)• Amino acid formula:
R group is what determines the ___________.• ___________ bond- is the covalent bond that occurs
between two amino acids (between the carboxyl group of one AA and the amino group of another)
• Condensation- joins amino acids• Hydrolysis- separates amino acids.• Ex.• Amino acids (___________) can combine to make
polypeptides (polymers) called ___________.– The peptide bond occurs between the carboxyl group of
one amino acid to the amino group of another.– ____ total amino acids can combine to create many
different proteins
AMINO ACIDPEPTIDE
MONOMERSPROTEINS
20
More Protein FUN !• Two Categories of Protein
___________:– ___________-
• have elongated shapes
• usually ___________ in water
• Physically tough• Examples:
– __________ in skin
– __________ in hair and fingernails
SHAPES
FIBROUS
INSOLUBLE
COLLAGEN
KERATIN
http://www.nd.edu/~aseriann/fibglob.gif
http://www.biog1105-1106.org/demos/105/unit1/media/collagen.jpg
– ___________-• Compact and
___________• Usually water-
soluble (contain polar amino acids on the outer surface)
• Examples: –Enzymes –Other functional
proteins such as antibodies
GLOBULAR
ROUNDED
Protein Structure• Primary and secondary structure
– ___________ structure- the ___________ of amino acids in a polypeptide
– ____________ structure- coils and folds within the polypeptide due to ___________ bonds between repeating constituents
• Examples: • ___________ -helix- a coil held together by hydrogen bonds
at every 4th amino acid• ___________ -pleated sheet– folding creating pleats at
particular intervals • ___________ Structure- refers to the overall
_______________ shape of the protein due to interactions between R-groups interaction with each other and the surrounding water.
PRIMARY SEQUENCE
SECONDARYHYDROGEN
ALPHA
BETA
TERTIARY3-DIMENSIONAL
– Types of interactions ( )• Positively charge R groups with negatively charged
R-groups• Hydrophobic amino acids move toward the center
to avoid water contact and opposite with hydrophilic amino acids.
• polar R-groups form H-bonds with other polar R-groups
• R-group of the amino acid cysteine can form a covalent bond with R-group of another cysteine and form a disulfide bridge
BETWEEN R GROUPS
Quaternary Structure– The overall protein structure that results from the
_____________ of polypeptide subunits.– Examples:
• globular transthyretin protein is made up of its four polypeptides.
• Collagen is a fibrous protein that has helical subunits intertwined into a larger triple helix.
• Significance: may involve the binding of a prosthetic group to form a conjugated protein.
AGGREGATION
http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/images/hemoglobin.jpghttp://gassama.myweb.uga.edu/hemoglobinmolecule.gif
Changes in Protein Structure• Changes in ___________ structure lead to changes in
further structures, potentially leads to a misfunctioning or nonfunctioning protein
– Example: Sickle Cell Anemia• Protein shape and function can also be changed via
________________– pH, temperature, salt concentration, etc.
• Chaperonins or chaperone structure are specialized proteins that assist in the proper folding of proteins (p. 85 Fig. 5.23)
– Are not specific, but keep the protein away from potentially bad influences
– Folding is spontaneous
PROTEIN
DENATURATION
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire8e/content/cat_010/f03012.jpg
http://www.bodybuilders.gr/data/main/forum/mainuploadsfolder/GRF/201012710056_c8.5x23.denaturation.jpg
Nucleic Acids• Main function is to store and transmit
___________ information
• 2 kinds: – Ribonucleic acid (_____) and
Deoxyribonucleic acid (_____)– These are both polymers/macromolecules– The monomers of DNA and RNA are
____________.
GENETIC
RNADNA
NUCLEOTIDES
http://dna02.wikispaces.com/Structure+of+DNA+nucleotides
• Three Components of nucleic acids– ____________________ base
• Two groups of nitrogenous bases– Pyrimidines: single 6-C ring– Cytosine, thymine, uracil– Purines: double fused rings (1 5-C, 1 6-C)– Adenine, guanine
– a 5-___________ sugar• Two kinds of sugars
– ___________ - RNA– _______________ - DNA
– ______________ group• Nucleosides are the components above minus the
phosphate group
NITROGENOUS
CARBON
RIBOSEDEOXYRIBOSE
PHOSPHATE