Properties of the Atmosphere
Transcript of Properties of the Atmosphere
![Page 1: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
What is the origin of the Earth’s Atmosphere?
Outgassing Volcanoes as they erupt and release gases Volcanoes release water vapor, carbon dioxide and nitrogen
Most of the water vapor ended up in the oceans. Most of the Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen ended up in the Atmosphere.
1
Properties of the Atmosphere
![Page 2: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CO2 + Sunlight + Water = Oxygen + Glucose
It took about 2 Billion years for the atmosphere to change and have Oxygen that we have today
The atmosphere is composed of Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), and other gases (1%).
2
Through evolution, organisms evolved that were able to undergo photosynthesis:
![Page 3: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
What is the Structure of the Atmosphere?
Shell of gases that surrounds the earth The atmosphere protects us by blocking out dangerous rays
from the sun. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that becomes thinner
until it gradually reaches space
Atmosphere is divided into four layers The layers are divided because of changes in temperature Some layers, the temperature is decreasing, some layers
the temperature is increasing. The boundaries (interface) between the layers end in the
suffix “Pause”
Atmosphere
![Page 4: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Troposphere The troposphere is the first layer above the surface and
contains half of the Earth's atmosphere Weather occurs in this layer. Stratosphere The temperature rises with altitude. This is caused mainly by the presence of the ozone layer, which absorbs ultraviolet radiation
Many jet aircrafts fly in the stratosphere because it is very stable.
Mesosphere Meteors or rock fragments burn up in the mesosphere. Thermosphere The thermosphere is a layer with auroras. It is also where
the space shuttle orbits. Exosphere The atmosphere merges into space in the extremely thin
exosphere This is the upper limit of our atmosphere.
4
![Page 5: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
![Page 6: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Want to go to the Stratosphere?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0I60Pu869sQ
6
![Page 7: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Changes in Air Temperature at the Earth’s Surface Changes tend to be cyclic
Two Cycles which control our weather:
Daily weather cycle (cloud cover/weather systems)
Seasons 7
![Page 8: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
+1 +0.01+2 +1 +1
![Page 9: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
![Page 10: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What Causes Air Pressure? Air Pressure •Air exerts a force on the surfaces of ALL objects that it contacts. •AIR PRESSURE is a measure of that force per unit of surface area. •The AMOUNT of air pressure depends on:
–The mass of air molecules –The pull of Gravity –The kinetic molecular activity
10
![Page 11: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
That means that the weight of the atmosphere is exerting on the roof of an average 3 bedroom house 2.1 MILLION Kg or 4.6 MILLION Lbs!!!!
11
How much is that? •Average sea-level air pressure is about:
•1.0 kg per square meter, or 14.7 lbs per square inch •Same as 33 ft (10m) of water
How is it really measured? Barometer Instrument that measures air pressure Millibars unit of pressure
On TV or radio, they report it in inches of mercury, which is NOT a unit
of pressure. •Average sea-level air pressure is about: •1013.25 mb or 29.92 in. Hg •Range = 970 – 1040 mb •Lowest EVER = 870 10/12/79 Pacific
![Page 12: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
![Page 13: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Weather
©Mark Place, 2008-2009 www.LearnEarthScience.com
![Page 14: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
weather basicsWhere does the energy for weather originate?
the uneven heating
of the Earth’s surface
![Page 15: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
weather basicsIn the US, the general direction that weather systems
move is toward
FROM the South West
TO the Northeast
(US is between 30 - 45 degrees
Latitude)
![Page 16: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Amaze Your Friends!!
16
![Page 17: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Station Models
Please go to page 13 of the ESRTs
Temperature and dewpoint are measured in
degrees _______F
![Page 18: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
76
55
.. 138-30\
Temperature
Dewpoint
Wind Direction &
Speed
Barometric Pressure
Current Weather
Cloud Cover
Barometric Trend
![Page 19: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Barometric Pressure
138
1013.8
Add a decimal between the last two digits
13.8Add a 9 or 10 in front to fit on the scale
(ranges from 950.0 to 1050.0)
![Page 20: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Evaporation Rates
Temperature
Surface Area
Relative Humidity
![Page 21: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
TemperatureDirect
Relationshipas temperature increases,
the rate of evaporation increases
![Page 22: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Surface AreaDirect
Relationshipas surface area increases,
the rate of evaporation increases
![Page 23: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Relative HumidityIndirect
Relationshipas the air
becomes more saturated, the rate of
evaporation decreases
![Page 24: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
What natural process cleans the atmosphere?
Rain
HailSnow
precipitation
![Page 25: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cloud Formation
![Page 26: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Warm Air Rises
Expands
Cools to the dewpoint
![Page 27: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Clouds are likely to form when:
The air is saturated and rising
The temperature is at the dewpoint
Condensation nuclei are available
![Page 28: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
the air can hold
As air temperature increases
more water
![Page 29: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
S l i n g Psychrometer
Dry bulb measures air temperature
Wet bulb temp is lower due to evaporation
![Page 30: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Using the charts on page 12 of the ESRTs, calculate the relative humidity and dew point using the following information.
Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Difference Dew Point Relative Humidity (%)
14 10 420 530 1918
6152313
75
12
9555860
Dewpoint Chart RH Chart
56
![Page 31: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Relative Humidity vs
Air Temperature
Indirect Relationship
as temp increases RH decreases
![Page 34: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
As dew point increases,
the amount of moisture in the
airINCREASES
![Page 35: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
As temperature and
dewpoint get closer together,
the probability of precipitationINCREASES
![Page 36: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Properties of the Atmosphere](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022041718/6253f1a71bb39a5aba4743a1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Which has the greatest probability of precipitation?