Properties of Metals & Non-Metals · Used in making alloys
Transcript of Properties of Metals & Non-Metals · Used in making alloys
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Properties of Metals &
Non-Metals
Ch. 17: Families of Elements
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Prop. Of Metals & Non-Metals:
What gives elements their
different properties?
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Properties of Metals:
Luster
Good conductors of heat & electricity
High Density—Heavy for their size
High Melting Point
Ductile
Malleable
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Chemical Properties of Metals: 1,2,3, or 4 Valence Electrons
Valence Electrons are weakly held
* Metals lose electrons easily &
become positively charged.
Reactive w/H2O & atmospheric gases
Corrosion – The reaction that changes a metal into a metallic compound.
e.g. Rust = Iron (III) oxide
Silver Tarnish = Silver sulfide
Copper Patina = Copper (I) oxide and Copper (II) oxide
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Chemical Properties of Metals:
Alloys—Mixture of a metal & metal or metal
& non-metal
e.g. Steel = Iron & Carbon
Brass = Copper & Zinc
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Physical Properties of Non-Metals:
Opposite of Metals
Can be very different from one another
e.g. Bromine – Red Liquid
Oxygen – Colorless Gas
Sulfur – Yellow Solid
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Chemical Properties of Non-Metals:
Opposite of Metals
Non-Metals tend to gain electrons
5, 6, 7, 8 valence electrons
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Metalloids:
Metalloids are metal-like.
Display properties of both metals & non-metals
All are solids
Located on either side of the zig-zag line (except Al)
Not as shiny as metals
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Active Metals:
Alkali Metals-Group Ia
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Have properties of metals but are soft and less
dense.
Most reactive metals — never found naturally
as a free element
*Reactivity is due to the ease of Alkalis to lose
their 1 outer electron.
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Active Metals
Alkali Metals-Group Ia – continued
Alkalis react violently w/H2O producing heat,
H2 gas, and a base (also called an alkali
compound)
https://youtu.be/DxzFf1ku6cE
Alkalis can be identified by colors produced
when heated.
Alkalis have few but very important uses
* Na & K in animal nervous system.
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Active Metals: Alkaline Earth Metals - Group IIA Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Radium
Harder and Denser than Alkali
Highly reactive, but not as much as Alkali
Uses:
Mg + Al Strong, lightweight alloy
Mg compounds used in medicines,
flashbulbs and flares.
Ca compounds found in marble, limestone,
concrete, bones & teeth.
All lose their 2 outer electrons easily and form positive ions.
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Transition Metals:
Group B
These do not seem to fit into any of the other
eight families.
Excellent conductors of heat and electricity.
High melting point
Much less reactive than Alkalines
Usually combine w/Oxygen to form oxides
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Transition Metals:
Have multiple oxidation numbers
e.g Fe can lose 2 or 3 electrons
Some are brittle
Some form bright colored compounds used as
paint pigments
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Metals Non-Metals
Boron Family
Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium
Boron
Metalloid
Brittle & Hard
Usually found naturally as boric oxide
Used in – Heat resistant glass
-- Antiseptics
-- Borax Cleaner
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Metals Non-Metals
Aluminum
Most abundant metal
3rd most abundant element in the earth’s crust
Multiple uses
Gallium
Semi-conducting metal
Used in LEDs and blue lasers.
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Metals Non-Metals
Indium
Very soft, malleable, rare metal
Used in LEDs and blue lasers
Used in nuclear medicine
Liquid crystal displays and touchscreens
Thallium
Not found free in nature
Highly toxic
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Metals Non-Metals
Carbon Family
Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin & Lead
Carbon—Non-Metal
Carbon compounds except CO2, CO & H2CO3
are called “organic compounds.”
Important for Life
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Metals Non-Metals
Silicon—Metalloid
2nd most abundant element on the earth
Used for glass, solar cells, computer chips
Germanium—Metalloid
Used in transistors
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Metals Non-Metals
Tin—Metal
Resists Corrosion
Used to Tin Cans
Lead—Metal
Dense & Soft
Was used in gasoline, paints & solder
Used in shot shells & fishing weights
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Metals Non-Metals
Nitrogen Family
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, & Bismuth
All have 5 valence electrons
Nitrogen—Non-Metal Most abundant atmospheric element that forms a
strong triple bond w/itself
Important to life—A major element of aminon acids
(building blocks of proteins)
Used as fertilizer, drugs, cleaners (NH3=Ammonia)
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Metals Non-Metals
Phosphorus—Non-Metal
Important in organic compounds
Fertilizer
Match tips
Arsenic—Metalloid
Used in Pesticides
A trace element in Animals
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Metals Non-Metals
Antimony—Metalloid
Used in making alloys
Bismuth—Metal
Used in alloys & medicines for indigestion (Pepto-
Bismol)
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Metals Non-Metals
Oxygen Family
Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium, Polonium
6 Valence Electrons
Oxygen— Most abundant earth element
Very reactive
Combines w/almost every element
Colorless gas
Facilitates Combustion
Necessary for most life-respiration
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Metals Non-Metals
Sulfur— Solid, Non-metal, Brittle
Used in drugs, insecticides, matches, gun powder & rubber
Essential elements for life
Selenium– Solid, Brittle, Non-Metal
Used in making red glass & enamels
Tellurium— Used in Alloys
Polonium— Rare, radioactive element
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Halogens:
Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine
All are nonmetallic
7 valence electrons
Most active non-metals
Tend to gain electrons & form negative ions
Never found as free elements
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Halogens:
Combine easily w/metals (especially aklalis) & forms salts
*Halos = Salt, genos = formers
Greek for “salt-formers”
e.g. NaCl = Table Salt
NaF = Used to flouridate water
CaCl2 = Used for de-icing streets
As gases, Halogens are diatomic molecules.
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Halogens:
Fluorine– Most active Halogen
Chlorine—A poisonous gas
Bromine—A red liquid
Iodine—A solid used in solution for antiseptic
Astatine—Solid, radioactive metalloid
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Noble Gases:
Colorless Gas
Extremely Unreactive (called inert)
Rare
Small amounts of atmospheric gases
Extremely low boiling points
Helium = 4.2K
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Noble Gases:
Helium–
Used in balloons, decompression in under water
crafts, welding of magnesium and aluminum.
Neon–
Used in Lights & Lasers
Argon–
Most abudant noble gas (~1% of atmosphere)
Used in light bulbs and welding.
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Noble Gases:
Krypton–
Used for ?
Xenon–
Used in photographic lamps.
Radon
Used in cancer treatment.
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Rare Earth Elements:
All have similar properties.
Lanthanoid Series—
Soft malleable metals
High Luster
High Conductivity
Used in some alloys & high quality glass
Actinoid Series—
All are radioactive
Best known & most widely used is Uranium