Properties of Matter: High School Chemistry
Transcript of Properties of Matter: High School Chemistry
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Chemistry • The study of the composi0on and transforma0on of
ma4er • Ma-er: anything that has mass and takes up space. • The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of
ma4er it contains (kg) • The volume of an object is a measure of the space
occupied by the object (Liters)
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Proper4es useful for iden4fying substances • Extensive Property: depends
on the amount of ma4er present Ex: -‐volume (L or cm3) -‐ mass (g, kg)
• Intensive Property: depends on iden4ty of substance (not amount) Ex: mel0ng & boiling points, density (1.0g/cm3), color, odor, luster, duc0lity (draw into a wire), conduc0vity
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Describing Types of Ma-er • Ma4er that has a uniform and definite composi0on is called a substance.
– Aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) are examples of pure substances
• Substances can be classified as elements or compounds. • An element is the simplest form of ma4er that has a unique set of proper0es.
– A compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed propor0on.
– Ex. Sucrose (table sugar) C12H22O11
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Dis0nguishing Substances and Mixtures
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With your cube…Record in Notes • Measure the proper0es below and classify them as extensive or intensive… 1. Mass in grams with balance (grams) 2. Volume in cm3 with ruler (length x width x height) 3. Density= Mass / Volume (amount of ma4er in a space) units: grams/cm3
4. Color 5. Luster (is it shiny or dull?)
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Physical Proper4es of Ma-er • Physical Property: a characteris0c that can be observed
or measured without changing the substance’s composi0on
• Examples: – Hardness – Texture – Shape – Flammability – Density – Conduc0vity – Malleability
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Physical Properties of Some Substances Substance State Color Melting point (°C) Boiling point (°C)
Neon Gas Colorless –249 –246 Oxygen Gas Colorless –218 –183 Chlorine Gas Greenish-yellow –101 –34 Ethanol Liquid Colorless –117 78 Mercury Liquid Silvery-white –39 357 Bromine Liquid Reddish-brown –7 59 Water Liquid Colorless 0 100 Sulfur Solid Yellow 115 445 Sodium chloride Solid White 801 1413 Gold Solid Yellow 1064 2856 Copper Solid Reddish-yellow 1084 2562
This table lists physical proper0es for some substances.
• The states of the substances are given at room temperature.
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Physical Changes of Ma-er
• Physical Change: a change in a substance that does not change the iden0ty of the substance – Ex: Phase changes (solid à liquid)
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Brainstorm examples of reversible vs. non-‐reversible physical changes…
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Chemical Proper4es & Changes • Chemical Property: the
ability of a substance to react with or transform into another substance
• Chemical Change: substances are converted into other substances through chemical reac0ons – Bonds are broken among reactants, and new bonds form among products (involved ENERGY)
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Signs of a Chemical Change – change in color or odor
– formation of a gas
– formation of a precipitate (solid)
– change in light or heat (transfer of energy)
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Biological Example of Chemical Reac4on: Bombadier Beetle Defense
• Hydroquinone + oxygen à benzoquinone • (C6H4(OH)2) + O2 à (C6H4O2)
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Laws of Conserva4on
• Law of conserva4on of energy: energy is not created or destroyed, but only changes form – Fireworks (chemical à light and energy)
• Law of conserva4on of mass: in any physical change or chemical reac0on, mass is conserved.
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Dis0nguishing Substances and Mixtures