Properties of Material Teknik

8/9/2019 Properties of Material Teknik

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INTRODUCTION

ENGINEERING MATERIAL(MATERIAL TEKNIK)


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KLASIFIKASI MATERIALENGINEERING MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION)

LOGAM

NON

LOGAM

LOGAM

FERRO

LOGAM

NON FERRO

Besi (Fe)Baja karbonBesi cor

Baja paduan

Baja tahan karatBaja perkakasBaja ManganBaja icke!Baja SiBaja "hro#d!!

A!u#iniu# (A!)Te#baga ("u) icke! ( i)Magnesiu# (Mg)Titaniu# (Ti)"oba!t ("o)Seng ($n)"ad#iu# ("d)Ti#ba! (%b)$irkoniu# ($r)

d!!%o!i#er & %o!i#er a!a#

& %o!i#er BuatanKera#ik ( high Te#perature Materia!)

Ko#posit ' MM" (Meta! Matri "o#posite)' Ad anced Materia!

' FR% (Fiber rein*orced %!astic)

KLASIFIKASI material untuk keperluanteknik


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Logam (Metal)Sifat logam:Daya hanta li!t i" #an $ana! %ai"Ke"&atan elatif tinggiKe"a"&an (!ti'ne!!) yang tinggiUletMam$& %ent&" yang %ai"

Tahan te ha#a$ im$a"MENGKILA ILA DI GOSOK

Metalic bonding


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olimeSifat $olime :

Daya hanta li!t i" #an $ana!en#ahKe"&atan elatif en#ahEla!ti!ita! tinggi

UletMam$& %ent&" yang %ai"

Covalent bond

Ionic bond


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Ke ami" Sifat:

K&at Ke a! Sangat geta!

Sifat hanta li!t i" * $ana! en#ah


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Kom$o!it

Mate ial yang te #i i #a i #&a ata& le%ihmate ial+ Sifat:

Ringan K&at Ulet Ke"&atannya le%ih tinggi #a i mate ial mat i"!nya

Kom$onen:

Mat i"! : mate ial in#&"Reinfo ,ing agent: mate ial$eng&at


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-eni! "om$o!it

Komposit matrik logam (MMC) :#ig&na"an &nt&" "om$onen te tent& yang !ifatme"ani"nya en#ah+

Komposit matrik polimer (PMC) :"e"e a!an #an "e"&atan en#ah teta$i "e&letannya tingi!ehingga #engan $eng&at logam "e"&atan #an"e"e a!annya mening"at

Komposit matrik keramik (CMC) :"e"e a!an #an "egeta!annya tinggi !ehingga#engan $eng&at logam ting"at "e&letannyamening"at+


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Contoh "om$o!it

&


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!em on &o

anya" #ig&na"an #i%i#ang ele"t oni"a Sifat:

Sangat geta! Daya hanta li!t i"nya #a$at #i "ont ol Meng&%ah !ina li!t i" "e ,ayaha #an !e%ali"nya

A$li"a!i #alam %i#ang ele"t oni"a Tan!i!to Dio#a Inte g ate# Ci ,&it (IC)

$ ! !


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o$e e! o ma e a ! amate ial)

Sifat Me"ani"

Sifat .i!i!

Sifat Kimia

Sifat Ta"nologi


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Sifat me"ani"

Sifat logam yang #i"ait"an #engan"ela"&an logam te !e%&t /i"a #i%e%ani#engan %e%an me"ani"+

Contoh:

Ke"&atan ta i" (ten!ile !t ength)+ Ke"e a!an (ha #ne!!) Ke"&atan ge!e (!hea !t ength)

0a ga yang #i$e oleh me &$a"an ha!il

$eng&/ian !$e!imen #i la%o ato i&m(#ila"&"an $a#a "on#i!i te tent&)+


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Mo#e! of loa#ing an# !tate! of !t e!!


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T !il ! !!3! i & 4 ! f i !2 l! #


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Ten!ile !t e!!3!t ain ,& 4e! fo ,e ami,!2 metal! an#$olyme !


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Pure Tension Pure Compression

Pure Shear

Pure Torsional Shear

e =

F normal

Ao

e =

l lo

lo

e =

F shear

Ao

= tan

stress

strain

stress

strain

e = G

e = E Elasticresponse

Elasticresponse


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Simple tension: cable

o =

.A

Simple shear: drive shaft

Ao 5 , o!! !e,tionalA ea (6hen &nloa#e#)

..

o =

. !

A

Note: 5 M7A, R he e+

S"i lift ($hoto ,o& te!y +M+ An#e !on)

M

MAo

8R

.!A,

Common States of Stress


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( c ) + , , - B r o o k s .

" o ! e / a

d i i s i o n o *

T h o # s o n

L e a r n i n g / I

n c 0

T h o # s o n

L e a r n i n g 1

i s a

t r a d e # a r k u s e d

h e r e

i n u n

d e r !

i c e n s e 0

Figure. A unidirectional force is applied to a specimen in the tensiletest by means of the moveable crosshead. The cross-head movementcan be performed using screws or a hydraulic mechanism

gaugelength


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Test Specimen Standard


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Properties Obtained from the TensileTest

Elastic limit

Tensile strength, Necking

Hookes lawPoissons ratio

Modulus of resilience ( E r

Tensile toughness

!uctilit"


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(c)+,,- Brooks."o!e/ a di ision o* Tho#son Learning/ Inc0Tho#son Learning 1 is a trade#ark used herein under !icense0

Figure. The stress-strain curve for analuminum alloy


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(c)+,,- Brook s."o!e/ a di ision o* Tho#son Learning/ Inc0 Tho#son Learning 1 is a trade#ark used herein under !icense0

Figure. (a) etermining the !."# offset yield strength in gray cast ion$and (b) upper and lower yield point behavior in a low-carbon steel


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( c ) + , , - B r o o k s .

" o ! e / a

d i i s i o n o *

T h o # s o n

L e a r n i n g / I

n c 0

T h o # s o n

L e a r n i n g

1 i s

a t r a d e # a r

k u s e

d h e r e

i n u n

d e r !

i c e n s e 0

Figure. %omparison of theelastic behavior of steel andaluminum. For a given stress$aluminum deforms elasticallythree times as much as doessteel


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cup-and-cone fracture in Al

brittle fracture

Figure. Localized deformation of a ductile material duringa tensile test produces a necked region

(c)+,,- Brook s."o!e/ a di ision o* Tho#son Learning/ Inc0 Tho #son Learning 1 is atrade#ark used herein under !icense0


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9 Ma im&m $o!!i%le enginee ing !t e!! in ten!ion+

Metals: occurs hen nec!ing starts" Ceramics: occurs hen crac! propagation starts" Pol#mers: occurs hen pol#mer bac!bones are aligned and about to brea!"

$%ltimate& Tensile Strength'( TS

y

strain

Ty$i,al e!$on!e of a metal

F ) fracture orultimatestrength

*ec! + actsas stressconcentrator

e n g

i n e e r

i n g

TS

s t r e

s s

engineering strain


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Deformation Process DuringTest


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Hardness of Materials

Hardness test # Measures the resistance of a material topenetration b" a sharp ob$ect%

Macrohardness # O&erall bulk hardness of materialsmeasured using loads ' N%

Microhardness Hardness of materials t"picall" measuredusing loads less than N using such test as )noop(H) %

Nano#hardness # Hardness of materials measured at *+

* nm length scale using e-tremel" small (.* /Nforces%


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Kekerasan juga didefinisikan sebagai kemampuan suatu material untukmenahan beban identasi atau penetrasi (penekanan). Didunia teknik,umumnya pengujian kekerasan menggunakan 4 macam metodepengujian kekerasan, yakni !. "rinnel (#" $ "#%)&. 'ock ell (#' $ '#%). *ikers (#* $ *#%)4. +icro #ardness (%amun jarang sekali dipakai red)


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,esistance to permanentl# indenting the surface"

arge hardness means: --resistance to plastic deformation or crac!ing in compression" --better ear properties"

e+g+2;


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GAM AR MACAM@MACAM MEDIA ENGU-IAN

"'-% //'01K2 // *-1K '3

%ntu! pengu/ian 0ic!ers' belum dila!u!an 1 dipra!ti!um!an"


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(c)+,,- Broo ks."o!e/ a di ision o* Tho#son Learning/ Inc0 Tho#so n Learning 1 is a trade#ark used herein under !icense0

Figure. &ndentors for the 'rinell and oc well hardness tests


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Pengu/ian !e!erasan 2rinell merupa!an pengu/ian standard secara industri' tetapi !arenapene!ann#a terbuat dari bola ba/a #ang beru!uran besar dan beban besar' ma!a bahan luna!atau !eras se!ali tida! dapat diu!ur !e!erasann#a"

Rockwell Superficial Hardness Test Block

Hardness Scale Part No: Penetrator Load Ranges Material

15N Scale 3! %!5 % Diamond ! Kg 6ll 3teel

3 N Scale 3 5%!5 % Diamond 5 Kg 6ll 3teel

!5N Scale 34 %!5 % Diamond 4 Kg 6ll 3teel

15T Scale 3! 7!5 !$!89 "all ! Kg 6ll "rass

3 T Scale 3 57!5 !$!89 "all 5 Kg 6ll "rass

!5T Scale 34 7!5 !$!89 "all 4 Kg 6ll "rass

15" Scale 3! 2!5 !$:9 "all ! Kg 6ll "rass

3 " Scale 3 52!5 !$:9 "all 5 Kg 6ll "rass

!5" Scale 34 2!5 !$:9 "all 4 Kg 6ll "rass15# Scale 3! ;!5 !$49 "all ! Kg 6ll "rass

3 # Scale 3 5;!5 !$49 "all 5 Kg 6ll "rass

!5# Scale 34 ;!5 !$49 "all 4 Kg 6ll "rass

15$ Scale 3!

3 $ Scale 3 5

!5$ Scale 34


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Skala Penekan

BebanSkala

Kekerasan Warna AngkaA2a! 3ta#a 4u#!ah

A

B"5EF67K LM%R S8

Kerucut Intan 9+,:

Bo!a Baja 9/;)Kerucut Intan 9+,:Kerucut Intan 9+,:Bo!a Baja -/9?; ## (9.)Bo!a Baja 9/;)Bo!a Baja 9/;)Bo!a Baja -/9?; ## (9.)Bo!a Baja -/9?; ## (9.)Bo!a Baja =/-; ## (9.@>)Bo!a Baja =/-; ## (9.@>)Bo!a Baja =/-; ## (9.@>)Bo!a Baja 9+/? ## (9.+>)Bo!a Baja 9+/? ## (9.+>)Bo!a Baja 9+/? ## (9.+>)

9,

9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,

;,

,9@,

,,;,

9@,;,

9@,;,,

9@,;,,

9@,

=,

9,,9;,9,,9,,=,

9;,=,

9;,=,

9,,9;,=,

9,,9;,

9,,

9-,9,,9,,9-,9-,9-,9-,9-,9-,9-,9-,9-,9-,9-,

7ita#Merah7ita#7ita#MerahMerahMerahMerah

MerahMerah Merah

MerahMerahMerahMerah

Sedang!an pengu/ian ,oc! ell coco! untu! semua material #ang !eras dan #ang luna!'penggunaann#a sederhana dan pene!anann#a dapat dila!u!an dengan leluasa" Tabel di

ba ah menun/u!!an bagaimana memilih s!ala roc! ell"


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Pada Tabel ditun/u!!an s!ala !e!erasan A' 2 dan C adalah untu! bahan logam' s!ala A dapatdipa!ai untu! bahan sangat !eras seperti 3arbida tungsen" S!ala 4 dan di ba ahn#a dipa!aiuntu! batu gerinda sampai plasti!"

Pengu/ian ,oc! el superfisial memperguna!an beban #ang ringan untu! memperbai!i !etelitiandari pene!an dengan cara penggunaan #ang sama' /uga dapat mengu!ur !e!erasan permu!aandari bahan #ang di!eras!an !ulitn#a"

5ambar di ba ah ini menun/u!!an u!uran perbandingan dari pene!anan pada pengu/ian bahan#ang sama dengan berbagai pengu/ian !e!erasan"

"rinell"ola "aja !5 mm"eban 55 Kg

'ock ell=enekan 1, ! 5 Kg

'ock ell=enekan %, 5 Kg

=ermukaan


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0ic!ers 3noop


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Contoh Sifat me"ani": Ke"e a!an


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0train 1ate Effects and 2mpact3eha&ior

2mpact test # Measures the abilit" of a material to absorbthe sudden application of a load without breaking%

2mpact energ" # The energ" re4uired to fracture astandard specimen when the load is applied suddenl"%2mpact toughness # Energ" absorbed b" a material,usuall" notched, during fracture, under the conditions ofimpact test%

5racture toughness # The resistance of a material tofailure in the presence of a flaw%


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(c)+,,- Brook s."o!e/ a di ision o* Tho#son Learning/ Inc0 Tho #son Learning 1 is a trade#ark used herein under !icense0

Figure. The impact test* (a) The %harpy and &+od tests$ and (b)dimensions of typical specimens


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( c ) + , , - B r o o k s .

" o ! e / a

d i i s i o n o *

T h o # s o n L e a r n

i n g /

I n c 0

T h o # s o n

L e a r n i n g

1 i s

a t r a d e # a r

k u s e

d h e r e

i n u n

d e r !

i c e n s e 0

Figure. esults from aseries of &+od impacttests for a super-tough nylon

thermoplasticpolymer,AT &A /AN01%T& A2AT, N3A & ' & TT'& A ' A A 2A AT ,42 AT1N 0AT&F

Cha $y Te!t S$e,imen!


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( c ) + , , - B r o o k s .

" o ! e / a

d i i s i o n o *

T h o # s o n

L e a r n i n g / I

n c 0

T h o # s o n

L e a r n i n g

1 i s

a t r a d e # a r

k u s e d

h e r e

i n u n

d e r !

i c e n s e 0

Figure. The %harpy 5-notch properties for a'%% carbon steel and aF%% stainless steel. TheF%% crystal structuretypically leads tophigher absorbedenergies and notransition temperature

Figure.The area contained within the


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( c ) + , , - B r o o k s .

" o ! e / a

d i i s i o n o *

T h o # s o n

L e a r n i n g / I

n c 0

T h o # s o n

L e a r n i n g 1 i s

a t r a d e # a r

k u s e d

h e r e

i n u n

d e r !

i c e n s e 0

true stress-true strain curve is relatedto the tensile toughness. Althoughmaterial B has a lower yield strength$ itabsorbs a greater energy than material A . The energies from these curves maynot be the same as those obtained from

impact test data

f


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Sifat 1!i! Sifat 1!i" !&at& %ahan a#alah

"emam$&an !&at&%ahan7mate ial #itin/a& #a i!ifat 1!i"nya+

Contoh: Ke a$atan ma!!a (#en!ity) Titi" leleh (melting $oint) enam$ilan (a$$ea an,e)

Metal or allo% kg&cu'(

titanium 4. 55

cast iron8.:55

>.:55

steel stainless >.4:5 :.555

iron >.: 5

copper :.? 5

sil@er !5.4?5

lead !!. 45

uranium !:.?55

gold !?. &5

tungsten !?.855

plutonium !?.:55

platinum &!.455

Sifat "imia


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Sifat "imia Ketahanan !&at& mate ial te ha#a$

ea"!i "imia yang te /a#i #i!e"ita nya

Contoh : Ketahanan te ha#a$ "a at (,o o!ion

e!i!tan,e) Ketahanan te ha#a$ $ana!

.lamma%ility


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Sifat 1!i!: !t &"t& mi" o


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SI AT KIMIA: Ko o!i


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SI.AT KIMIA: Ko o!iKorosi : Peristiwa

perusakan atau degradasimaterial logam akibatbereaksi secara kimiadengan lingkungan


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Ma,am@ma,am Ko o!i

itti !i


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itting ,o o!ion

Sifat te"nologi


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Sifat te nologi Kemam$&an !&at& mate ial &nt&"

#i$ o!e! le%ih lan/&t+ Contoh:

Mam$& me!in (ma,hinea%ility)

Mam$& la! (6el#a%ility) Mam$& %ent&" (fo minga%ility)


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SCC (!t e!! , a," ,o o!ion)

Sifat te"nologi: 6el#a%ility


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Properties of Material Teknik

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