propagation techniques for tropical fruits.pdf

7/27/2019 propagation techniques for tropical fruits.pdf

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102 TROPICAL FRUITS IN ASIA: CONSERVATION AND USE

Propagation Techniques For Tropical Fruits

B.M.C. Reddy

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Propogation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Mango, Citrus, Rambutan, Jackfruit, Litchi, Durian, Mangosteen

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
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PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES FOR TROPICAL FRUITS 103

Propagation Techniques For Tropical Fruits

B.M.C. Reddy

Introduction

The propagation of plants is of great importance in perennial/vegetatively propa-

gated crops. When new kind of plants have to be conserved or propagated or ex-

ploited, we need to develop knowledge and technique to propagate them. Invention

of propagation structures and discovery of root inducing chemicals, in addition to

grafting and budding methods, have revolutionized the propagation and nursery

procedures. An appropriate propagation technology can be selected for each kind of

plant based on its growth, physiology, flowering and phenology.

The propagation method can be primarily designed based on the mode of natural

perpetuation like species with polyembryony can be propagated through seeds. Further,

the general technique standardized for the species can be applied also to other species

within the same genus with suitable modifications. This could be well explained within

the family Anacardiaceae where mango and cashew both can be successfully multiplied

by epicotyl grafting and soft wood grafting. This paper gives details on the propagation

methods followed in some of the major and minor tropical fruits of the Asia-Pacific

region, such as mango, citrus, rambutan, jackfruit, litchi, durian and mangosteen.

Propagation TechniquesMango

Mango is a cross pollinated and highly haterozygous fruit crop. Therefore, propaga-

tion by seeds (called stones in mango) lead to variability in the progeny and is a

limitation for commercial orcharding, though desirable for breeding new varieties.

Hence, vegetative methods of propagation are adopted for getting true-to-type plants.Seed propagation is still the chief method of multiplication of rootstocks.

Propagation of rootstocks

Seed propagation

Rootstock plants are raised from stones. Most of the commercial varieties in India

are monoembyronic but some varieties from South India are polyembryonic which

give true-to-type seedlings from nucellar embryos (Sachar and Chopra 1957). Stones

collected indiscriminately give poor germination but provide a lot of variation. Bolder

stones give seedlings with more vigour irrespective of whether these were collected

from grafted or seedling trees. The viability of mango stones is lost very quickly.

Freshly collected stones from canning units give high germination but when these

seeds are stocked or kept in sun for a large period, they lose germinability.The germination of mango stones is 80% when sown within a month of extrac-

tion but none thereafter. The viability of stones could be extended by storing them

in charcoal powder (Teaotia and Singh 1971) and polythene bag (Singh and Kaisuwan

1971). Patil et al. (1986) reported 40% germination after 90 days of storage in polythene

bags with charcoal. Although refrigerated storage had adverse effect on germination,

seeds were successfully preserved for 12 months without any decline in viability and

vigour after treatment with 1% hydroxyquinoline sulphate and storage in polythene

bags of 100 guage at 150 C (Doijode 1989).

The selected stones are spread on raised nursery beds and covered with leaf mould
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or FYM for better germination. Germination starts within 12 - 15 days and continues up

to 3 weeks. The germination is adversely affected if the stones are sown too deep or in

pots or polybags. Seedlings are transplanted to pots or polybags as soon as they turn

green and these are nursed and prepared for grafting. When polyembryonic seeds are

sown, nucellar seedlings are separated within a month and planted separately.

Vegetative propagation

Propagation of rootstocks by vegetative methods is advocated to eliminate variation. These

methods are not commonly used probably due to absence of standard rootstock type.

(1) Cutting: The hardwood leafy cuttings are used for rooting. Cutting from younger

trees rooted better than those from old trees (Mukherjee et al. 1966). Rooting as well

as subsequent survival has been improved by using juvenile shoots, etiolation and

ringing of shoots and application of IBA in lanolin paste on the ringed portion (Bid

and Mukherjee 1972). A medium containing peat moss and sand (1:1) proved better

and such cuttings have to be kept under mist for rooting.

Use of bottom heat to provide a temperature of 30 to 200C (Reddy and Majumdar

1975) for Deshehari cuttings dipped in 5000 ppm IBA and planted in sphagnum moss

and sand mixture resulted in 97 per cent rooting compared to only 15 per centwithout bottom heat. Beneficial effect of bottom heat was observed by Rajan and Ram

(1983), Sadhu and Bose (1986), and Reddy and Singh (1987). The synergism of phenols

and flavonoids with IBA for root regeneration in cuttings has been demonstrated by

Reddy and Majumdar (1975). Preplanting treatment with phenolic compounds such

as hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid and ferulic acid generally promoted auxin-

induced rooting in cuttings (Sadhu et al. 1978).

(2)Air layering: Etiolation of shoots before layering resulted in more fibrous roots than

without etiolation and application of IBA + NAA improved rooting (Bid and Mukherjee

1969). The success of air layers was markedly improved by use of growth regulators

like 5000 to 20 000 ppm NAA and IBA in lanolin paste (Chhonkar and Singh 1972).

(3) Stooling: Majumdar and Mukherjee (1961) described modified form of stool layering,wherein after about two years of growth, the mother plant is headed back at 10-12 cm

above ground to induce emergence of several shoots below the cut end. Vigorous shoots

are ringed and IBA (5000 ppm) in lanolin is applied on the ringed portion about a week

before earthing up. Rooting takes place in 4 to 6 weeks and these are separated from

the mother plant. The same mother plant can be utilized for about ten years to obtain

genetically uniform rooted plants of a given clone. Clonal propagation of mango rootstocks

by stooling has also been reported by Singh and Srivastava (1982). This is the easiest

and fastest method for vegetative propagation to multiply mango rootstocks.

Propagation of scion plants

Mango plants in nurseries are raised by vegetative methods like budding andgrafting.

Budding

Various budding methods, namely, patch forkert, shield, chip and T-budding are

successful in mango. However, the success varies depending on geographical location

and season. Since the buddings are likely to be damaged during transport, this method

is not followed commercially.

Grafting

Inarching or approach grafting, veneer grafting, wedge or whip grafting, epicotyl graft-

ing or stone grafting and softwood grafting are the most extensively used methods.


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(1) Inarching: This is the oldest and still the chief technique employed in many

mango growing regions. Although, it gives very high success, this method is costlier,

cumbersome and requires larger bud wood and a long time to produce grafts.

(2) Veneer grafting: In this method, mature scion of 3-4 months is grafted on 1 to 2

years old stock. Pre-curing the scion shoot by defoliation atleast 7 to 10 days prior

to grafting is essential. However, in the coastal areas of Maharashtra, prior defolia-

tion is not required (Gunjate et al. 1976). The period of veneer grafting differs from

place to place owing to climatic variations. This technique is suitable for in situ

grafting and for top working of seedling trees.

(3) Wedge grafting: Mature precured scion shoot of 3 to 4 months old is wedge grafted

on 1 to 2 year old stock. The success is high during the humid conditions and 90 to

100% success is obtained under greenhouse and mist chamber. This method is also

used for in situ grafting and top working.

(4) Epicotyl grafting or stone grafting: In this method, mango seedling of less than two

weeks is wedge grafted with mature scion. For higher success and better growth, use

of two stocks per scion is recommended. This is the commercial propagation method

in Konkan region of Maharashtra and does not require pretreatment of scion (Gunjateet al. 1982).

(5) Softwood grafting: In this technique, grafting is done with mature, precured scion

on the emerging soft copper red shoot as described by Amin (1974). This technique

was successful in establishing mango orchards in situ in drier tracts where mortality

of nursery raised grafts is very heavy (Amin 1978).

Citrus

The sexual as well as asexual (vegetative) methods of propagation are used to raise

plants of different species in citrus. The seedlings of acid lime and mandarins are

still planted in southern and north-eastern region of India.

Seed propagation

The number of seeds per fruit varies between different citrus species and cultivars.

Seeds obtained from healthy, virus-free old trees which have a pedigree performance

of producing vigorous, uniform seedlings should be used.Polyembryony

Seeds of most citrus are polyembryonic and thus nucellar seedlings are used both for

raising uniform rootstocks as well as for direct planting, especially in acid lime and

mandarins (Singh and Singh 1955). This also helps to raise healthy plants as citrus

viruses are not transmitted through seed.

Gopalakrishna and Kunte (1958) reported varietal differences in the degree of

polyembryony in citrus. Motial (1963) observed that the number of embryos per seed

was 4.7 in Jambhiri, 4.45 in Italian lemon and 4.25 in Galgal with a range of 1 to 11in Citrus species. Galgal and Sadaphal had 90 and 95 per cent polyembryonic seeds

respectively. Singh (1965) opined that constricted surface of seeds in Karna Khatta,

Citrus jambhiri, C. aurantium andPoncirus trifoliata was associated with polyembry-

onic nature, except in P. trifoliata with polyembryony varying from 35.5 to 54.2 per

cent. In citrus, deformed or uneven seeds were found to be usually polyembryonic

(Singh 1971). Prasad and Ravishankar (1983) claimed 100 per cent polyembryony in

Rusk Citrange, Trifoliate Orange and Swingle Citrumelo (93.3%), Troyer (86.6%),

Carrizo (73.3%), but there was no relationship between the percentage of polyembry-

ony and seed morphology.


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Viability

Since Citrus seeds generally have no dormancy and if they are allowed to dry and the

cotyledons separate, the seeds fail to germinate. Therefore, it is essential to sow the

seeds immediately after extraction. The viability during storage varies depending

upon species and storage conditions.

Quick evaluation of seed viability could be done by tetrazolium test soaking the

seeds in 1 % triphenyl tetrazolium bromide solution which strains the living tissue

(Singh and Chopra 1962).

Seed storage of Kagzi lime and Mosambi in charcoal powder at 50 per cent RH

at room temperature was better than sealed polythene bags (Bajpai et al. 1963). Kumar

and Majumdar (1973) reported that in C. aurantifolia, the seed germination was high-

est in freshly extracted seeds and declined as the storage period extended. Krishna

and Shankar (1974) observed that in C. karna and Rusk Citrange, seeds viability was

100 per cent after 150 days storage in polythene bags with calcium chloride at 80C,

whereas in case of C. jambhiri and C. limonia, it was 84 and 80 per cent respectively.Raising seedlings

Citrus seeds are to be sown on raised and well manured beds at 2.5 cm apart in rowsspaced at 15 cm. In commercial nurseries, sowing is done during mid August to

February. Singh et al. (1970) observed that alkathene cover improved seedling growth

of C. jambhiri, C. pseudolimon, C. limonia, C. megaloxycarpa and P. trifoliata over

those in open. Many workers reported the usefulness of soaking the Citrus seeds in

GA from 200 to 600 ppm to improve the rate of germination (Shant and Rao 1973;

Mishra et al. 1982; Singh et al. 1989).


Cutting

Many species ofCitrus can be successfully raised from cuttings and it is a very useful

method of propagation especially when a species is desired to be colonally propa-

gated on its own root system. However, there is wide variation in the rooting abilityof different Citrus species. While limon and citron are easy to root, mandarin or-

anges, sour orange and grapefruit root with considerable difficulty (Sadhu 1986).

Synthetic auxins (IBA, NAA and IAA) and phenolic compounds help in rooting of

cuttings (Dhatt and Zora Singh 1993). However, age and physiological status of mother

plant, type of wood, time of planting and media composition for planting of cuttings

determine the extent of success (Gangwar and Singh 1965; Bajwa et al. 1977).Air-layering

Air-layering is fairly common and is used to propagate pummelo, lime and sweet

lime. Singh (1955) achieved appreciable improvement in the rooting of air-layers of

sweet lime, grapefruit and sour lime by treating the cut surface with auxins (NAA +

AAA both at 1 per cent). Shankar (1965) noted that certain rootstocks like C. karna,

C. jambhiri, C. pennivesiculata, C. assamensis and C. megalocarpa can easily be

raised from the air-layers even without treatment of growth regulators.Budding

Budding is the most common and widely used method of vegetative propagation of

Citrus. T-budding is probably the best method and is successful with many species of

Citrus. Naik (1939) exhibited that bud take in Citrus spp. increased when wood was not

removed from the bud. Stevenson (1947) reported that T-budding gave 87% success in

Citrus species. In Punjab, the bud take of Kinnow on C. jambhiri was 98% with better

subsequent growth when round buds without wood were used than by using angular

buds with or without wood (Sharma and Sharma 1986). The time of budding affects bud


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take and subsequent growth of plants. Experiments conducted at different places in

India have shown that February and September-October are the best periods for bud-

ding in most Citrus species (Dhatt and Zora Singh 1993).

Now polythene strips are commonly used as wrapping material instead of

jute twine. Srivastava and Arya (1969) observed, while budding mosambi onC.karna, that 200 guage polythene strip was the best wrapping material. Delayed

lopping of the rootstock till the bud has grown about 4-5 cm is usually practised

by nurserymen.

Rambutan

The rambutan is one of the best known fruits of South-East Asia and is especially

important in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, but extends to the east as far as the

Philippines.

Seed propagation

Propagation by seed has been the traditional practice and large number of trees now

in production throughout South-East Asia originated from seed. This is not a desir-able method since plants from seeds vary and many seedlings produce poor fruits. In

addition, seedlings vary in sex. Male trees are practically useless, and female trees,

unless well pollinated, do not bear well. Populations of seedlings of rambutan have

yielded upto 67% males. Propagation from seed should only be used for the develop-

ment of new varieties.

Viability

Seeds, when removed from the fruits, have a short life time and are recalcitrant (Chin

1975; Teng 1977). It is desirable to maintain them slightly moist and to plant them in

2 or 3 days. If the seeds are sown after 3 to 4 weeks, seeds usually do not germinate.

Raising seedling

Seeds can be sown in seed beds or in individual containers. The latter method is

preferred as it eliminates the risk of transplanting and shows better establishmentin the field.


Vegetative propagation is indispensable for production of trees of high quality. These

trees tend to come into fruiting at a younger age than seedlings. To preserve good,

hermaphroditic varieties, vegetative propagation is necessary (Valmayor et al. 1961).

Air-layering

This is frequently used by home gardeners and small scale producers, but success

rates are generally variable.

Grafting

Methods used include various forms of approach grafting and cleft grafting, which isparticularly used in the Philippines. Top working of seedling or staminate trees and

grafting with improved cultivars has been described.

Budding

In most of the South-East Asian countries, seedling stocks are budded by the modi-

fied Forkert method. Various other budding methods have been used such as shield

or T-budding and patch budding with limited success.

Jackfruit

Seed propagation is an old method of multiplication which is planted in situ or raised


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in pots. Now, vegetative propagation is the commercial method of jackfruit multipli-

cation.

Seed propagation

This method is mainly used for theproduction of rootstocks. Soaking of seeds in NAA25 ppm for 24 hours resulted in highest germination percentage as well as good

seedling growth (Bose 1986). Shanmugavelu (1971) recorded 100 per cent germina-

tion by treating the seeds with GA3

at various concentrations upto 500 ppm com-

pared with 80% in the untreated control.


Cutting

The highest percentage of rooting (84%) and survival (75%) was obtained in cuttings

from invigorated and etiolated shoots treated with 5000 ppm IBA and kept under

intermittent mist (Mukherjee and Chatterjee 1979). Dhua et al. (1983) recorded maxi-

mum rooting success (90%) in cutting taken from etiolated and ringed for 30 days and

then treated with IBA at 3000 ppm plus ferulic acid at 2000 ppm. Etiolation and

ringing for 15 days prior to planting also caused rooting in large number of cuttings

which otherwise failed to strike roots.

Air-layering

Application of IAA, IBA and NAA significantly increased the percentage of rooting

and IBA was most effective and produced large mass of roots in all the treated air

- layers (Sen and Bose 1959). The beneficial effect of IBA on root formation was also

recorded by Mukherjee and Chatterjee (1978).

Stooling

Success in stooling of one year old jackfruit plants was reported (Chatterjee and

Mukherjee 1980 a). Soil was heaped upto 10 cm round the basal shoots for 15 - 20 days,

after which it is removed. A ring of bark was taken from each etiolated shoot and IBA(5000 ppm) in lanolin was applied. At callus formation the shoots were again earthed

up. About one month later, the rooted shoots were separated. This method gave an

average of 75% rooted shoots of which 7% survived (Chatterjee and Mukherjee 1980 b).

Grafting

Though jackfruit was successfully propagated (84% success) by inarching on seedling

rootstock (Srinivasan 1970), this method of propagation is cumbersome. Soft wood

grafting is the commercial method of propagation and is 100% successful under high

humid conditions of coastal areas. Wherever the conditions are not favaourable, the

soft wood grafting was highly successful under intermittent mist.

Budding

Patch budding was very successful (100%) when done in middle of June while thesuccess was less (90%) when performed in May or July (Bose 1986). Similar success

with patch budding in June was obtained by Singh et al. (1982).

Litchi

Seed propagation

This method is not desirable since the trees raised from seeds have long juvenile

period, fail to produce true-to-type plants and often produce fruits of inferior quality.

Propagation by seed is used mainly for rootstock propagation and breeding. The

seeds of litchi have a very short viability, usually less than 5 days.


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Cutting

Propagation by cuttings is possible, but the plants produced are less vigorous and

this method is not generally recommended (Abutiate and Nakasone 1972; Kadman

and Slor 1974; Paxtonet al.

1978).

Air-layering

The main commercial method of propagation is by air-layering and rates of success

may be as high as 95% under ideal conditions. Air-layered trees normally produce

commercial crops after 3-6 years (Menzel 1991).

Grafting

Due to the limited and unpredictable activity of the cambium, which is related to the

onset of leaf flushing, grafting is not always very successful. There is also possibility

that some scion/stock combinations may be incompatible. However, approach grafting

is generally successful. Side grafting has been reported to be successful up to 80% in

Israel (Kadman and Slor 1974).

DurianSeed propagation

Seeds germinate within three days after sowing and there is no dormancy. Percent-

age of germination reduces drastically when seed moisture level depletes beyond

22%. Seedlings take longer time (8-15 years) for fruiting.


Budding, grafting, air-layering or even cuttings are the vegetative propagation methods

followed. However, whip grafting or patch budding are the most commercially used

propagation methods. Better results of grafting/budding are obtained if rootstock of

same species is used. Grafted or budded plants come to fruiting in less than 4-5 years.

Mangosteen

Seed Propagation

The best known practice for the propagation of mangosteen is by seeds and when

fresh seeds are sown, they germinate in 10 to 15 days. Since the seeds are of asexual

origin, they produce trees identical to the mother. If the seed is dried or kept outside

the fruit for several days before planting, germination is drastically reduced. How-

ever, the seeds can be maintained for 3 to 4 weeks within the fruit. The best way to

carry seeds is by transporting the entire fruit.

The size of the seeds is highly variable. The difference in seed weight brings

variation not only in germination but also in later growth and survival. The ability

to germinate and grow successfully is related to the amount of food stored in theseed. Therefore, it is recommended to establish new plantings only from the larger

seeds, those that weigh 1 g or more.


Many attempts have been made to develop stronger, more rapidly growing mangoseen

trees with a short juvenile phase through cutting, air-layering, Forkert budding,

approach grafting and cleft grafting but the results were not promising (Campbell

1966). All the propagation methods tried did not show any real advantage over the

seed propagation method.


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Amin, R.S. 1974. Softwood grafting - A new technique for hardwood plants. Curr. Sci. 47:468-469.

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Bajpai, P.N., R.K. Trivedi and A. Prasad. 1963. Storage of citrus seeds. Sci. & Cult. 29:45-46.Bajwa, G.S., Gurcharan Singh, A.S. Sandhu and H.N. Khajuria. 1977. Rooting of sweet lime

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