of Grapevines

ContentsTypes of propagationWhy bother graftingGrapevine materialTypes of graftingDetailed look at bench grafting

Types of PropagationSexual reproduction

Seeds

Types of PropagationAsexual reproduction

Tissue cultureCuttings

Tissue CultureCultures are axenic The plant tissue is maintained on the culture

medium for a specified period of timemay be transferred to fresh mediumor to a different medium to alter the path of

developmentWhat are it uses?

Tissue CultureThis technology is based on the concept of

Totipotency – "the ability of a single cell to express the full

genome in the cells to which it gives rise by cell division."

TerminologyCambium

A single layer of green unspecialized meristemic cells between the woody part of the tree and the bark

Division of these cells result in diameter growth of the tree through formation of wood cells (xylem) and inner bark (phloem)

Cambium

TerminologyCallus

A mass of thin-walled, undifferentiated plant cells, developed as the result of wounding or culture on nutrient media

TerminologyScion and rootstock

TerminologyRootlings

cutting with roots formed that is a season old and is ready to plant

Callused cuttinga cutting that has callusing either grafted or

not only and can be planted in the vineyard

TerminologyGrafted vines

Two species usually a V. vinifera as the scion and a rootstock from American origin

Potted vineA newly grafted vine that goes into a pot

instead of the nursery, and then is planted into the vineyard once it has established roots and leaves

Why is grafting necessary?Phylloxera (Daktulosphira vitifolia)Soil living aphid that feeds of the roots of

only vitis varieties Did not evolve with vitis viniferaThere is no way of controlling this pest other

than grafting a resistant rootstock to vitis vinifera

Grafting MaterialGenotype Correctly named – true to typeHow can you tell what your buying is what it

actually is?Ampelography

Cabernet Sauvignon Riparia Gloire

High healthDisease recognitionTreatment Testing Management

Good GraftingSuccessful grafting uses wood that is:Fresh and cleanStraight and roundMature - brown to the tipNot to pithyTreated with fungicide

Types of GraftingCleft graftingChip buddingSide graftingBench graftingLots of different types!All methods of grafting rely on the cambium

of the the scion and rootstock making contact

The Biology of GraftingThe Biology of GraftingA new formed meristematic area must A new formed meristematic area must

develop between scion and rootstock for develop between scion and rootstock for a successful graft uniona successful graft union

3 events3 events

1) adhesion of the rootstock & scion1) adhesion of the rootstock & scion

2) proliferation of callus at the graft 2) proliferation of callus at the graft interface = callus bridgeinterface = callus bridge

3) vascular differentiation across the graft 3) vascular differentiation across the graft interfaceinterface

The Biology of GraftingThe Biology of GraftingSteps in graft union formationSteps in graft union formation

wound responsewound response Necrotic layer 1 cell deep forms on both Necrotic layer 1 cell deep forms on both

scion and stockscion and stock Undifferentiated callus tissue is produced Undifferentiated callus tissue is produced

from uninjured parenchyma cells below the from uninjured parenchyma cells below the necrotic layernecrotic layer

Callus forms a wound periderm which Callus forms a wound periderm which becomes suberized to prevent entry of becomes suberized to prevent entry of pathogenspathogens

Necrotic layer dissolvesNecrotic layer dissolves

The Biology of GraftingThe Biology of GraftingWound-repair

First the xylem and then the phloem is repaired

Occurs through differentiation of vascular cambium across the callus bridge

Process takes 2 - 3 weeks in woody plants

ConditionsConditionsEnvironmental conditions following Environmental conditions following

graftinggraftingTemperatureTemperatureEffects callus production. Effects callus production. Ideal for grapes is 24 to 28 degrees CIdeal for grapes is 24 to 28 degrees CEasy to control in a greenhouse but Easy to control in a greenhouse but

difficult in the fielddifficult in the field

ConditionsConditionsMoistureMoistureneeded for cell enlargement in the needed for cell enlargement in the

callus bridgecallus bridgeMaintain using plastic bags over scionMaintain using plastic bags over scionWrap with grafting tape, Parafilm, Wrap with grafting tape, Parafilm,

grafting rubbers and waxgrafting rubbers and waxPlace union in damp peat moss or wood Place union in damp peat moss or wood

shavings or perlite for callusingshavings or perlite for callusing

Types of Grafting

Weaver 1976

Weaver 1976

Top working

ProblemsVine death or breakage due to incomplete

callusingInfection from botrytis and powdery

mildewSome varieties are more difficult than

othersViruses and disorders SuckeringCrowngallBad grafting shed practice

Crowngall

Rogue Vines

ProcessPrepare rootstockRemove all the buds

ProcessPrepare scion woodCut the V using the bench grafting machine

•Match the Pieces•Tape Together•Dip in the Wax •Dip in the Water

•Stack in Callus Boxes•Store in Heat Room

ProcessRemove from the callus boxesGrade and preparePlant in the nursery

Dispatching plants

Dispatching plants