Promotion of Integrated Disease Management for ICGV 91114 ...
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Citation: Pande S, Upadhyaya HD, Narayana Rao J, Lakshmi Reddy P and ParthasarathyRao. 2005. Promotion of Integrated Disease Management for ICGV 91114, a dual-purpose, early maturing groundnut variety for rainfed areas. Information BulletinNo. 68. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops ResearchInstitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 28 pp. ISBN No. 92-9066-480-0.
Abstract
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea. L.) is an important oil seed crop that provides high qualityoil for human consumption and fodder for ruminants. Its yields are very low in India dueto several diseases as well as the non-availability of improved cultivars and their productiontechnologies. Of these diseases, two foliar diseases, late leaf spot (Phaeoisariopsispersonata) and rust (Puccinia arachidicola) are particularly destructive and togethercause more than 70% of the losses in yield and quality. To add to this, about 80% of thearea under groundnut in the Deccan Plateau is covered by the traditional cultivar TMV 2,which is highly susceptible to these foliar diseases.Considering various factors that limit groundnut production in the Deccan Plateau,scientists at ICRISAT emerged with an early-maturing, dual purpose cultivar, ICGV 91114that was highly responsive to Integrated Disease Management (IDM). The IDM packagesucceeded in consistently obtaining higher pod and fodder yield under farm conditions.The IDM technology comprised the improved early-maturing cultivar ICGV 91114,fungicide seed treatment with bavistin + thiram @ 2.5 g/kg seed, and one application offungicide kavach at 65-70 days after sowing.The evaluation and promotion of ICGV 91114 and its IDM technology was carried outin three phases (1995-2004) in collaboration with ANGRAU, INGOs and NGOs. In allthree phases, ICGV 91114 performed well, exhibiting lower severities of foliar diseasesand higher pod and fodder yields. Moreover, in vitro tests at ICRISAT-Patancheru showedthat the fodder from IDM-treated plots of ICGV 91114 had higher digestibility thanTMV 2. During this period, the cultivar and its IDM technology spread to several villagesin Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu states in India. Through all the years oftesting, ICGV 91114 gave higher returns than the local cultivar.Participating farmers in all three states felt the new cultivar gave them higher quantitiesof pods and haulms as well as higher quality fodder that in turn translated to higher milkyields. The cultivar ICGV 91114, therefore, has rapidly become the favorite of severalparticipating and non-participating farmers in the three states. Thanks to these advantages,ICGV 91114 and its associate IDM technology, which began with 11 farmers in 1995,spread to nearly 5000 farmers in 2002 and about 10000 farmers by 2005.
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsPatancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
2005
Promotion of Integrated Disease Management for ICGV 91114, a dual-purpose, early maturing
groundnut variety for rainfed areas
S Pande, HD Upadhyaya, J Narayana Rao,P Lakshmi Reddy and P Parthasarathy Rao
Information Bulletin No. 68
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Authors
S Pande, Principal Scientist, ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
HD Upadhyaya, Principal Scientist, ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh,India
J Narayana Rao, Senior Scientific Officer, ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh,India
P Lakshmi Reddy, Senior Scientist and Coordinator, District Agricultural Advisory andTransfer of Technology Center, ANGRAU, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
P Parthasarathy Rao, Senior Scientist, ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh,India
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the United Kingdom’s Department of InternationalDevelopment (DFID), and the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-AridTropics (ICRISAT). We gratefully acknowledge the support of Dr M Blummel, AnimalNutritionist, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) based at ICRISAT, foranalyzing the crop residues of groundnut for fodder quality and digestibility. Our gratefulthanks to the scientists and field staff of the Agricultural Research Station (ARS) of theAcharya NG Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Rural Development Trust (RDT),Agricultural Man Ecology (AME) and its network of NGOs for their cooperation andcommitted work. We thank the editor, Ms Sheetal Vyas, for making this InformationBulletin reader-friendly and finally, Mr TR Kapoor and Ms Lydia Flynn, for coordinatingthe production process.
Contents
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Preface .......................................................................................... v
The context ................................................................................... 1
Genesis and identification of IDM-responsive groundnut cultivar ICGV 91114 ...................... 3
ICGV 91114: Characteristics ............................................. 4Tests on ICGV 91114 for host plant resistance .................. 5Tests on IDM components .................................................. 6The IDM package ............................................................... 7Farmers test IDM and ICGV 91114 ................................... 8
Phase 1 (1995 - 1998) ................................................... 8Phase 2 (1999 - 2002) ................................................. 11Phase 3 (2003 - 2004) ................................................. 12
Economics ................................................................................... 13
Farmers’ perceptions of ICGV 91114 ........................................ 15
Impact ......................................................................................... 16
Looking ahead: The seed village .................................................. 17
References ................................................................................... 20
Preface
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important oil seed crops in therainfed areas of the Deccan Plateau in India. It also provides nutritious fodder for ruminants.For several decades, the farmers of this region have cultivated the traditional cultivarTMV 2, which suffers from several diseases, resulting in low quantity and quality of podand fodder yields. Of these diseases, two foliar diseases, late leaf spot (Phaeoisariopsispersonata) and rust (Puccinia arachidicola), are economically significant.
ICRISAT, in collaboration with partner organizations, has been working for the pastdecade to develop and promote sustainable management technology options to managethese foliar diseases and in turn to achieve higher yields of pod and fodder at the farmlevel. Moreover, farmers in this region need a high yielding, improved cultivar withappropriate production technology to replace TMV 2. After several on-station and on-farm studies, a dual purpose, early-maturing groundnut cultivar ICGV 91114 and itsIntegrated Disease Management (IDM) technology were developed at ICRISAT. In additionto the cultivar, the package includes economical use of fungicide as seed treatment andfoliar application.
This bulletin provides information about the management-responsive, early-maturingcultivar ICGV 91114 and its IDM technology. It also traces its genesis, evaluation andeventually, promotion through the farmers’ participatory approach. The potential economicbenefits of the use of the cultivar and its impact on groundnut-growing areas of the DeccanPlateau are also outlined. It is now clear that the dual-purpose cultivar ICGV 91114 cansuccessfully replace the local cultivar TMV 2.
The authors believe that their efforts will help promote IDM technology and ICGV91114 to benefit groundnut farmers in the Deccan Plateau and rainfed groundnutproduction in general.
The Authors
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The contextGroundnut (Arcachis hypogaea L.) is a majoroilseed crop and is cultivated in 8 million hain India with a production of 7.5 million tons(FAO 2003). The crop provides high qualityedible oil for human consumption andnutritious fodder for ruminants. It alsoprovides easily digestible proteins, half of 13essential vitamins and seven of 20 essentialminerals necessary for normal body growthin humans.
In India, groundnut is grown in threeseasons, rainy (85% area), postrainy (10%area) and summer (5% area). Among thestates, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh (AP) arethe largest producers of groundnut in thecountry, and together occupy 55% of total area
and production. Karnataka, Tamil Nadu andMaharashtra are the other groundnut growingstates in the country (Fig. 1).
In Andhra Pradesh, the crop is grown inabout 2.1 million hectares every year,one-third of which is in Anantapur districtalone; in fact, Anantapur is the single largestgroundnut-growing district in the world(Fig. 2).
Within the district (Fig. 3), groundnutaccounts for 67% of area followed bysorghum (8%), paddy (4%) orchards (18%)and other horticulture crops (3%).
Apart from the income from groundnutpods, farmers also use haulms as feed fordairy animals and sale of milk is an importantadditional source of income. Significantly,several farmers buy paddy straw or sorghum
Fig. 1. Major groundnut growing states in India.
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Fig. 2. Anantapur, the largest groundnut growing district in the world.
Fig. 3. The cropping pattern in Anantapur,2003-2004.
stover from other states since the availablegroundnut haulm is insufficient to meetfodder requirements in the region.
Groundnut productivity in India is verylow: less than 1 t/ha compared to 2.25 t/hain the USA (FAO 2003). Yields inAnantapur are still lower ie, 0.5 t/ha. Onlyin Gujarat, in the Saurashtra region, areyields close to 1.4 t/ha. Several reasonscontribute to low yields in India, particularlyin the rainfed areas of the Deccan Plateau:
• Non-availability of seeds of improvedcultivars and their production technology
• Lack of awareness on diseases, insectpests and their management
• Scanty, erratic and unpredictablerainfall, and
• Socioeconomic conditions of drylandfarmers.
Although several improved cultivars havebeen released in the Deccan Plateau since the1980s, their adoption has not been widespread.These varieties lacked traits acceptable to
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farmers, were susceptible to diseases and insectpests, and also suffered price discrimination bytraders in local markets. In this region, farmersgenerally favor short (90-100 days) andmedium duration (100-115 days) cultivars overlong duration cultivars (120 days and above)(Table 1). Presently, the dominant cultivar thatoccupies about 80% of the total area in therainfed districts of the Deccan Plateau isTMV 2, followed by JL 24 (10%), Vemana (K134) and others (10%) (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Percentage distribution of populargroundnut cultivars in the Deccan Plateau.
Table 1. Popular groundnut cultivars, theirduration and productivity under rainfedconditions in the Deccan Plateau, India.
Duration ProductivityCultivar (days) kg/ha
TMV 2 105-110 480-600JL 24 105-110 600-720Vemana 105-110 720-1040Polachi (red) 110-115 700-850
Source: DAATTC, Anantapur.
Unfortunately, all these cultivars aresusceptible to several fungal diseases infarmers’ fields. Of these, late leaf spot (LLS)(Phaeoisariopsis personata) and rust (Pucciniaarachidis) are the most destructive foliardiseases (Fig. 5) and together cause up to 70%
losses in quantity and quality of pods andhaulms (Gorbet et al. 1990; Pande et al.2001). Foliar diseases and thereby infectedfodder affect the health of livestock. This inturn reduces milk yield in cattle and buffalo(Pande et al. 2003a). Additionally, diseasedfodder also commands a lower price in themarket (Rama Devi et al. 2000). There was,therefore, an urgent need for scientists andresearchers to come up with new cultivarscomplete with sustainable and affordableproduction technologies such as IntegratedDisease Management (IDM) that could resistfoliar diseases and assure better pod and haulmyields than TMV 2 for resource-poor farmersof the region.
Fig. 5. Severity of late leaf spot and rust underfield conditions.
Genesis and identificationof IDM-responsivegroundnut cultivarICGV 91114Keeping in mind various factors, scientistsat ICRISAT initiated the development ofnew cultivars by incorporating farmer-acceptable traits. After extensive researchand sustained work and several on-stationand on-farm experimentations on integrateddisease management, finally they emerged
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with ICGV 91114, a dual purpose, early-maturing, IDM-responsive cultivar bred anddeveloped at ICRISAT-Patancheru that hadthe potential to replace the local cultivar,TMV 2.
ICGV 91114: CharacteristicsICGV 91114 was derived from the bulkpedigree method from ICGV 86055 x ICGV86533 cross. It is a short duration cultivarand matures in 90-95 days in the rainy season(Fig. 6). It is well suited for rainfed cultivationin the Deccan Plateau. ICGV 91114 is a highyielding, Spanish variety and has erect growthhabit with green to light green leaves.
Fig. 6. ICGV 91114 with matured pods.
Phenotypically, it resembles TMV 2. It istolerant to foliar diseases (LLS and rust) andresponsive to their management. It has thepotential to withstand mid-season and end-of-season droughts. It produces healthyfodder, which has high nutritional value andbetter digestibility in cattle and buffaloes. Itspod and haulm yields are significantly higherthan TMV 2.
Pods mostly contains two seeds,occasionally three although one seeded podsare not uncommon. Pods contain slightridges and reticulation with a slight beak andconstriction (Fig. 7). It has an averageshelling turnover of 75%. Its seeds are tanin color with 100-seed mass of 41 g (Fig.8). Oil content of the seeds is 48%.
Fig. 7. Pods of ICGV 91114.
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Fig. 8. Kernels of ICGV 91114.
Tests on ICGV 91114 for hostplant resistanceICGV 91114 was rigorously tested andsubjected to comparative studies with severalother cultivars. On the whole, nine early-maturing cultivars (ICGVs 89104, 91114,91116, 91123, 92209, 92267, 92269, 94360,94361) along with a susceptible TMV 2 wereevaluated for foliar disease resistance (LLSand rust) during 1994 and 1995 rainy seasonsat ICRISAT-Patancheru. The experimentswere conducted in a randomized completeblock design and replicated thrice (Fig. 9).LLS and rust severities were scored on 1-9rating scale at 10-day intervals from 45 daysafter sowing (DAS) till maturity. Pod andhaulm yields were recorded after harvesting.
Fig. 9. Identification of host plant resistance under field conditions.
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Table 2. Performance of ICGV 91114 in comparison with other early-maturing groundnut cultivarswith regard to severities of late leaf spot and rust, and pod and haulm yields in the 1994 and 1995rainy seasons, ICRISAT-Patancheru.
Disease score on a 1-9 rating scale Yield t/ha
Cultivar LLS Rust Pod Haulm
ICGV 89104 5.7 5.5 1.75 2.18ICGV 91114 5.0 5.0 1.82 2.47ICGV 91116 8.0 7.3 1.62 2.14ICGV 91123 6.0 5.7 1.70 1.72ICGV 92209 7.0 7.3 1.42 2.02ICGV 92267 6.5 6.0 1.20 2.35ICGV 92269 7.3 7.3 1.74 2.30ICGV 94360 7.3 7.3 1.60 2.02ICGV 94361 5.7 5.5 1.65 2.35TMV 22 9.0 8.7 1.05 1.571 Mean of three replications and two seasons.2 Cultivar susceptible to foliar diseases.
ICGV 91114 easily led the results:severities of LLS and rust were significantlylow, and pod and haulm yields were higherthan all tested cultivars and TMV 2(Table 2).
Tests on IDM componentsManagement of seed and seedlingdiseases
Various characteristics of ICGV 91114 wereexamined under IDM practices. As seedtreatment, the technology included fungicideapplication to seed. Since plant density playsan important role in determining yields ingroundnut, it is imperative to protect the cropfrom seed and seedling rots upto 30-35 daysafter sowing (DAS). Soil-borne pathogenssuch as Aspergillus niger, Sclerotium rolfsii,Rhizoctinia solani and Rhizoctinia bataticolacause seed and seedling rots in early growthstages of the crop. Of the several fungicidesand their combinations tested for seed
treatment, thiram + carbendazim (1:1) @2.5 g/kg seed was found to effectively controlthese pathogens and was included as anintegral part of the IDM packagerecommended for ICGV 91114 and othercultivars tested alongside.
Management of foliar diseases
Another aspect of the technology wasfoliar application of fungicide, which helpsmanage fungal diseases, LLS and rust atlater stages of crop growth. An experimentwas conducted at ICRISAT-Patancheru toascertain the most economicalcombination of fungicide and cultivar forhigher pod and haulm yields during 1994and 1995 rainy seasons. Apart from ICGV91114, three early-maturing cultivars,ICGVs 89104, 91123 and 94361 and asusceptible TMV 2 were tested. Thetreatment involved five fungicide sprayschedules with chlorothalonil (kavach) @2 g/liter water and 500 liters of solution/
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ha. The design of the experiment wassplit-plot with fungicide spray schedulesas main plots and cultivars as sub-plotswith three replications. Fungicide sprayswere scheduled as follows: (1) one sprayat 60 DAS, (2) two sprays at 60 and 75DAS, (3) three sprays at 60, 75 and 90DAS, (4) continuous spray from 30 DAStill maturity at 10-day intervals and (5)no fungicide spray (Fig. 10). Severities ofLLS and rust were recorded on a 1-9 ratingscale at 10-day intervals from 30 DAS tillmaturity.
LLS and rust severities were low in allearly maturing cultivars and once again,ICGV 91114 fared better on all counts. Inall spray schedules, the cultivar had lowerfoliar diseases and higher pod and haulmyields than other early-maturing cultivars andTMV 2.
Fig. 10. Testing IDM components on ICGV 91114.
The IDM packageBased on ICGV 91114’s high performancefor host plant resistance and following testsfor optimal treatments, an IDM package wasput together to support the cultivar. Themoderately-resistant ICGV 91114 was to beaccompanied with:• Seed treatment with thiram +
carbendizim (1:1) @ 2.5 g/kg seed• Foliar application of fungicide
chlorothalonil @ 2 g/liter water and 500liters of chemical solution/ha at 60 DAS
The IDM technology was tested, and podand haulm yields were found to be significantlyhigher in ICGV 91114, followed by ICGV89104. Haulms too were found to be healthierin these two cultivars. Consistentlyoutstripping the local cultivar TMV 2, thesetwo early-maturing cultivars were shortlistedas candidates for on-farm studies.
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Farmers test IDM andICGV 91114Despite best efforts, the distance between theplant pathologist and the farmer remains great.To narrow this distance between technologygeneration, technology transfer and technologyadoption, it is essential that farmers are involvedin developing and fine-tuning technologyaccording to their own needs and in their owncontext. To evaluate the shortlisted cultivarsand finally zero in on a variety that could givethem maximum returns, farmers’ participatoryon-farm research was conducted.
The research took place in three phases. Inthe first phase between 1995 and 1998 (fundedby ICRISAT core funding), participatoryappraisals were conducted in selected villages,and two early-maturing cultivars, ICGV 91114and ICGV 89104 were identified as goodperformers. They were also evaluated with the
IDM package. The second phase, 1999-2002,was funded by the United Kingdom’sDepartment for International Development(DFID). After further on-farm evaluations,ICGV 91114 was identified as a dual-purposecultivar and began to spread beyond farmersinvolved in the evaluations to several villages inAndhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.In the third phase (also funded by DFID),2003-2004, ICGV 91114 and its associateIDM technology was promoted in a bigger wayand involved even larger number of farmers inthese three states.
Phase 1 (1995 - 1998)
Participatory rural appraisals. To understandfarmer perceptions of the effects of foliardiseases on yield and the nutritive value ofgroundnut crop residues, participatory ruralappraisals (PRAs) were conducted in selectedvillages (Fig. 11).
Fig. 11. Participatory rural appraisals were carried out in selected villages.
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Groundnut crop residues constitute amajor source of fodder for ruminants in thisregion. Results revealed that foliar diseasesreduce not just pod and haulm yields but alsodiminish the quality of crop residues(haulms). This leads to feed refusal and poorhealth in ruminants (Rama Devi et al. 2000).Farmers also reported over 50% losses infoliage and fodder yield every year due todiseases. With PRAs, it was clear that farmerspreferred a cultivar that matured early, hadhigher potential pod and haulm yields, anddisplayed greater tolerance to disease anddrought than the traditional cultivars, TMV2 and JL 24.
Participatory varietal selection. On-farmfarmers’ participatory varietal selection(PVS) trials are another way of bringing downthe gap between researchers and end-users.What PVS does is offer farmers severalvarietal choices to choose from, and enablethem to test these cultivars on their ownfarms, under their own conditions and chooseone or two that suit them most.
PVS trials in this phase were conductedin four villages from three districts: twovillages from Anantapur, and one each fromKurnool and Nalgonda in Andhra Pradesh.Several organizations collaborated inconducting the trials: Agricultural ResearchStation (ARS), Acharya NG RangaAgricultural University (ANGRAU),Anantapur; Rural Development Trust (RDT),Anantapur; Krishi Vignana Kendra (KVK)-Banaganapalle, Kurnool; and KVK-Gaddipalle, Nalgonda. During the 1995 rainyseason, eight farmers participated in theevaluation of ICGV 91114, along with eightother early-maturing cultivars that weretested in on-station experiments (ICGVs89104, 91116, 91123, 92209, 92267, 92269,94360, 94361) and a local cultivar with IDMtechnology. Each cultivar in each trial was
planted in 500 m2 in a strip plot design withone replication. Each cultivar-plot wasdivided into two halves – one half was givenIDM and the other was treated to typicalfarmer practices (non-IDM). LLS and rustseverities were scored on a 1-9 rating scaleat maturity in all locations. After harvesting,pod and haulm yields were recorded fromthree pre-demarcated 1 x 1 m plots in eachtreatment.
Results revealed significantly lowerseverities of foliar diseases (LLS and rust),and higher pod and haulm yields in allimproved early-maturing cultivars comparedto the local cultivar. As with the on-stationtrial, ICGV 91114 led the field, followed byICGVs 89104, 91123 and 94361 (Table 3).
Based on farmer perceptions of desirabletraits, four cultivars – ICGVs 91114, 89104,91123 and 94361 – were selected for furtheron-farm evaluation the following year, the1996 rainy season. Twenty four farmers from10 villages from the three districts participatedin the trials and the methodology was exactlysame as the previous year (Fig 12).
Of the four cultivars evaluated, ICGV91114 and ICGV 89104 were marked outfor further evaluation as they were once againfound superior with low diseases and higheryields (Table 4).
In 1997, on-farm research at ICRISATwas devolved; ARS-Anantapur and RDT,Anantapur, took up farmers’ participatory on-farm research. The two early-maturingcultivars, ICGVs 91114 and 89104, wereevaluated with IDM technology; sixtyfarmers from two villages in Anantapurdistricts participated. In 1997 and 1998,severities of foliar diseases were significantlylow and pod and haulm yields were high inboth new cultivars in IDM plots comparedto the local cultivar in non-IDM plots.
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Table 3. Performance of ICGV 91114 in comparison with other groundnut cultivars with regard toseverities of late leaf spot and rust, and pod and haulm yields in on-farm IDM trials in Anantapur,Kurnool and Nalgonda districts, 1995 rainy season.
Disease score on a 1-9 rating scale Yield t/ha*
Cultivar LLS Rust Pod Haulm
ICGV 89104 5.3 5.7 1.26 2.35ICGV 91114 5.0 4.7 1.49 2.28ICGV 91116 7.0 6.0 1.21 2.13ICGV 91123 5.7 5.0 1.23 1.30ICGV 92209 7.3 6.3 1.19 1.93ICGV 92267 6.0 5.0 1.13 1.73ICGV 92269 6.5 5.5 1.28 2.20ICGV 94360 5.5 5.3 1.20 2.15ICGV 94361 5.5 5.3 1.35 2.20Local 8.7 7.5 1.09 1.90
* Mean of eight farmers.
Fig. 12. On-farm evaluation of groundnut cultivars.
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During this period, the two cultivarsspread to several farmers within the selectedvillages (Pande et al. 2001).
Phase 2 (1999 - 2002)
During the second phase, ICRISAT (ProjectZA No. 0286 funded by DFID) restored itson-farm research for further evaluation ofthe two cultivars, ICGVs 91114 and 89104,in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and TamilNadu.
Table 4. Performance of ICGV 91114 in comparison with other groundnut cultivars with regard toseverities of late leaf spot and rust, and pod and haulm yields in on-farm IDM trials in Anantapur,Kurnool and Nalgonda districts, 1996 rainy season.
Disease score on a 1-9 rating scale Yield t/ha*
Cultivar LLS Rust Pod Haulm
ICGV 89104 5.7 3.9 1.55 2.59ICGV 91114 5.0 3.4 1.75 2.69ICGV 91123 6.3 4.5 1.35 2.10ICGV 94361 5.0 4.0 1.50 2.43Local 8.7 7.5 1.03 1.59
* Mean of 24 farmers from three districts.
Collaborating institutions during thisphase were:
• ARS, Anantapur;• District Agricultural Advisory and
Transfer of Technology Center(DAATT Center), Anantapur,(ANGRAU); and
• Agricultural Man Ecology (AME) withits network of NGOs:• Mysore Resettlement and
Development Agency (MYRADA),Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
• Rural Reconstruction Society,Andhra Pradesh
• Andhra Pradesh RuralReconstruction Mission, AndhraPradesh
• Reorganisation of Rural Economyand Society, Karnataka
• Pakruti, Karnataka• Gram Vikas, Karnataka• Prayog, Karnataka• AME-Raichur, Karnataka• MYRADA-Shoolagiri, Tamil Nadu
Although severities of foliar diseases werelow in both cultivars in 1999 and 2000 rainyseasons, farmers preferred ICGV 91114 toICGV 89104 because of its overall superiority(Table 5). Finally, the dual-purpose ICGV
1999 42 farmers from 25 villagesfrom the three states
2000 47 farmers from 20 villagesfrom the three states
2001 21 farmers from one villagein Andhra Pradesh
The number of participating farmers foreach year were:
In addition, several farmers not directlyinvolved with the program also adopted thecultivar ICGV 91114 and its IDM packagein all three states.
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Table 5. Performance of ICGV 91114 in comparison with other groundnut cultivars with regard toseverities of late leaf spot and rust, and pod and haulm yields in on-farm IDM trials in Andhra Pradesh,Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, 1999 and 2000 rainy seasons.
Disease score on a 1-9 rating scale Yield t/ha*
LLS Rust Pod HaulmState ICGV ICVG Local ICGV ICVG Local ICGV ICVG Local ICGV ICVG Local(no. of trials) 89104 91114 CV 89104 91114 CV 89104 91114 CV 89104 91114 CV
Andhra Pradesh 5.5 5.0 7.0 5.0 4.5 6.5 1.85 1.95 1.25 2.25 2.30 2.10Karnataka 5.0 4.5 7.5 4.5 4.0 7.5 1.70 1.85 1.15 2.35 2.50 2.05Tamil Nadu 5.3 5.0 7.5 5.0 5.5 7.5 1.60 1.75 1.10 2.05 2.05 2.00
* Mean of 89 farmers, 1999-2000.CV=Cultivar
91114 emerged as a probable alternative tothe reigning cultivar TMV 2 for cultivation inthe drylands of the region. Since 2000, ICGV91114 has been vigorously promoted byICRISAT and its collaborators. The cultivarand its IDM technology has been increasinglyadopted and has spread from farmer to farmer,from village to village.
Tests on fodder quality
Groundnut residue is a major source of fodderfor cattle and provides ‘feed security’ forruminants in this region (Fig. 13). Comparativein vitro analysis of haulms of ICGV 91114(IDM-treated) and TMV 2 (unprotected) wasconducted at ICRISAT-Patancheru by animalnutritionists from the International LivestockResearch Institute (ILRI).
Results revealed that percent fermentationgas, nitrogen, crude protein and digestibilitywere higher in the haulms of ICGV 91114 thanwith TMV 2 (Table 6). In effect, ICGV 91114with its IDM technology ie, with minimumprotection of one fungicide application at 60-65 DAS, produced higher quality fodder forruminants (Pande et al. 2003). Later, animalfeeding trials were also conducted with
participating farmers in two villages inAnantapur district. These tests confirmed thatICGV 91114 produces healthy fodder, whichhas high nutritional value and better digestibilityin cattle and buffaloes.
Phase 3 (2003 - 2004)
In this phase, 258 farmers from eight villagesin Anantapur district further evaluated andparticipated in promoting and upscalingICGV 91114 and its IDM technology.Collaborating organizations in this phase wereDAATT Center, Anantapur; ARS-Anantapur(ANGRAU) and RDT-Anantapur.
Table 6. Percent in vitro fermentation gas,nitrogen, crude protein and digestibility of ICGV91114 and TMV 2, ICRISAT-Patancheru.
Parameter ICGV 91114* TMV 2**
Fermentation gas 48.2 30.3Nitrogen 2.2 1.8Crude protein 14.1 11.3Digestibility 66.2 51.4
* Economical management of foliar diseases by one fungicidespray at 60 DAS (IDM technology).
**No management of foliar diseases and no fungicideapplication (farmers’practice, ie, non-IDM technology).
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Fig. 13. Stacks of groundnut fodder provide feed security for ruminants.
The trials proved that the dual-purposecultivar was consistently and substantiallysuperior in terms of low foliar disease and highpod and fodder yields (Table 7). As withprevious years, haulm quality was exceptionallygood/healthy compared to the local cultivar.Farmers also noted increases in milk yield whenhaulms of this cultivar were fed to milchanimals. As a result, ICGV 91114 became verypopular with farmers and was rapidlydisseminated to neighboring districts in AndhraPradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
EconomicsThere are considerable economic advantagesto growing ICGV 91114 because farmers
benefit from increased crop and haulm yieldsas well as milk production. Gross and netreturns on farm are higher, and per unit costsof production are lower for the cultivar underboth irrigated and rainfed conditions. Resultsfrom a study in 2004-05 are presented inTable 8, showing costs and returns fromgrowing the improved cultivar versus localvarieties TMV 2 and JL 24 in three villagesunder rainfed and irrigated conditions. Podand haulm yields were highest for ICGV91114 over the local cultivars. Gross returnstoo were higher. Although the costs ofcultivation of ICGV 91114 are higher, overallcost of production were 9% lower for the newcultivar under irrigation and 8% lower underrainfed conditions. Net returns from ICGV91114 were about 29% higher under
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Table 7. Performance of ICGV 91114 in comparison with local groundnut cultivars with regard toseverities of late leaf spot and rust, and pod and haulm yields in on-farm IDM trials in Andhra Pradesh,2002-2004 rainy seasons.
Disease score on a 1-9 scale Yield t/ha*
LLS Rust Pods Haulms
ICGV Local ICGV Local ICGV Local ICGV LocalYear 91114 CV 91114 CV 91114 CV 91114 CV
2002 3.0 4.5 3.5 4.5 1.55 0.90 1.70 1.452003 4.5 6.7 3.5 6.0 1.60 1.00 2.10 1.752004 5.0 7.5 5.0 7.5 2.15 1.75 2.80 2.25
* Mean of 310 farmers from 2002 to 2004.
Table 8. Cost inputs and returns from local cultivars vis-à-vis ICGV 91114, Anantapur*, 2004-2005.
Irrigated Rainfed
Parameters TMV2 JL 24 91114 TMV2 91114
Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) 9558 10008 10472 8814 9561Cost of production (Rs/kg) 7.2 8.2 6.7 8.5 7.8Pod yield (kg/ha) 1322 1216 1567 1040 1231Haulm yield (kg/ha) 1730 1730 2224 1483 1730Gross returns (Rs/ha) 24291 24637 29450 19215 22541Net returns (Rs/ha) 14733 14629 18978 10403 12981
* Mean of sample farmers from three project villages.
irrigation and 25% higher under rainfedconditions.
There are various factors that influencethe economics of groundnut production.Seed is the most expensive input accountingfor 36-42% of total costs. Prices vary betweencultivars, but differences are relatively small.Labor is the next most expensive inputaccounting for 24-29% of total costs,followed by fertilizers (10-11%). Currently,farmers receive higher prices for selling seedof improved cultivars than for traditionalvarieties. Milk yields from improved cultivarsare higher than those from local varieties.About 70-80% of the milk obtained is sold,and income from this ranges between 15-25%at the household level. The advantages of
growing improved cultivars therefore isthreefold:
1) Higher pod yields,2) Higher haulm yields, and3) Higher milk yields from dairy
animals fed with these haulms.
On the basis of yield and economicparameters estimated from the field, andassumptions with regard to adoption, expertshave assessed the economic implications ofthe new cultivar. Accordingly, theincremental benefit in 2005 would be aroundRs 60.6 million ($1.37 million), which breaksup into Rs 51.4 million ($1.16 million) dueto groundnut crop and 9.2 million ($0.20million) due to dairy. These incrementalbenefits progressively increase to Rs 121.3
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million ($2.75 million) in 2007 and Rs 242.5million ($5.51 million) in 2009. Thecumulative benefit for the next five years hasbeen estimated at around Rs 848.7 million($19.28 million).
Farmers’ perceptions ofICGV 91114Farmers loved ICGV 91114 for severalreasons. Table 9 presents a summary of theirperceptions.
Both participating and non-participatingfarmers observed the performance of thecrop from seedling emergence to maturityand were convinced of the cultivar and itsIDM technology. Drought is a commonphenomenon in the Deccan Plateau. Thiscultivar escapes mid-season and end-of-season drought, which is another reason whyfarmers approve of this cultivar.
P Indiramma, Jalalapuram
I followed the IDM technology suggested byICRISAT scientists and found fodder fromICGV 91114 to be very good for milchanimals. The haulms were less diseased andretained more leaves. My buffaloes started to
give one extra liter of milkafter being fed haulmsfrom this variety. Thevariety also yielded 1½times more pods than thelocal variety. I observedthe crop both in kharif andrabi and it was excellentin both seasons. The crop matures 15 daysearlier than our local variety. I sowed 45 kgseed and obtained 35 bags of pods(40 kg/bag).
S Linga Reddy, Jalalapuram
I have a lot of experience growing TMV 2and JL 24. In the last two years, I have beengrowing ICGV 91114 from ICRISAT, andalso following the IDM technologyrecommended by the scientists. In myobservation, the dual-purpose ICGV 91114gave higher pod and fodder yields comparedto JL 24. I gave some seedto other farmers and soldthe rest in the market ata premium price. Allfarmers in my village arevery happy with ICGV91114 because it gavehigher yields even under
Table 9. Farmer perceptions of desirable characteristics of ICGV 91114.
Character Perception
Plant stand Optimum with high seedling vigorFlowering Flowers are more numerous and synchronousDuration Matures earlier than local cultivarFoliar diseases Foliar diseases are lower than with local cultivarDrought Withstands drought wellYield Pod and fodder yields higher than local cultivarFodder quality Healthy fodder with green leaves; relished by cattleMilk yield Increased
Local cultivar=TMV 2, JL 24, Vemana.
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drought conditions. The fodder is also veryhealthy and milk yield has increased after itwas fed to milch animals.
G Pulla Reddy, Talupuru
I have planted two varieties of groundnut,ICGV 91114 and ICGV 92093 along withmy own variety JL 24. I received these newvarieties from ICRISAT and implementedthe IDM technology suggested by ICRISATscientists. Surprisingly, foliar diseases –which are major yield and quality reducers
– were low in boththe new cultivarscompared to ourlocal cultivar JL 24.The quality offodder was veryhigh, ie, there waslow foliar disease.The animalsrelished the haulms
and gave more milk than they used to.Many farmers in my village have made
similar observations.The cultivar is so good,I had 20 acres under ICGV 91114 in 2005.
T Surya Chandra Reddy, Talupuru
ICRISAT scientists (Suresh Pande and hisgroup) gave me groundnut seed of twovarieties: ICGVs 91114 and 89104 to try out.Both these cultivars are high yielding and gave50-60 bags (40 kg/bag) of pod and very high
yield of haulm underIDM. These cultivarswere also moreresistant to diseasescompared to thelocal cultivar. Thefodder from thesevarieties was keptand fed to milch
animals; there was a definite increase in milkyield as a result. I observed that the health ofthe buffaloes also improved. ICGV 91114 inparticular withstands drought better than thelocal variety. It can be grown under rainfedconditions as well as under irrigatedconditions.
ImpactICGV 91114 and IDM technology hasgradually spread from participatory trials ina few villages to several villages in AndhraPradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
• In 1995, ICGV 91114 and its IDMtechnology was evaluated by eightfarmers in four villages in threedistricts in Andhra Pradesh.
• In 1996, 24 farmers were involved inevaluating this cultivar in the samedistricts.
• During 1997 and 1998, 60 and 260farmers respectively sowed ICGV91114 in four villages in Anantapur.
• In 1999, the cultivar was sown in 780farmers’ fields in Andhra Pradesh(Anantapur, Chittoor, Kurnool andNalgonda districts), Karnataka (Kolarand Raichur districts) and Tamil Nadu(Dharmapuri district).
• In 2000, 1240 participating and non-participating farmers were involved inevaluating this cultivar in the samelocations as 1999.
• ICGV 91114 spread rapidly acrossvillages and districts. It was taken upby 2180 farmers in 2001, 3230farmers in 2002, 5650 farmers in2003 and 8940 farmers in 2004(Fig. 14).
• More than 10,000 farmers have beenestimated to cultivate ICGV 91114during the 2005 rainy season.
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At the current rate of expansion, it isanticipated that some 80,000 hectares (10%of the total crop area) in Anantapur will beunder ICGV 91114 by 2010 and that seedwill be disseminated into adjoining statesKarnataka and Tamil Nadu.
Looking ahead: The seedvillageSeed is a very important and rather expensivecomponent in groundnut cultivation. The cropalso suffers due to the lack of an organized seedsystem in the Deccan Plateau. Most farmersstore their kharif produce as seed for thefollowing season, a practice that has beenthreatened in recent years due to the storagepest ‘bruchid’ that has become a major menaceto small farmers. Since the seed-to-grainmultiplication ratio is very low in groundnut, it
is not possible for a single agency to supply seedto all groundnut-growing farmers in the Plateau.To ensure the availability of groundnut seed toevery farmer, what is needed is a ‘seed village’ –a concept that was encouraged and implementedby us in selected villages, either through NGOsor through self help groups, under the DFIDproject. For instance, 9 farmers in villageJalalapuram, 13 in Lingareddypally, 4 in Talupuruand 3 in Vasanthapuram in Anantapur involvedthemselves in seed production of the cultivarICGV 91114 during the 2004 postrainy season.The seed was then sold to other farmers in andaround the area for planting in the 2005 rainyseason (Fig. 15).
For ICGV 91114 to successfully replaceTMV 2, it is important for villages to produceseed and spread the variety to other villagesthrough self help groups and NGOs. Onlythen can farmers be assured of a sustainablesupply of seed.
Fig. 14. Number of farmers that adopted ICGV 91114 and IDM technology over the years.
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Fig. 15. Preparing the seed of ICGV 91114 for planting.
Fig. 16. Cleaned and ready to be sown: A happy farmer looks at his next potential crop.
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ReferencesFAO 2003. Food and Agricultural Organizationof United Nations. FAO production year book.Vol 57:118
Gorbet DW, Knaurt DA and Shokes FM. 1990.Response of peanut genotypes with differentiallevels of leaf spot resistance to fungicidetreatment. Crop Science 30:529-533.
Rama Devi K, Bandyopadhyay R, Hall AJ,Indira S, Pande S and Jaiswal P. 2000.Farmers’ perceptions of the effects of plantdiseases on the yield and nutritive value of cropresidues used for peri-urban dairy productionon the Deccan Plateau: Findings fromparticipatory rural appraisals. InformationBulletin No. 60. ICRISAT: Patancheru, AndhraPradesh, India.
Pande S, Bandyapadhyay R, Blummel M,Narayana Rao J, Thomas D and Navi SS. 2003a.Disease management factors influencing yield andquality of sorghum and groundnut crop residues.Field Crops Research 84: 89-103.
Pande S, Blummel M, Sivaiah K and NarayanaRao J. 2003b. The effect of diseases on yield andnutritive quality of groundnut and sorghum cropresidues. In Evaluation of the effects of plantdiseases on yield and nutritive value of cropresidues used for peri-urban dairy production onthe Deccan Plateau of India: Summaryproceedings of a workshop, 19-22 February 2003,ICRISAT, Patancheru, India.
Pande S, Narayana Rao J, Upadhyaya HD andLenne JM. 2001. Farmers’ participatoryintegrated management of foliar diseases ofgroundnut. International Journal of PestManagement 47(2): 121-126
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