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8/8/2019 Promoting Innovation to Solve Global Challenges: Opportunities for R&D in Agriculture, Climate Change, and Health
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Promoting Innovation to
Solve Global Challenges
Opportunities for R&D in agriculture,climate change, and health
Michael Kremer
Gates Professor of Developing Societies
Department of Economics
Harvard University
Heidi Williams
Ph.D. Candidate
Harvard University
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2008 Te German Marshall Fund o the United States. All rights reserved.
No part o this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any orm or by any means without permission
in writing rom the German Marshall Fund o the United States (GMF). Please direct inquiries to:
Te German Marshall Fund o the United States
1744 R Street, NW
Washington, DC 20009
1 202 683 2650
F 1 202 265 1662
Tis publication can be downloaded or ree at http://www.gmus.org/publications/index.cm. Limited print
copies are also available. o request a copy, send an e-mail to [email protected].
GMF Paper Series
Te GMF Paper Series presents research on a variety o transatlantic topics by sta, ellows, and partners othe German Marshall Fund o the United States. Te views expressed here are those o the author and do not
necessarily represent the view o GMF. Comments rom readers are welcome; reply to the mailing address above
or by e-mail to [email protected].
About GMF
Te German Marshall Fund o the United States (GMF) is a non-partisan American public policy and
grantmaking institution dedicated to promoting greater cooperation and understanding between North America
and Europe.
GMF does this by supporting individuals and institutions working on transatlantic issues, by convening leaders
to discuss the most pressing transatlantic themes, and by examining ways in which transatlantic cooperation can
address a variety o global policy challenges. In addition, GMF supports a number o initiatives to strengthendemocracies.
Founded in 1972 through a gi rom Germany on the 25th anniversary o the Marshall Plan as a permanent
memorial to Marshall Plan assistance, GMF maintains a strong presence on both sides o the Atlantic. In addi-
tion to its headquarters in Washington, DC, GMF has seven ofces in Europe: Berlin, Bratislava, Paris, Brussels,
Belgrade, Ankara, and Bucharest.
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Promoting Innovation to Solve Global Challenges
Opportunities for R&D in agriculture,climate change, and health
A R G M F U S
S 2008
M K*
G P D S
D E
H Uy
H W*
P.D. C
H Uy
I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Vy y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
P w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1 Ex ante . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 M ex post, w y, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Ex post y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
*M K G D E H Uy. H w Bk I, - w C G D, y w N B E R. Ay, w A Ay A S-, MA Fw P Fy Fw, w Y G Ly W E F. P K x ,, z. H R G y Strong Medicine: Creating Incentives forPharmaceutical Research on Neglected Diseases.
H W P.D. D E H Uy. H y y q k.
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Promoting Innovation to Solve Global Challenges:
Opportunities for R&D in agriculture, climate change, and health3
Innovative pull
mechanisms
can complement
the set of more
traditional foreig
aid mechanisms
resulting in an
expanded and
more flexible
set of tools
for addressing
development
policy goals.
Introduction
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8/8/2019 Promoting Innovation to Solve Global Challenges: Opportunities for R&D in Agriculture, Climate Change, and Health
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States4
y, x IPRy. I S 3, w y
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ex ante (S 3.1),
ex post w--y
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Promoting Innovation to Solve Global Challenges:
Opportunities for R&D in agriculture, climate change, and health5
P y ( IPR
y y ) y
( IPR y
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(1998), x
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T y
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Voluntary versus mandatory
institutions2
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States6
In an ideal world,
pull programs
would credibly
commit to reward
appropriate
innovations, butat the same
time would not
commit sponsors
to have to pay
for innovations
that end up not
being useful or
desirable.
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(S 3.2), ex post y j (S 3.3).
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ex ante (S 3.1),
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(S 3.2), ex post
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Potential triggers for rewards1
3
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Promoting Innovation to Solve Global Challenges:
Opportunities for R&D in agriculture, climate change, and health7
One issue with
basing pull
mechanism
reward payments
solely on technic
specifications se
ex ante is that
products may be
developed which
in a strict sense
meet the technic
specification but
for some reason
are not desirable
to consumers.
P Aw W F L T.
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3.2 Metrics ofex postuse, willingness to pay,
or impact
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States8
k y y. I x, y
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3.3 Ex postdiscretion by a committee
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w- (S 4),
w-
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w
(S 6).
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Promoting Innovation to Solve Global Challenges:
Opportunities for R&D in agriculture, climate change, and health9
Like other pull
mechanisms,
AMCs do not
require sponsors
to make decision
about which
technological
approaches are
most promising
or whether it
is technically
feasible to
produce the
product at all.
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y x
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(
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y w y
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w
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, AMC w xy
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. 2007).
AMC k
w y y
,
. T
Health innovations
4
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States10
A number of
governments
Italy, the United
Kingdom, Canada,
Norway, and
Russiatogetherwith the Bill &
Melinda Gates
Foundation
recently
announced a
$1.5 billion
pilot AMC for a
pneumococcal
vaccine suitable
for children in the
developing world.
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AMC
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Promoting Innovation to Solve Global Challenges:
Opportunities for R&D in agriculture, climate change, and health11
y ky w , y
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y y y 1015 y
w
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xy - x. T
AMC y y wk
AMC .
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Promoting Innovation to Solve Global Challenges:
Opportunities for R&D in agriculture, climate change, and health13
A, y y 50 90 .
K (2006)
, -
, , ; - w;
z w ; -
;
.
S j k
y w
, w y y . O
y w y- w
w
y y. Py
k
w w
y, w y
y
w y.
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States14
Pull mechanisms
could also
be applied in
the context of
technologies to
address globalwarming and
climate change.
P x w
. T U.S. y
y z, -
H-z
y y. Sy, A X
Pz, y X Pz F,
. T z
w w
(y x
100 q y)
k, j
y, , , .O z
x, U.S. R
J MC $300 z
y w
y .
K (2006) AMC-k z
y ,
w , -k w-
y, ,
z y .
A -
w
,
kk
( , z
) ( ,
y ).
W (2008) x
x. S
z , -
y x
. S y
x
x y w,
w
k .
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w y
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. S q
x
( w ),
y.
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, w y
y/ . F x, y w ky
, ,
w , .
w ky
w y k
w AMC
. O , w
q y
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y -
, y
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y y
,
wy y w j
y y . I
wk
j : y
j ww y
j, y w.
I w -
w- , y w y
y y .
Climate change innovations
6
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Promoting Innovation to Solve Global Challenges:
Opportunities for R&D in agriculture, climate change, and health15
Greater
transatlantic and
global cooperati
in designing and
implementing
such mechanism
could accelerate
learning and help
inform public
policy decisions
to address globa
challenges.
P AMC j k y
w y. Ex w
w ky
y
w y . I
w k
y w
. T ,
w y w k
y , q w
-- .
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U.S. P A w 1790,
w w ,
w w , w
, . Lkw, w
.
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II, qy
w y ,
y y
w y w (Rw
2002). Wk y V B,w
y , ,
y y-
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k
U S.
W
w
w , w
,
w , w
w RD. S
w
, y
y -
. G
y .
Conclusions
7
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States16
B, E, R G, M K,J L, R L, G Wzk, H
W (2007), A k
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, Health Economics 16(3):
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B, E, P Py, B
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D, J (1997), Guns, Germs, and Steel
W.W. N C.: Nw Yk.
J, D R E (2000),
Hw wy A? Ty
y,American Journal of
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K, T (2006), Pz
, D P 2006-08, T
H Pj, T Bk I:
W DC.
K, M (1998), P y-: A
, Quarterly
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K, M R G
(2004), Strong Medicine: Creating Incentives for
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P Uy P: P NJ.
K, M Ax P Zw (2004),
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, World Development33(1): 87105.
L, J (2005), Tw
, P W
H Oz (WHO) C
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H O F.
M, W K W (2000), C
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