Prologue. The New Biology Biological View of AIDS Virus HIV causes cells to become factories. Over...
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Transcript of Prologue. The New Biology Biological View of AIDS Virus HIV causes cells to become factories. Over...
![Page 1: Prologue. The New Biology Biological View of AIDS Virus HIV causes cells to become factories. Over 25 million dead, over 40 million infected. Scientists.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb26e0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Prologue
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The New BiologyBiological View of AIDS
Virus HIV causes cells to become factories.
Over 25 million dead, over 40 million infected.
Scientists working on a vaccine.
Growth HormoneOriginal GH came from
pituitary glands of deceased.
Currently produced by bacteria
A problem of distribution
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Solving ProblemsScientific problems are
solved by using observations – not feelings.
Data is information gained through observation.
The scientific method helps us to determine what is reasonable and what is not.
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Solving ProblemsTesting a
Hypothesis: A controlled experiment is designed.
The experimental group has one variable changed.Independent vs.
Dependent
The control group stays the same.
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Evolution: Science at WorkA theory explains current
observations and predicts new observations.
19th century biologists noticed that fossils were different from living organisms.
Theory of Evolution: species have changed over time in response to changes in their environment.
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Evolution: Science at Work Jean Baptiste Lamarck
suggested that life can change.
He suggested evolution was a process of adaptation.
The more a body part was used the stronger it got and vise versa.
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Evolution: Science at WorkA hypothesis is an
explanation that is testable through experimentation or observation.
If . . . Then . . .because . . .
Lamarck’s predictions that acquired characteristics are inherited can not be proven true.
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Evolution: Science at WorkBritish naturalist Charles
Darwin developed a theory of evolution that is still in use.
Darwin used James Hutton’s hypothesis of uniformitarianism as the basis for his theory.
If Earth has such a long history of change – shouldn’t the organisms on it have changed as well?
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The Theory of Natural Selection In 1859 Darwin published
the book “The Origin of Species”.
He stressed natural selection – organisms best suited for their environment survive – as a means for evolution.
Some members of a species have characteristics that enable them to survive.
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The Theory of Natural SelectionA species is a group of
organisms who can produce viable offspring.
Successful organisms pass on their successful characteristics to their offspring.
These successful characteristics are referred to as adaptations.
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The Theory of Natural SelectionThomas Malthus: if
organisms reproduce at a steady rate – they would outstrip the food supply.
Not all organisms live long enough to reproduce because resources are limited.
Competition for limited resources drives evolution.
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The Theory of Natural SelectionSmall differences
called variations can either help or hinder members of a population.
Natural selection eliminates organisms with variations that are not advantageous.
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The Theory of Natural SelectionGood theories lead to
logical hypotheses.
Darwin’s theory of descent with modification – related organisms share a common ancestor – can be tested.
Lamarck and Darwin proposed different theories to explain the same observation.
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Science as a Way of Knowing Characteristics that define
science:
The natural world can be investigated.
Science is based on observations and controlled experiments.
The results of the experiments must be repeatable.
The findings of science must be refutable – if a hypothesis is not supported by evidence it must be rejected.
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Science as a Way of KnowingCopernicus and Galileo
concluded that Earth revolved around the sun.
These ideas contradicted scriptures – Galileo was arrested.
Rejecting science does not change the science – it merely prevents people from learning and understanding …
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Science as a Way of KnowingPseudoscience is
false science – the research does not meet the definition of science.
Creationism is pseudoscience in that the logic behind it cannot be tested with the scientific method.
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Science as a Way of Knowing5 Questions on
research:
What is the question?
What are the data and how were they obtained? – separate data from opinions.
What do the data mean? – does the data support the argument.
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Science as a Way of Knowing5 Questions on
research:
Who is reporting the data? – determine credentials and background.
Is our knowledge sufficient to answer the question.