Prokaryotes Viruses, And Protistans New Slides for Spr 2012

8/3/2019 Prokaryotes Viruses, And Protistans New Slides for Spr 2012

1/33

Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Protistans

Updated Feb 2012

Here are the new slides that were

presented in lectureThe complete lecture is also uploaded.


2/33

Did Alexander the Great Die from West Nile Virus?


3/33

Historical Review

Alexander the Great and West Nile Virus Encephalitis

John S. Marr* and Charles H. Calisher

Table.Medical history and physical examination of Alexander the Great Patient

characteristics

Onset of final illness May 29, 323 BC

Death June 10, 323 BC

Escalating fever associated with chills

Excessive thirst, diaphoresis

Acute abdominal pain

Single episode of back pain at onset of fever

Increased weakness leading to prostration with intermittent periods of energy

Delirium

Aphonia

Terminal flaccid paralysis


4/33

Microbes in the News


5/33

E. coli outbreak alarms Germany as

young women sicken (BBC 25 May 2011)

Germany is alarmed at the scale of an E. coli food poisoning

outbreak which is thought to have killed three people and

may have infected hundreds more.

Salads suspected health conscious women.


6/33

E. coli cucumber scare: Spain angry at German claims BBC 31

May 2011

Spain has expressed anger at links being

made between Spanish cucumbers and a

deadly E. coli outbreak.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-

13605910


7/33

Reaction to the cucumber crisis

Country Action

Germany

Consumers told not to eat

cucumbers, lettuces and raw

tomatoes. 1,150 cases of E.coli

confirmed; 14 deaths

Sweden

One death and 36 suspected E.

coli infections, linked to travel

in northern Germany.

Spain

Top European cucumber

producer - threatens to seek

compensation from the

European Union for lost

vegetables sales

Russia

Ban on all imports of

cucumbers, tomatoes and

fresh salad from Spain and

Germany pending further

notice

Czech RepublicSome Spanish-grown

cucumbers removed from sale

FranceSome Spanish-grown

cucumbers removed from sale

Austria

Ban on sale of cucumbers,

tomatoes and aubergines

imported via Germany

BelgiumReported to have banned

cucumber imports from Spain

NetherlandsHalted all cucumber

shipments to Germany

Denmark Testing cucumbers for


8/33

Bacteria-rich hailstones add to

'bioprecipitation' idea (BBC 25May 2011)

A study of hailstones has found large numbers of bacteria at

their cores.

The find lends credence to the "bio-precipitation" idea, which suggests

that bacteria are actively involved in stimulating precipitation.

The bacteria have protein coatings that cause water to freeze at relatively

warm temperatures.


9/33

Bacteria 'linked' to Parkinson's disease

(BBC 22May 2011)

y The bacteria responsible for stomach ulcers have been linked

to Parkinson's disease, according to researchers in the US.

y Mice infected with Helicobacter pylori went onto develop Parkinson's like

symptoms.Parkinson's disease affects the brain and results in slow movements

and a tremor.

y The researchers believe the bacteria are producing chemicals which are

toxic to the brain.

yDr. Testerman said this new chemical was almost identical toone found in seeds from the cycad plant, which had been

shown to trigger a Parkinson's-like disease among people in

Guam.


10/33

Salmonella

Foodborne Illness


11/33

From CBS

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7_QPeFY

Tx8&feature=fvsr


12/33

Characteristics ofSalmonella

Gram negative

Rod shaped (bacillus)

Non-spore formingMotile (many flagella)

Enterobacteria (Live in the intestines of manyanimals)

Chemoorganotrophs

Salmonella infections are zoonotic


13/33

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella


14/33

Gram Staining

y Laboratory staining protocol developed to help identify bacteria

y Two stains are used on heat-fixed (death by heat) smear of a bacterial culture

y Stain #1 is crystal violet which stains the bacterial cells purple

y Stain #2 is usually safrarin which stains the bacterial cells red or pink

y Gram + bacteria appear purple under microscope because they retain the crystalviolet dye in their cell walls

yGram- bacteria appear red or pink under the microscope because they do notretain the blue dye, but do retain the pink dye

y Does not work on all types of bacteria


15/33

Gram Staining Video

BEST Gram Staining Video Ever!!!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyyY8h1d

oJk

Second Best

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQ6C-gj_UHM&feature=grec_index


16/33

Under the Microscope

A Gram stain of mixed Staphylococcus aureus (Grampositive cocci) and Escherichia coli(Gram negative

bacilli)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining


17/33

Salmonella and Disease

y The Salmonella family includes over 2,300 serotypesof bacteria which are one-celled organisms too small tobe seen without a microscope. Two types, Salmonellaenteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium are the mostcommon in the United States and account for half of allhuman infections. Strains that cause no symptoms inanimals can make people sick, and vice versa. If presentin food, it does not usually affect the taste, smell, or

appearance of the food. The bacteria live in theintestinal tracts of infected animals and humans.

y http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/salmonella_questions_&_answers/index.asp


18/33

Salmonellosis

y Salmonellosis is an infection with bacteria calledSalmonella. Most persons infected with Salmonella developdiarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours afterinfection. The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most

persons recover without treatment. However, in somepersons, the diarrhea may be so severe that the patientneeds to be hospitalized. In these patients, the Salmonellainfection may spread from the intestines to the bloodstream, and then to other body sites and can cause deathunless the person is treated promptly with antibiotics. The

elderly, infants, and those with impaired immune systemsare more likely to have a severe illness.

y http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/


19/33

Deaths

About 142,000 (reported) Americans areinfected each year with Salmonella enteritidisfrom chicken eggs, and about 30 die.[18] The shell

of the egg may be contaminated with salmonellaby feces or environment (common), or its interior(yolk) may be contaminated by penetration of thebacteria through the porous shell or from a hen

whose infected ovaries contaminate the eggduring egg formation (unlikely).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella


20/33

FDA ties chicken feed to salmonella in

egg recall

WASHINGTON (Reuters) Bacteria found in

chicken feed used at two Iowa farms has been

linked to a salmonella outbreak that prompted

the recall of more than a half billion

contaminated eggs, U.S. regulators said on

Thursday.

By Alina Selyukh Alina Selyukh Thu Aug 26, 5:24 pm ET


21/33

So what's happening to the recalled

eggs and the fresh ones?y Eggs from that massive salmonella outbreak could stillend up on a store shelf near you.

CBS News has learned that some of the recalled eggs

are being sent to egg processing facilities, along withfresh ones that infected hens are still producing.

The eggs will be cooked, pasteurized and used inproducts like ice cream and mayonnaise. The FDA says

it's legal and safety experts insist there's little risk toconsumers.

y http://ozarksfirst.com/fulltext?nxd_id=316835


22/33

HPV carried in mouth linked to virulent cancers

Number of oropharyngeal cases steadily rising, study finds

The Washington Times Thursday, January 26, 2012

The new study finds that the most prevalent HPV strain found in peoples

mouths is HPV-16, a type that is particularly likely to cause cancers,Dr.Maura L.

Gillison and her colleagues said.

An estimated 2.13 million Americans have an oral HPV-16 infection, the authors

said in their study, published in the Jan. 26 issue of JAMAs Online First edition.

Men are almost three times as likely as women to have oral HPV, with 10.1 percent

of men and 3.6 percent of women testing positive for it.


23/33

Discovery News

WedMar 3, 2010 03:44 AM ET

Researchers link flu outbreaks with low humidity levels of winter.

Winters in New York are four times less humid than in summer. In

Minnesota, humidity can drop five-fold.

Linking the flu to absolute humidity could help health workers prepare

for outbreaks.


24/33

Video: UK Mad Cow Disease

From the Asian Discovery Channel

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQk5UnW

gqUE


25/33

In the News

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUnoaSKn

HXY&feature=related


26/33

Molecular Mechanism

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2Ouxl_G

NjA&feature=related


27/33

Videos: Red Tide

From theMoteMarine Laboratory, FL

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LdLWPwdwVs

San Diego, CA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=eFY7rbEOH-8&NR=1

Amazing blue glowing waves at La Jolla Shores beach caused by the red tide that hit San Diego onSeptember 29, 2011. The bright blue color is caused by bioluminescence from an algae bloom. Thealgae is red in the day, hence the name Red Tide, but glows a bright blue at night when agitated,such as when a wave breaks. It's a really awesome sight to see.... when people swim in the water,the entire water around them glows blue. Truly amazing!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=Py-J1ZazHDM&NR=1


28/33

Cat parasite 'is killing otters'

BBC News website science reporter, St Louis 19 Feb 2006

Cat faeces carrying Toxoplasma parasites

wash into US waterways and then into the

sea where they can infect otters, causingbrain disease.


29/33

Malaria deaths hugely underestimated - Lancet study

BBC 2 February 2012

The research, published in the British medical journal the Lancet,

suggests 1.24 million people died from the mosquito-borne disease in

2010.

This compares to a World Health Organization (WHO) estimate for 2010 of

655,000 deaths. But both the new study and the WHO indicate global death rates are now

falling.

The rise in malaria deaths up to 2004 is attributed to a growth in

populations at risk of malaria, while the decline since 2004 is attributed to

"a rapid scaling up of malaria control in Africa", supported by internationaldonors.


30/33

A Sporozoan Causes BagdadBoils

Eck Family Institute

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-mD7jzUklQ

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (also known as "Aleppo boil," "Baghdad boil," "Baysore," "Biskra button," "Chiclero ulcer," "Delhi boil," "Kandahar sore," "Lahore sore," "Leishmaniasis

tropica," "Oriental sore," "Pian bois," and "Uta"[1]:423) is the most common formofleishmaniasis. It is a skin infection caused by asingle-celled parasite that is transmitted by sandflybites. There are about 20 species ofLeishmania that

may cause cutaneous leishmaniasis.Leishmania currently affects 12 million people in 88

countries. Wkipedia


31/33

Video: Euglena

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3sgoy22Ij4


32/33

Video: Diatoms

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVI-

P0AWDd4&feature=results_main&playnext=1

&list=PL4333AE134CD94B3E


33/33

Green Technology

From the History Channel

http://www.history.com/shows/modern-marvels/videos/green-

algae?cmpid=MRSS_Bing_HIS#green-algae

Prokaryotes Viruses, And Protistans New Slides for Spr 2012

Documents

Transcript of Prokaryotes Viruses, And Protistans New Slides for Spr 2012