Prokaryote! - Deer Valley Unified School DistrictAP Biology Prokaryote Structure Unicellular...
Transcript of Prokaryote! - Deer Valley Unified School DistrictAP Biology Prokaryote Structure Unicellular...
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AP Biology
Archaebacteria
&
Bacteria
Prokaryote! Organization of life:
3 Domain system
reflects a greater
understanding of evolution
& molecular evidence
Prokaryote: Bacteria
Prokaryote: Archaebacteria
Eukaryotes=
Protists
Plants
Fungi
Animals
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
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AP Biology
Kingdom
Protist
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom
Plant
Kingdom
Animal
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Kingdom
Bacteria
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AP Biology 2007-2008
Prokaryotes
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaebacteria
DomainBacteria
DomainArchaea
DomainEukarya
Common ancestor
WHAT SHAPE?
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AP Biology
Bacteria live EVERYWHERE!
Bacteria live in all ecosystems
on plants & animals
in plants & animals
in the soil
in depths of the oceans
in extreme cold
in extreme hot
in extreme salt
on the living
on the dead
Microbes alwaysfind a way tomake a living!
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AP Biology
Bacterial diversity
rods and spheres and spirals… Oh My!
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AP Biology
Prokaryote Structure
Unicellular
bacilli, cocci, spirilli
Size
1/10 size of eukaryote cell
1 micron (1um)
Internal structure
no internal compartments
no membrane-bound organelles
only ribosomes
circular chromosome, naked DNA
not wrapped around proteins
prokaryotecell
eukaryote cell
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AP Biology
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Chromosome
double helix
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
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AP Biology
Prokaryote Cell Wall Structure
peptide sidechains
cell wallpeptidoglycan
plasma membrane
protein
Gram-positive bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria
peptidoglycan
plasmamembrane
outermembrane
outer membrane of
lipopolysaccharides
cell wall
peptidoglycan = polysaccharides + amino acid chains
lipopolysaccharides = lipids + polysaccharides
This isimportant foryour doctorto know!
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AP Biology
Prokaryotic metabolism
How do bacteria acquire their energy & nutrients?
photoautotrophs photosynthetic bacteria
chemoautotrophs oxidize inorganic compounds
nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen…
heterotrophs live on plant & animal matter
decomposers & pathogens
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AP Biology
Genetic variation in bacteria
Mutations
bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes
binary fission
error rate in copying DNA
1 in every 200 bacteria has a mutation
you have billions of E. coli in your gut!
lots of mutation potential!
Genetic recombination
bacteria swap genes
conjugation
direct transfer of DNA
Which method?
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AP Biology
Bonus DNA! plasmids
small supplemental
circles of DNA
Can be incorporated as needed!
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AP Biology
Bacteria as pathogens
Disease-causing microbes
plant diseases
wilts, fruit rot, blights
animal diseases
tooth decay, ulcers
anthrax, botulism
plague, leprosy, “flesh-eating” disease
STDs: gonorrhea, chlamydia
typhoid, cholera
TB, pneumonia
lyme disease
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AP Biology
Bacteria as beneficial (& necessary)
Life on Earth is dependent on bacteria
decomposers
recycling of nutrients from dead to living
nitrogen fixation
only organisms that can fix N from atmosphere
needed for synthesis of proteins & nucleic acids
plant root nodules
help in digestion (E. coli)
digest cellulose for herbivores
cellulase enzyme
produce vitamins K & B12 for humans
produce foods & medicines
from yogurt to insulin
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AP Biology
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Questions??
Ask da’ Boss!
(that’s me!)