Project Report

on Development of Business Report using ABAP Programming

Submitted To :

Mr. Vikram Saigal

Submitted By :

Sudhanshu Singh – 70001687 – sap.support21@hmel.in

Topics

1. What is HMEL2. What is SAP3. Introduction to ABAP

a. Architecture of ABAPb. Applicationc. Why R/3? d. Data Typese. Domainsf. Transaction Codesg. Metadatah. Data Elementsi. Display of Coding editor

4. Procedure to design a Report.5. Procedure to join 2 Tables.6. Conclusion

HMEL ( HPCL Mittal Energy Limited )

Hindustan Mittal Energy Limited (HMEL) a joint venture between HPCL (Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited) and Mittal Energy Limited, a company owned by L N Mittal (HMEL). It is located in village Phulokhari, Bhatinda, Punjab, India.

The work for refinery started in 2008 and the refinery became operational in March 2012. Its annual capacity is nine million tons (180,000 barrels per day). It was built at a cost of $4 billion. The refinery will get its crude oil supply from Mundra a coastal town in Gujarat through a 1,017 km pipeline, where the oil is imported from abroad.

What is SAP?

SAP SE (Systems, Applications & Products in Data Processing) is a German multinational software corporation that makes enterprise software to manage business operations and customer relations.

SAP is headquartered in Walldorf, Baden-Württemberg, with regional offices in 130 countries. The company has over 291,000 customers in 190 countries.

As of 2007, SAP is the world's largest business software company and the third-biggest independent software provider by revenue. The corporation operates in four geographic regions: EMEA (Europe, Middle East, Africa), NA (United States and Canada), LAC (Latin America and Caribbean), and APJ (Asia Pacific and Japan).

SAP focuses upon 25 industries and six industry sectors: process industries, discrete industries, consumer industries, service industries, financial services and public services. It offers integrated product sets for large enterprises, mid-sized companies and small businesses.

This presents a partial list of products of the enterprise software company SAP AG

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) Supply Chain Management (SCM) Supplier Relationship Management (SRM)

ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming, originally Allgemeiner Berichts-Aufbereitungs-Prozessor, German for "general report creation processor")

It is a high-level programming language created by the German software company SAP. It is currently positioned, alongside Java, as the language for programming the SAP Application Server, which is part of the NetWeaver platform for building business applications.

ABAP is one of the many application-specific fourth-generation languages (4GLs) first developed in the 1980s. It was originally the report language for SAP R/2, a platform that enabled large corporations to build mainframe business applications for materials management and financial and management accounting.

ABAP was one of the first languages to include the concept of Logical Databases (LDBs), which provides a high level of abstraction from the basic database level(s).

The ABAP language was originally used by developers to develop the SAP R/3 platform. It was also intended to be used by SAP customers to enhance SAP applications – customers can develop custom reports and interfaces with ABAP programming. The language is fairly easy to learn for programmers but it is not a tool for direct use by non-programmers. Knowledge of relational database design and preferably also of object-oriented concepts is necessary to create ABAP programs.

SAP's current development platform NetWeaver supports both ABAP and Java.

ABAP has an abstraction between the business applications, the operating system and database. This ensures that applications do not depend directly upon a specific server or database platform and can easily be ported from one platform to another.

As in other programming languages, an ABAP program is either an executable unit or a library, which provides reusable code to other programs and is not independently executable.

ABAP distinguishes two types of executable programs:

Reports Module pools

Reports follow a relatively simple programming model whereby a user optionally enters a set of parameters (e.g., a selection over a subSET of data) and the program then uses the input parameters to produce a report in the form of an interactive list. The term "report" can be somewhat misleading in that reports can also be designed to modify data; the reason why these programs are called reports is the "list-oriented" nature of the output they produce.

Module pools define more complex patterns of user interaction using a collection of screens. The term “screen” refers to the actual, physical image that the user sees. Each screen also has a "flow logic", which refers to the ABAP code implicitly invoked by the screens, which is divided into a "PBO" (Process Before Output) and "PAI" (Process After Input) section. In SAP documentation the term “dynpro” (dynamic program) refers to the combination of the screen and its flow logic.

Architecture of ABAP

First, the Technical Architecture of a typical SAP system will be discussed, before moving on to the Landscape Architecture, and a discussion of why the landscape should be broken into multiple systems.

This diagram shows the 3-tier Client/Server architecture of a typical SAP system:

At the top is the Presentation server, which is any input device that can be used to control an SAP system (the diagram shows the SAP GUI, but this could equally be a web browser, a mobile device, and so on).

The Presentation layer communicates with the Application server, and the Application server is the 'brains' of an SAP system, where all the central processing takes place.

The Application server is not just one system in itself, but can be made up of multiple instances of the processing system. The Application server, in turn, communicates with the Database layer.

The Database is kept on a separate server, mainly for performance reasons, but also for security, providing a separation between the different layers of the system.

Communication happens between each layer of the system, from the Presentation layer, to the Application server, to the Database, and then back up the chain, through the Application server again, for further processing, until finally reaching the Presentation layer.

A Landscape Architecture

Development System Testing system Production System

All the initial development and testing is done on a development system, which ensures other systems are not affected.

Once developments are at a stage where they may be ready to be tested by an external source, or someone within the company whose role is to carry out testing, the developments are moved, using what is called a Transport System, to the next system.

No development is done on the testing system.

After testing system, the developments move to the Production System.

Due to landscape architecture, The SAP system is platform independent, it uses transport system.

Applications of ABAP

There are several vital applications of ABAP :

ABAP is used for programming of specific applications. It is used for maintenance and modification of existing tables and data

forms. It is used for billing of different products. It is used for maintaining the records in various departments like human

resources, sales, finance, marketing, procurement, finished products, etc. it is used in various well-known Industries.

Why R/3?

SAP R/3 is the former name of the enterprise resource planning software produced by the German corporation SAP AG (now SAP SE). It is an enterprise-wide information system designed to coordinate all the resources, information, and activities needed to complete business processes such as order fulfillment, billing, human resource management, and production planning.

SAP R/3 was arranged into distinct functional modules, covering the typical functions in a business organization. The most widely used modules were Financials and Controlling (FICO), Human Resources (HR), Materials Management (MM), Sales & Distribution (SD), and Production Planning (PP).

Each module handled specific business tasks on its own, but was linked to the other modules where applicable. For instance, an invoice from the billing transaction of Sales & Distribution would pass through to accounting, where it will appear in accounts receivable and cost of goods sold.

SAP typically focused on best practice methodologies for driving its software processes, but more recently expanded into vertical markets. In these situations, SAP produced specialized modules (referred to as IS or Industry Specific) geared toward a particular market segment, such as utilities or retail.

It has three layers :

1. Application Layer2. Presentation Layer3. Database Layer

Data types in ABAP

These are data types used in ABAP :

1. CHAR: Character string. Fields of type CHAR can have a maximum length of 1333 in tables. If you want to use longer character fields in tables, you must choose data type LCHR. There are no restrictions on the length of such fields in structures.

2. CLNT: Client. Client fields always have three places .3. DATS: Date. The length is set to 8 places for this data type. The output

template can be defined with the user profile.4. NUMC: Long character field in which only numbers can be entered. The

length of this field is limited to a maximum of 255 places5. STRING: Character string with variable length This data type can be used

only in types (data elements, structures, table types) and domains. In the dictionary a length can be specified for this type (at least 256 characters). It can be used in database tables only with restrictions. For a description of them, refer to the documentation of the ABAP statement 'STRING'. In ABAP, this type is implemented as a reference to a storage area of variable size. The system proposes 132 characters as default for the output length. You cannot attach search helps to components of this type.

6. SSTRING: Short character string with variable length. In the Dictionary the number of characters can be specified for this type (from 1 to 1333). This data type can be used only in types (data elements, structures, table types) and domains. It can be used in database tables. To do so, refer to the documentation of the ABAP statement 'STRING'. In ABAP, this type is implemented as a reference to a storage area of variable size. String fields of this type can be used in indexes and in the WHERE condition of a SELECT statement. You cannot use them in table keys.

Domains

A domain describes the technical attributes of a field , such as the data type or the number of positions in a field . The domain defines primarily a value range describing the valid data values for the fields referring to this domain.

Different technical fields of the same type can be combined in a domain. Fields referring to the same domain are changed at the same time when a domain is changed. This ensures the consistency of these fields .

Data element can contain a domain within it for type and length information instead of 'built-in type' and we can also associate search help with Data Element.

Domain contains only technical information about a field like type, length (and decimal places).

Domain is the central object for describing the technical characteristics of an attribute of an business objects. It describes the value range of the field.

Transaction Code in ABAP

1. SE11 – Transaction code SE11 is a ABAP dictionary. By using this transaction code, you can create, change and display table entries and structures. At the initial screen, you can put any tables or structures to view, edit or even create a new one. Transaction code SE11 is normally used a ABAP programmer.

2. SE38 – Transaction code SE38 is a ABAP Editor. In SE38 you can create / change or display the source code/ program, which users are not supposed to do.

3. SE80 –Transaction code SE80 is ABAP/4 Development Workbench. In SE80, we can see the organized or hierarchical arrangement of different objects using the list you can select your packages or program etc.

MetaData

1. Metadata is the "data" describing the "data . 2. Data that provides Information about one or more aspects of data ..3. It is a mean of Creation of data .4. It tells the Time and Date of Data creation .5. It is Creator of Data .6. It is Tradionally used in Card Catalogues of Libraries .

MetaData is of 2 types :

1. Structural Metadata2. Descriptive Metadata

Structural Metadata : It’s Data about Container of Data .

Descriptive Metadata : It uses Individual instances of Application of Data or Data Element .

Data ElementsA data element describes either an elementary type or a reference type.

An elementary type is defined by the built-in data type, length and possibly the number of decimal places.

A reference type defines the types of reference variables in ABAP programs.

We can use a data element to define the type of a table field, structure component or the row type of a table type. A data element can also be referenced in ABAP programs with TYPE. As a result, variables that take on the attributes of a data element can be defined in an ABAP program.

Information about the meaning of a table field or structure component and information about editing the corresponding screen field can be assigned to a data element. This information is automatically available to all screen fields that refer to the data element.

This information includes the display of the field in input templates using key word text, column headers for list output of the table contents, and output editing using parameter IDs.

This is also true for online field documentation. The text appearing in the field help (F1 help) in a field of an input template comes from the corresponding data element.

Display of Coding Editor

The first set of lines visible here are comment lines. These seven lines can be used to begin commenting the program. In ABAP, comments can appear in two ways. Firstly, if a * is placed at the beginning of a line, it turns everything to its right into a comment.

A comment can also be written within a line itself, by using a “. Where this is used, everything to the right again becomes a comment. This means that it is possible to add comments to each line of a program, or at least a few lines of comments for each section.

The next line of code, visible above, begins with the word REPORT. This is called a STATEMENT, and the REPORT statement will always be the first line of any executable program created. The statement is followed by the program name which was created previously. The line is then terminated with a full stop.

As long as the period appears at the end of the statement, no problems will arise. It is this period which marks where the statement finishes.

The write statement will, as you might expect, write whatever is in quotes after it to the output window.

The report title and the text output should appear like this, completing the program:

Procedure to design a General ReportHere, we use some steps to design a report:

1. To begin creating a program, access the ABAP Editor either via transaction code SE38, or by navigating the SAP menu tree to Tools > ABAP Workbench > Development, in which the ABAP Editor is found. Double-click to execute.

2. Enter the Program name, Select source code in subjects list and then click on .

3. Enter the codes related to the program in code editor.

4. Click button, then Create Object Directory Entry will open and click Local Object button.

5. Now, click on Check button to whether there is any error or not.

6. If there is no error, then click on Activate button to activate the program. Select an object and click on button.

7. After the activation of the program, click on Direct Processing button and the program will ask to put some input.

8. Now, click on Execute button and final report will be generated on the screen.

Procedure to make a Report from two tablesHere, we use some steps to design a report:

1. To begin creating a program, access the ABAP Editor either via transaction code SE38, or by navigating the SAP menu tree to Tools > ABAP Workbench > Development, in which the ABAP Editor is found. Double-click to execute.

2. Enter the Program name, Select source code in subjects list and then click on .

3. Enter the codes related to the program in code editor.

4. Click button, then Create Object Directory Entry will open and click Local Object button.

5. Now, click on Check button to whether there is any error or not.

6. If there is no error, then click on Activate button to activate the program. Select an object and click on button.

7. After the activation of the program, click on Direct Processing button and the program will ask to put some input.

8. Now, click on Execute button and final report will be generated on the screen.

Here, we can see that there are contents of tables of vbrk and vbrp.

Conclusion

We came to know about HMEL ( Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited - Mittal Energy Limited ) – It’s various Departments and Functioning .

In this project, we learned about the basic concepts of SAP Architecture and ABAP Programming .

We learned about how to create a Database Table , Data Elements , General ABAP Reports and How to join Two or more Tables .

We also learned about Team Work , Time Management , Company’s Value , Company’s Goal , Leadership etc. .