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INDEX

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION TO SIEMENS 1

2. INTRODUCTION TO MOTORS 24

3. INTRODUCTION TO TRACTION MOTORS 59

4. INTRODUCTION TO INDUCTION BRAZING 70

5. PROJECTS 85

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

TO SIEMENS

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(Siemens 1847 – 2001)

Formed in 1847, the company Telegraphenbauanstalt von

Siemens & Halske grew within the space of a few decades from a

small precision-engineering workshop, producing mechanical

warning bells for railways, wire insulation made of gutta-percha,

and electrical telegraph systems, into one of the world's largest

companies in electrical engineering and electronics. Landmark

inventions, an immense readiness to innovate, and a strong

international commitment have driven the company's success

since its very beginnings.

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When in 1866 Werner Siemens (known as Werner von

Siemens after 1888) discovered the dynamoelectric principle, the

potential applications for electricity were limitless. Heavy-current

engineering began to develop at a breathtaking pace, producing

one triumphant innovation after another: In 1879, Siemens &

Halske presented the first electric railway and installed the first

electric streetlights in Berlin; in1880 came the first electric elevator;

and in 1881 the electric streetcar. Following the death of the

company's founding father, Werner von Siemens, in 1892, his

successors followed the course he had set, constantly advancing

the company with trailblazing innovations.

Lighting, medical engineering,

wireless communication, and, in the

1920s,household appliances, were

followed after World War II by

components, data processing systems,

automotive systems and

semiconductors. The guiding principle

that had applied since the company's

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beginnings - of concentrating solely on electrical engineering, "but

on the whole of electrical engineering" - helped make Siemens the

only company in its industry to operate in both light- and heavy-

current electrical engineering, and by the mid-1920s it was again

one of the world's five leading companies in its field.

When the National Socialists seized power, Siemens, like

the rest of German industry, was drawn into the system of the war

economy. World War II, Siemens began rebuilding in Germany

first, but gradually moved into foreign countries from the 1950s on.

Technological advances, expansion into new business segments,

and the reestablishment of a presence in traditional export

markets laid the foundations for the company's return to its old

strength in the world marketplace in the 1960s. To give the

company a stronger identity and consistent market presence,

Siemens & Halske, Siemens-Schuckertwerke AG, and Siemens-

Reiniger-Werke AG, the three main companies in the group,

merged in1966 to form Siemens AG. Today, Siemens is a

transparent organization comprising fast-acting business units that

is making important and significant contributions to the future of

electrical engineering and electronics.

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WERNER VON SIEMENS: -

Werner von Siemens (1816 -

1892), an inventor and visionary

businessman, lent significant impetus

to the still-young field of electrical

engineering in the second half of the

nineteenth century, and played a key

role in fostering the development of the electrical industry. With his

design of the pointer telegraph he laid the foundation for Siemens &

Halske Telegraph Construction Company, which was founded in

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1847 and soon developed into an international operation. In 1866

Werner von Siemens discovered the dynamo-electric principle,

probably his most significant achievement in electrical engineering,

which helped establish the idea that electricity could be used as a

power source. The company also became known worldwide for its

successful handling of technically complex, extremely high-risk

projects, such as laying major trans-Atlantic cables and building the

Indo-European telegraph line from London to Calcutta.

JOHANN GEORG HALSKE: -

The master mechanic Johann

Georg Halske, born on July 30, 1814 in

Hamburg, started his own workshop in

Berlin in 1844, which he ran together with

his partner F.M. Böttcher. In 1847 Halske

founded the Siemens & Halske

Telegraph Construction Company

together with Werner von Siemens.

Halske was particularly involved in the construction and design of

electrical equipment such as the press, which enabled wires to be

insulated with a seamless coat of gutta-percha, the pointer telegraph

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and the morse telegraph and measuring instruments. In 1867 he

withdrew from the company because his views on company policy

diverged from those of the Siemens brothers and devoted himself in

his role as a Berlin city councilor to the administration of the city and

the establishment of the Museum of Applied Art.

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The Siemens Group in India is a unique player in the field of

electrical and electronics engineering. We have the capability to

integrate diverse products, systems and services into turnkey

solutions across the life- cycle of a project. Innovation is our strength.

But it’s not the only one. Our customers also know that they can rely

on us to execute quality projects, while delivering value.

In all areas of our operation, we provide the complete range of

offerings. In the Energy sector, our expertise ranges from power

plants to meters and in the Industry sector, we build airports, as well

as produce contactors. In Transportation, we deliver complete high-

speed trains, right down to safety relays, whereas in Lighting, we

illuminate large stadiums and also manufacture small light bulbs. In

Healthcare, we execute complete solutions for hospitals, as also

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provide “in- the canal” hearing aids. We are a strong player in the

Communication segment, offering a complete spectrum of products

from large public networks to mobile phones. And, the thread that

connects all our businesses is Information technology.

We have a wide presence across the country, where our

operations include 15 manufacturing plants and 16 sales offices. We

are also part of a vast global network of 461,000 people, operating in

over 190 countries, which also serves to enhance our standing.

ENERGY: -

We provide products of the state of the art technology and

techo-economically efficient solutions for all energy projects, which

directly or indirectly support the infrastructural development. We

supply technology, equipment and expertise to private and public

sector power projects / producers and industrial consumers, covering

all the areas of power generation, power transmission and distribution

and plant and energy management. Our environment friendly power

plants are designed to provide affordable power and make energy

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transport and management both economical and safe. Our portfolio

also includes low voltage switchboards.

Power Generation

Power Transmission & Distribution Systems

HEALTHCARE: -

We provide a complete range of medical equipment and

services, including Diagnostic equipment like Computed

Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Ultrasound Imaging, X-

Ray systems and Angiography. Therapeutic modalities such as

Radiation therapy and Nuclear medicine, Life Support Systems,

which includes Patient Monitoring and Ventilators and a wide range of

Hearing Aids, make up the rest of our repertoire.

Medical Solutions

Hearing Instruments

INDUSTRY: -

We provide end-to-end solutions covering the whole life cycle of

a plant. These turnkey solutions cover project management,

engineering & software, installation, commissioning, after-sales

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service, plant maintenance and training. These solutions cater to the

building, electrical and automation industry.

Automation & Drives

Industrial Solutions & Services

Building Technology

INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION: -

The Information & Communication Group is a global and

leading provider of information & communication Solutions for the

Enterprises & Carrier Markets. This includes a complete portfolio of

Convergent Solutions combining Voice, Data, Video and Mobility.

LIGHTING PRODUCTS AND SOLUTION: -

We provide economical, long-life lighting for every application,

including incandescent and fluorescent ones for domestic and

industrial lighting.

General Lighting

Automotive Lighting systems

Photo optics

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Electronic Ballasts and fixtures

Opto semiconductors

TRANSPORTATION: -

A pioneer of the railway signaling systems, our offerings include

manufacture and installation of the railway signaling & safety

systems, traffic control and automation, electrification, traction

equipment for locomotives and multiple unit system and mass transit

vehicles. Our product palate also includes rolling stock, auxiliary

inverters for air-conditioned passenger coaches. We are also fully

equipped and undertake turnkey projects for urban transportation,

mass rapid transport projects, traction substations overhead

centenary and long distance transmission lines.

Transportation Systems

Automotive Systems

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The five manufacturing units are located at:

Mumbai (Worli): Head office

Kalwa (Thane district)

Nashik

Aurangabad

Goa

The Siemens setup consists of following divisions, regions, works and

head-offices:

1. Automation & Drives Division (A&D)

2. Power generation Division (PG)

3. Power transmission and Distribution Division (PTD)

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4. Telecommunication (TCM)

5. Medical Solution Division (MSD)

6. Transport Division (TD)

1857 - SIEMENS was founded in Germany.

1867 - SIEMENS’ first linkage in India.

1954 - Assembly & repair undertaken in small workshop at

Mumbai

1957 - Switchboards manufacture began at Worli Mumbai.

1959 - Medical equipment added to the range at Worli.

1960 - Switchboard production extended to Joka near Calcutta.

1960 - Manufacture of SWITCHGEAR began at Worli, Mumbai.

1963 - SWITCHGEAR manufacture at Andheri, Chakala.

1966 - First batch of Electric Motors produced at Kalwa.

1967 - Centenary year of SIEMENS associates with INDIA.

1977 - Manufacture of electronic equipment’s at Worli, Mumbai.

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1984 - Manufacture of Switchboard started at Nashik.

1986 - Manufacture of Railway Signaling Products.

1986 - Heavy investment in Tool room and production shop.

1987 - New ultra modern Electric factory at Nashik.

1990 - ‘Sword Of Honor’ from British Safety Council.

1993 - ISO 9001 for Motors.

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c

HEART OF MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES IN INDIA

THE KALWA WORKS COMPRISES OF MAINLY THREE

UNITS:

THE SWITCHGEAR FACTORY

THE SWITCHBOARD FACTORY

THE MOTOR FACTORY

THE TRANSFORMERS

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Pole-mounted distribution transformer with center-tapped secondary

winding. This type of transformer is commonly used in North America

to provide 120/240 volt "split-phase" power for residential and light

commercial use. Note that the center "neutral" terminal is grounded to

the transformer "tank", and a grounded conductor (right) is used for

one leg of the primary feeder.

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SIEMENS switchgear unit is one, which is committed to provide

business solutions in the field of Control Systems and Products

(CSP). The year 1973 marked the beginning of the production of

switchgears at Kalwa works. Considering its applications switchgear

is a general term covering a wide range of products used for

switching and safety of various electrical & electronic accessories. It

manufactures several forms of switching and protective devices.

PRODUCT SPECTRUM

Control and Limit Switches

Starters & Contactors

Push button Indicators & Signaling Equipments

HRC Fuses, Fuse Switches & Fuse Bases

Bimetal Thermal Overload Relays …etc

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SIEMENS switchboards have established remarkable

leadership in the market. This has come

through a deep understanding of

customer requirements, resulting in

customer-oriented products with user-

friendly design, manufactured with latest

technology, in compliance with

international standards. The assembling of switchboards

commenced in 1954 in a small workshop in Mumbai. However, the

manufacturing unit at Kalwa came into existence in 1975.

Switchboard falls under the Power Transmission and Distribution

(PTD) Division, of SIEMENS Limited. PTD consists 3 variants of

switchboards namely; Medium Voltage Switchboards (MVS), Low

Voltage Switchboards (LVS) & High Voltage Switchboards (HVS).

PRODUCT SPECTRUM

Circuit Breakers (Outdoor and Indoor Vacuum Breakers)

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Electrical Panels (Low Tension and High Tension Panels)

Potential and Current Transformers

Circuit Timers … etc.

Siemens motors

are high quality

machines with

economical power

consumption and high

resilience enough to withstand wide voltage user-friendly designs are

a proof of the fact that Siemens has a considerable knowledge of the

industries using their motors. Thus Siemens motors have high

flexibility in use and less maintenance.

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PRODUCT SPECTRUM

A C Motors & Drives

Traction Motors

Induction Motors & Generators

Various Client Application Motors etc.

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF KALWA WORKS: -

Three manufacturing units in Kalwa have various main

functions and have been very recently reconstructed, orienting

towards customers and processes. These functions are

additionally supported by central functions. Some of the common

functions are described below.

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A) TECHNICAL: (PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT)

Preparation of Design Drawings

Laying down Standards and acceptable norms

Assemble and make new designs in Development shop

Testing of new design prototypes or design verifications

Converting German designs into Indian formats

Modify old products to suit new market norms

B) PROCESS PLANNING: (RESOURCE ENGINEERING)

Planning related to manufacturing methods

Set up manufacturing facilities

Selection of machines, technologies and process based

upon the product design requirements.

Designing and ensuring availability of tools, jigs & fixtures

Industrial engineering, fixing time standards, computation of

manpower and capacity requirements

C) LOGISTICS: (MATERIALS MANAGEMENT)

Receipt & processing of orders placed by sales division

Scheduling - Involving assignments of priorities based on

urgency and material and availability

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Procurement and administration of raw materials

Overall co-ordination between marketing, client, excise etc

Management of stores

Dispatch of completed consignments

D) MANUFACTURING: -

Pre-manufacturing - manufacture of components, sub

assemblies & painting of parts

Assembly of manufactured & bought out components

E) QUALITY ASSURANCE:

Inspection of incoming material

Inspection during stages of manufacturing & assembly

processes

Verification of the standard of finished goods

Routine testing after the products are ready

Verify compliance with client requirements

F) COMMERCIAL:

Product cost calculation

Cost accounting & control

Planning and budgeting

Financial accounting

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Inputs for company’s balance sheets

G) MARKETING:

Sources customers

Studies the requirements of the customers

Collaborates with the technical and manufacturing sections

Markets products made by the factories.

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CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION

TO MOTORS

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SALIENT FEATURES: -

a) Uses only dynamically balanced pressure die-cast rotors that

help in achieving better power factor.

b) Hydraulic pressing of parts ensures even and uniform air-gap,

closer tolerance and correct fits.

c) Connections by electric brazing, eliminates loose connections

and ensures firm contacts unlike problems normally prevalent in

soldering.

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d) Preheating with the help of induction heating equipment for all

shrunk fit parts for close tolerance and correct fits.

e) Slot insulation done using polyester films and sleeve made up

of varnished fibred glass.

RANGE OF PRODUCT: -

Motors manufactured in WMOT are provided with product

series like, 1LA0, 1LA8 etc. and for generators series is generally

1LG8. The series number indicates the type of motor and the number

indicates the frame size i.e. the distance between the ground level

and the shaft axis.

For instance, 1LA0 25 mentions that the motor is of 1LA0 series

and distance between shaft axis and ground level (frame size) is

250mm. When a motor is specified, the following criterions are

mandatory:

Frame size

Motor output: in kW and efficiency

Type of connection: star or delta

Input voltage and current

Speed in R.P.M.

Application

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DIFFERENT DIVISIONS OF MOTOR UNIT: -

PROCESS CARRIED OUT ON THE SHOP FLOOR OF MOTOR UNIT

Six main areas of operation constitute the manufacturing of

motors that are listed below:

1. Machine Shop.

2. Press Shop.

3. Winding Shop.

4. Assembly A Shop.

5. Test field.

6. Assembly B Shop.

7. Incoming Inspection

1. MACHINE SHOP

a) Facing, center drilling, and

tapping operation on shaft are

carried on double end face

centering machine.

b) Turning of shaft into different dimension carried on lathe & CNC

lathe.

c) Keyway milling operation on shaft carried on CNC machine.

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d) Housings, end shields, outer bearing cover and inner bearing

cover, fan, and terminal box to be outsourced.

e) Grinding operation on rotor, shaft carried on cylindrical grinding.

2. PRESS SHOP

a) Procuring of lamination blank

b) Notching and separating operation of

lamination blank for generators on N8

(Schuler) & NK8 (Wein-garten) notching machine.

c) Notching of stator slots and rotor blanks carried on notching

machines.

d) Stator Packeting for motor / generators carried on stator packeting

press.

e) Rotor die-casting on TCS die-casting machine.

f) Shaft pressing in the rotor packet on rotor packeting press

g) For generators rotor packeting along with shaft pressing is carried

on 125T Hydraulic Press.

h) Insertion of copper bar in rotor of generators.

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3. WINDING SHOP

a) Coil winding on the former as

per the electrical design

specification carried on coil

winding machine.

b) Preparation and cutting of insulation required for the

motor/generator.

c) Insertion of coils in the stator packet with insulation thereby

completing the winding operations.

d) Taping of (B S = Non-driving end side) connection of leads on A S

(Drive-end side) in the connection department.

e) Taping of A S side overhang.

f) Testing the wound Motor/Generator stator packet carried in

winding test field.

g) Varnishing of Motor/Generator stator to increase the mechanical

strength and electrical properties.

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4. ASSEMBLY ‘A’ SHOP

a) Pressing of wound stator

packets of motor/generator

into the housing carried on

pressing machine.

b) Balancing of rotors on

balancing machine.

c) Rotor insertion with bearing covers, bearing mounted on the rotor

shaft.

d) Line inspection to verify air gap and fixing of fan, end shields drive

end, flange end shield, circlip, fan cowl, terminal box, and other

small parts, thereby completing final assembly.

e) Connection and final assembly of generators at different

workplace.

5. TEST FIELD

Motor test field is supplied with 22kV, 3 phase MSEB as bar.

This high voltage is stepped down 240V/440V with the help of a

500kVA transformer that has two tapping for it.

The department mainly looks after the following works:

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a) Routine testing of 3-phase induction motors.

b) Type testing of 3-phase induction motors.

c) Arrange client inspection.

d) Routine test certification for motors from clients.

e) Releasing of motors.

6. ASSEMBLY ‘B’ SHOP

a) Painting of the motor/ generators is done.

b) Nameplate/ rating plate is assembled.

c) Painting of spare parts of motor.

d) Motor is sent for packing and dispatch.

7. Incoming Inspection

Main functions of Incoming Quality Cell

a) Inspection of Outsourced Components

b) Action on deviation

c) Reduction in rejection

d) Improvement of non-performing vendors

e) Self certification of vendors

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MOTOR DEPARTMENT LAYOUT

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INDUCTION MOTOR: -

The three-phase induction motor is the most commonly used A.C

motor. The three phase induction motors essentially consists of two

major parts: -

1. The Stator

2. The Rotor

The construction

of each one basically

a laminated core

provided with slots,

which house the

windings. When one of the winding is exited with the A.C voltage, a

rotating field is set up. This field produces an emf in the other winding

by transformer action, which in turn circulates current in the later if it

is short-circuited. The current flowing in the second winding thereby

produces a torque that is responsible for the rotation of the rotor.

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BASIC PRINCIPLE: -

When the three phase

stator windings are fed by

a three-phase supply, a

magnetic flux of constant

magnitude but rotating at

synchronous speed is set

up. The flux passes through the air gap, sweeps past the rotor

surface and cuts the rotor conductors. Due to the relative speed

between the rotating flux and the stationary conductors, an

electromotive force is induced in the conductors, according to the

Faradays law, because of the closed circuit rotor, a rotor current is

produced whose direction as given by the Lenz’s law is such that “it

opposes the very cause producing it”, the cause here is the

relative speed between the rotating flux of the stator and the

stationary conductor of the rotor. Hence to reduce the relative speed,

the rotor starts rotating in the same direction as that of the flux and

tries to catch up with the rotating flux. The shaft through the rotor is

used to transmit the rotary mechanical power to drive machines.

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MAIN PARTS OF MOTOR: -

STATOR: -

This is the

stationary part of an

induction motor. It is a

cylindrical structure, built

up of dynamo grade

laminations (composing

of. The laminations are either 0.35 or 0.5mm thick. Motors having

outside diameters of the stator core up to about one-meter use one-

piece core laminations. The center circles are used for punching

rotor laminations. The stator lamination are welded at several places

around the outer cylindrical surface and the stack is later pushed in to

a frame for assembly and the segments are held together by axial

key bars fitting in to dovetailed slots in the outer rim of the core. The

total number of segments is chosen in such a way as to provide an

equal number of joints in the core flux paths of alternating poles,

since the flux leaving the stator core from every south pole,

encounters a core joint when it turns anti – clockwise, and no joints

when it turns clockwise. This resultant flux produces an alternating

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voltage between the two ends of the shaft, giving rise to shaft

currents that in turn may cause damage of bearings unless the

bearings are insulated from end shields.

ROTOR: -

Like stator, rotor laminations are also punched in the single unit

in the case of small machines while in the large machines they are

segmented. Rotor laminations are pressed on the press and are die

cast on the die-casting machine, but some laminations are inserted

with copper bars. After packeting of the rotor lamination shaft is press

fitted in it. This shaft is only the medium of transfer of torque. In order

to provide paths for ventilating air radial and axial ducts are use.

Two general types of motor constructions are employed for

induction motor, namely the squirrel cage and wound rotor. The

squirrel cage rotors consist of un-insulated bars of aluminum that are

short-circuited together at both the ends by rings of copper. In this

construction the assembled rotor lamination are placed in a mold

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after which molten aluminum is forced in, under pressure, to form

bars, end rings, and cooling fins as extension of end rings. This is

known as die cast rotor. The machine employed for this purpose is

known as T.C.S. Die casting machine.

SHAFT: -

The shaft is made of various steps with different diameters for

fitting the different components on it. The following are the parts for

which the steps are provided on the shaft:

Shaft extension (where the Pulley/coupling seat).

Bearing (both sides – drive end and non-drive end).

Rotor packet.

Fan.

The major diameter of the shaft is known as the collar. Collar is

present on the BS side (Non-driving end) as the shaft is inserted from

the A.S. side (Driving end). The center hole is made on the shaft for

the ease of lifting and transportation. The intersection of two different

steps is provided with a relief groove so that there is a perfect contact

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between the mating surfaces. Generally, there are two keyways

provided on the shaft:

For fitting the pulley/coupling.

To transmit the load to the driven equipment

There are grooves provided on both the sides of the shaft for

the circlip.

STATOR HOUSING: -

Motors are supplied in a

robust, rugged CI frame with

the integral feet. Frame and

body or packet is the main

casting of the motor in which

rotor and stator are present.

The material used for housing

is gray cast iron, with strength of 130 to 150 VHNS. It acts as the

outer covering of the motor. The stator housing has the provision for

the seating of the terminal box at the TOP, RHS or LHS of the motor.

The earthing connections are provided at the bottom of the stator

frame. Provision has been made inside the stator housing to allow the

passage of air for the cooling purpose. Generally standard motor has

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a frame which is foot mounted. There are fins provided on the

circumference of the stator housing which help in the quicker

dissipation of heat.

END SHEILDS: -

Each motor has two-end shield on

either side of the stator frame. Driving

end of the motor is called AS end

shield and non-driving end of the

motor is called BS end shield.

The shapes of both end shields are similar and identical except

the tolerance on bore diameter where the outer race of the bearing

fits. Generally, the material used for end-shields is GREY CAST

IRON, with strength of 130 to 150 VHNS. In motor type 1LA0 16 to

25, outer bearing cover is integrally castled inside the End shield

itself.

On End shield, fins are present (horizontally and vertically) for

heat dissipation. In case of motors having regreasable facility, End

shield are provided with a grease nipple. They are also provided with

drain hole. Sometimes, rubber gasket is fixed on the groove provided

inside the End shield, beside the spigot. Such types of arrangements

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are used in case of motors where higher degree of protection is

required.

End shield are provided with pads on which holes are drilled and

tapped which are called as puller holes, used for dismantling the end

shield easily from stator frame.

BEARINGS: -

There are two types of bearing

used in motor/generator, viz.

Roller bearing

Ball bearing

Depending on the function to be performed. It is mounted on the

shaft. The material of bearing is case hardened carbon steel. All

motors as a standard feature are provided with floating bearing at

drive end and fixed bearing at non-drive end. The function of bearing

is to smooth running of the rotor.

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FAN: -

It is one of the most important

components, which is used for

the cooling of the motor. The

function of the fan is to suck the

atmospheric air through the

opening and through the same

over the opening. These fans are mounted on the shaft generally on

the BS side of the motor. There is a keyway provided at the end of

the shaft, where the shaft sits, to ensure a positive displacement

between the shaft and the fan. Generally , thermo-plastic material

are used for fans .

FAN COWL: -

The main function of the fan cowl

is to cover the rotating fan for safety

point of view & to guide the flow of air

for suction and delivery. The fan cowl

is mainly made of two parts:

The cowl

The screen

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The fan cowl is made up of thin MS sheet by deep drawing

process clamped to the end-shield with the help of screws. The fan

cowls are provided with a hole at the top that is used for the grease

nipple. If the re-greasing facility is not provided, the hole of the grease

nipple should be at the bottom. The type of screen is determined by

the size of the motor and the air inlet area. In some cases, the screen

and the cowl form one unit i.e. Made up of one piece while in some, it

is a different component and fixed to the cowl with hexagonal weld

nut and bolt.

TERMINAL BOX:

The standard location of the

terminal box is at the top of the

housing. Terminal box on the right or

left-hand side of the housing is

available if specified by the customer.

The terminal box can be rotated in

steps of 90 in each position. The

terminal box also has the IP55 degree

of protection. The position of the terminal box is always kept towards

the driving end.

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ACESSORIES OF MOTOR: -

V-RING: -

The V-Ring is used to prevent the entry of the dust inside the

end-shield. The V-Ring fits inside the step diameter provided on the

end-shield. It is just press fitted into the end-shield.

CIRCLIP: -

Circlip is used for preventing the axial

movement of the scavenging-disc and FanIt is

generally fitted on the groove on the shaft with

the help of special nose pliers. The two ends

of pliers goes into the holes that are provided

at the end and due to which it gets stretched and then it is fitted in the

groove. It is made of SPRING STEEL, which helps in easy mounting

of the circlip on the groove due to its property of elasticity.

There are two types of circlips:

External circlip (used for shafts)

Internal circlip (used in bores).

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EYEBOLTS: -

The eyebolts, including the shank are forged in one piece without

any joint. The eyebolts are used for lifting the motors. The holes for

screwing the eyebolt are provided on the stator housing. For bigger

motors, two eyebolts are provided.

GREASE NIPPLE: -

Grease nipple is made up of

STEEL or BRASS. If the grease

nipple is manufactured from steel, it

shall be plated either with zinc or

with cadmium. The brass nipple

shall be nickel plated if required by

the customer. The balls partly

protruding at the top are spring

loaded. The grease enters the nipple only after lowering the ball i.e.

compressing the springs. The protruding ball does not allow the dust

and small particle to enter the grease pipe.

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GREASE PIPE: -

The grease pipes are used for supplying the

grease to the bearing. They are used on the outer

side of the end-shield and screwed to it. These are

threaded at both the ends so that one end can be

screwed to the end-shield and the other end to the

grease nipple.

KEY: -

The key is used to transmit a positive displacement between the

shaft and the fan on the non-driving end or the shaft and the coupling

attached to it on the driving end. The key sizes used are as per Indian

standards.

NAME PLATE: -

Nameplate is mounted on the motor with the help of rivets so that

details are available on each and every

motor.

Frame size

KW Rating

Sr. No.

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Insulation class

Voltage, Current in amps

Connection

Enclosure

R.P.M

Efficiency

RUBBER GASKET: -

The rubber gasket is placed

between the terminal box and the seat of

the terminal box on the stator frame. It is

made of rubber. It is used to prevent the

entry of water and the heat to pass on to the

terminal box

WOODEN PACKING CASES: -

These packing cases are used for

packing the motor, which is ready for

dispatch. The motor is packed so that the

motor can be transported to the desired

destination without any kind of damage.

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CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCTION TO PRESS SHOP

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Blanking

Notching

Stator notching Rotor notching

Stator packeting Rotor packeting Pre-stacking

Deburring Bar insertion Rotor Die-casting

Varnishing Caulking Pressure

Die casting

Stator packet Short-Circuiting

Ready for ring insertion Shrink Winding fitting shaft

Brazing S.C.ring

Rotor ready for machining

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BLANKING: -

Blanking is the process of producing of blank laminations for

the manufacturing of rotor and stator laminations. This operation is

carried on the 200t blanking press (HEILBRONN).

ROTOR AND STATOR NOTCHING: -

Notching is punched on the blanks using a notching separating

punch. In this operation the stator and rotor blank is separated. The

notched stator is arranged and stacks are formed and the rotor blank

is further processed for notching rotor slot and cooling holes

depending upon the motor type.

MACHINE USED

N8

Nk8

Ameetep 1

Weingarten (6t)

Compound die (100t)

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Procedure for notching dies setting and operation:

1. Machine switched to setting mode

2. Center the punch with respect to the mandrel

3. Change gear combination for the required no. Of slots (z1, z2, z3)

4. Run the machine for one cycle to ensure that the gears have been

properly placed.

5. Lower the ram insert the punch in the slot of sample lamination,

adjust the mandrel.

6. Ensure that the top surface of die block is in the same level or

higher.

7. The punch should not enter die plate more than 1mm.

OPERATION DESCRIPTION: -

1. Refer the stator packet drawing and get clamps of required

length.

2. Refer the motor type, drawing no. and fixture no. In operation

card.

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3. Collect all the required fixtures, laminations, hammer, key for

packet pressing & Arrange laminations on a stand.

4. Start stacking the laminations on the bottom ring of the packeting

fixture. Locate the stacks on the bottom ring of the packeting

fixture using the keys on the mandrel.

5. Make use of the guide pins and the filler pieces for location of

lamination. Check the length of the packet with measuring tape.

6. When packet length is achieved keep pressing with the pressure

ring on top of the packet and lock machine with pressing key

7. Check length of the packet under pressed condition at 3-4

different location on the circumference of the packet

8. If variation in the length of the packet is observed remove

pressing cap and add or remove laminations as required.

9. Apply pressure on the packet using pressure cap and top ring.

Clamp the packet from top and bottom using roller arm.

10. Remove pressure and lift the packet and stamp the motor type o

the face of the packet.

11. Using hammer remove the guide pins and filler pieces.

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ROTOR PACKETING: -

1. Arrange the laminations on the burner stand in stacks, and put

the burner on.

2. Heat the stack for 2 hrs.

3. Along with that put the rotor end plate and pressure ring inside

the oven for heating.

4. Place the shaft on the fixture in the bolster.

5. After the heating procedure is completed remove the cover.

6. Remove the endplate and pressure ring and locate it on the

shaft.

7. Then stack the laminations on the shaft up to the required height.

8. Press the packet under pressure and measure the height.

9. If the height is achieved then insert the other set of endplate and

pressure ring.

10. Insert the stopper pieces into the groove and then weld it with the

shaft.

11. Remove the rotor and transfer it to bar and sc ring insertion.

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COPPER BAR AND SHORT CIRCUIT RING: -

1. Place the rotor on the roller stand using the crane.

2. Avoid using bearing seat diameter of the locate the rotor packet

on the rollers.

3. With the pneumatic gun and strip pass shaving insert through

one of the rotor slot.

4. Block the slot on one side with shaving insert.

5. Insert a sleeve in the slot using pliers so that it flushes with the

endplate of the bar insertion end.

6. Take a slot and apply a thin layer of oil on one end with brush.

7. Insert this end in rotor slot and using a leather hammer locate the

bar in the slot.

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8. Locate the shank in the pneumatic gun. Locate adapter on

shank. Locate adapter on shank. Locate slot bar in the slot

provided in the adapter.

9. Hammer the bar with gun till the bar touches the checking piece.

CAULKING: -

10. Insert all the remaining bars

and then the bars need to be

caulked.

11. This process is named as .

In this process the bars,

which are loose in the packet, get

tightened.

12. It happens because when the bars are caulked then it expands

and becomes tight in the slot.

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13. Caulking is done to lock the bars in this position so that they

don’t move in the rotor slot.

14. Locate caulking tool in the pneumatic gun.

15. Caulk each bar over its entire length to obtain an impression

1mm deep.

16. Caulk all the bars successively & then clean the packet with

compressed air.

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CHAPTER 4

TRACTION

MOTORS

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3.1) INTRODUCTION TO TRACTION MOTOR

WHAT IS TRACTION MOTOR

Traction motor typically refers to those motors that are

used to power the driving wheels of a railroad locomotive,

electrical multi-unit train (such as a subway or light rail vehicle

train), or a tram.

Before large-scale dieselization in the mid 20th century, a large-

scale motor was often used to drive multiple driving wheels

through connecting rods that are very similar to those used steam

locomotives. It is now standard practice to provide one traction

motor driving each axle through a gear drive. Usually, the traction

motor is simply suspended between the bogie frame and the

driven axle; this is referred to as a ‘Nose Suspended Traction

Motor’.

The problem with such an arrangement is that a portion of the

motor’s weight is unsprung, increasing forces on the track.

Occasionally, other mounting arrangements are made two trucks

mounted motors drove each axle through a quill drive. By

mounting the relatively heavy traction motor directly to the power

unit rather to the bogie, better dynamics are obtained allowing

much improved high speed operation. Because of high power

levels involved, traction motors are almost always cooled using

forced air.

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DEFINITION OF TRACTION MOTOR: -

Traction motor typically refers to those motors that are used to

power the driving wheels of a railroad locomotive, electrical multi

unit train (such as subway or light rail vehicle train), or a tram.

APPLICATIONS: -

Traction motors are used for many applications like:

In Locomotives

In Metro Railways

TYPES OF TRACTION MOTORS:-

There are various different types of traction motors as classified

below:-

1) A C Traction motor

2) D C Traction motor

They are available in different sizes, configuration, power

frequencies and capacities and provide a variety of different

features and functions.

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But, A C Traction motors are really not different than any other 3-

phase motor, such as those used for cooling on a locomotive.

Simply, it is a standard asynchronous (squirrel cage) 3 phase

wound motor.

It has long been known that AC motors can be more economical

than DC motors, just as with their alternators and generators. Like

alternators, AC motors are not equipped with wear-prone

commutators and brushes, eliminating these sources of limitations

of the low speed-high throttle position. AC motors would allow

locomotives to (1) have more pulling power, (2) avoid stall burns in

the traction motors, and (3) have correspondingly lower

maintenance requirements

3.2) TYPES OF TRACTION MOTORS

But there are only two types of ac traction motor that are

manufactured in Kalwa works:-

1) GT 46

2) EMU Bombay ( Electro Motive Unit )

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1) G T 46(Traction motor 1TB2622)

Traction motor 1TB2622 is a four pole three-phase induction motor

designed to delivery very high torques required for the high

starting tractive effort of the locomotive. The motor is of an

extreme robust design suitable for challenging operation

conditions, e.g. highly dusty environment and vibrations

experienced on the tracks. The rotor is of a squirrel-cage design.

The stator is a laminated frame construction with no housing.

Laminations are held together by sturdy end plates and welded tie-

rods. The forced ventilated motor is designed for axle-hung roller-

bearing installation.

The stator winding is insulated according to insulation class 200.

The motor is designed as a nose suspended drive. The

transversely mounted motor is designed for external cooling. The

cooling air enters via an upper air inlet hood in the bearing shield

of the non drive end and exists via an outlet opening at the front

end of the bearing shield.

A pinion gear is pressed into the shaft end (drive end), which has

an internal conical shaft seat. The motor torque is transmitted via

this pinion gear to the nose suspended drive.

There are two types of GT 46 manufactured in Kalwa Works.

1. PAC ( Used in Passengers, Expresses )

2. MAC ( Used in good trains )

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1. GT 46

OUTER DRIVE END

SHIELD

STATOR HSG OUTER BRG COVER

ROTOR

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2. EMU BOMBAY (Electro Motive Unit)

EMU BOMBAY

This motor is used in local trains. Nowadays the local trains are

running on DC traction motors. But government is starting new

local train running on 3 phase ac traction motors. Now the

trains are running on DC supply. The overhead supply for that

is 25 kv . The DC supply will get convert in 3 phase AC supply

by the converters which are provided by SIEMENS Ltd at

Nashik works. That is why Siemens has got the order of these

AC traction motors.

There are various advantages of using AC traction motors over

DC traction motors.

1. Low power consuming

2. Cheap in maintenance

3. Work in flooding condition

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4. Work in any frequency between 1 – 100 Hz

INTRODUCTIONS TO DEPARTMENTS

This department has started in June 2006.

Manufacturing of traction motors in Kalwa works includes the

following steps

1) STATOR PACKETING:-

Stator packeting mainly consists of two steps:-

a) Lamination stacking

b) Pressing

a) LAMINATION STACKING:-

Assemble the stacking jig in accordance with the drawing. Place the DE

thrust ring over the stacking mandrel and DE end plate over it. Also lay the

stacking bar on the DE thrust ring. Now place the first package of laminations

over the stacking mandrel. Align the DE end plate to the laminations in the

stator-winding slot and insert the guide bars into stator winding slot. Continue

stacking the stator core with required number of laminations. When about half

the height of core laminations has been stacked, check the uniformity around

the circumference using slot check gauge. Now clamp the stator core

together and place the NDE end plate and thrust ring over the stacking

mandrel. Tighten the nuts of tie-bolts.

b) PRESSING:-

Apply the stacking pressing force to the laminated stator core by means of

hydraulic pump and use vernier caliper to measure the length of the stator core in 4

places spaced uniformly around the circumference. Adding or removing laminations

can correct the length of the laminated stator core.

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2) VPI (VACUUM PRESSURE IMPREGNATION):-

Vacuum impregnating is a process for providing impregnating layer of

resin on the wound stator packet. The objective is to provide a varnishing coat

of resin on the packet.

The wound stator after impregnation is to be conveyed by the jib crane to

the stator-heating oven where it is baked for 160°C, for nearly 8 hr cycle till

the varnish is completely dried out. The conveying of the impregnated stator

packet from tank to the trolley is carried by stator lifting pipe which is nothing

but a hollow steel pipe which is press fitted at both the end pieces in such a

way that it permits the belt or rope to pass through it the material is conveyed

by means of the jib crane. Resin should be stored below 15°C as shelf life

increases at lower temperature.

Resin sample testing is done to check:

- Viscosity (if it is more thinner should be added and if it is less then fresh

resin should be added

- Gel point

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3) ASSEMBLY:-

Clean the non-drive end of rotor shaft with cloth, acetone and compressed

air to remove the traces of rust and contaminants. Heat the N/D labyrinth on

induction heater and fix it on the rotor. Now clean and fill the given amount of

grease in bearing housing using grease gun. Also apply the grease on the brg

so as to fill the clearance space inside the bearing. Insert the brg in brg hsg

with the help of pressing fixture using hydraulic pump and check the

insulation resistance of the bearing. Mount the brg hsg on rotor using

pressing fixture. After brg hsg, heat and fix the N/D shrunk on ring on the

shaft. Clean and fix the brg cover through the guide studs and do the initial

tightening of screws with suitable torque. Now fix the speed sensor wheel on

the rotor shaft, face aligning the other holes and tighten it with suitable torque.

Collect the drive side labyrinth and clean it thoroughly including labyrinth

grooves using cloth, acetone and compressed air. Mount the drive labyrinth

ring on to the rotor shaft and press it in axial direction. Then insert the bearing

on to the shaft after labyrinth. Heat the drive side shrunk on ring on to the

shaft and press simultaneously in axial direction till it stops rotating on shaft.

Fix the CAP on bottom face of the N/D end shield and tighten it with

suitable torque provided. Fix the N/D end shield on stator hsg with guide

studs for easy alignment of end shield. Now insert the rotor into stator hsg

with lifting tackle (C-tackle). Lift the rotor with lifting tackle and align the axes

of rotor using guide studs.

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CHAPTER 5

INTRODUCTION TO

INDUCTION BRAZING

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BASIC PRINCIPLE: -

When an

alternating electrical

current is applied to

the primary of a

transformer,

an alternating

magnetic field is

created. According to

Faraday's Law, if the secondary of the transformer is located within

the magnetic field, an electric current will be induced.

In a basic induction heating setup, a solid state RF power supply sends an AC

current through a copper coil, and the part to be heated is placed inside the coil. The coil

serves as the transformer primary and the part to be heated becomes a short circuit

secondary. When a metal part is placed within the coil and enters the magnetic field,

circulating eddy currents are induced within the part. These currents flow against the

electrical receptivity of the metal, generating precise and localized heat without any

direct contact between the part and the co

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BRAZING: -

Brazing is a heating process in which two or more like or unlike

materials are joined together by means of another metal alloy with a

lower melting point. Braze joints can be made exceptionally strong,

sometimes stronger than the two metals being joined.

Braze joints are liquid- and gas-tight, can withstand shock and

vibration, are unaffected by normal temperature changes, provide

good electrical conductivity and can be easily plated using

conventional processes. Typical Brazing temperatures vary between

800°F and 2150° F.

SETUP: -

First, the two metals to be joined are cleaned by coating them

with flux. The braze paste or perform is then put in position and heat

is applied until the braze flows creating a solid joint.

If the braze is being stick fed, the parts are first brought up to

temperature; then braze is introduced into the joint area by hand. The

appropriate temperature depends on the type of braze that is being

used.

MATERIALS NEEDED ARE: -

BRAZE: -

The alloy can be in paste, perform or stick form, depending on

the application. A wire perform is generally preferred because it

ensures uniform distribution and promotes joint-to-joint consistency.

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Different braze alloys have different heating characteristics; silver is

frequently used for induction brazing because of its low melting point.

Silver-copper eutectic brazes have melting temperatures between

1100°F and 1650°F. Aluminum braze, the least common, has a

melting temperature of 1050°F to 1140°F. Copper braze, the least

expensive, has a melting temperature of 1300°F to 2150°F.

BRAZING ALLOY GRANULERS

FLUX: -

The functions of flux are to dissolve the oxides formed during

the heating process, shield the alloy and joint from oxidation, provide

clean surfaces to promote even spreading of the alloy, and to

promote alloy flow by capillary action. There are many different types

of fluxes available for use at different temperature ranges. Black flux

is used for high temperatures (up to 1800°F) and is good for steel

brazing. White flux is most often used for lower temperature (1100°F

to 1500°F) applications. Ideally, the flux should have a lower melting

FLUX

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point than the base metal, and should be entirely liquid before the

braze alloy melts. HEAT SOURCES: - Fast, precise

COMMON PROBLEMS: -

1. Braze does not flow consistently each time the joint is made.

2. Parts may crack after the braze is complete

3. If the parts to be joined are at different temperatures, braze will

not stick to the colder part.

4. The high temperatures required can cause distortion of the

metals being bonded.

TRICKS OF THE TRADE: -

1. Both metals that are being joined together need to be of equal

temperature during the brazing process for a successful braze

joint.

2. A slower heating cycle is better than a faster one. If productivity

rates are critical, it is better to process multiple parts at the

same time

3. When using a braze perform ring for induction brazing, make

sure there is good physical contact between the part and the

ring. A loose ring will need much higher temperature to melt

and will also cause non-uniform joints.

4. The parts being brazed must be clean at the joint area.

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WORKING INSTRUCTION OF INDUCTION BRAZING

1. GENERAL: -

The task of this process is to induction braze the cage rings to

the rotor bars. Absolute cleanliness of all the brazing apparatus and

its surroundings is essential. The concave fillets of the brazing must

undergo 100% inspection. No faults whatever in the fillets can be

tolerated. The brazing apparatus stores separate programs for the

individual types and sizes of components. The program controls the

brazing temperature and the brazing time so that each type of brazing

is fully reproducible.

Screen form of programmer control unit

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AUXILLARY ITEMS: -

1. Brazing table

2. Inductor coil.

3. Copper brazing alloy granules imported from Braze Tec.

4. Insulated sheet.

5. Acetone.

6. Paint brush.

7. Wooden pieces & eyebolt with washer.

8. Rotor lifting tackle for horizontal condition.

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PREPARATION FOR THE BRAZING: -

Lay the insulation sheet on the inductor coil so as to provide

complete electrical insulation. Ensure that the sheet is place

symmetrically round the inductor coil. The thickness of the stack

affects the depth of penetration of the active field.

Clean the S.C.ring groove by using sand paper to remove the

dirt, burr etc. Dip the brush in the acetone bottle and clean the S C

ring surface to be brazed. Afterwards clean the ring with fresh cloth.

Lift the SC Ring and keep on the mica sheets kept on the inductor.

Keep the SC ring concentric with the inductor by adjusting the ring.

Once again make sure that the cage ring is positioned accurately in

the middle of the inductor coil.

View of SC ring kept on the insulation sheets & inductor quality

Next, fill the SC ring with brazing alloys granules using brazing

alloy dispense hand held unit. This brazing alloy must not be filled up

beyond the top edge of the SC ring. This is because, while the

brazing is being carried out, surplus brazing alloy might start to

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overflow. As it overflows it would produce a dip at the cage ring,

which would get steadily deeper and so allow eve solder to escape.

To remove the excess brazing granules from the SC ring

groove, level the top surface of the SC ring over filled up granules

with the insulation sheet so that excess brazing granules are taken

out from S.C.ring groove.

Screw a suitable eye bolt to the end of the shaft so that rotor

can be lifted vertically with the overhead cane. Rest the shaft other

end on the wooden block. The rotor must not be rolled on the rotor

bars while doing this. As rotor is being lifted vertically and turned at

the same time keep a close watch on the direction of the screw

thread of the eyebolt so that it does not unscrew from the shaft.

Then use the overhead crane to lower the rotor in to the short

circuiting ring containing the brazing alloy granules. The rotor must be

accurately centered on the SC ring.

5: INDUCTIVE BRAZING: -

The brazing program is started by pressing the “Heating ON”

button on the brazing machine. The rise in the brazing temperature

from 302° C can be observed on the display. When the brazing is

reached the system will start to regulate and hold the temperature

steady.

As the temperature of the S.C.ring rises the brazing alloy starts

to melt and the surface of the brazing alloy tilts downwards the

brazing points.

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When the brazing temperature at the rotor base is reached the

tilting of the surface of the brazing alloy reverses and the brazing

alloy rises up around the rotor bars and forms the concave fillets.

View of brazing rod touches to hot SC ring

In order to ensure that each rotor bar has reached brazing

temperature the operator must run a brazing rod around the rotor bar

in turn and if the correct brazing temperature has been reached the

rod will melt at each bar.

When a concave fillet has been formed the apparatus can be

switched off with “Heating Off” button.

When the temperature has reached approximately 302° C the

rotor can be lifted out of the brazing apparatus. As the rotor is lifted

with the crane carry out visual inspection of all the brazed joints to

ensure that the concave fillets have been formed properly. If any

faults or defects are found the rotor cannot be rebrazed until it has

fallen to room temperature.

When the brazed end has cooled down the second cage ring

must be brazed at the opposite end of the rotor in the same way as

described above.

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1. SAP

2. TERMINAL BOX KANBAN 3. SINGLE PIECE FLOW 4. PFEP

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SAP, started in 1972 by five former IBM employees in Mannheim,

Germany, states that it is the world's largest inter-enterprise software

company and the world's fourth-largest independent software

supplier, overall.

The original name for SAP was German: Systeme, Anwendungen,

Produkte, German for "Systems Applications and Products." The

original SAP idea was to provide customers with the ability to interact

with a common corporate database for a comprehensive range of

applications. Gradually, the applications have been assembled and

today many corporations, including IBM and Microsoft, are using SAP

products to run their own businesses.

SAP applications, built around their latest R/3 system, provide the

capability to manage financial, asset, and cost accounting, production

operations and materials, personnel, plants, and archived documents.

The R/3 system runs on a number of platforms including Windows

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2000 and uses the client/server model. The latest version of R/3

includes a comprehensive Internet-enabled package.

SAP has recently recast its product offerings under a comprehensive

Web interface, called mySAP.com, and added new e-business

applications, including customer relationship management (CRM) and

supply chain management (SCM).

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Kanban, literally signboard or billboard) is a scheduling system for

lean and just-in-time (JIT) production. According to its creator, Taiichi

Ohno, kanban is one means through which JIT is achieved.

Kanban is not an inventory control system; it is a scheduling system

that helps determine what to produce, when to produce it, and how

much to produce.

The need to maintain a high rate of improvement led Toyota to devise

the kanban system. Kanban became an effective tool to support the

running of the production system as a whole. In addition, it proved to

be an excellent way for promoting improvements because reducing

the number of kanban in circulation highlighted problem areas

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BEFORE

AFTER

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One-Piece flow is one of the most important principles of lean

manufacturing. Yet, many people still do not understand what it truly

means to achieve one-piece flow. There are several basic terms used

to describe one-piece flow. The most common are as follows:

One Piece flow

Single Piece Flow

Continuous Flow

Make One - Move One

Flow Manufacturing

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Siemens is making progress in creating areas of continuous flow as

more managers learn about value-stream mapping and continuous-

flow cells but many are having trouble sustaining steady output. The

problem often is the lack of a lean material-handling system for

purchased parts to support the cells.

These companies are becoming lean in terms of operating their cells,

but they are still mass producers in supplying the cells. They lack the

key elements of a door-to-door lean material handling system for

purchased parts:

a Plan for Every Part

a properly located and managed purchased-parts market

a rigorous material-delivery route using standard work

Pull signals to tightly link their areas of continuous flow to the

supply of materials.

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The consequence is starvation of processes, loss of flow, and a major

waste of effort and money in keeping too much inventory and

spending too much time hunting for missing items.

To introduce such a system, you have to understand everything

about every part: How each part is purchased, received, packaged,

stored, and delivered to its point of use. In fact, much of this

information exists in your organization, but it is stored in many

different places under the control of many managers and is mostly

invisible. The first step in creating a lean material-handling system for

purchased parts is collect all of the necessary parts information in

one place – the Plan for Every Part (PFEP).

ASSIGNMENT

We were assigned to the task of making a PFEP (Plan for Every Part)

of each and every component of LINE ASSEMBLY.

We collected various information like the procurement cycle of a

particular component, how does it come to the storage area, how is it

stored in casting yard, what is its lot size, who is the supplier, from

where does the component is manufactured etc.

CONCLUSION

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CONCLUSION

Being a student of sandwich pattern diploma course in

Mechanical Engineering, one has to undergo a training period of six

months in the eight semester of the course.

The training period becomes especially important as it

enables to duly increase the perception of the student mind, which is

necessarily of the academic nature. It serves to bring out not only the

contrast, but also more importantly the conflicts between the theory and

the practical approach.

One of the important aspect is said that the school of

human relations and people handling which are imparted during this

period are probably far more invaluable that any other knowledge or

experience gained.

Training in an organization such as SIEMENS and

working in Quality Assurance Department was really a valuable

experience. Working in shop floor groups & store has helped me a great

deal to understand the whole product cycle.

Thus taking the overlook view, it would not be

too much of exaggeration to conclusively state that this training

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period is not only thoroughly indispensable, but also, perhaps the

most useful aspect of the Mechanical Engineering course.

BOOKS REFERED

WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY

SIEMENS MANUAL

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

SITES VISITED

WWW. SIEMENS.COM

WWW.SEASIEMENS.COM