Project Report Mineral Exploration Project -...

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Project Report Mineral Exploration Project Phase1 (Bauxite) By: Jharkhand Space Applications Center, Ranchi Department of IT, Govt. of Jharkhand In Collaboration with National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC) Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) Department of Space, Govt. of India Balanagar, Hyderabad & Department of Mines and Geology Government of Jharkhand

Transcript of Project Report Mineral Exploration Project -...

Page 1: Project Report Mineral Exploration Project - …jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Mineral_exploration...Project Report Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite) By: Jharkhand

 Project Report 

Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite) 

       

 

  

By: 

 Jharkhand Space Applications Center, Ranchi 

Department of IT, Govt. of Jharkhand  

In Collaboration with  

National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC) Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) 

Department of Space, Govt. of India Balanagar, Hyderabad 

 &  

Department of Mines and Geology Government of Jharkhand 

 

  

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DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET

1 Document Control Number

JSAC/TECH-REP/DoIT-GoJ/NRIS/10-11/04

2 Title Mineral Exploration Project (Phase-1) - Bauxite 3 Report / Document Type Technical Report 4 Author (s) Dr. Vivek Kumar Singh, JSAC

Shri. Arindam Guha, Scientist, NRSC Ms. Reshma Parveen, JSAC Shri Kumar Amitabh, DMG

5 Affiliation of Author (s)

JSAC, Department of IT, Government of Jharkhand NRSC, ISRO, Department of Space JSAC, Department of IT, Government of Jharkhand DMG,Dept. of Mines & Geology,Jharkhand

6 Project Coordinators Dr. G. Behera,Deputy Director,RS&GIS AA Dr. A.T.Jeyaseelan, Director, JSAC, Ranchi Dr. K.Vinod Kumar, Head,GSD, NRSC, Hyderabad Dr. Jai Prakash Singh, Director, DMG, Jharkhand

7 Beneficiary Department Department of Mines and Geology, Governemnt of Jharkhand.

8 Project Sponsor Department of Mines and Geology,Government of Jharkhand

9 Date of Project Completion

01.10.2010

10 Date of Project Initiation 2009 11 Date of Publication 2010 12 Contents of Report 83 pages, 39 figures, 5 tables and 3 plates 13 Abstract Jharkhand State is one of the leading mineral bearing states

of India and is the store house of more than 30 types of minerals, hence aptly called as “Museum of Minerals”. In Jharkhand, the Bauxite deposits are mainly found in Lohardaga, Latehar, and Gumla districts and the adjoining plateau region; most of the provinces are inaccessible due to deep forest cover and lack of suitable communication. The study is aimed to use ASTER(Advanced Spaceborne Thermal and Reflection Imaging Spectroradiometer) data in conjunction with field spectroscopic data, geochemical data of lateritic Bauxite to map the spatial distribution of Bauxite reserve in the area The study brings out the relation between terrain parameters such as slope, altitude with Bauxite occurrences and also shows the spectral signature of alumina rich bauxite sample can be taken as a criteria to derive ratio image of ASTER Channels for finding Bauxite rich pockets within Lateritic Bauxite/Laterite. Further, the Bauxite area was mapped in 1:25000 scale and presented.

14 Reproduction Rights This final report and its content are the property of JSAC, Ranchi, DMG, Ranchi and NRSC,Hyderabad and shall not be reproduced in part or whole without the written permission from above.

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PREFACE Remote sensing technology has been proved to be highly useful for geological studies both

in the area of accessible and inaccessible terrains. The satellite imagery gives the spatial

distribution of various rock types, their structural relationships and stratigraphic position.

Detailed structural map thus generated using satellite data, many times are of immense help

to mineral exploration projects.

Jharkhand has large deposits of minerals. 40% of the total minerals of the country are

available in the state. The state is the sole producer of Coking coal, Uranium and Pyrite. It

ranks first in the production of coal, Mica, Kyanite and copper in India. Jharkhand holds a

very large potential of bauxite amounting to a reserve of 117.54 MT(Source-IBM as on

1/4/2005) predominantly occurs at the central-western portion of Jharkhand covering

Latehar, Lohardaga and Gumla districts. Though most of the mined bauxite is targeted for

metallurgical purposes for the extraction of metal aluminium, it has variety of uses in other

industries, such as, abrasive, alloy-steel, aluminium, cement, ceramic, chemical, ferro-alloys,

iron and steel.

The main objective of the project is to generate Bauxite Mineral map at 1:25000 scale. A

comprehensive georeferenced geological database is prepared on 1:50,000 scale based on

published geological map of Geological Survey of India (GSI). ASTER has nine channels in

VNIR (Visible-Near-Infrared) and SWIR (Short Wave Infrared) domain ranging broadly

from 0.5- 2.4 micrometer. It has been observed that Bauxite has absorption at 2.26 micro

meters due to gibbsite that is the dominant mineral in Bauxite. These absorption signature

results in low reflectance in Channel 7 (Central wavelength 2.26 micrometer) of ASTER.

Further, ASTER Global Digital Elevation model (DEM) has been used in the study. It is

observed that Bauxite occurrences are governed by slope and altitude. It generally occurs at

low slope region above 980 meter height. Map of Bauxite bearing area that is derived after

interpretation of Aster data has shown good correspondence with the known Bauxite

distribution. The study has derived a comprehensive Bauxite map with new areas of Bauxite

mineralization. The maps need to be validated in field for achieving the better accuracy in

reserve delineation.

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The present scientific investigation is the outcome of the joint collaboration of JSAC,

NRSC; Hyderabad and Dept of Mines & Geology. The financial and technical sanction and

continuous support by Mines and Geology department of Govt. of Jharkhand for successful

completion of this project is highly acknowledged.

Dr. A. T. Jeyaseelan Director, JSAC

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Secretary, Information Technology,

Secretary, Department of Mines and Geology, Government of Jharkhand and Director,

National Remote Sensing Center, Hyderabad for their effort for taking up this collaborative

project of Mineral Exploration project in Jharkhand State.

Authors are grateful to Dr. P.S. Roy; Associate Director(Capacity Building),NRSC and

Dean; IIRS and former Deputy Director, RS&GIS AA for his support and valuable

suggestions during the initial stage of the project for deriving the better outcome in the

research. Authors are also grateful to Shri G. Behera, Deputy Director, RS & GIS AA,

NRSC for his encouragement and overall guidance for on time completion of the project.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude towards Dr. A.T.Jeyaseelan, Director for his

interaction, help, guidance and suggestions throughout the project year and their trust in our

abilities. He was a great source of inspiration and motivation.

We would like to thank Dr. K. Vinod Kumar, Head, Geosciences Division, National Remote

Sensing Center, Hyderabad for his support for making a joint proposal. Authors are grateful

to him for necessary support during our visit to NRSC for spectral profile generation and

map preparation.

Authors are also thankful to Dr. Jai Prakash Singh, Director, Directorate of Geology,

Department of Mines and Geology, government of Jharkhand for his help in providing

literature and deputing Geologists for field work.

We would like to thank Sh. Tapas Ranjan Martha, Scientist, and Geosciences Division

NRSC for his help and valuable suggestions.

We are thankful to Shri Kumar Amitabh ,Geologist of Department of Mines and Geology,

Government of Jharkhand for his help and cooperation during all stages of the project

work.We are also thankful to Sh. Mahendra Pd. Sharma, Shri. Ganesh Prasad

Bhavsinka,Shri Arun Kr. Geologists, Department Mines and Geology for their efforts in

sample collection and field visit. We are thankful to Shri. I. M. Assadullah, Dy. Director,

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State Laboratory, Hazaribagh for doing chemical and petrographic analysis of the rock

samples collected from field.

We are thankful to Ms. Nutan U. Toppo, Sh. Nikhil Anurag Toppo and Sh. Dilip Kumar

Thakur for their help at all stages of the project work. We would like to thank staffs of

Administration, Account, Library, and Director’s Office for their support at all stages of the

project work.

Last but not the least, all Scientist, Junior Scientist and STA of Jharkhand Space Application

Center, are also acknowledged for their support.

Arindam Guha Vivek Kr. Singh Reshma Parveen

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction

Remote Sensing technology has proved to be highly useful for geological studies as

it can provide synoptic views of large portions of earth thereby enhancing the information

available from traditional data sources. It is also helpful to study inaccessible and remote

areas. In Jharkhand, Bauxite and Laterite are mainly confined to the inaccessible Pat region

of Gumla, Lohardaga and Latehar districts.

Extensive geological work has been carried out by Geological Survey of India to map

the area on regional scale followed by scattered detailed exploration by State DMG, Bihar

and Jharkhand. In view of modern development in the field of metallurgy low grade of

bauxite have also become important and in this context it was decided to remap the complete

area to delineate potential areas of bauxite along with laterite for reassessment of resource.

Due to difficult terrain and vast area Department of Mines & Geology, Government

of Jharkhand requested Jharkhand Space Applications Centre to identify potential zones of

Bauxite occurrences using Remote Sensing technology and to prepare composite as well as

toposheet wise map on 1:50000 and 1:25000 scales on GIS platform.

This project was initiated with aforesaid objective with distributed responsibilities

with National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad, Jharkhand Space Applications

Centre (JSAC), Ranchi and Department of Mines & Geology (DMG).

Objectives

The main objective of the project was to carry out remote sensing based study using

advanced space borne sensor for mapping the spatial distribution of Bauxite and laterite

capping in the pat regions of Gumla, Lohardaga and Latehar districts of Jharkhand on

1:50000 and 1:25000 scales on GIS platform. These maps shall further be used as base maps

for detailed geological exploration to assess the resource and grade of Bauxite.

Study Area

Study area extends between latitude 22˚58’31’’ N to 23˚56’53’’ N and longitude

83˚42’58’’E to 84˚53’40’’ E and distributed in 10 number of toposheets. The total areal

extent of the area is about 6,676.14 sq.km.

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Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC

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Quantum of Work done

The Remote Sensing based study for mapping of Bauxite deposits was carried out in

the total area of 6676.14 Sq Km covering Gumla , Lohardaga and Latehar districts of

Jharkhand. Following Maps are prepared:

Regional Geology

Bauxite mostly occurs as segregated sheets and lenses in horizontal masses of laterite

which occur on peneplained surfaces or as capping on extensive plateaus and flat topped

hills.

Methodology

Co-registration and digitization of available geological maps and further updating of

the litho boundaries using satellite data.

Co-registration, Mosaicking of Aster Level 1A Aster data , Collection of samples of

Bauxite/Laterite from the field for chemical analysis and spectral profile generation

for facilitating image processing.

Integration of Aster derived indices map with Aster-Dem for detecting the variability

in slope, tone, texture and geomorphic variation characteristic of Bauxite for

generation of final Mineral map of Bauxite.

SN Map Scale Total number of Toposheets

Maps Prepared Samples collected

1 1:1,60,000 01 one A total of 45

representative

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different sectors to

find out the

possible grade of

bauxite in the area.

2 1:50,000 09

(64 M/14,64

M/15,73A/3,73

A/2,73 A/4,73

A/6,73 A/7, 73

A/8,73 A/10,73

A/11)

Nine

3 1:25,000 26 Twenty Six

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Criteria for identification of promising zone

Various geological and geomorphological parameters that control the formation of

Bauxite were integrated together in GIS environment for identification of Bauxite/Laterite

promising zones. Aster image (acquired in VNIR and SWIR regions) has been used in

conjunction with Aster DEM , field studies, spectral profiles of bauxite /Laterite for bauxite

mapping.

Promising Zones

The satellite based study derived map shows good correspondence with known

Bauxite/Laterite distribution .The total area demarcated using aster data is 487.05 Sq Kms. 

The total bauxite bearing area demarcated using remote sensing technology has been divided

into different blocks on the basis of proximity and approach.

Sampling & Chemical Analysis

Bauxite/Laterite samples collected from the field were analyzed for different oxides

and hydroxides using wet chemical method at State Laboratory of Department of Mines and

Geology.

Limitations

There are several challenges in obtaining precise, remotely sensed measurements

from the surface. One of the main obstacles is vegetation covers that obscure the rock and

soil surfaces. Atmospheric interference through scattering, absorption by the gasses

comprising the atmosphere or through meteorological factors (wind, moisture etc.) also

effects the measurements in a several ways. Aster not being a hyperspectral instrument

cannot map individual minerals; group of minerals.

Conclusion and Recommendations

ASTER (Advanced Space borne Thermal and Reflection Imaging Spectroradiometer)

data in conjunction with field spectroscopic data, geochemical data of Laterite and Bauxite

has been utilized to map the spatial distribution of Bauxite and Laterite capping.

The present study shows that a total of 487.05 Sq. Km of area is rich in laterite and

bauxite. Using this consolidated information, specific areas of interest may be identified for

evaluation in greater detail through additional investigation which would require detailed

geological mapping, ground geophysical surveys etc.

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CONTENTS Page No. Document Control Sheet i Preface ii Acknowledgement iv Executive Summary vi Content ix List of figures xi List of tables xiii CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION 1-9 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Study Area 2 1.3 General Geology 3 1.4 Mode of Occurences 4 1.5 Objectives 5 1.6 Scope 5

1.6.1 Remote Sensing in Mineral Exploration 5 1.6.2 ASTER Capabilities 8 1.6.3 Suitability of ASTER in Mineral Exploration 9

CHAPTER:2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 10-31

2.1 Data Used 10

2.1.1 ASTER Satellite Data 10 2.1.2 ASTER Global Digital Elevation Data 11 2.1.3 Spectral Profile Datasets 11 2.1.4 Geological Map 13 2.1.5 Geochemical Datasets 13 2.1.6 Chemical Anlysis Procedure 17 2.1.7 Ground Data 20

2.2 Digital Database Preparation 24 2.3 Methods 25 2.4 Result & Discussion 26 CHAPTER:3 THEMATIC MAPPING 32-66 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Description of Bauxite Deposits 43

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CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS 67 BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEXURES: Annexure-1: List of Important Villages and Towns. Annexure-2: Flow chart of Methodology used for the present study. Annexure-3: Work order and other related correspondence with DGM. Annexure-4:Composite Bauxite/Laterite bearing map of Study area . Annexure-5: Composite Bauxite/Laterite Gradational map of study area. Annexure-6: Map showing Bauxite and Laterite capping and lease hold areas of Gumla,

Lohardaga and Latehar District.

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Location map of study area 3 Figure 2: 3D RGB color composite image cube of the ASTER satellite image 10 Figure 3: Spectral Profile of Bauxite/Laterite Samples 12 Figure 4: Lab Spectra of Gibbsite and Goethite compared 12

with field Bauxite spectra

Figure 5: Regional Geological Map of the study Area (GSI) 15 Figure 6: Locations of field samples of Bauxite, Laterite and its host rock 16

Figure 7: Photograph of Sereka Mines, Serendag Plateau, and Gumla showing 20 the profile of Bauxite deposit Figure 8: Photograph showing Mining Activity, Pakhar Pat 21 Figure 9: Photograph of mining activities in Guradari mines 21 Figure 10: Photograph showing Laterite hillocks in Gumla district 22 Figure 11: Photograph showing host rock Granite 22 Figure 12: Photograph showing host rock Granite 23 Figure 13: Photograph showing Quartzite on the route from Ghagra to Netarhat 23 Figure 14: Known Bauxite mines and its relation to altitude 27 Figure 15: Slope map of the study Area 28 Figure16: Field spectra of Bauxite showing how gibbsite absorption feature 29

shifts with low alumina content Figure 17: Bauxite enrichment map showing different Al2O3 content 31 Figure 18: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of Study Area 33 Figure 19: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 64 M/14 34 Figure 20: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 64 M/15 35

& 73 A/3

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Figure 21: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73 A/2 36 Figure 22: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/4 37 Figure 23: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/6 38 Figure 24: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/7 39 Figure 25: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/8 40 Figure 26: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/10 41 Figure 27: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/11 42 Figure 28: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Gulgulpat Block 44 Figure 29: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Jamirapat Block 46 Figure 30: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Luchutpat Block 47 Figure 31: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Daunapat Block 49 Figure 32: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Aksi Block 50 Figure 33: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Darichhapahar Block 51 Figure 34: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Netarhat,Amtipani Block 53 Figure 35: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in BudhaPahar Block 56 Figure 36: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Khamarpat,Bagru Block 58 Figure 37: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Serendag Block 61 Figure 38: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Kondlepat,Purnadih Block 64 Figure 39: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Sukrahatu,Kolda,Pakripat Block 66

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: ASTER Data Specification (ASTER, 2010) 10 Table 2: Detailed information of ASTER scenes 11 Table 3: Chemical Analysis of field samples of Bauxite and Laterite 13 Table 4: Chemical Analysis of field samples of Bauxite and Laterite provided 14 by DMG Table 5: Blockwise Details of Bauxite/Laterite Deposits 43

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Remote Sensing technology has been proved to be highly useful for geological studies both

in accessible and inaccessible terrains. Remote Sensing technology is often being used to

generate updated lithological and structural map based on the conjugate analysis of satellite

image signatures and available collateral database. The most fundamental geological

information is provided by the geological map, which gives the spatial distribution of

various rock types, their structural relationships and stratigraphic position. Detail structural

map can also be prepared by using satellite data, which many times are of immense help to

mineral exploration projects. Earlier, Jharkhand Space Application Center has generated GIS

based geo data base at district level for entire state in 10 themes and made it Web enabled

for department of Mines and Geology, Government of Jharkhand.

On request of Department of Mines & Geology, Government of Jharkhand, Jharkhand Space

Applications Center submitted the Project Proposal in collaboration with National Remote

Sensing Center (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Department of Space,

Government of India, a pioneer organization for Remote sensing Applications in the country

for base metal, diamond, coal, hydrocarbon exploration and other geo-environmental / geo-

engineering and groundwater projects.

The project is an outcome of the satellite based investigation compounded with field survey

jointly carried out by Jharkhand Space Application Centre (JSAC), National Remote

Sensing Center (NRSC) and the experts of Department of Mines and Geology (DMG) to

identify potential zones of Bauxite occurrences. In the project, NRSC has taken crucial role

to develop the methodology for mapping of Bauxite occurrences based on signatures of

Bauxite in ASTER while JSAC have been executed the methodology operationally to derive

Bauxite map for Jharkhand. Before envisaging this project a joint meeting was organized on

February 26-27, 2008 at Ranchi between geologists of DMG, JSAC and NRSC. A brief

presentation was also made to Secretary, DMG on the capabilities and limitation of remote

sensing techniques for mineral exploration. The secretary felt that there is need for scientific

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extrapolation of existing mineral areas to identify additional area with the advanced remote

sensing and GIS applications .

Detailed discussion was held among DMG, JSAC and NRSC geologists and it was

expressed that most of the mineral occurrence boundaries are made by extending the scanty

borehole data. Hence it was planned that the whole project will be executed in different

phases. In the Phase-I Bauxite mineral mapping has been taken up. This report brings out the

bauxite minerals on 1:25,000 scale.

India is favorably endowed with large reserves (3037 million tonnes of in situ reserve) of

Bauxite (GSI, 1994). In terms of bauxite reserves, India holds the fifth place in the world.

Indian bauxite resources are confined to peninsular shield except few isolated occurrences in

Jammu &Kashmir in the extra peninsular region. In the peninsular region about 85% of the

total reserve is associated with ‘high level’ laterite occurring along the eastern and western

coasts; out of which nearly 74% of the reserve is restricted to east coast. On the other hand,

about 10% of the total reserve occurs amidst inland plateaus. The major bauxite deposits of

India are generally associated with laterite capping as blankets on plateaus of high elevation

from 700 m to 2100 m above the mean sea level (MSL) in parts of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh,

Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In contrast, there are

coastal and ‘low level’ bauxite deposits exposed along the coastal tracts of Gujarat,

Karnataka and Kerala. (Geological Survey of India, 1994). The present studied area belongs

to the high-altitude bauxite deposits of Jharkhand and restricted in the western part of the

state.

1.2 Study Area

The area (Figure-1) occupies at the central-western portion of Jharkhand and geologically

belongs to the Pre Cambrian shield of Indian Peninsula spread mainly in three districts

namely Latehar, Lohardaga and Gumla. It is located between latitude 22˚58’31’’ N to

23˚56’53’’ N and longitude 83˚42’58’’E to 84˚53’40’’ E. The total extent of the area is

about 6676.14 sq km. Bauxite is found in association with laterite.

Important mines located in this area are Serendag, Bagru, Dudha Katcha, Khamar, Banjari

,Pakhar, Chapuduadhia, Pakri, Oranga etc. The bauxite enrichment is reported at the laterite

cappings in Lohardaga and the adjoining high lands of the Latehar and Gumla district. The

deposit is known as the one of the most important deposits in India.

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Figure 1: Location map of study area

1.3 General Geology

The bauxite bearing areas of Jharkhand belongs to the Indian Peninsula. It consists mainly of

Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss associated with intrusions of quartzite, older rocks and Deccan

traps. Ranchi plateau is the main topographic unit in the area with altitudes between 960 m

and 1075 m above MSL, capped with laterite and bauxite. Bauxite deposits are the result of

silica leaching process of alumina rich rocks and it occurs in form of an extensive blanket

below the laterite cover on the flat topped. It also occurs as segregation, discontinuous

boulders and in blanket form over laterite residuum. The thickness of the deposits in the

ranges from 1 m – 18 m with an average thickness of 6 meters. Under suitable condition of

weathering, chemical alteration and leaching through geological time, the parent rocks have

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given rise to laterite and bauxite residuum. . The parent rocks which may give rise to bauxite

are silicate rocks with high alumina and less of silica. Granite-Gneiss in association with

intrusions of quartzite and older basic rocks is the main source rock in the area. The

Gondwana formation is present in the northern part of the Ranchi upland. The Pre Cambrian

rocks of Singhbhum lie in the south. At the western side of Jharkhand, Deccan trap is

exposed where Laterite/Bauxite have been reported as cappings. At the eastern side, laterite

appears on the peneplained surface of older rocks. The oldest rock belongs to Dharwar. It is

in turn intruded by the batholithic mass of Chotanagpur granite and further metamorphosed

into various schistose and gneissic rocks. The generalized stratigraphy of the study area is

illustrated below (Roychowdhury, 1958).

Recent Alluvium, Conglomerate & Carbonaceous Shale

Tertiary to Recent Laterite , Bauxite and Lithomerge Upper Cretaceous Deccan trap Basaltic lavas

Intratrappean Calcified-Silicified rocks and grit Cuddapah and Earlier Newer Dolerite Chotanagpur Vein rocks,Pegmatite or Graphic granite, Granite Gneiss Aplite, Quartzveins and quartz-tourmaline rock

Psuedo –Diorite Archean Granites and Gneisses Diorite Ultrabasic igneous rocks

Dharwar Phyllites, Mica-schist, Quartzites, Lime- silicate rocks and Basic rocks.

1.4 Mode of Occurrence

Bauxite occurs as segregated sheets and lenses in tropical and sub tropical regions. It also

occurs as present as irregular bodies and as wide spread blanket. Bauxite has also been

reported as irregular bodies, developed near the margin of the plateau.Laterite/ bauxite

profiles in Jharkhand usually maintain the following sequence (Roy chowdhury, 1958).

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i. Top Soil

ii. Laterite

iii. Gray bauxite

iv. Aluminous Laterite

v. Ferruginous bauxite

vi. Bauxite and Lithomerge

vii. Lithomerge clay

------------------------------------------------

viii. Granite gneiss and older rocks

1.5 Objectives

Following are the main objective of the project

1. To carry out remote sensing based study using advanced spaceborne sensor for

mapping the spatial distribution of Bauxite reserve on 1:50,000 scale.

2. To refine the boundaries of known bauxite reserves on 1:25,000 scale using high

resolution remote sensing data.

1.6 Scope

1.6.1 Remote Sensing in Mineral Exploration

Much information about potential areas for mineral exploration can be provided by

interpretation of surface features on aerial photographs and satellite images. From remotely

sensed data, it is possible to decipher the regional lithology, tectonic fabric and also the

geomorphic details of a terrain, which aid precisely in targeting of minerals deposits.

Remote sensing techniques play significant role in locating mineral deposits and in turn

reduces the cost of prospecting and exploration. Remote sensing data, by virtue of its

Younger

 

 

 

 

 

 

Older 

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synoptic overview, multispectral and multi-temporal coverage, can help to rapidly delineate

metallogenic province belts/sites and minerals over a larger terrain. This can help to isolate

potential areas for further exploration.

Spectral signatures, being unique to each material, can be used for differentiating various

materials present in a satellite image. Accordingly, it has been well established that the

VNIR, SWIR and TIR wavelength regions provide complimentary data for geological

investigations (Drury, 1987). Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (from 0.4 μm to 2.5μm)

in particular has offered geologists an important potential source of petrological information

extraction (Ramsey et al 2002). The VNIR-SWIR wavelength regions have been exploited

extensively for mineralogical mapping by using high spectral resolution imaging systems,

such as the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) (Kruse et al. 1997). At

the same time, various information of the land features, topography, geomorphology, and

structural patterns can be deciphered from satellite derived DEM of the mineralized zone.

Mineral exploration is becoming increasingly difficult, especially in obtaining ground access

to sensitive or remote areas. Remote sensing can be used to advantage in such

circumstances. In this regard, spectral remote sensing has the potential to provide the

detailed physicochemistry (mineralogy, chemistry and morphology) of the Earth's surface.

This information is useful for mapping potential host rocks, alteration assemblages and

regolith characteristics. In contrast to the older generation of low spectral resolution systems,

such as the Landsat Thematic Mapper with only six "reflected" bands, the new generation of

hyperspectral systems enables the identification and mapping of detailed surface mineralogy

using "laboratory-grade" spectroscopic signatures (Clark, et al., 1990).

For example, many tri-octahedral silicates, carbonates and other minerals generate

diagnostic absorption features in the 2300 to 2400 nm region. Only hyperspectral sensors,

with tens of contiguous spectral bands across this wavelength range, can provide accurate

measurement of the wavelength positions and geometries of the diagnostic mineral

absorption features.

Geological remote sensing is performed through atmospheric windows where

electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is allowed to pass without significant attenuation. The five

atmospheric windows available for remote mineral mapping include the visible to near

infrared (VNIR), the shortwave infrared (SWIR), the mid-infrared (MIR), the thermal

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infrared (TIR) and the microwave wavelength regions. The ultraviolet (UV) and far infrared

(FIR) wavelength regions are not available. Of these five atmospheric windows, the VNIR,

SWIR and TIR regions are most useful for mapping surface mineralogy because these

wavelengths are sensitive to a wide range of diagnostic EMR-material interactions. In

particular:

The mineral-spectral features in the VNIR are largely related to the transfer of electrons

between energy levels of constituent elements, especially the transition metals Fe, Mn and

Cr (Hunt, et al., 1971); The mineral-spectral features in the SWIR are largely related to the

overtones and combination tones of vibrations of octahedrally coordinated cations (typically

Al, Fe, Mg) bonded with OH groups (Hunt and Vincent, 1968).The mineral-spectral features

in the TIR are largely related to fundamental vibrations (bends and stretches) of Si-O bonds

in various structural environments (Lyon, 1965).

As a consequence, the VNIR wavelength region is useful for mapping iron oxides and

oxyhydroxides (for example, hematite and goethite), the SWIR for dioctahedral and

trioctahedral silicates (for example, kaolin, white micas, smectite, chlorites, amphiboles,

talc, serpentines) and the TIR for framework silicates (quartz, feldspars, garnets, pyroxenes

and olivines). Carbonates and sulphates produce diagnostic spectral features at both SWIR

and TIR wavelengths.

1.6.2 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)

capabilities:

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) aboard

the Terra platform is one of the most recent Spaceborne multispectral sensors in a

progression that began with the first Landsat Multispectral Scanner in 1972 (Zhang et al ,

2007). ASTER channels are more spectrally contiguous than other multispectral sensors

such as the Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper and the Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper,

especially in shortwave and thermal infrared wavelength ranges. Thus, the ASTER sensor

can achieve a higher degree of accuracy in the spectral identification of rocks and minerals

(Crosta et al, 2003; Zhang et al, 2007).

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The ASTER system is a unique combination of spectral coverage, high spatial resolution and

along-track stereo capability. Its spectral bands span the visible, near-infrared, shortwave

infrared and thermal infrared regions. ASTER consists of three separate sub-systems:

• Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR), 15m pixels

• Short-wave Infrared (SWIR), 30m pixels

• Thermal Infrared (TIR), 90m pixels

The VNIR sub-system contains two independent telescope assemblies: one at nadir (i.e.

vertical looking) with three detector arrays collecting data in the visible green, visible red

and near Infrared wavelengths; and a second, backward looking telescope, with one detector

array, also in the near infrared.

The two infrared arrays, termed 3N and 3B, provide along-track stereo image geometry with

a base-to-height ratio of 0.6 and an intersection angle of 27.7o, which means that stereo

images can be acquired in one pass. The two stereo images can then be used to generate a

Digital Elevation Model (DEM), which in turn can be used to create elevation contours and

a variety of other surface data products.

The ASTER Level 1B registered radiance product, which is used for spectral enhancements,

is created by application of radiometric calibration and geometric correction coefficients to

all bands of the equivalent Level 1A scene. Both intra- and inter-telescope registration

corrections are accomplished for all the bands.

ASTER has continuous coverage and appreciable swath (60 KM) very essential for mineral

exploration in contrast to hyperspectral spaceborne sensor.

1.6.3 Suitability of ASTER in Mineral Exploration:

The abundance of alumina in Bauxite determines the strength of absorption in the 2.2μm

region of the EMR. ASTER is a sensor designed especially for geological studies and is

characterized by bands that correspond to the alumina absorption regions. Bands 6 (2.185μm

to 2.225μm) and 7 (2.235μm to 2.285μm) of ASTER are useful to discriminate and quantify

alumina and clay minerals.

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Direct comparison with the ETM+ LANDSAT7 shows that ASTER data are better both

spectrally and spatially. ASTER provides unprecedented spectral detail in the SWIR. Band 4

has a similar wavelength to LANDSAT band 5. ASTER bands 5 to 9 cover an area of the

SWIR where many –OH bearing and carbonate minerals have diagnostic absorption

features. Bands 5 to 8 are approximately equivalent to the LANDSAT band 7. ASTER

thermal infra-red (TIR) is the only satellite-borne multi-spectral thermal imaging system.

ASTER is the only satellite-borne imaging system with on-board, along-track stereo

capability (using bands 3N & 3B), allowing routine generation of Digital Elevation Models

(DTMs), without ground control data.

ASTER data are relatively inexpensive (per sq km). A full ASTER scene covers an area of

60 x 60km.

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CHAPTER -2

MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Data Used

2.1.1 ASTER Satellite Data

ASTER (Advanced Space borne thermal emission and Reflection Radiometer) captures high

spatial resolution data in 14 bands, from the visible to the thermal infrared wavelengths; and

provides stereo viewing capability for digital elevation model creation (ASTER, 2010). 3D

RGB color composite image cube of the ASTER satellite image is given in figure 2. SWIR

Channels are very important for detecting absorption signature of minerals bearing Al-OH,

Mg-OH, Ca-CO3 bonds. ASTER data is used to detect the Bauxite rich plateau using image

interpretation techniques. The detail specification of ASTER is given in Table 1. Six scenes

of ASTER L1A product are procured from ERSDAC Japan. Details of the each scene are

given in table 2.

Figure 2: 3D RGB color composite image cube of the ASTER satellite image

Table 1: ASTER Data Specification (ASTER, 2010)

Data Product Spectral Bands

Spectral range (µm)

Spatial Resolution (M)

Radiometric Resolution

Aster L1A

VNIR

1 0.5-0.60 15 8 2 0.63-0.69 15 8

3N 0.78-0.86 15 8 3B 0.78-0.86 15 8

Aster L1A SWIR

4 1.60-1.70 30 8 5 2.145-2.185 30 8 6 2.185-2.225 30 8 7 2.235-2.285 30 8 8 2.295-2.365 30 8 9 2.360-2.430 30 8

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Table 2: Detailed information of ASTER scenes

2.1.2 ASTER Global Digital Elevation Data (ASTER-GDEM)

ASTER acquires images in three VNIR (Visible-near-Infrared) Channels. In addition these

channels, additional VNIR Band3 is also acquired using a backward-looking telescope, thus

providing along-track stereo coverage from which high-quality digital elevation models

(DEMs) are generated as one of a suite of ASTER standard data products. ASTER GDEM

standard data products are produced with 30 m postings, and have Z accuracies generally

between 10 m and 25 m root mean square error (ASTER GDEM, 2010). ASTER GDEM

data is used to derive altitude information and slope map; important for understanding the

role of slope and altitude in chemical weathering process responsible for Bauxite enrichment

2.1.3 Spectral Profile Datasets

Spectral profiles collected by using hand held Spectroradiometer (Fledspec3) (figure 3)

developed by Analytical System Device Incorporation is very important data as spectral data

considered as the basis for selection of ASTER band ratio to delineate the Bauxite rich zone

within lateritic Bauxite and also used to validate the classified map products. Field spec 3

Spectroradiometer has two types of detectors one 512 element Si photodiode detector

operative in 350-1000 nm and two separate, InGaAs photodiodes operative in 1000-2500

nm. The Spectroradiometer is operative in the spectral rage of 350 -2500 nm domain and

have spectral resolution of 3 nm@700 nm and 10 nm @ 1400/2100 nm (ASD, 2010).

Standard spectral profile of Gibbsite and Goethite from spectral library of USGS, were

compared to understand the spectral behavior of the samples (figure 4)

Scene ID

Minimum (Elevation)

Maximum (Elevation)

Mean (Elevation)

Scene Center

Date of acquisition

Time of acquisition (HMS)

PRdat011 420 1143 785.03 23.0312 83.8939 01-03-2008 05H 06M58S PRdat012 244 1179 644.28 23.5647 84.0203 01-03-2008 05H 06M49S PRdat013 137 642 273.52 24.0980 84.1473 01-03-2008 05H 06M41S PRdat014 313 1054 650.04 22.9493 84.4567 03-02-2004 05H 07M 42S PRdat015 308 1117 651.43 23.4824 84.5857 03-02-2004 05H 07M 33S PRdat016 185 942 424.05 24.0154 84.7154 03-02-2004 05H 07M 24S

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Figure 3: Spectral profile of Bauxite/Laterite Sample collected from field

Figure 4: Lab Spectra of Gibbsite and Goethite compared with field Bauxite spectra

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2.1.4 Geological Map

The regional geological map of the study area (figure 5) prepared by Geological Survey of

India (GSI map on 1:50000) based on systematic field mapping is used as reference to

compare the results derived from the satellite data to find whether satellite based mapping

could delineate any new pockets of Bauxite and also to understand how satellite data would

be used as authentic tool for mapping of the rocks like lateritic bauxite which has

considerable economic importance.

2.1.5 Geochemical Dataset

Bauxite/Laterite samples collected in the field are analyzed for the concentration of the

different oxides and hydroxides using wet chemical method at State Laboratory of

Department of Mines and Geology (Table 3 & Table 4).

Table 3: Chemical Analysis of field samples of Bauxite and Laterite

Sample

No.

Area

Latitude Longitude

SiO2

(%)

Al2O3

(%)

Fe2O3

(%)

L.O.I.

(%)

1

Bhelwa

Tola 23˚10’00.80” 84˚12’35.40” 45.00 16.92 11.18 -

2 Amba Kona 23˚25’43.04” 83˚59’56.33” - 24.62 42.00 16.50

3 Amba Kona 23˚24’43.62” 83˚59’45.34” - 52.50 16.50 18.60

4 Rajadera 23˚17’18.10” 84˚13’44.70” 60.78 13.46 15.97 -

5 Nawadih 23˚17’25.40” 84˚14’16.70” - 45.11 16.70 16.92

6 Gurdari 23˚19’53.20” 84˚14’23.80” 54.16 15.00 12.77 -

7 Kusmu 23˚24’53.66” 84˚15’43.96” 42.92 14.50 12.50 -

8 Bagru 23˚28’52.09” 84˚35’44.16” - 43.70 15.50 16.42

9 Chanpi 23˚29’21.28” 84˚35’24.42” - 55.60 11.00 17.20

10 Bagru 23˚29’03.29” 84˚35’44.18” - 53.25 12.70 17.20

11 Serengdag 23˚21’37.70” 84˚26’07.30” - 47.45 21.50 22.97

12 Tatwa 23˚24’25.40” 84˚15’35.80” - 52.32 9.50 27.40

13 Tatwa 23˚23’47.40” 84˚16’08.70” - 59.50 7.90 27.40

14 Chauradih 23˚20’10.20” 84˚17’28.80” - 60.02 5.58 25.20

15 Banglapat 23˚32’51.90” 84˚35’38.50” - 37.70 38.30 18.00

16 Pakharpat 23˚33’33.40” 84˚34’57.50” - 44.37 19.15 22.00

17 Pakharpat 23˚33’29.40” 84˚35’15.10” - 46.91 22.30 23.00

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Table 4: Chemical Analysis of field samples of Bauxite/Laterite provided by Department of

Mines and Geology

Sample

No.

Area

Latitude Longitude

SiO2

(%)

Al2O3

(%)

Fe2O3

(%)

1 Daunapat 23˚08’02.60” 84˚07’54.08” 0.52 59.19 7.25

2 Barpat 23˚17’25.10” 84˚16’03.98” 9.21 40.97 43.30

3 BhaglaToli 23˚11’32.26” 84˚16’20.10” 1.04 60.56 6.84

4 Lupun pat 23˚13’43.96” 84˚15’59.32” 2.04 40.74 33.48

5 Besna 23˚12’52.65” 84˚17’39.62” 11.93 35.48 31.53

6 Chandipat 23˚18’17.50” 84˚10’53.17” 8.09 39.87 26.49

7

Kabrapat-

Piruapatoli 23˚23’19.90” 83˚56’01.37” - - -

8

Dhankatoli-

kechkipat 23˚23’57.98” 84˚26’40.88” - - -

9 Sarwat Pahar 23˚35’12.25” 83˚56’01.37” - - -

10 Kolda 23˚03’39.13” 84˚28’10.37” 2.01 51.04 21.06

11 Daswanpat 23˚30’46.98” 84˚15’43.44” 1.76 60.58 1.92

12 Pakharpat 23˚33’32.69” 84˚36’42.00” 0.44 61.09 4.09

13 Dudhia Pahar 23˚35’32.40” 84˚34’23.41” 0.32 59.50 2.84

14 Dokapat 23˚13’45.45” 84˚16’55.05” - - -

15 Luchut 23˚13’19.45” 84˚04’07.20” 2.01 55.26 06.44

16 Rudnipat 23˚31’07.05” 84˚36’31.67” - - -

17

Maduapat

23˚35’15.45” 84˚38’10.53”

0.36-

2.32

49.72-

59.99

3.93-

8.68

18 Khamarpat 23˚36’17.34 84˚41’16.14” 0.40 59.96 4.62

19 Banglapat 23˚32’52.27” 84˚35’38.25” 0.60 59.09 4.64

20 Kelhari Pahar 23˚35’26.29” 84˚31’45.68” - - -

21 Dudhmatiya 23˚29’18.01” 84˚35’43.52” 0.1-5 51-60 8-10

22 Orsapat 23˚23’44.38” 83˚59’04.99” 0.95 59.06 1.95

23 Chiropat 23˚27’14.71” 84˚00’30.39” - - -

24 Tamolgarh 23˚31’54.20” 84˚03’15.85” 0.52 63.60 0.98

25 Aksi 23˚31’23.50” 84˚07’37.24” - - -

26 Saru Pahar 23˚30’09.10” 84˚28’12.34” 0.42 60.98 06.35

27 Kondepat 23˚17’19.14” 84˚26’56.58” 0.36 58.16 3.12

28 Netarhat 23˚28’13.43” 84˚16’06.14” - - -

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Fig

ure

5 :

Reg

ion

al G

eolo

gica

l Map

of

the

Stu

dy

Are

a (G

SI

, 200

5)

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84°3

0'0"

E

84°3

0'0"

E

84°2

0'0"

E

84°2

0'0"

E

84°1

0'0"

E

84°1

0'0"

E

84°0

'0"E

84°0

'0"E

23°30'0"N

23°30'0"N

23°20'0"N

23°20'0"N

23°10'0"N

23°10'0"N

Leg

end

Loca

tion

of

Ro

ck S

am

ple

s

06

12

18

3K

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ia

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and

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A

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AT

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GA

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UM

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ZA

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H

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A PA

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TA

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SA

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AR

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AG

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IKE

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A

Fig

ure

6 :

Loc

atio

n o

f F

ield

Sam

ple

s of

Bau

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/Lat

erit

e an

d it

s h

ost

roc

k

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2.1.6 Chemical Analysis Procedure

Samples collected from field for different grade of Bauxite, Laterite and host rock granite &

granite gneiss and other rock samples of quartzite, Diorite, Dolerite, Biotite Gneiss are

analyzed in State Geological Laboratory, Hazaribagh for geochemical analysis. These are

the methods followed for the determination of Al203, Fe2O3, SiO2 and Loss of Ignition (LOI)

%:

(i) Determination of Alumina (Al2O3) in Bauxite by EDTA Complexometry Principal

method by Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), which is generally followed by Jharkhand

state Department of Mines and Geology:

Reagents:-

i. Sodium acetate buffer CH3COONa

ii. Xylenol orange.

iii. M/100 Zinc acetate (CH3COO)2Zn.

(i) Sodium acetate buffer – 22 gm sodium acetate + 1000 cc distilled water + 1 cc acetic

acid.

(ii) Xylenol orange –200 mg xylenol orange + 100ml distilled water + 1-2 drop 1:1 HCl.

(iii) Zinc acetate (M/100) – 2.20 gm Zinc acetate + Hot 1000 cc distilled water.

Procedure:-

At first 100 mg sample is taken in Nickel crucible. 8 – 10 Pellets of sodium Hydroxide

(NaOH) is added and melted on low temperature. It is cooled and dissolved in distilled water

in a beaker. Now the solution is heated on hot plate and filtered with 41no. filter paper in

250 ml measuring flask. 250 ml solution is prepared by adding distilled water.

Determination of Al2O3 :-

50 cc solutions are taken from 250ml stock in the beaker. The solution is acidified with very

dilute hydrochloric acid. 25 cc of 0.02 N EDTA is then added to the solution.PH of 5-5.5 is

maintained while adding very dilute ammonia (check with pH paper). 25 cc sodium acetate

buffer is added and the sample is boiled on hot plate. The solution is cooled on water tray

and titrated with M/100 zinc acetate using indicator xylenol orange. The reading (A) is noted

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(ii) Determination of Silica (SiO2) in Bauxite by Gravimetry Principal method by Indian Bureau (IBM):

Reagents:-

i. Hydrochloric Acid

ii. Nitric Acid

iii. 1:1 Sulphuric Acid

iv. Hydrofluoric Acid.

Procedure:-

At first 0.5 gm of 100 mesh is taken in a conical flask and digested with 15 ml of

concentrated Hydrochloric acid and 8 ml of concentrated Nitric acid on a low temperature

hot plate. When the brown fumes are disappeared, the flask is removed from hot plate and

30 ml (1:1) H2SO4 is added, digested and finally fumed copiously. The solution is cooled

and 50 ml distilled water is added, warmed on hot plate and filtered using what man filter

paper no. 41.The filtrate is collected in 250 ml volumetric flask.

The residue along with filter paper is taken in a platinum crucible. The filter paper is burnt

so as to ignite the residue. The dry residue is cooled and weighed. The residue is now

moistened with a few drop of 1:1 sulphuric acid and 10-15 ml hydrofluoric acid is then

added and finally kept on hot plate. Slowly evaporation takes place. When the residue dries

up it is cooled and weighed. The difference of the two weights gives the silica content. The

silica percentage is calculated as follows

SiO2 percentage =

Where,

W1 is the weight of the crucible + material after ignition,

W2 is the weight of the platinum crucible + material after

W3 

(W1 – W2) x 100

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hydrofluorization and,

W3 is the weight of the sample taken.

(iii) Determination of Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) in Bauxite by Dichromate Principal method by Indian Bureau of Mines in State Geological Laboratory, Hazaribagh.

Reagents:-

i. SnCl2 – 5 gm SnCl2 + 25 cc HCl (concentrated), and then heat and after cooling mix 100 ml distilled water.

ii. Phosphoric acid + Sulphuric acid mixture – 150 ml concentrated H2SO4 and 150 ml concentrated H3PO4 dilute with water to one liter.

iii. Mercuric Chloride (Saturated) – 10 gm HgCl2 salt dissolved in 500 ml of distilled water

iv. Barium Diphenylamine Sulphonate – 250 mg of salt dissolved in 100 cc water. Procedure:-

Firstly 50 ml of main solution (prepared during determination of Silica) is taken in a beaker

and 5 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid is added and heated on hot plate at 200- 2500 C

temperature. Then drop wise Sncl2 (Stannous chloride) is added for reduction when the

solution becomes clear. It is then cooled on water tray. After cooling 10 ml of Mercuric

chloride (HgCl2), 15 ml mixture of H2SO4 + H3PO4 and 15 ml of distilled water is added.

Finally indicator Barium Diphenylamine sulphonate (C24H20BaN2O6S2) is added and titrated

with N/ 10 K2Cr2O7.

Strength of K2Cr2O7 = N/10

1cc of N/10 K2Cr2O7 = 0.007985 gm of Fe2O3

(iv) Determination of loss of ignition (LOI) in Bauxite by Gravimetry Principal method by Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM).

Procedure:-

1 gm of sample is taken in a weighed platinum crucible. At first stage, the sample is heated

gently and then at gradual pace with increasing temperature. The sample is ignited at

100000C for 1 hour and then cooled in a desiccators and then weighed

L.O.I = (A - B) X 100

Where,

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A = initial weight in gm. of the crucible with sample,

B = final weight in gm. of the crucible with the residue after ignition

2.1.7. Ground Data

Samples collection of Bauxite/Laterite and host rock was planned in two phases. Locations

of samples are given in Figure 6. The first phase field work was organised in the month of

January 2010 and 18 samples of different grade ore of bauxite from different lithologic

horizons were collected. During the field visit all the three major plateau areas Netarhat-

Amtipani, Serendag (figure 8) and Sukrahatu-Kolda regions were visited extensively.

During field visit samples were also collected from working mines like, Bagru, Sereka

mines (figure 7), Pakhar Pat (figure 9 ), Gurdari mines (figure 10) and other surrounding

plateau locally called as “PAT”.

Figure 7: Photograph of Sereka Mines, Serendag Plateau, Gumla showing the Profile of Bauxite deposit

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Figure 8: Photograph showing Mining activity in a mine on Pakhar Pat

Figure 9: Photograph of mining activities in Guradari mines

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Samples of Bauxite, Laterite (figure 11), Granite/Granite Gneiss; (figure 12 & 13), and few

Quartzite samples (figure 14) were collected.

Figure 10: Photograph showing Laterite hillocks in Gumla district

Figure 11: Photograph showing host rock Granite

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Figure 12: Photograph showing host rock Granite

Figure: 13 Photograph showing Quartzite on the route from Ghagra to Netarhat

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2.2 Digital Database Preparation:

In order to derive information from satellite imagery digital data are processed to derive

useful information from the digital numbers produced by the sensors. The main pre-

processing involves geometric and radiometric correction. In Geometric corrections, the

image is registered to a coordinate system, so the location of every pixel at the earth surface

is known. Radiometric correction enhances the contrast in the image. In addition to these

corrections, there was some striping present in some of the bands; those bands were

destriped in order to remove the striping artefacts from the image data. Striping is usually

caused by some sensors that are out of alignment, defective or not calibrated correctly.

ASTER Level 1A image used for present research comprise a data format with no geometric

and radiometric correction applied to the image. All correction coefficients are supplied in

the header of the HDF file.

These coefficients were extracted from the metadata and used for radiometric correction.

After the images were destriped properly, orthorectification was performed to georeference

the images and correct for errors in image coordinates due to relief displacement, earth

curvature and inter- and intra-telescope parallax errors. SWIR bands suffer from parallax

errors because the sensor arrays for the different bands are not perfectly aligned. This results

in bands that are shifted in space relative to each other. A method for correcting for

geometric errors in the image is orthorectification with a DEM (Digital Elevation Model) as

input. When orthorectification is performed, all errors mentioned above are corrected in the

same process.

Several methods for atmospherically correcting high spectral resolution image raw data are

in common use. The selection of a particular method depends upon data quality, availability

of onboard radiometric calibration, a priori knowledge of the study area, and the availability

of atmospheric parameters and spectral measurements.

ASTER data in the present study is pre-processed using FLASSH algorithm and calibrated

to reflectance data. FLAASH is a first-principles atmospheric correction modelling tool for

retrieving spectral reflectance from hyperspectral and multispectral radiance images. With

FLAASH, it is possible to accurately compensate for atmospheric effects. FLAASH corrects

wavelengths in the visible through near-infrared and shortwave infrared regions, up to 2.5

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μm. Unlike many other atmospheric correction programs that interpolate radiation transfer

properties from a pre-calculated database of modelling results, FLAASH incorporates the

MODTRAN4 radiation transfer code (ASTER With FLAASH, 2010). It provides accurate,

physics-based derivation of apparent surface reflectance through derivation of atmospheric

properties such as surface albedo, surface altitude, water vapour column, aerosol and cloud

optical depths, surface and atmospheric temperatures from hyperspectral and multispectral

imaging data.

2.3 Methodology

For the purpose of present study ARC/GIS 9.3 software platform is used to create the

geospatial thematic information on slope, elevation from ASTER Global DEM. Geological

map prepared by the Geological Survey of India is also converted to vector format with the

same reference system with that of the ASTER VNIR and SWIR data. Once these thematic

information/maps are created; these maps are brought under GIS platform to understand how

these themes are interplayed for Bauxite formation.

ASTER data is interpreted for delineating the Bauxite exposures from the ASTER VNIR

false colour composite images. Bauxite occupied provinces are delineated from ASTER data

and compared with the distribution of Bauxite as depicted by Geological map prepared by

GSI. It has been observed that laterite/Lateritic Bauxite is characterized by bright tone and

smooth texture in false colour composite. It also has been observed Bauxite occur over

entire plateau top region 980 meter. In effort to understand the role of altitude in localizing

of Bauxite; slope map is also prepared to understand the terrain control of Bauxite

formation. Field work is also carried out to collect samples for chemical analysis to estimate

the alumina content of Bauxite samples and also to use the same sample for spectral analysis

to understand how the chemical composition of Bauxite governs the spectral signatures of

the rock samples. In this connection, spectroscopic profiles for Bauxite samples are collected

and same lateritic bauxite samples are also analyzed to understand the variation in

spectroscopic signatures with the change in alumina content. Field spec 3

Spectroradiometer is used to collect the spectral observation within the spectral range of

350-2500 nm.

The FLAASH corrected reflectance data is used for preparing the aster based indices image.

Before preparing the indices image, biophysical parameter NDVI is calculated to mask the

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forest cover from the ASTER data. Forest cover is well distributed throughout the entire

study area especially along the foot hills of plateau area. The NDVI value is calculated from

the red band and NIR band of the ASTER data and NDVI value greater than 0.5 has been

suppressed. The masked image is devoid of forest/vegetation signature and used for deriving

the mineral indices and indices value therefore is not influenced by forest cover. In the

masked image exposures of laterite and Bauxite appear bright whereas the forested area

becomes darker. The assumption in calculating the mineral indices lies in the fact that

gibbsite; mineral for alumina has characteristic absorption at 2.260 micrometer as evident by

the USGS mineral spectra convolved to ASTER band pass (figure 4). For the purpose of

ASTER indices for delineating Bauxite rich zone within laterite, ASTER channel 7 and

CHANNEL 4 are is used to calculate the Bauxite indices map. Lower the value of indices

map higher is the content of alumina.

2.4 Result & Discussion

Satellite based study often plays crucial role in delineating deposits which have prominent

geomorphic, spectral signatures. Therefore, earlier worker successfully used multispectral

satellite data for Bauxite mapping. Das, 2010 analyzed the spectral signatures of

laterite/bauxite, vegetation and red soil and showed that in TM band 7, vegetation gives low

reflectance and laterite/ bauxite gives high reflectance whereas in Band 4 it is viceversa.

Sanjeevi (2008) used ASTER data to delineate Bauxite and Limestone using integrated

approach with terrain parameters and spectral informations. In his work, study was focused

on image based method for detecting “pure pixels” of Bauxite.

In present study, satellite data is used to update the extent of laterite/bauxite reserve based

on characteristic geomorphic and tonal signatures. Laterite/Bauxite, in the area, occurs on

prominent plateau and laterization is extensive on top. Space borne data of ASTER FCC

image, slope map created from ASTER elevation data are used in conjunction with

field/laboratory based data on oxide concentration, spectral profiles of Bauxite and laterite

samples for Bauxite mapping. Reference geological map prepared by GSI has been used to

validate the Bauxite/Laterite distribution delineated by space borne sensors. It has been

observed that the known mines occur at higher altitude over 980 meter (figure 14) and slope

(figure15) of the terrain remains within 0-10 degree, suitable for slow draining of the rain

water ,to maintain low pH of the solution , and for enriching Al with its reprecipitation.

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Fig

ure

14:

Kn

own

Bau

xite

min

es a

nd it

s re

lati

on t

o al

titu

de

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Fig

ure

15:

Slo

pe

map

of

the

stu

dy

Are

a

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As per the understanding of Bauxitisation process; the leaching process increase with

increase of rainwater, which allow to remove dissolved silica in the solution and thus

favours stability of gibbsite in low pH condition. In the solution,concentration of dissolved

free aluminium is higher if it is in equilibrium with gibbsite than with Kaolinite

(Schellmann, 1994). Therefore, it is evident that 980 contours should be taken as the lower

limit of Bauxite occurrence and this observation correspond well with the Bauxite

distribution as visualized by image signatures and and delineated by GSI reference map.

Once the Bauxite distribution is delineated; field spectral analysis is taken as a criterion to

understand how chemical composition of Bauxite influences the spectral signature of the

Bauxite. In this regard, Spectroscopy offers the rapid method for analyzing the mineral

composition from the samples and it is found that the Lateritic Bauxite samples with high

alumina content enhances spectroscopic signature of Gibbsite (figure 16).

Figure 16: Field spectra of Bauxite showing how gibbsite absorption feature shifts with

low Alumina content

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Garu

Toto

Dum

ri

Kisk

o

GUML

A

Nawa

dih

Ghag

hra

Bend

ora

Neta

rhat

Chain

pur

LOHA

RDAG

A

Bish

unpu

rMa

huad

anr

8 9

1

26

73

54

10

04

812

2K

m

Leg

en

d

Res

ult

Valid

ati

on

Lo

cati

on

s

Up

dat

ed

bau

xit

e B

ou

nd

ary

Jhar

kha

nd

LO

CA

TIO

N I

ND

EX

MA

P

Ind

ia

ST

UD

Y A

RE

A

Jh

ark

han

d

GU

ML

A

GIR

IDIH

RA

NC

HI

DU

MK

A

LAT

EH

AR

SIM

DE

GA

KH

UN

TI

PA

LA

MU

CH

AT

RA

GA

RH

WA

WE

ST

SIN

GH

BH

UM

HA

ZA

RIB

AG

H

BO

KA

RO

GO

DD

A

PA

KU

R

DE

OG

HA

R

DH

AN

BA

D

EA

ST

SIN

GH

BH

UM

JAM

TA

RA

SA

HIB

GA

NJ

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RM

A

RA

MG

AR

HLO

HA

RD

AG

A

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RA

IKE

LA K

HA

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AW

AN

Sample 

Points

Al2o3%

Fe2o3%

160.02

5.58

259.50

7.90

358.48

7.90

455.60

11.00

553.25

12.70

652.32

9.50

747.45

21.50

846.91

22.30

944.37

19.15

10

37.70

38.30

Fig

ure

17:

Bau

xite

En

rich

men

t m

ap s

how

ing

dif

fere

nt

Al 2

O 3

co

nte

nt

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The spectral absorption profiles (after convolved to ASTER bandwidth) for the lateritic

Bauxite samples are compared with that of the standard laboratory spectra of alumina

bearing mineral i.e. gibbsite from USGS laboratory (convolved to aster bandwidth). It is

found that lateritic Bauxite samples with high alumina value has the spectral absorption

feature of Gibbsite; this spectral absorption feature shifts from 2.26 micrometer to 2.20

micrometer as alumina content lowers in the Bauxite. This understanding led to the

derivation of ASTER indices image; which enhances this spectral absorption signature and

therefore indices image used as and this observation is used as a basis to delineate the

relative variability within Bauxite. The indices image is classified (figure 17) iteratively to

achieve the congruence between Bauxite enrichment delineated with and chemical data of

oxide concentration collected from different field points

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32

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ensin

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CHAPTER-3

THEMATIC MAPPING

3.1 Introduction

This study has been carried out to update the boundary of laterite and bauxite mineralization

in the state of Jharkhand. Present project has covered about 6676.14 sq km area distributed

in Latehar,Gumla and Lohardaga districts of Jharkhand. The area falls under SOI toposheet

nos 64M/14, 64M/15 , 73 A/1 , 73A/2 , 73A/3 , 73A/4 , 73A/5 , 73A/6 , 73A/7 , 73A/8 , 73

A/9 , 73A/10 , 73A/11.

In this project Aster data has been utilized for digital image processing. The spatial

distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of the study area on 1:1,60,000 scale is shown in figure 18.

Further, the Bauxite/Laterite bearing area has been shown on 1:50000 scale as per SOI

toposheet number (figure19-27) and nine maps have been prepared. These thematic maps

exhibit bauxite mineralization and have good correspondence with the known bauxite

distribution. Further 26 maps were also prepared on 1:25,000 scale.

On the basis of above Remote Sensing based study and thematic mapping of Bauxite

deposits in the area of 6676.14 Sq km a total of 487.05 sq km area has been demarcated as

Bauxite/Laterite bearing area in Latehar, Gumla and Lohardaga districts. As a result of this

study following maps are prepared:-

SN Map Scale Total number of Toposheets

Maps Prepared Samples collected

1 1:1,60,000 01 one A total of 45

representative

samples were

collected from

different sectors to

find out the

possible grade of

bauxite in the area.

2 1:50,000 09

(64 M/14,64

M/15,73A/3,73

A/2,73 A/4,73

A/6,73 A/7, 73

A/8,73 A/10,73

A/11)

Nine

3 1:25,000 26 Twenty Six

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Jharkhand Space Application Center     JSAC Chapter 3 

  

Rem

ote

Sens

ing

data

and

GIS

ana

lysi

s for

Min

eral

Exp

lora

tion

in J

hark

hand

33

GUML

A

LATE

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I

G

L

J

D

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K

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a

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84°3

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84°3

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84°3

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84°2

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84°2

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84°2

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23°55'0"N

23°55'0"N

23°50'0"N

23°50'0"N

23°45'0"N

23°45'0"N

23°40'0"N

23°40'0"N

23°35'0"N

23°35'0"N

23°30'0"N

23°30'0"N

23°25'0"N

23°25'0"N

23°20'0"N

23°20'0"N

23°15'0"N

23°15'0"N

23°10'0"N

23°10'0"N

23°5'0"N

23°5'0"N

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83˚52'27

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9.794

BJamira Pat Block

23°20'41

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°58'06"‐84°03'56"

76.449

CLuchutPat Block

23˚11'48''‐23˚15'32''

84˚03'07

''‐84˚05'30''

12.931

DDaunapat Block

22°59'49"‐23°09'24"

84°02'06"‐84°10'10"

16.481

EAksi Pahar Block

23°31'08

"‐23°31'37''

84°07'20"‐84°08'01"

0.600

FDarichhapar Block

 23°35'10"‐23°37'59"

84°13'01"‐84°16'41"

7.519

GNetarhat,Amtipani Block

 23°10'15"‐ 23°34'57"

84°08'46

"‐84°22'13''

235.915

HBudha Pahar Block

23°42'31

"‐23°42'44''

84°22'08"‐84°22'25"

0.060

IPakhar Pat,Bagru Block

23°26'34"‐23°38'43"

84°24'32"‐84°41'57"

38.722

JSerendag Block

23°20'07''‐23

˚26'40''

84°23'12''‐84

˚32'35''

56.265

KKondlepat & Purnadih Block

23°01'25"‐ 23°03'57''

84°25'01

''‐84°28'26

''10.920

LKolda,Sukrahatu,Pakripat Block

23°12'28"‐ 23°19'41''

84°22'44

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Block W

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Latitudinal/Longitudinal exten

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GU

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II38

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17M

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Page 48: Project Report Mineral Exploration Project - …jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Mineral_exploration...Project Report Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite) By: Jharkhand

harkhand Space Application Center     JSAC  

  34

Rem

ote

Sens

ing

data

and

GIS

ana

lysi

s for

Min

eral

Exp

lora

tion

in J

hark

hand

R

emot

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ta a

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ater

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Top

osh

eet

No

64M

/14

Page 49: Project Report Mineral Exploration Project - …jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Mineral_exploration...Project Report Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite) By: Jharkhand

Jharkhand Space Application Center     JSAC Chapter 3 

  

Rem

ote

Sens

ing

data

and

GIS

ana

lysi

s for

Min

eral

Exp

lora

tion

in J

hark

hand

35

Ors

a

Basd

ini

Dhur

hari

Amba

kana

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atol

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itoli

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Page 50: Project Report Mineral Exploration Project - …jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Mineral_exploration...Project Report Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite) By: Jharkhand

harkhand Space Application Center     JSAC  

  36

Rem

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Sens

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data

and

GIS

ana

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s for

Min

eral

Exp

lora

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in J

hark

hand

R

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Top

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No

73 A

/2

Page 51: Project Report Mineral Exploration Project - …jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Mineral_exploration...Project Report Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite) By: Jharkhand

Jharkhand Space Application Center     JSAC Chapter 3 

  

Rem

ote

Sens

ing

data

and

GIS

ana

lysi

s for

Min

eral

Exp

lora

tion

in J

hark

hand

37

Dum

ri

Albe

rt Ek

ka

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°0'0

"E23°15'0"N

23°15'0"N

23°10'0"N

23°10'0"N

23°5'0"N

23°5'0"N

23°0'0"N

23°0'0"N

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64M

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64M

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64M

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64M

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64M

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me

nt

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ark

han

d

Geo

sci

en

ces D

ivis

ion

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tiona

l R

em

ote

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g C

ente

rIn

dia

n S

pace R

ese

arc

h O

rga

niz

atio

nB

ala

na

ga

r, H

ydera

bad

Jha

rkha

nd

Space A

pp

lication C

ente

rD

epart

ment of In

form

ation T

ech

no

logy

Govern

me

nt

of Jh

ark

han

dE

ngin

eers

' H

oste

l-I, D

hurw

a S

ecto

r- III

Ranchi-

83

40

04, Jhark

hand

Pro

ject B

y :

Ind

iaJ

hark

ha

nd

Jh

ark

han

d

ST

UD

Y A

RE

A

LO

CA

TIO

N M

AP

GU

ML

A

GIR

IDIH

RA

NC

HI

PA

LA

MU

DU

MK

A

LA

TE

HA

R

CH

AT

RA

GA

RH

WA

SIM

DE

GA

WE

ST

SIN

GH

BH

UM

KH

UN

TI

HA

ZA

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AG

H

BO

KA

RO

GO

DD

A

PA

KU

R

DE

OG

HA

R

DH

AN

BA

D

EA

ST

SIN

GH

BH

UM

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TA

RA

SA

HIB

GA

NJ

KO

DE

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A

LO

HA

RD

AG

A

RA

MG

AR

H SA

RA

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LA

KH

AR

SA

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p p

rep

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era

l E

xp

lora

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n P

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us

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en

sin

g a

nd

GIS

te

ch

niq

ue

s

Fo

r O

ffic

ial U

se

On

lyR

ep

rod

ucti

on

of

the m

ap

in

an

y f

orm

is

str

ictl

y p

roh

ibit

ed

73 A

/4

Sca

le 1

:50

00

0

CHHATTI

SGARH

SA

NK

H R

IVER

BA

SA

NA

DI

03

69

1.5

Km

Leg

en

dS

ettle

me

nt

Sta

te B

ou

nd

ary

Dis

tric

t B

ou

nda

ry

Ra

il Lin

e

Ma

jor

Ro

ad

s

Oth

er

Ro

ads

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er/

Wate

r B

ody

Re

se

rve

d F

ore

st

Pro

tecte

d F

ore

st

Ba

uxite/L

ate

rite

Blo

ck B

oun

dary

Fig

ure

22:

Sp

atia

l Dis

trib

uti

on o

f B

auxi

te/L

ater

ite

of S

OI

Top

osh

eet

No

73 A

/4

Page 52: Project Report Mineral Exploration Project - …jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Mineral_exploration...Project Report Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite) By: Jharkhand

harkhand Space Application Center     JSAC  

  38

Rem

ote

Sens

ing

data

and

GIS

ana

lysi

s for

Min

eral

Exp

lora

tion

in J

hark

hand

R

emot

e Se

nsin

g da

ta a

nd G

IS a

naly

sis f

or M

iner

al E

xplo

rati

on in

Jha

rkha

nd

Gar

u

Late

har

Bis

hunp

ur

Pesh

rar

Bar

wad

ih

Man

ika

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uada

nr

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Rud

Dud

u

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e

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Mrm

u

Sim

a

Tati

Jari

Jalta

God

no

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iaH

asia

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agA

dhar

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gu

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th

Hes

ia

Dar

amK

ipia

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ar

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ne

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haJa

mti Kat

ia

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ri

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pur

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atu

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kam

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atu

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ol

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ahi

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har

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ahar

Late

har

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hrla

Bin

gara

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keri

Naw

adih

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ghri

Patr

atu

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irai

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toli

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rar

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tuya

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Ban

alat

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gura

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dppa

r

Cha

tnoh

i

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itanr

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aTa

rwad

ih

Naw

agar

h

Mur

gidi

hN

awat

oli

Kal

kulh

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arto

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mka

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Sang

adih

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a

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inch

u

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akha

r

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aB

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atan

r

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li

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Mad

arta

nr

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mas

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elud

tanr

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eshp

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atan

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li

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daha

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arna

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obar

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anto

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titan

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a K

has

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erat

anr

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Khu

rd

Bric

k K

lin

Reh

arat

anr

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inam

ara

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erat

anr

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eshg

arh

Nar

ayan

pur

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yata

nr

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agto

la

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uada

par

Bah

ilato

liJa

man

itoni

Tang

rato

li

Dim

kant

ola

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ohita

n

Jhab

arba

ndh

Tiro

v K

alan

Gul

anya

tanr

Gid

pani

tola

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jiyat

ol

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jiato

la

Dar

ichh

apar

Tem

arka

rcha

Bar

kala

fion

Man

an C

huta

g

Ban

birw

atol

a

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ira J

agir

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arid

ahar

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rtol

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tisak

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a

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hurk

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atik

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li

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daliy

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i

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appa

r

Jam

jhar

iyat

oli

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wat

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i

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huka

raha

tali

84

°30'0

"E

84

°30'0

"E

84

°25'0

"E

84

°25'0

"E

84

°20'0

"E

84

°20'0

"E

84

°15'0

"E

84

°15'0

"E

23°45'0"N

23°45'0"N

23°40'0"N

23°40'0"N

23°35'0"N

23°35'0"N

23°30'0"N

23°30'0"N

Sp

ati

al

Dis

trib

uti

on

of

Bau

xit

e/L

ate

rite

in

Jh

ark

ha

nd

Sta

te

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72

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73

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In C

ollo

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ratio

n w

ith

Dir

ecto

rate

of G

eolo

gy

De

pa

rtm

en

t o

f M

ine

s a

nd G

eolo

gy

Gove

rnm

ent

of

Jh

ark

han

d

Geo

scie

nce

s D

ivis

ion

Na

tio

na

l R

em

ote

Sen

sin

g C

ente

rIn

dia

n S

pace R

ese

arc

h O

rga

niz

ation

Ba

lana

ga

r, H

yd

era

bad

Jha

rkha

nd

Sp

ace A

pp

lication

Ce

nte

rD

epa

rtm

en

t o

f In

form

atio

n T

ech

no

logy

Gove

rnm

ent

of

Jh

ark

han

dE

ngin

eers

' H

oste

l-I, D

hurw

a S

ecto

r- III

Ra

nchi-

83

40

04

, Jh

ark

han

d

Pro

ject

By :

Ind

iaJh

ark

han

d

Jh

ark

han

dS

TU

DY

AR

EA

LO

CA

TIO

N M

AP

GU

ML

A

GIR

IDIH

RA

NC

HI

PA

LA

MU

DU

MK

A

LAT

EH

AR

CH

AT

RA

GA

RH

WA

SIM

DE

GA

WE

ST

SIN

GH

BH

UM

KH

UN

TI

HA

ZA

RIB

AG

H

BO

KA

RO

GO

DD

A

PA

KU

R

DE

OG

HA

R

DH

AN

BA

D

EA

ST

SIN

GH

BH

UM

JAM

TA

RA

SA

HIB

GA

NJ

KO

DE

RM

A

RA

MG

AR

H

LO

HA

RD

AG

A

SA

RA

IKE

LA

KH

AR

SA

WA

N

Ma

p p

rep

are

d u

nd

er

Min

era

l E

xp

lora

tio

n P

roje

ct

us

ing

Re

mo

te S

en

sin

g a

nd

GIS

tec

hn

iqu

es

Fo

r O

ffic

ial U

se O

nly

Rep

rod

ucti

on

of

the m

ap

in

an

y f

orm

is s

tric

tly p

roh

ibit

ed

73 A

/6

Scale

1:5

00

00

03

69

1.5

Km

NO

RTH

KO

EL R

IVE

R

AU

RA

NG

A R

IVER

Leg

en

dS

ettle

ment

Sta

te B

oun

dary

Dis

tric

t B

oun

dary

Rail

Lin

e

Ma

jor

Road

s

Oth

er

Roa

ds

Riv

er/

Wate

r B

ody

Rese

rve

d F

ore

st

Pro

tecte

d F

ore

st

Bauxite/L

ate

rite

Blo

ck B

ound

ary

Fig

ure

23:

Sp

atia

l Dis

trib

uti

on o

f B

auxi

te/L

ater

ite

of S

OI

Top

osh

eet

No

73 A

/6

Page 53: Project Report Mineral Exploration Project - …jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Mineral_exploration...Project Report Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite) By: Jharkhand

Jharkhand Space Application Center     JSAC Chapter 3 

  

Rem

ote

Sens

ing

data

and

GIS

ana

lysi

s for

Min

eral

Exp

lora

tion

in J

hark

hand

39

Bis

hunp

ur

Gha

ghra

Pesh

rar

Dum

ri

Gar

u

Mah

uada

nr

Mah

uada

nr

Cha

inpu

r

Ro

i

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Lap

u

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e

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ta

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an

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ng

a

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a

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sih

Po

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dil

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nd

o

Jan

hu

r

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ag

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ny

ai

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tu

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tdi

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g

An

ku

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Ch

iari

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att

i

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en

ra

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pa

kh

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li

Ch

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am

deri H

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ng

loia

toli

84

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"E

84

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"E

84

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"E

84

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"E

84

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"E

84

°20'0

"E

84

°15'0

"E

84

°15'0

"E

23°30'0"N

23°30'0"N

23°25'0"N

23°25'0"N

23°20'0"N

23°20'0"N

23°15'0"N

23°15'0"N

Sp

ati

al

Dis

trib

uti

on

of

Bau

xit

e/L

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rite

in

Jh

ark

ha

nd

Sta

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73A

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In C

ollo

bo

ratio

n w

ith

Dir

ecto

rate

of G

eolo

gy

De

pa

rtm

en

t of M

ine

s a

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ent of

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d

Geo

scie

nce

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ivis

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ote

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sin

g C

ente

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dia

n S

pace R

ese

arc

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niz

ation

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lana

gar, H

yd

era

bad

Jha

rkha

nd

Sp

ace A

pp

lication

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nte

rD

epa

rtm

en

t o

f In

form

ation T

ech

no

logy

Gove

rnm

ent

of Jh

ark

han

dE

ngin

eers

' H

oste

l-I, D

hurw

a S

ecto

r- I

IIR

anchi-

83

40

04, Jh

ark

hand

Pro

ject B

y :

Ind

iaJh

ark

han

d

Jh

ark

han

dS

TU

DY

AR

EA

LO

CA

TIO

N M

AP

GU

ML

A

GIR

IDIH

RA

NC

HI

PA

LA

MU

DU

MK

A

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AR

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AT

RA

GA

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WA

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DE

GA

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ST

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UM

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TI

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DE

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EA

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H

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SA

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pre

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red

un

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Min

era

l E

xp

lora

tio

n P

roje

ct

usin

g R

em

ote

Sen

sin

g a

nd

GIS

tec

hn

iqu

es

Fo

r O

ffic

ial U

se O

nly

Rep

rod

ucti

on

of

the m

ap

in

an

y f

orm

is s

tric

tly p

roh

ibit

ed

73

A/7

Scale

1:5

0000

03

69

1.5

Km

NORTH

KOEL

RIVER

Leg

en

d

Settle

ment

Sta

te B

oundary

Dis

tric

t B

oundary

Rail

Lin

e

Majo

r R

oad

s

Oth

er

Roa

ds

Riv

er/

Wate

r B

ody

Reserv

ed F

ore

st

Pro

tecte

d F

ore

st

Bauxite/L

ate

rite

Blo

ck B

oundary

Sam

ple

Locations

Fig

ure

24:

Sp

atia

l Dis

trib

utio

n o

f B

auxi

te/L

ater

ite

of S

OI

Top

osh

eet

No

73 A

/7

Page 54: Project Report Mineral Exploration Project - …jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Mineral_exploration...Project Report Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite) By: Jharkhand

harkhand Space Application Center     JSAC  

  40

Rem

ote

Sens

ing

data

and

GIS

ana

lysi

s for

Min

eral

Exp

lora

tion

in J

hark

hand

R

emot

e Se

nsin

g da

ta a

nd G

IS a

naly

sis f

or M

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al E

xplo

rati

on in

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rkha

nd

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ri

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la

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In C

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ratio

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Dir

ecto

rate

of G

eolo

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pa

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ine

s a

nd G

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rnm

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sin

g C

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rIn

dia

n S

pace R

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arc

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niz

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lana

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yd

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bad

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rtm

en

t o

f In

form

ation T

ech

no

logy

Gove

rnm

ent

of Jh

ark

han

dE

ngin

eers

' H

oste

l-I, D

hurw

a S

ecto

r- I

IIR

anchi-

83

40

04, Jh

ark

hand

Pro

ject B

y :

Ind

iaJh

ark

han

d

Jh

ark

han

dS

TU

DY

AR

EA

LO

CA

TIO

N M

AP

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pre

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era

l E

xp

lora

tio

n P

roje

ct

usin

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em

ote

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sin

g a

nd

GIS

tec

hn

iqu

es

Fo

r O

ffic

ial U

se O

nly

Rep

rod

ucti

on

of

the m

ap

in

an

y f

orm

is s

tric

tly p

roh

ibit

ed

73

A/8

Scale

1:5

0000

03

69

1.5

Km

NO

RTH

KO

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IVE

R

SA

NK

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Reserv

ed F

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st

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tecte

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st

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ate

rite

Blo

ck B

oundary

Fig

ure

25:

Sp

atia

l Dis

trib

uti

on o

f B

auxi

te/L

ater

ite

of S

OI

Top

osh

eet

No

73 A

/8

Page 55: Project Report Mineral Exploration Project - …jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Mineral_exploration...Project Report Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite) By: Jharkhand

Jharkhand Space Application Center     JSAC Chapter 3 

  

Rem

ote

Sens

ing

data

and

GIS

ana

lysi

s for

Min

eral

Exp

lora

tion

in J

hark

hand

41

Kis

ko

Pesh

rarLa

teha

r

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84

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A/7

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83

40

04

, Jh

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Pro

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ap

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73 A

/10

Scale

1:5

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0

03

69

1.5

Km

AU

RA

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A R

IVE

R

SANKH RIVER

KIS

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en

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Pro

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ure

26:

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atia

l Dis

trib

uti

on o

f B

auxi

te/L

ater

ite

of S

OI

Top

osh

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No

73 A

/10

Page 56: Project Report Mineral Exploration Project - …jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Mineral_exploration...Project Report Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite) By: Jharkhand

harkhand Space Application Center     JSAC  

  42

Rem

ote

Sens

ing

data

and

GIS

ana

lysi

s for

Min

eral

Exp

lora

tion

in J

hark

hand

R

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84

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84

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84

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"E

84

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84

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"E

84

°35'0

"E

84

°30'0

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84

°30'0

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23°30'0"N

23°30'0"N

23°25'0"N

23°25'0"N

23°20'0"N

23°20'0"N

23°15'0"N

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Sp

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nd

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N/9

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73A

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/8

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73

A/1

5

73A

/10

73A

/14

In C

ollo

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ration

with

Directo

rate

of G

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han

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' H

oste

l-I, D

hurw

a S

ecto

r- I

IIR

anchi-

8340

04

, Jhark

han

d

Pro

ject

By :

Ind

iaJh

ark

han

d

Jh

ark

han

dS

TU

DY

AR

EA

LO

CA

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AP

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LA

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DU

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A

LA

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DE

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ST

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AG

H

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A

PA

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DE

OG

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AN

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EA

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p p

rep

are

d u

nd

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era

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xp

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r O

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nly

Rep

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ucti

on

of

the m

ap

in

an

y f

orm

is s

tric

tly p

roh

ibit

ed

73 A

/11

Sca

le 1

:5000

0

03

69

1.5

Km

SOUTH KOEL R

IVER

Leg

en

d

Settle

ment

Sta

te B

ou

ndary

Dis

tric

t B

ou

ndary

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Lin

e

Majo

r R

oad

s

Oth

er

Roa

ds

Riv

er/

Wate

r B

ody

Reserv

ed F

ore

st

Pro

tecte

d F

ore

st

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/Late

rite

Blo

ck B

oun

dary

Sam

ple

Loca

tions

Fig

ure

27:

Sp

atia

l Dis

trib

utio

n o

f B

auxi

te/L

ater

ite

of S

OI

Top

oshe

et N

o 73

A/1

1

Page 57: Project Report Mineral Exploration Project - …jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Mineral_exploration...Project Report Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite) By: Jharkhand

Jharkhand Space Application Center     JSAC Chapter 3 

  

Rem

ote

Sens

ing

data

and

GIS

ana

lysi

s for

Min

eral

Exp

lora

tion

in J

hark

hand

43

3.2 Description of Deposits

The total bauxite bearing area demarcated by using remote sensing technology has been

divided into twelve blocks .The longitudinal and latitudinal extent and area of

bauxite/Laterite deposits in each of the blocks is given in Table 5.

Table 5: Block Wise Details of Bauxite/Laterite Deposits

Total Area of Bauxite /Laterite – 487.05 sq km

Block Wise Details of Bauxite/Laterite Deposits

Block Block Name Latitudinal/Longitudinal extent of Blocks

Area of Bauxite/ Laterite (in sq km.)

A GulgulPat Block 23˚34'03''23˚35'54'' 83˚52'27''-83˚56'30'' 09.79

B Jamira Pat Block 23°20'41'-23°34'10" 83°58'06"-84°03'56" 76.45

C LuchutPat Block 23˚11'48''23˚15'32'' 84˚03'07''-84˚05'30'' 12.93

D Daunapat Block 22°59'49"-23°09'24" 84°02'06"-84°10'10" 16.48

E Aksi Block 23°31'08"-23°31'37'' 84°07'20"-84°08'01" 0.60

F DarichhaPahar Block 23°35'10"-23°37'59" 84°13'01"-84°16'41" 7.52

G Netarhat,Amtipani Block 23°10'15"-23°34'57" 84°08'46"-84°22'13'' 235.92

H BudhaPahar Block 23°42'31"-23°42'44'' 84°22'08"-84°22'25" 0.06

I Pakhar Pat,Bagru Block 23°26'34"-23°38'43" 84°24'32"-84°41'57" 38.72

J Serendag Block 23°20'07''-23˚26'40'' 84°23'12''-84˚32'35'' 56.26

K Kondlepat & Purnadih Block 23°01'25"-23°03'57'' 84°25'01''-84°28'26'' 10.92

L Kolda,Sukrahatu,PakripatBlock 23°12'28"-23°19'41'' 84°22'44''-84°27'30'' 21.39

Page 58: Project Report Mineral Exploration Project - …jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Mineral_exploration...Project Report Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite) By: Jharkhand

harkhand Space Application Center     JSAC  

  44

Rem

ote

Sens

ing

data

and

GIS

ana

lysi

s for

Min

eral

Exp

lora

tion

in J

hark

hand

R

emot

e Se

nsin

g da

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Figure 28: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Gulgul Pat Block

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#

Hesatu

Raikhera

Lotatoli

Birjupur

Kernutoni

Serangdar

Barikhikhet

83°55'0"E

83°55'0"E

23°3

5'0

"N

23°3

5'0

"N

®

Ku

lhi N

ad

i

CHHATTISGARH

0 0.9 1.8 Km

73A/1

73A/2

73A/3

64M/9

64M/11

64M/13

64M/10 64M/14

64M/15

Legend

Major Roads

Gulgulpat Block

River/WaterBody

Minor Roads

! Settlement

State boundary

# Sample Locations

Protected Forest

Bauxite/Laterite

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Block A – Gulgul Pat Block 

The block (Figure 28) lies in SOI toposheet no 64 M/14 between latitude 23˚34’ to 23˚36’

and longitude 83˚52’ to 83˚56’.It is situated in Garhwa district. The area of bauxite /Laterite

in this block as delineated using aster data is 9.794 sq km. The average elevation of the area

is above 1000 m. The area lies south of Hesatu village (83°54'16"E 23°36'45"N)

approachable by road via Barwadih-Mandal around 80 km apart.The area is accessible from

Mahuadanr also.The nearest railaway station is Barwadih which is about 50 km north of it.

The Pat represents a terrace like topography rising from North to South. Main stream is

River Koel which flows in the area near village Kutku. Chemical analysis of samples reveals

Al2O3% above 40% (Source: DMG, Govt.of Jharkhand).

Block B – Jamira Pat Block

Jamira Pat block(Figure 29), situated west of Chhechhari valley, in Latehar district runs

parallel to Pakri Pat and Netarhat plateau and is a potential source of bauxite. The Pat falling

in SOI toposheet no.64 M/14,64 M/15,73 A/2,73 A/3 can be divided into three parts— the

northern part known as Tamolgarh area (23o32’; 84o02’), the central part known as Chiro-

Kukud area (23o27’;84o0’) and the southern part known as Orsa Pat (23o24’; 83o59’). The

total Bauxite/Laterite bearing area in the block inferred from the study is 76.45 sq km.

The area is approachable from Chainpur by fair weathered road via Dumri. Chainpur ,a

block Headquarter is situated at a distance of 126 km from Ranchi.The nearest railhead is

Lohardaga which is 104 km from Chainpur .

In the Tamolgarh area a deposit having a thickness of about 10 feet is exposed in the scarp.

The chemical analysis report of samples of the area reveal average Al2O3- 63.60%, Fe2O3 -

0.98%, TiO2 -10.72%, and SiO2 - 0.52% (Source:GSI).

In the Chiro-Kukud area bauxite is exposed west of Sisatoli to Kukud-Dudagatoli path on

the northern side of the plateau. The bauxite reported are good quality bauxites.

Similarly in the Orsa Pat area bauxite is exposed at the head of the nala situated south of

Ambakonatoli and in the scarps of the Bera nala. Chemical analysis of samples of Orsa Pat

show that Al2O3 varies from 58.90%-59.21%, Fe2O3 varies from 1.80-2.10% , TiO2 varies

from 10.42-11.51%, SiO2 from 0.92-0.98% (Source:GSI).

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Figure29: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Jamira Pat Block

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#

#

#

#

#

Ladh

Orsa

Tahi

Janta

Kukud

Chiro

Mirgi

LagsiHathi

Katho

Parhi

Chetma

BanduaJamdih

Tumbal

Tamoli

ParewaUrumbi

Tewahi Jalpur

Asnari

Morhar

Khanpa

Bardara

Tukudih

Nwatoli

Basdini

Bartoli

Sarkain

Hudugara

Bugludih

Dumardih

Kurkudih

Pkhardih

Dhurhari

Gathgaon

NawatoliChainpur

Ambakana

Kenatoli

Ambatoli

Patrungi

Jariatoli

SumubandhSimarkhar

Kakudroli

Shisatoli

Karamtoli

MahuadanrPakritoli

BaigatoliNajhatoli

MahuatoliPathatoli

Khaiurtola

Pandritoli

Chikhikana

Dakhintoli

84°0'0"E

84°0'0"E

23°3

0'0

"N

23°3

0'0

"N

BURHA RIVER

CH

HAT

TIS

GA

RH

®

0 3 6 Km

73A/673A/2

73A/7

73A/873A/4

73A/3

64M/14

64M/16

64M/15

Legend

Jamira Pat Block

Major Roads River/WaterBody

Minor Roads

State boundary

Settlement!

Sample Locations# Bauxite/Laterite

Protected Forest

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Block C-Luchut Pat

This block (Figure 30) falls in SOI Toposheet No 73 A/3 & 73 A/4 between latitude

23˚11’’47.7’’to 23˚15’34.5’’and longitude 84˚03’07’’ to 84˚05’ 30.50’’. The pat lies in

western part of Gumla District.

Figure 30: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Luchut Pat Block

!

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#

Kathgaon

Ganedara

Asurtoli

Majhgaon

Mahuadih

Darritoli

Mahuatoli

Batastoli

Luchutpat

Bobdipani

Dumbartoli

Tikhargarhd

Pahardiantoli

®

0 1 2 Km

CH

HA

TT

ISG

AR

H

73A/7

73A/8

73A/3

73B/1

73A/4

73B/564N/13

64M/16

64M/15

Legend

Major Roads

Luchutpat Block! Settlement

# Sample Locations Minor Roads

State boundary Bauxite/Laterite

Protected Forest

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The block is approachable by road from Chainpur via Dumri.The total area of

Bauxite/Laterite pockets delineated using remote sensing technology in this block is 12.93

sq km.

The bed rocks in the area include Chotanagpur granite gneiss, some basaltic trap rocks.

Chemical analysis report of samples of the area reveal average Al2O3- 55.26%, Fe2O3 -

6.44%, TiO2 - 9.20% and SiO2 - 2.01% (Source:GSI).

Block D-Daunapat Area

The area falls in SOI Toposheet No 73 A/4 between latitude 23˚00’3.00’’ to 23˚09’34.8’’and

longitude 84˚01’40’’ to 84˚09’ 58.6’’ in Gumla District(Figure 31). The area is approachable

from Chainpur,a block headquarter by a 26 km fair weather road via Dumri . The nearest

railhead is at Lohardaga situated at a distance of 120 km from the area.

The total area of bauxite /Laterite promising zones in the block is 16.48 sq km. The pat is

flat topped, the elevation being 1016.46 m above MSL. The drainage of the area is the main

river Sankh in which all the tributaries and rivulets merge themselves. The alluvium covered

and the partly uncovered Laterite and bauxite on this pat mostly lies directly over the

Granite Gneiss which forms the basement of the area and later intruded by the basic rocks.

The Granite gneiss of the area is highly metamorphosed. The laterite exposed along the edge

of scarp is of ferruginous type. The laterite and bauxite of the pat area occurs as segregated

boulders .The bauxite samples of the area are hard ,compact and fine grained and bears

pisolitic to glassy texture.. Chemical analysis report of samples of Daunapat area reveals that

average Al2O3- 43.69%, Fe2O3-29.79%,TiO2-3.52% and L.O.I - 17.70%(Source:DMG,Govt.

of Jharkhand).

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Figure 31: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in DaunaPat Block 

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!!!!

!!

#

Asta

Koda

DumriBirri

KarniSudli

Parsa

Jarda

Katari

Sidhma

Khetli

Bichra

Panchi

Sakhpur

BargaonJitidto

Beltoli

Belgoon

Lakhara

Damapat

Lawabar

Bhabari

Urakana

Dipatoli

Karamdon

KanrwaliChiraian

Hethiada

Barwadih

Rudrapur

Barkadih

PatratoliKataltoli

Jokidohar

Pakeltoli RatantoliJilingtol Karamtoli

Khutakona

Barakatra

Ratasilli

Gaokhanda

Tetartoli

Goreadipa

Banratoli

Tetartoli

Dumartoli

Bhaujitoli

Dumburtoli

Sembartoli

Mangratoli

Sarangadih

Bhikhampur

Chhatakotra

Birainskunr

Mandariatoli

Mandoridtoli

84°10'0"E

84°10'0"E

23°1

0'0

"N

23°1

0'0

"N

23°0

'0"N

23°0

'0"N

®

CH

HA

TTISG

AR

H

Sasa Nadi

Laphiri Nadi

Ch

irra

Nad

i

0 3 6 Km

73A/7

73A/8

73A/3

73B/1

73A/4

73B/564N/13

64M/16

64M/15

Protected Forest

River/WaterBody

Legend

Major Roads

State boundary

! Settlement

# Sample Locations

Minor Roads

Daunapat Block

Bauxite/Laterite

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#

Aksi

Chetma

Pipartol

Jariatoli

Banskorcha

23°3

0'0

"N

23°3

0'0

"N

®Sasa Nadi

Burha R

iver

0 1 2 Km

73A/673A/2

73A/573A/1

73A/773A/3

64M/13

64M/14

64M/15

Legend

#

Major Roads

Aksi Block! Settlement

Sample Locations

Minor Roads Bauxite/Laterite

Protected Forest

Reserved ForestRiver/WaterBody

Block E – Aksi Block

This Block(Figure 32) lies between latitude 23°31'08"to 23°31'37'' and longitude 84°07'20"

to 84°08'01" in SOI toposheet No 73A/2. The average elevation of the area is 1072 meter

Figure 32: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Aksi Block

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above mean sea level. The area lies in South part of the Latehar district.The area is

accessible via Mahuadanr by road. No good deposits of Bauxite found in the area . The total

area of Laterite in the block as inferred from the study is 0.60 sq km. The chemical analysis

reveal that the Al2O3 content is around 35% (Source:GSI).

Block F – Darichhapahar Block

Figure 33: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Darichhapahar Block

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Kul

Garu

Salwe

Kotam

Siram

Kabri

Karwai

Goandi

Huraag

Moroma

Imartola

Hethatol

ChiraiyaBarbandh

Lahantanr

DaldaliyaLahargara

Baigatoli

Hendahans

Furdagtola

Dhangartola

Birijiyatol

Darichhapar

Sarnadihtola

ShukaridaharMaunadhbrhatoli

23°4

0'0

"N

23°4

0'0

"N

®Sasa Nadi

North Koel R

iver

Kari N

adi

0 1 2 Km

73A/673A/2

73A/573A/1

73A/773A/3

64M/13

64M/14

64M/15

Legend

Major Roads

Darichhapahar Block! Settlement

# Sample Locations

Minor Roads Bauxite/Laterite

Protected Forest

Reserved ForestRiver/WaterBody

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The block (Figure 33) lies between latitude 23°35'10"to 23°37'59" and longitude

84°13'01"to 84°16'41" in Latehar District. The average elevation of the area is 1000 m

above mean sea level. The area lies in SOI toposheet No 73A/2 and 73 A/6.The deposit is

basically lateritic with poor quality of bauxite. The area is accessible by road via Netarhat.

The total area of Laterite deposits in this block is 7.52 sq km.

Block G – Netarhat, Amtipani Block

The block(Figure 34) lies in SOI toposheet No 73A/2,73 A/3,73A/4,73A/6, 73A/7 and

73A/8 between latitude 23°10'24.48"to 23°34'42.3" and longitude 84°08'17.15" to

84°22'35.22".The block is situated in Latehar and Gumla districts. The total area of bauxite

/Laterite as inferred from the study is around 235.92 sq km. The area is well connected by

metalled road to Netarhat. Amtipani village , the central area of the block is 40 km from

Bishunpur ,a block headquarter on Netarhat-Ranchi road and 90 km from Lohardaga,the

nearest town and railhead .The southern part of the block including Chandipat, Lupungpat,

Besna ,Dokapat,Barpat, Bhaglatoli is around 50 km from Chainpur block headquarters and

is easily approachable by long fair weathered road.

Netarhat Plateau

Good deposits of bauxite occur on the eastern run of Daswan Pat. However the deposits are

irregular and pocket.The samples from the area reveal that average Al2O3 - 60.58%, Fe2O3 -

1.92%, TiO2 - 11.50%, and SiO2 - 1.76%.

Joradumar and Guritanr Pahar

Bauxite occur as small, isolated pockets in the south-east and north-east corner of Joradumar

Pahar and on the north-east slope of Guritanr Pahar. The quantity of bauxite, however, may

be very small.

Amtipani Bauxite

Amtipani Bauxite deposit in Gumla district lies between Latitudes 23° 20' and 23°23’ and

Longitudes 84°16' and 84°19' is divided, into eight blocks, namely Chhatasarai, Amtipani,

Pat-Lodha (North), Jobhipat (South), Jobhipat (North), Chauradih and Korkottoli.

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Figure 34: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Netarhat,Amtipani Block

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GUMLA

LATEHAR

Rud

Roi

Aksi

Tati

AdheDipa

JariJari

Sale

Lapu

Beti

Hari

MariRehe

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Dabu

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RangeLagsi

JahupNaimaTerwa

Bendi

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Oreya

Jehan

Longa

Hisri HeltaKutlu

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Husih

Konji Gutua

Kodil

Akasi

Hedmi

PakniKathi Bespa

Sukri Ormal

MalamDumri Bamda

Chetma

ChanpiRmseli Korcha

Kamdri

Nirasi

Bandua

Pandra Bhrang

Martua

Janhur

Bethot

Barahi

Monyai

Hirsir

Balatu

Banari

Hesrag

Ankuri ChiariBalwar

Chatti

Chenra

Kurund

MundarIrawal

Chatam

Jurinu Baldto

Barpat

Jakari

Bijapa Tendar

JanawaSemala

Tangro

Dahkul

Examba Salami

Kereng

Kereng

Bandua

Katari

RachangGhutuya

Aunrath

BanalatNwatoli

MunabihJamtoli

Bartoli

Bartoli

Tuntoli Kewarki Jimbada

ShahpurBartoli

Ladapat

Manjira

JehanguHettola

GhaghraBimaria

Anabiri

Bartoli

Naogain

BartoliBatawal

Natawal

TusgaonParnath

BartoliKatkahiDargaon Karanku

Chandgo

JairagiGhaghri

LorambaNaugain Kerabar

SargaonSakhpur

JamgalnTilwari

Jitidto

ChiraiyaBarbandh

Hudugara

Jengtoli

Pataniya

BaritoliBijarpur

PurdndihPipartol

Nawatoli

MisrtoliHakajangRehaldag

Netarhat

BaraudihBerltoli

Gathgaon

ChainpurHaritoliGarh Bur

Rajdanda

Naniudag DanrtoliKokstoli

ChirngriDamardih

BsrampurAmbatoli NawatoliNawatoli RanitolaJobhiyat Danrtoli

Patrungi Udaitoni

KerdkharBahagara Kubatoli

Amthrasi

Nawatoli

NawatoliDipatoli

AmbatoliChiradih

Aunnapat

HerbtoliDandarid

AmbatoliNawatoli Nawatoli

Jatragri

NauhattaRajaderaTopetoliAmbatoli Ambakona

Pichapar

Ligirpat BikatoliSaraidih

KurktoliPutrangiKathgaon

Ujrdtoli

KanatoliDanrtoli

KarasiliDumardanMajhgaon

Mahuadih SonatoliAsurtoli

Chachali

NawatoliDipatoli

Gamharia

UpartoliRointoli

Jariatoli

SumubandhBaghdegwa

Danrkocha Dumortoli

Harnatoli

Batuatoli

GobarsolaBalamthuaMalantoli

ArapadaraMohnatoli

PipratoliPusetipatBaigatoli Bangatoli

KaramtoliMahuatoli

TilaitanrAunratoli

GorratoliGumhdrpat

Saiyatoli

ParhatoliMahuadanr

TetartoliSimartoli

BishunpurKaramtoli

ArphhaliaKisaqtoli

KoikoteatChapakana

Mahuatoli Chauradih

KaramtoliChabarpatChirotoli Ghhaitola Mahuotoli

Chandawai Harhatoli

BhntutoliPabantoli

UjbaktoliChandipatAunratoli

Pakritoli Heswatoli

DenraganiSarnutoli

TangatoliHarratoliBaigatoli Patragani

DumburpatKaraatoliMahuatoli

BatastoliJarhatoli

JarhatoliBudhutoliBhelwadih

GhaghtoliBhagitoliLathatoliPakritoli

LubungtahSemartoliMahuatoli GarhatoliJatradipa

Tetartoli

SugasarwaHarradipaBaghmariaNichitpurTangardih

Kusumtoli KorkatoliJurwarotiPatratoli MundatoliParhatoliKataltoli Maheshpur KurumgarhJokidoharPakritoli

Banskorcha

Mahuadapar

Paharkocha

Dimkantola

Phatohitan

Khaiurtola

Charkakhar

PiddddrichHariagharaChapartola

BarigatoliThakirtoliTusheokonaBaherntoli

Langratanr

Kurd KhurdKurd Kalan

GaraparnarChhapatoli

Chapatolim Kothartoli

Pugrkutoli RokbantanrChatamtoli

ChataughatSudhighagh

KolhartoliSekhwatoli Dipa KujamPathlagani

Kakrangpat

CharkatoliBahmandipa

TangartoliKaranjtoli LappungpatChhichhuam

Mariamtoli

Katarikana

BuishunpurThothatoliBarwenagar

SiphritoliBhaujitoli Bhelwatola

Barkalafion

Barigarrata

Chhaparbali

Piyrasabani

BhangartoliSakhwarnita

Tamhurbtoli

Ghughrutoli

Garha Kalan

Jhapaintoli

Sanaitargar

Phulwartoli

Hurhurkarcha

Bohaar Serka

Kharwujhasia

Rapakanatoli

Kandapattoli

Bankialatoli

Sirrdriatoli

Bhariapattel

Jnakapattoli

Daldaliyatoli

Equr Newatoli

Barki Samdari

Dulusarmatoli

Kabasgutatoli

Brijia Coloeny

Burkigarhatoli

Kadolhoriatoli

Kabasgutratoli

Chilampakhatoli

Chhatki Samderi

Harrakharchatoli

Kutudiri Kutudiri

Heth Arongloiatoli

84°20'0"E

84°20'0"E

84°10'0"E

84°10'0"E

23°3

0'0

"N

23°3

0'0

"N

23°2

0'0

"N

23°2

0'0

"N

23°1

0'0

"N

®

No

rth K

oel R

iver

Bu

rha

Riv

er

®

0 5 10 Km

73A/673A/2

73A/7

73A/873A/4

73A/3 73A/11

73A/10

73A/12

Legend

Netarhat, Amtipani Block

River/WaterBody

Sample Locations

Major Roads

#

District boundary

Minor Roads

Settlement!

Bauxite/Laterite

Protected Forest

Reserved Forest

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harkhand Space Application Center     JSAC  

  54

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Amtipani plateau. Rising from an average altitude of 600 m above msl, flat-topped uplands,

locally known as 'pat', attain elevations of more than 1000 m above msl.

The plateau, invariably, has steep escarpments on its eastern margin, whereas in the western

margin it passes on to other plateau, via broad valleys having high elevations. The plateau

tops are generally dry, less vegetated. The major part of the capping is occupied by grayish

brown, yellowish-brown, brown and red lateritic soil (latosol). It is mostly associated with

the laterites. Rarely, it is associated with bauxite and in such cases, the colour of the soil is

grey or yellowish-grey. At places, the soil is mixed with reddish-brown moorum, which are

nothing but disintegrated particles of the upper pisolitic laterite. Most of the soil on the

plateau top is insitu and is a residual product of weathering. Chemical analysis of samples of

Amtipani area reveals that average Al2O3 - 55.91%, Fe2O3 - 8.7%, and SiO2-17.20%.

The extensive rocks covering the entire area and forming the basement are the granite

gneisses, massive to highly gneissic types, porphyritic with varying coarseness and

hybridized and sheared at places, containing orthoclase, microcline, oligoclase and quartz as

major constituents with biotite as the most abundant mafic mineral .These granites and

granite gneisses enclose isolated as well as extensive bands and pockets of phyllites, mica

schists, quartzites, calc-schists and calc-granulites.

Lupungpat-Dokapat-Basna –Bhaglatoli-Chandipat,-Barpat

The area is a part of southern portion of Netarhat Plateau is characterized by the extensive

covering of Laterite forming flat topography at the top. The pat with well defined

escarpment gives a distinctive feature to the area. The area is connected with main Netarhat

plateau from south via neck near bariapattolli, then Basna and then Dumarpat .On the

eastern side the area merges with Dokapat. The plateau has attained the maximum elevation

of 1028 m above msl. Sankh River in the north and Saphi Nadi in the South form main

drainage in which all tributary and rivulets discharge. Laterite in the area rests directly over

the older archean formation. Basic rocks occur in discontinuous lenses and bands.

Lupungpat is marked by the occurrence of plateau laterites. After disintegration the plateau

laterites rolls down to the scarp and further down to the complementary valleys .These talus

deposits and valley accumulations sometimes include notable pieces of high bauxite.

Bauxite occurs as localized irregular bodies generally developed near the margin of the

plateau. It is also found as segregated boulders lenses and often as sheets in the laterite

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cappings. Bauxite found in lupungpat is hard compact fine grained having pisolitic and

glassy texture. The color ranges from white to gray, gray to pink through brown and

chocolate tinge. Chemical analysis report of samples of Lupungpat reveals the average

Al2O3 - 40.74%, Fe2O3 - 33.48%, TiO2 - 3.95%, SiO2 - 2.04%, L.O.I - 10.56%,Samples of

Besna reveals that average Al2O3 - 35.48%, Fe2O3 - 31.53%, TiO2 - 3.69%, SiO2 - 11.93%,

& L.O.I - 19.18%, Samples of Bhaglatoli reveal that average Al2O3 - 31.20%, Fe2O3 -

22.66%,TiO2 - 4.41%, SiO2 - 24.56% & L.O.I - 13.10%, Samples of Barpat reveal the

average Al2O3 - 40.97%, Fe2O3 - 43.30%,TiO2 - 4.35%, SiO2 - 9.21%, L.O.I -

17.91%,Samples of Chandipat reveal the average Al2O3 - 39.87%, Fe2O3 - 26.49%,TiO2 -

7.03%, SiO2 - 8.09% & L.O.I is 20.53% (Source : DMG,Govt. of Jharkhand).

Block H- Budha Pahar

The Block(Figure 35) lies between latitude 23°42'31"to 23°42'44'' and longitude 84°22'08"to

84°22'25"in SOI Toposheet No 73 A/6 ,the average elevation being 1035 m above mean sea

level. The area lies in Latehar district and can approached by road . The deposit of the area is

lateritic with no bauxite concentration with an area of 0.06 sq km.

Block I- Khamar Pat, Bagru Area

The block (Figure 36) lies in SOI Toposheet No 73 A/6,73 A/7,73 A/10,73 A/11 and extends

between latitude 23°26'48.76"to 23°38'27.2'' and longitude 84°24'08.47"to 84°42'12.20".

The block is situated mainly in Lohardaga district and is well connected by metalled road to

Lohardaga town .The block includes the following Pats. The total area of bauxite/ Laterite

potential zones inferred from the study is around 38.72 sq km. The different Pats in the

block is described below:

Khamar Pat

This small quadrangle forming the northernmost plateau in Lohardaga district, shows

concentration of bauxite in the eastern part of the northern and southern scarps. About 1.5 m

- 2.4 m thick grey, creamy, and pisolitic bauxite occurs below 2.4 m - 3.7 m laterite.

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harkhand Space Application Center     JSAC  

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on in

Jha

rkha

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Figure 35: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in BudhaPahar Block

The bauxite is massive, compact and at places bouldery in nature. The chemical analysis of

samples of the area reveal that average Al2O3 - 59.96% , Fe2O3 - 4.62% ,TiO2 - 9.12% , SiO2

- 0.40% (Source:GSI).

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

Kone

Oria

Bingara

Kalkulhi

Bhainamara

Baheratanr

Nareshgarh

Khutgarrtola

23°4

0'0

"N

23°4

0'0

"N

®

0 1 2 Km

Dha

rdha

ri N

adi

73A/673A/2

73A/573A/1

73A/7

73A/9

73A/3 73A/11

73A/10

Legend

Major Roads

BudhaPahar Block

! Settlement

# Sample Locations

Minor Roads Bauxite/Laterite

River/WaterBody

Protected Forest

Reserved Forest

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Madua Pat

This NW-SE trending plateau (little more than 3 km in length) lies about 5 km SW of

Khamar Pat. About 1.5 m- 3 m of bauxite of various grades is exposed in the quarries. The

bauxite is pinkish or grey in colour and massive or bouldery in nature. Sometimes the

bauxite is found to grade gradually into aluminous laterite and laterite. Quarries on the-

northern scarp show development of the best duality bauxite.Chemical analysis of samples

show that Al2O3 varies from 49.72-59.99%, Fe2O3 from 3.93-8.68%, TiO2 from 0.26-

17.24%, SiO2 from 0.36-2.32% (Source:GSI).

Pakhar Pat

This is the largest plateau in this area and is situated about 3.5 km SW of Mandua Pat. Fairly

rich concentration of bauxite is found at many places, but the best quality material is found

in the northern part. About 1.3 m - 3 m thick bauxite bands are present, below a laterite

mantle of 2.4 m - 3.7 m as seen in the working quarries. On the eastern scarp, a 6 m thick

laterite band is exposed in a quarry. The scarp is well formed and is about 12 m high at

places. Chemical analysis of samples show the average Al2O3 - 61.09% , Fe2O3 - 4.18%

,TiO2 - 9.93%, SiO2 - 0.44% (Source:GSI).

Bangla Pat

This is the southwest extension of Pakhar Pat. Bauxite is exposed in some quarries, on the

eastern and southern scarps. As seen in working quarries, the thickness of the bauxite layer

varies from 1.8 m to 3.6 m and the material is of inferior quality. The thickness of the

overburden is also found to vary from 1.8 m to 3 m. Chemical analysis of samples of the

area reveal the average Al2O3 - 59.09%, Fe2O3 - 4.64% , TiO2 - 9.67%, SiO2 - 0.60%

(Source:GSI). Dhauta Pat forms the NW extension of Bangla pat. The ridge as very narrow

being only about 30 m wide at places especially where it ends. It is covered by 9 m of

laterite and no exposure of good bauxite is found. Some ferruginous "bauxite is found to

crop out at places.

Dudhia Pat

In this plateau, about 250 m NW of Garh Pat, bauxite is seen only along the eastern scarp.

The exposure is almost continuous and the thickness of the bed being about 1.5 - 2.1 m

Bauxite occurs under a comparatively thick (about 9m or more) loose gravelly soil.

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harkhand Space Application Center     JSAC  

  58

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Several abandoned quarries are seen on the eastern scarp. Plateau NW of Dudhia pat is about

91 m NNW of Dudhia pat, and does not show any concentration of bauxite. The scarp

allaround is composed of extremely ferruginous laterite. Chemical analysis of samples show

the average Al2O3 - 59.50%, Fe2O3 - 2.84%, TiO2 - 10.26%, and SiO2 - 0.32% (Source:GSI).

Rudni Pat

This small quadrangular plateau lies to the south of Bangla Pat. Development of a thin band

of pisolitic bauxite is noticed only on the northwestern corner. The laterite cap is fairly thick.

Besides this small bauxite exposure, some aluminous laterite exposures are found at places.

Chemical analysis of samples show the average Al2O3 - 59.96%, Fe2O3 - 4.62%, TiO2 -

9.12%, and SiO2 - 0.40% ( Source:GSI).

Bagru Pat

This plateau is 9.6 km west of Lohardaga. A fairly thick layer of good bauxite is exposed

almost continuously from the eastern to southern scarp. The most potential part is on the

southeastern spur. The eastern and southern scarps are well developed. Most of the deposit

of Bauxite at this area is exhausted. Chemical analysis of samples collected from the area

show the Al2O3 varies from 51-60%, Fe2O3 from 8-10%,TiO2 from 8-10% and SiO2 from 8-

10% (Source:GSI).

Maidan Pat

This 3.2 km long plateau which extends in N-S direction is situated about 3.2 km west of

Bagru hill. Good quality bauxite is exposed. Chemical analysis report of samples of the area

show the average Al2O3 - 47.94%, Fe2O3 - 15.56%, TiO2 - 9.37%, and SiO2 - 3.62%(

Source:GSI).

Birhni Hill

This 2.5 km long, N-S trending plateau, is the continuation of Maidan Pat. Bauxite

exposures are seen in the south western part of the plateau under a laterite mantle. Good

quality bauxite bands are present in the quarries, at the southwestern corner of the plateau.

Average Al2O3 content of samples collected from the area is 47.84% (Source:GSI).

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Jha

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nd

Garh Pat

This small quadrangular plateau is about 2.5 km west of Birhni hill. It is covered by

ferruginous Laterite. No good bauxite exposures are present in this plateau except in the

southwestern corner. The small hillocks NSW of Garh Pat are covered by bouldery Laterite.

Chemical analysis reveal the average Al2O3 - 49.72%, Fe2O3 - 3.93%, TiO2 - 0.26%, and

SiO2 - 0.36% ( Source:GSI).

Block J- Serendag Area

The Serendag block (Figure37) lies in SOI Toposheet No 73 A/7 and 73 A/11 between

latitude 23°20'11.50" to 23°26'36.7'' and longitude 84°23'08.60"to 84°32'58.40".The block

is located in part of Gumla and Lohardaga districts. The total area of Bauxite /Laterite

delineated using remote sensing techniques in this block is around 56.26 sq km. Serengdag

plateau is located about 60 km from Lohardaga and can be approached by road via Ghaghra.

The Pats are described below:-

Chiropat:

The ‘Chiropat ‘plateau is marked by the occurrence of laterite. The laterite, is seen in the

‘pat’ area occurs a extensive blankets on the high scarp edges and on the flat-topped surface.

covering the intervening valleys. Bauxite occurs as sheets and lenses in the laterite cappings.

The exposures are seen varying from minute pockets to persistent bands on the scarp faces.

Bauxite is hard, compact, fine grained and massive. Color ranges from whitish grey to pink

or red. Mostly the bauxite is pisolitic in texture. The zone of bauxite is covered by a layer of

pisolitic laterite and murrum.The northern portion of the ridge is connected with the spread

of laterite on Bandapattoli area to the south. The pavement and the scarps of laterite at the

margins of the plateau consist of ferruginous, pebbly or vesicular laterite. At the eastern

margin of the plateau and south of the pats connecting chiropattoli with Ambakon, there

appears to be very good deposit of grey or creamy white pisolitic bauxite varying from 3 -5

m in thickness. Results of chemical analysis shows the Al2O3 content in the bauxite vary

from 13% to 55 %(Source:DMG,Govt. of Jharkhand).

 

 

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of the plateau. The laterite spreading in the valleys are due to the detrital accumulation of the

disintegrated plateaus laterite. This type of rock occurs as patches or as laterite alluvium

Ketchkipat

The area forms a continuous patch on Serendag Plateau, which lies west of Serendag

Bauxite mines and east of Jalim Valley and is a portion of the main Serendag Plateau. The

kechkipat is one of the dissected plateaus in the western part of Lohardaga upland which is

invariably capped with laterite and bauxite. The general elevation is 1060 m. The area is

bounded by steep scarps except near the Nindi falls where topography gradually descends.

The surface of the Kechkipat area is moderately undulated. The pat area is drained by the

perenial streams at the foot of the till located on the eastern and western periphery.  

The“Ketchkipat “contains high level bauxite deposits.The laterite cappings seen on this

plateau rests on the peneplained surface of the older rocks. The middle portion of the “pat”

are is highly covered with lateritic clay. The bauxite is mainly exposed along the steep

scarps in east-west and north. The western and northern scarps are exposed with aluminous

laterite whereas the eastern scarps are exposed are mainly ferruginous laterite/bauxite.

Bauxite occurs in the form of lenticular bodies of varying dimensions within the lateritic

mass.The valley laterite are also seen along the slope and the valley area of Garha-Harup,

Kothukaria, Jalim, Kachki and Nindi.The valley laterites are due to detrital accumulation of

the disintegrated plateau laterite. The lateritic profile is underlain by clayey and ferruginous

sediments of upper gondwana age. Dharwar sediments form the basement of the area, which

has been intruded by the basic rocks. The batholitic mass of chotanagpur granite was the

later intrusive and the dharwars were metamorphosed into schistose and gneissose varieties.

Average Al2O3 content in the bauxite of the region varies from 26%-

58%(Source:DMG,Govt. of Jharkhand).

Piruapattoli- Kabrapattoli

This bauxite deposit is located adjacent to Hanrup area and falls in survey of India toposheet

no. 73 A/7 in between latitudes 230 22’20” to 23024’00”N and 840 20’00” to 84025’50” E

longitude in Gumla district. It rests on Archaean Gneisses. The entire pat is characterized by

almost flat topography with well defined scarps at the northern western and southern

margins of the area. It occurs generally as localized irregular bodies under a cover. of

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Pisolitic laterite of varying thickness ranging from 1 m to 8 m. Average Al2O3 content of the

rock varies from 20%- 56 %(Source:DMG,Govt. of Jharkhand).

Manhe Pat

This small quadrangular plateau does not show any bauxite concentration except on the

northern scarp. The remaining part of the plateau is covered by deep red ferruginous

Laterite.Chemical analysis of samples shows that average Al2O3 content is 46.24% Lalmatia

Pat , situated just north of Manhe Pat shows an almost continuous exposure of thick bauxite

along its eastern scarp.

Block K- Kondle Pat, Purnadih Area

The Block(Figure 38) lies in SOI Toposheet No. 73 A/7 and 73 A/8 between latitude

23°12'39.02" to 23°19'33.7'' and longitude 84°22'44.50"to 84°27'34.76" in Gumla

District.The total area of bauxite/Laterite mineralization in the area is 10.92 sq km.The block

is well connected by metalled road to Lohardaga around 75 km from Ranchi.This small NE-

SW trending plateau has continuous exposure of bouldery bauxite situated in Gumla

District. The scarp is not well developed. The eastern and north eastern part of the block is

devoid of any bauxite exposure and is covered by deep red ferruginous laterite about 6 m in

thickness. Near the scarp bauxite occurs at a very shallow depth. The overburden is

composed of loose soil about 0.3 m to 0.9 m. in thickness.Chemical analysis of samples

collected from the area reveal the average Al2O3 - 58.16%, Fe2O3 - 3.12%, TiO2 - 11.27%,

SiO2 - 0.36% (Source:GSI).

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Figure 38: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Kondlepat,Purnadih Block

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Protected Forest

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Block L-Sukrahatu, Kolda , Pakripat Area

The block (Figure 39) lies in SOI Toposheet No 73 A/8 in Gumla district of Jharkhand. The

Sukrahatu - Koenatoli plateau has an elevation of about 935 m extends between latitudes N

23°01' & 23°04' and longitudes E 84°25' and 84° 28' . An area of 21.39 sq km. of

Bauxite/Laterite was inferred from the present study in this block. The area is well

connected by fair weather roads to Gumla.Lohardaga railway station of south-Eastern

Railway, is the nearest railhead and only 70 km away.

The Sukrahatu - Koenatoli plateau is the larger laterite capped, dissected table lands

compared to the Kolda area. This assumes an average elevation of about 937 m above

M.S.L. The valleys in between the flat-topped plateaus are at an average elevation of about

762 m. The laterite capped high lands of this area and the neighbouring plateaus are irregular

in shape with sharp scarps at the margins. Chemical analysis of samples collected show the

average Al2O3 - 51.04%, Fe2O3 - 21.06%, TiO2 - 8.00%, and SiO2 - 2.01% (Source:GSI).

Apart from the plateau, the area surrounding the plateau represents a peneplain of a highly

metamorphosed and deformed terrain of Precambrian age. The Precambrian rocks are

comprised of steep to moderate dipping, medium to high grade metamorphic rocks

consisting of various types of granite gneisses as the dominant member along with schists

and hornblende gneisses.

An extensive blanket of laterite with associated bauxite is seen to occur, on the plateau area

and resting directly on the granite gneisses of Precambrian age. Bauxite and aluminous

laterite occur as thin, irregular and discontinuous lenses or tabular bodies within the laterite

capping on the hill ridges and plateau tops.

 

 

 

 

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CHAPTER-4  

CONCLUSION  

Remote Sensing techniques play a significant role in locating mineral deposits and effectively

reducing the costs of prospecting and exploration. Remote Sensing data by

virtue of its synoptic overview, multi-hyperspectral and multi-temporal coverage, can help to

rapidly delineate metallogenic provinces/sites over larger terrain. This can help to isolate

potential areas for further exploration.

In the present study ASTER(Advanced Space borne Thermal and Reflection Imaging

Spectroradiometer) data in conjunction with field spectroscopic data, geochemical data of

Lateritic Bauxite was used to map the spatial distribution of Bauxite reserve in the area The

study brings out the relation between terrain parameters such as slope, altitude with Bauxite

occurrences and also shows that the spectral signature of alumina rich bauxite sample can be

taken as a criteria for finding Bauxite rich pockets. Further, the Bauxite/Laterite area was

mapped in 1:25000 scale and presented.

The satellite based study shows that the Bauxite/Laterite boundary delineated by GSI map and

ASTER data matches well with each other. In few places where vegetation subdues the spectral

signatures; there Bauxite exposures are not detected by satellite data. Few additional pockets of

Bauxite enrichment; however; is delineated from the ASTER data.

It is also found that lateritic Bauxite samples with high alumina value has the spectral

absorption feature of Gibbsite; known mineral for alumina and the wavelength of dominant

absorption shifts from 2.26 micrometer to 2.20 micrometer as alumina content reduces in the

lateritic Bauxite samples. Therefore spectral signature of Bauxites appear sensitive to the

alumina content and therefore Aster based indices are used based on field spectra pattern and

this indices map is iteratively reclassified to derive the congruence between the image derived

Bauxite enrichment with that of Bauxite samples analyzed in field.

The present study shows that a total 487.05 sq km of area is rich in laterite /bauxite deposits

which needs to be explored and confirmed by drilling. Using this consolidated information,

specific areas of interest may be identified for evaluation in greater detail through additional

investigation which would require detailed geological mapping, ground geophysical surveys etc.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] ASD:http://www.asdi.com/products/fieldspec-3-max-portable-spectroradiometer ASTER, GDEM, 2010.

[2] http://www.ersdac.or.jp/GDEM/E/image/ASTERGDEM_ValidationSummar

Report_Ver1.pdf

[3] ASTER; (2010):http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/mission.asp

[4] ASTER data with FLAASH; Envi Tutorial, (2010).

[5] Clark, R.N., A.J. Gallagher, and G.A. Swayze, (1990a). Material Absorption Band Depth Mapping of Imaging Spectrometer Data Using a Complete Band Shape Least-Squares Fit with Library Reference Spectra, Proceedings of the Second Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) Workshop. JPL Publication 90-54, 176-186.

[6] Crosta, A. P., Filho, C. R. de Souza, Azevedo, F. and Brodie, C. (2003) Targeting

key alteration minerals in epithermal deposit in Patagonia, Argentina, using ASTER imagery and principal component analysis. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 10, pp. 4233-4240.

[7] Drury, S.A., (1987): Image interpretation in Geology. Blackwell Science Inc. USA.

[8] Dyal,R.(1972): Progress Report on the Geological Investigation of Bauxite in Barpat

area, district Ranchi.

[9] Geological Survey of India, (1994). Detailed Information on Bauxite in India; Unpublished Report.

[10] Ghose, P.K., Narayan, T. (1972): A Geological Report on the Investigation in north

Chandipat area, Ranchi District, Bihar. [11] Ghose, P.K. (1972): A Report on the Reconnaissance for Bauxite deposits in South

Western portion of Palamau District.

[12] Ghose, P.K.(1972): A Geological Report on the Investigation of Bauxite deposits in North Chandipat area Ranchi district, Bihar

[13] Hunt G.R., Salisbury, J.W. and Lehnoff, C.J., (1971): Visible and near infrared

spectra of minerals and rocks: III, Oxides and Oxyhydroxides. Modern Geology 2:195-205

[14] Hunt, G.R. and Vincent, R.K. (1968): “The Behaviour of Spectral Features in the

Infrared Emission from Particulate Surfaces of Various Grain Sizes,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol.73, No. 18, pp. 6039-6046,

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[15] Kruse, F. A., Richardson, L., and Ambrosia, V, G., (1997): Techniques developed for geologic analysis of hyperspectral data applied to near-shore hyperspectral ocean data, In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Vol. I, pp. 233-246.

[16] Kumar, R. (1979): Progress Report on Detailed Geological Investigation of Bauxite

deposit in Sarwat and adjoining area of Palamau district.

[17] Kumar,S.(1971): Progress Report on the Investigation of Bauxite in Babra pat-Piruapat toil area in Ranchi District, Bihar.

[18] Lyon, R.J.P., (1965): Analysis of rocks and minerals by reflected infrared radiation.

Economic Geology 60:715-736.

[19] Mukherjee, D.K. (1972): Progress Report on the Investigation of Bauxite deposite in Babrapat area in Ranchi district, Bihar.

[20] Mukherjee, D.K. (1971): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite

Bhagla toil area South Netarhat Plateau (Block) Ranchi district.

[21] Mukherjee, D.K. (1970): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in BHAGLATOLI area of South Netarhat Plateau, (Block I of II only) Ranchi District.

[22] Narayan, T. (1973): A Progress Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite

in south Chandipat area, Ranchi, Bihar.

[23] Narayan,T.(1971): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in North Chandil path area Ranchi district, Bihar.

[24] Prasad, L. (1980): Report on detailed investigation for Bauxite near Sarwat Pahar

area Palamau district. [25] Prasad, S.P., Mukherjee, D.K. (1974): Progress Report on the Investigation of

Bauxite in Barpat area, District-Ranchi.

[26] Prasad, S.P., Mishra, T. N. (1974): Progress Report on the Investigation of Bauxite deposit in Lupungpat area in Ranchi district, Bihar.

[27] Prasad,S.P., Kumar, D. (1973): Progress Report on the Investigation of Bauxite

deposits in Barpat area, Ranchi district.

[28] Prasad, S.P., Prasad,L. (1973): Progress Report on the Investigation of Bauxite deposits in Lupung pat area in Ranchi district.

[29] Prasad, S. (1972): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in Dokapat

area of South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi district.

[30] Prasad, S. (1972): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in Dokapat area (South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi District.

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[31] Prasad,S.(1971): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite Bhagla toil

area(South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi district

[32] Prasad, S. (1970): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in BHAGLATOLI area of (South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi, District Ranchi.

[33] Ramsey, J., Gazis, P., Roush, T., Spirtes, P., and Glymour, C., 2002. Automated

remote sensing with Near infrared reflectance spectra: Carbonate recognition. Data Mining and Knowledge discovery, 6, pp. 277-293.

[34] Roy, M. (1974): Progress Report on detailed prospecting of Bauxite at Chandipat,

district-Ranchi. [35] Roy Choudhury(1958). Bauxite in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh. Memoir of GSI, Vol.85.

[36] Sandwar, A. N., Prakash, R. K. (1980): A Report on the Investigation of Bauxite

deposits in North Dhanka Toli- Kechkipat area in Ranchi district (Bihar).

[37] Schellmann, W. 1994. Geochemical differentiation in laterite and bauxite formation, CATENA, Volume 21, Issues 2-3, February 1994, Pages 131-143.

[38] Shankar,P.(1972): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in

Lupungpat area.

[39] Shankar,P.(1971):A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in Lupungpat area(South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi, District.

[40] Shankar, P. (1970): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in

Lupungpat area (South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi, District, Bihar.

[41] Shaw,P.(1971):Report on the Investigation for Bauxite deposits in South Chandi pat area, Ranchi, Bihar.

[42] Singh, S. N., Singh, M. N., (1974): The detailed investigation for Bauxite in Besna

area, Ranchi district.

[43] Singh,M.N.(1971): The detailed investigation for Bauxite in Dauna pat, Ranchi District, Bihar.

[44] Singh,M.N (1970): The detailed investigation of Bauxite in Davnapat ,Ranchi

District,Bihar.

[45] Verma, B.K., Dutta, J. (1971): A short note on the preliminary reconnaissance for bauxite in deposit No. 49 near Gumla, Ranchi district, Bihar.

[46] Zhang, X., Pamer, M., & Duke, N. (2007). Lithologic and mineral information

extraction for gold exploration using ASTER data in the south Chocolate Mountains (California). Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 62, 271-282.

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ANNEXURES

Annexure-1 List of Villages & Towns Sl No Block Name Villages in the block

A GulgulPat Block Birjupur, Kernutoni, Lotatoli, Serangdar B

JamiraPat Block

Ambakana,Asnari,Bardara,Basdini,Bugludih,Chikhikana,Chiro,Dakhintoli,Dhurhari,Dumardih,Hathi,Jamdih, Kakudroli,Karamtoli,Katho,Kukud, Kurkudih, Ladh, Mahurdantoli, Mirgi,Morhar,Nawatoli,Orsa,Pakritoli, Pandritoli,Parewa,Pkhardih,Sarkain,Shisatoli,Simarkhar,Tewahi,Tukudih, Tumbal

C LuchutPat Block Asurtoli, Batastoli, Bobdipani,Dumbartoli, Ganedara,Luchutpat,Mahuadih, Pahardiantoli

D DaunaPat Block Asta,Barakatra,Barkadih,Belgoon,Bhabari,Bichra,Birainskunr,Chhatakotra,Chiraian,Damapat,Gaokhanda,Goreadipa,Kanrwali,Karni,Khetli,Khutakona,Koda,Lakhara,Lawabar,Mandoridtoli,Mangratoli,Panchi,Parsa, Ratasilli, Rudrapur, Sarangadih, Sudli,Tetartoli, Urakana

E Aksi Block F Darichhapahar Block Hendahans,Kotam,Siram G Netarhat and

Amtipani Block Barki Samdari,Barpat,Bartoli,Barwenagar, Batuatoli,Bendi,Berltoli,Bespa,Beti,Bhangartoli,Bhariapattel,Bhaujitoli,Bhelwatola,Bhntutoli,Bijapa, Bijarpur,Bikatoli,BrijiaColony,Budhutoli,Buishunpur,Burkigarhatoli,Chabarpat,Chachali,Chandawai,Chandipat,Chapakana,Chapatolim,Charkakhar, Chatakpur,Chatam,Chatamtoli,Chataughat,Chauradih,Chhatki,Samderi,Chhichhuam,Chilampakhatoli,Chiradih,Danrtoli,Dardag,Dargaon,Dauna,Denragani,Dimkantola,DipaKujam,Dipatoli,Dulusarmatoli, Dumburpat,Dumortoli,Durun,,Newatoli, Gamharia, Garaparnar,GarhaKalan,Garhatoli,Ghaghtoli, Ghhaitola,Ghutuya,Gorratoli,Gumhdrpat,Hari,Haritoli,Harnatoli,Harradipa,Harratoli,Hedmi,Herbtoli,Heswatoli,HethArongloiatoli,Hurhurkarcha,Husih,Jamgaln,Jamtoli,Janawa,Jarhatoli,Jhapaintoli,Jnakapattoli,Jobhiyat,Jurwaroti,Kadolhoriatoli,Kakrangpat,Kanatoli,Kandapattoli,Karamtoli,Karanjtoli,Karanku,Karasili,Katarikana,Katkahi,Kerabar,Kerdkhar,Kereng,Kewarki,Khariatoli,Kisaqtoli,Koikoteat,Kokstoli,Kolhartoli,Korgi,Kurumgarh,Kusumtoli,Ladapat,Langratanr, Lappungpat,Lapu,Ligirpat,Longa,Loramba,Lubungtah,Lurgumi Khurd, Maheshpur, Mahuatoli, Mahuotoli, Malam,Mari,Mariamtoli,Merakhays,Mohnatoli,

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Monyai,Mundatoli,Naima,Naniudag,Naogain, Nawatoli,Netarhat,Oreya,PakardiliPakritoli,Pandra,Parhatoli,,Parnath,Pathlagani,Patragani,Phulwartoli,Pichapar,Pipratoli,Pujratoli,Purdndih,Pusetipat,Putrangi, Rachang, Rajadera, Range, Rapakanatoli,Ratu,Roi, Rointoli,Rokbantanr,Rud,Saiyatoli,Sakhwarnita,Sanaitargar,Sekhwatoli,Semartoli,Siphritoli,Sonatoli,Sudhighagh,Sugasarwa,Sukri,Tamhurbtoli,Tangartoli,Tangro,Tendar,Terwa,Tetartoli,Thakirtoli,Thothatoli,Tilaitanr,Tilwari,Tinkitamtoli,Tithi,Topetoli,Tumse,Tusgaon,Tusheokona,Udaitoni,Ujbaktoli,Ujrdtoli,Upar Sirsi,Upartoli

H BudhaPahar Block I PakharPat & Bagru

Block Bhusarpattoli,Chanpi,Kargo,Kekrang,Chhaghariya,Kasitanr,Salatya,Bhukhutoli,Dahuaagtori,DudhiaPahar, Harkatatoli,Khamantoli,Kusumkatatoli,Potiapentoli, Sapkatatoli,Saramjangha,Bandapar,BanglaPat, Biriduptali,Buchitanitoli,Dhati,DumanPat,Huradtoli,Jawakhartoli,Jharnatbartali,Kanartoli,Kathiatoli, Nawatoli,Pakhar,Patratoli,Pulungcah,SarnaPat, Simargarh

J Serendag Block Abatoli,Aisapihtoli,Aratdi,Asurtali,Baladih,Bhitar,Berka,Bishunpur,BohaaSerka,Burjutoli,Chaihamati,Chandwa,Chaprong,Chatti,Chhapatoli,Chhartoll,Chiari,Chirpat,Dipatoli,Gamhariya,GaneHanrop,Ganeshpur,Garatu,Gurarutoli,Henhe,Hettola,Hirsir,Hurmur,Jalim,Jamgain,Jurni,Karamtoli,Kotukltoli,Kubatoli,Kuragtoli,Kurhetola,Kurratoli,Manhepai,Manjira,Mugo,Nathpur,Nawatoli,Ondhertoli,Pirapartoli,Pirtaui,Piyrasabani,Poinjtoli,Pounri,Rankoli,Rehe,Sambhari,Sehangdug,Sendur,Serangdag,Shanri,Simartoli,Siyartoli,Surrai,Tendtoli,Trakhai

K KondlePat Block Baldto,Barang,Bartoli,Basartoli,Biar,Bimaria,Birapanrtoli,Ghaghra,Gharanthwtoli,Ghughrutoli,Jakari, Jhandutoli,Jilitigsera,Koliakamtoli,Korla,Manatu,Mundar,Porha,Turltoli,Pakni

L Kolda Sukrahatu Block

Behrapar,Brhikana,Hardikona,Karamtoli,Kheond,Kolda,Kukuruja,Lalmattitoli,Pakribot,Parsa,Sakrahatu, Tetardini,Turrurmatoli,Dardakpat,Dipatoli,Ghusri,Jabiatoli,Khaman,Khaminon,Khammantoli,Khonrhatoli,Lotokona,Purnadih,Roghadih,Sakra,Dardakpat,Dipatoli,Ghusri,Jabiatoli,Khaman,Khaminon,Khammantoli,Khonrhatoli,Lotokona,Purnadih,Roghadih,Sakra

 

 

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Annexure-2

Methodology Flow Chart

 

Collection and Conversion of Ancillary Data: Conversion of the Data to reference map by digitization, georeferencing

Co-registration and mosaicking of ancillary Data: Comparison of Litho Boundaries delineated in satellite data with that of ancillary data.

Preparation of reference geological and base layer map: Reference geological map to be prepared based on available geological maps and reports for first level ground truthing of the mineral map.

Field Work: Field work for collecting samples for chemical analysis and spectral profile generation for facilitating image interpreparation.

Satellite data procurement and data preprocessing: Co- registration, Mosaicking of level-1A ASTER data, Atmospheric correction of aster data

Image Processing of Satellite data: Image enhancement, derivation of indices images for interpretation from ASTER level 1A data.

Image Interpretation of processed Data: Analysis of Conjugated products of satellite image with Aster-Dem for detecting the variability in slope, tone, texture and geomorphic variation characteristic of Bauxite.

Final Mineral Map of Bauxite