Project Report Mineral Exploration Project -...
Transcript of Project Report Mineral Exploration Project -...
Project Report
Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite)
By:
Jharkhand Space Applications Center, Ranchi
Department of IT, Govt. of Jharkhand
In Collaboration with
National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC) Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
Department of Space, Govt. of India Balanagar, Hyderabad
&
Department of Mines and Geology Government of Jharkhand
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
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DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET
1 Document Control Number
JSAC/TECH-REP/DoIT-GoJ/NRIS/10-11/04
2 Title Mineral Exploration Project (Phase-1) - Bauxite 3 Report / Document Type Technical Report 4 Author (s) Dr. Vivek Kumar Singh, JSAC
Shri. Arindam Guha, Scientist, NRSC Ms. Reshma Parveen, JSAC Shri Kumar Amitabh, DMG
5 Affiliation of Author (s)
JSAC, Department of IT, Government of Jharkhand NRSC, ISRO, Department of Space JSAC, Department of IT, Government of Jharkhand DMG,Dept. of Mines & Geology,Jharkhand
6 Project Coordinators Dr. G. Behera,Deputy Director,RS&GIS AA Dr. A.T.Jeyaseelan, Director, JSAC, Ranchi Dr. K.Vinod Kumar, Head,GSD, NRSC, Hyderabad Dr. Jai Prakash Singh, Director, DMG, Jharkhand
7 Beneficiary Department Department of Mines and Geology, Governemnt of Jharkhand.
8 Project Sponsor Department of Mines and Geology,Government of Jharkhand
9 Date of Project Completion
01.10.2010
10 Date of Project Initiation 2009 11 Date of Publication 2010 12 Contents of Report 83 pages, 39 figures, 5 tables and 3 plates 13 Abstract Jharkhand State is one of the leading mineral bearing states
of India and is the store house of more than 30 types of minerals, hence aptly called as “Museum of Minerals”. In Jharkhand, the Bauxite deposits are mainly found in Lohardaga, Latehar, and Gumla districts and the adjoining plateau region; most of the provinces are inaccessible due to deep forest cover and lack of suitable communication. The study is aimed to use ASTER(Advanced Spaceborne Thermal and Reflection Imaging Spectroradiometer) data in conjunction with field spectroscopic data, geochemical data of lateritic Bauxite to map the spatial distribution of Bauxite reserve in the area The study brings out the relation between terrain parameters such as slope, altitude with Bauxite occurrences and also shows the spectral signature of alumina rich bauxite sample can be taken as a criteria to derive ratio image of ASTER Channels for finding Bauxite rich pockets within Lateritic Bauxite/Laterite. Further, the Bauxite area was mapped in 1:25000 scale and presented.
14 Reproduction Rights This final report and its content are the property of JSAC, Ranchi, DMG, Ranchi and NRSC,Hyderabad and shall not be reproduced in part or whole without the written permission from above.
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PREFACE Remote sensing technology has been proved to be highly useful for geological studies both
in the area of accessible and inaccessible terrains. The satellite imagery gives the spatial
distribution of various rock types, their structural relationships and stratigraphic position.
Detailed structural map thus generated using satellite data, many times are of immense help
to mineral exploration projects.
Jharkhand has large deposits of minerals. 40% of the total minerals of the country are
available in the state. The state is the sole producer of Coking coal, Uranium and Pyrite. It
ranks first in the production of coal, Mica, Kyanite and copper in India. Jharkhand holds a
very large potential of bauxite amounting to a reserve of 117.54 MT(Source-IBM as on
1/4/2005) predominantly occurs at the central-western portion of Jharkhand covering
Latehar, Lohardaga and Gumla districts. Though most of the mined bauxite is targeted for
metallurgical purposes for the extraction of metal aluminium, it has variety of uses in other
industries, such as, abrasive, alloy-steel, aluminium, cement, ceramic, chemical, ferro-alloys,
iron and steel.
The main objective of the project is to generate Bauxite Mineral map at 1:25000 scale. A
comprehensive georeferenced geological database is prepared on 1:50,000 scale based on
published geological map of Geological Survey of India (GSI). ASTER has nine channels in
VNIR (Visible-Near-Infrared) and SWIR (Short Wave Infrared) domain ranging broadly
from 0.5- 2.4 micrometer. It has been observed that Bauxite has absorption at 2.26 micro
meters due to gibbsite that is the dominant mineral in Bauxite. These absorption signature
results in low reflectance in Channel 7 (Central wavelength 2.26 micrometer) of ASTER.
Further, ASTER Global Digital Elevation model (DEM) has been used in the study. It is
observed that Bauxite occurrences are governed by slope and altitude. It generally occurs at
low slope region above 980 meter height. Map of Bauxite bearing area that is derived after
interpretation of Aster data has shown good correspondence with the known Bauxite
distribution. The study has derived a comprehensive Bauxite map with new areas of Bauxite
mineralization. The maps need to be validated in field for achieving the better accuracy in
reserve delineation.
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The present scientific investigation is the outcome of the joint collaboration of JSAC,
NRSC; Hyderabad and Dept of Mines & Geology. The financial and technical sanction and
continuous support by Mines and Geology department of Govt. of Jharkhand for successful
completion of this project is highly acknowledged.
Dr. A. T. Jeyaseelan Director, JSAC
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Secretary, Information Technology,
Secretary, Department of Mines and Geology, Government of Jharkhand and Director,
National Remote Sensing Center, Hyderabad for their effort for taking up this collaborative
project of Mineral Exploration project in Jharkhand State.
Authors are grateful to Dr. P.S. Roy; Associate Director(Capacity Building),NRSC and
Dean; IIRS and former Deputy Director, RS&GIS AA for his support and valuable
suggestions during the initial stage of the project for deriving the better outcome in the
research. Authors are also grateful to Shri G. Behera, Deputy Director, RS & GIS AA,
NRSC for his encouragement and overall guidance for on time completion of the project.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude towards Dr. A.T.Jeyaseelan, Director for his
interaction, help, guidance and suggestions throughout the project year and their trust in our
abilities. He was a great source of inspiration and motivation.
We would like to thank Dr. K. Vinod Kumar, Head, Geosciences Division, National Remote
Sensing Center, Hyderabad for his support for making a joint proposal. Authors are grateful
to him for necessary support during our visit to NRSC for spectral profile generation and
map preparation.
Authors are also thankful to Dr. Jai Prakash Singh, Director, Directorate of Geology,
Department of Mines and Geology, government of Jharkhand for his help in providing
literature and deputing Geologists for field work.
We would like to thank Sh. Tapas Ranjan Martha, Scientist, and Geosciences Division
NRSC for his help and valuable suggestions.
We are thankful to Shri Kumar Amitabh ,Geologist of Department of Mines and Geology,
Government of Jharkhand for his help and cooperation during all stages of the project
work.We are also thankful to Sh. Mahendra Pd. Sharma, Shri. Ganesh Prasad
Bhavsinka,Shri Arun Kr. Geologists, Department Mines and Geology for their efforts in
sample collection and field visit. We are thankful to Shri. I. M. Assadullah, Dy. Director,
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State Laboratory, Hazaribagh for doing chemical and petrographic analysis of the rock
samples collected from field.
We are thankful to Ms. Nutan U. Toppo, Sh. Nikhil Anurag Toppo and Sh. Dilip Kumar
Thakur for their help at all stages of the project work. We would like to thank staffs of
Administration, Account, Library, and Director’s Office for their support at all stages of the
project work.
Last but not the least, all Scientist, Junior Scientist and STA of Jharkhand Space Application
Center, are also acknowledged for their support.
Arindam Guha Vivek Kr. Singh Reshma Parveen
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction
Remote Sensing technology has proved to be highly useful for geological studies as
it can provide synoptic views of large portions of earth thereby enhancing the information
available from traditional data sources. It is also helpful to study inaccessible and remote
areas. In Jharkhand, Bauxite and Laterite are mainly confined to the inaccessible Pat region
of Gumla, Lohardaga and Latehar districts.
Extensive geological work has been carried out by Geological Survey of India to map
the area on regional scale followed by scattered detailed exploration by State DMG, Bihar
and Jharkhand. In view of modern development in the field of metallurgy low grade of
bauxite have also become important and in this context it was decided to remap the complete
area to delineate potential areas of bauxite along with laterite for reassessment of resource.
Due to difficult terrain and vast area Department of Mines & Geology, Government
of Jharkhand requested Jharkhand Space Applications Centre to identify potential zones of
Bauxite occurrences using Remote Sensing technology and to prepare composite as well as
toposheet wise map on 1:50000 and 1:25000 scales on GIS platform.
This project was initiated with aforesaid objective with distributed responsibilities
with National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad, Jharkhand Space Applications
Centre (JSAC), Ranchi and Department of Mines & Geology (DMG).
Objectives
The main objective of the project was to carry out remote sensing based study using
advanced space borne sensor for mapping the spatial distribution of Bauxite and laterite
capping in the pat regions of Gumla, Lohardaga and Latehar districts of Jharkhand on
1:50000 and 1:25000 scales on GIS platform. These maps shall further be used as base maps
for detailed geological exploration to assess the resource and grade of Bauxite.
Study Area
Study area extends between latitude 22˚58’31’’ N to 23˚56’53’’ N and longitude
83˚42’58’’E to 84˚53’40’’ E and distributed in 10 number of toposheets. The total areal
extent of the area is about 6,676.14 sq.km.
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Quantum of Work done
The Remote Sensing based study for mapping of Bauxite deposits was carried out in
the total area of 6676.14 Sq Km covering Gumla , Lohardaga and Latehar districts of
Jharkhand. Following Maps are prepared:
Regional Geology
Bauxite mostly occurs as segregated sheets and lenses in horizontal masses of laterite
which occur on peneplained surfaces or as capping on extensive plateaus and flat topped
hills.
Methodology
Co-registration and digitization of available geological maps and further updating of
the litho boundaries using satellite data.
Co-registration, Mosaicking of Aster Level 1A Aster data , Collection of samples of
Bauxite/Laterite from the field for chemical analysis and spectral profile generation
for facilitating image processing.
Integration of Aster derived indices map with Aster-Dem for detecting the variability
in slope, tone, texture and geomorphic variation characteristic of Bauxite for
generation of final Mineral map of Bauxite.
SN Map Scale Total number of Toposheets
Maps Prepared Samples collected
1 1:1,60,000 01 one A total of 45
representative
samples were
collected from
different sectors to
find out the
possible grade of
bauxite in the area.
2 1:50,000 09
(64 M/14,64
M/15,73A/3,73
A/2,73 A/4,73
A/6,73 A/7, 73
A/8,73 A/10,73
A/11)
Nine
3 1:25,000 26 Twenty Six
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Criteria for identification of promising zone
Various geological and geomorphological parameters that control the formation of
Bauxite were integrated together in GIS environment for identification of Bauxite/Laterite
promising zones. Aster image (acquired in VNIR and SWIR regions) has been used in
conjunction with Aster DEM , field studies, spectral profiles of bauxite /Laterite for bauxite
mapping.
Promising Zones
The satellite based study derived map shows good correspondence with known
Bauxite/Laterite distribution .The total area demarcated using aster data is 487.05 Sq Kms.
The total bauxite bearing area demarcated using remote sensing technology has been divided
into different blocks on the basis of proximity and approach.
Sampling & Chemical Analysis
Bauxite/Laterite samples collected from the field were analyzed for different oxides
and hydroxides using wet chemical method at State Laboratory of Department of Mines and
Geology.
Limitations
There are several challenges in obtaining precise, remotely sensed measurements
from the surface. One of the main obstacles is vegetation covers that obscure the rock and
soil surfaces. Atmospheric interference through scattering, absorption by the gasses
comprising the atmosphere or through meteorological factors (wind, moisture etc.) also
effects the measurements in a several ways. Aster not being a hyperspectral instrument
cannot map individual minerals; group of minerals.
Conclusion and Recommendations
ASTER (Advanced Space borne Thermal and Reflection Imaging Spectroradiometer)
data in conjunction with field spectroscopic data, geochemical data of Laterite and Bauxite
has been utilized to map the spatial distribution of Bauxite and Laterite capping.
The present study shows that a total of 487.05 Sq. Km of area is rich in laterite and
bauxite. Using this consolidated information, specific areas of interest may be identified for
evaluation in greater detail through additional investigation which would require detailed
geological mapping, ground geophysical surveys etc.
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CONTENTS Page No. Document Control Sheet i Preface ii Acknowledgement iv Executive Summary vi Content ix List of figures xi List of tables xiii CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION 1-9 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Study Area 2 1.3 General Geology 3 1.4 Mode of Occurences 4 1.5 Objectives 5 1.6 Scope 5
1.6.1 Remote Sensing in Mineral Exploration 5 1.6.2 ASTER Capabilities 8 1.6.3 Suitability of ASTER in Mineral Exploration 9
CHAPTER:2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 10-31
2.1 Data Used 10
2.1.1 ASTER Satellite Data 10 2.1.2 ASTER Global Digital Elevation Data 11 2.1.3 Spectral Profile Datasets 11 2.1.4 Geological Map 13 2.1.5 Geochemical Datasets 13 2.1.6 Chemical Anlysis Procedure 17 2.1.7 Ground Data 20
2.2 Digital Database Preparation 24 2.3 Methods 25 2.4 Result & Discussion 26 CHAPTER:3 THEMATIC MAPPING 32-66 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Description of Bauxite Deposits 43
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CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS 67 BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEXURES: Annexure-1: List of Important Villages and Towns. Annexure-2: Flow chart of Methodology used for the present study. Annexure-3: Work order and other related correspondence with DGM. Annexure-4:Composite Bauxite/Laterite bearing map of Study area . Annexure-5: Composite Bauxite/Laterite Gradational map of study area. Annexure-6: Map showing Bauxite and Laterite capping and lease hold areas of Gumla,
Lohardaga and Latehar District.
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Location map of study area 3 Figure 2: 3D RGB color composite image cube of the ASTER satellite image 10 Figure 3: Spectral Profile of Bauxite/Laterite Samples 12 Figure 4: Lab Spectra of Gibbsite and Goethite compared 12
with field Bauxite spectra
Figure 5: Regional Geological Map of the study Area (GSI) 15 Figure 6: Locations of field samples of Bauxite, Laterite and its host rock 16
Figure 7: Photograph of Sereka Mines, Serendag Plateau, and Gumla showing 20 the profile of Bauxite deposit Figure 8: Photograph showing Mining Activity, Pakhar Pat 21 Figure 9: Photograph of mining activities in Guradari mines 21 Figure 10: Photograph showing Laterite hillocks in Gumla district 22 Figure 11: Photograph showing host rock Granite 22 Figure 12: Photograph showing host rock Granite 23 Figure 13: Photograph showing Quartzite on the route from Ghagra to Netarhat 23 Figure 14: Known Bauxite mines and its relation to altitude 27 Figure 15: Slope map of the study Area 28 Figure16: Field spectra of Bauxite showing how gibbsite absorption feature 29
shifts with low alumina content Figure 17: Bauxite enrichment map showing different Al2O3 content 31 Figure 18: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of Study Area 33 Figure 19: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 64 M/14 34 Figure 20: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 64 M/15 35
& 73 A/3
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Figure 21: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73 A/2 36 Figure 22: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/4 37 Figure 23: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/6 38 Figure 24: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/7 39 Figure 25: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/8 40 Figure 26: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/10 41 Figure 27: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/11 42 Figure 28: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Gulgulpat Block 44 Figure 29: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Jamirapat Block 46 Figure 30: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Luchutpat Block 47 Figure 31: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Daunapat Block 49 Figure 32: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Aksi Block 50 Figure 33: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Darichhapahar Block 51 Figure 34: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Netarhat,Amtipani Block 53 Figure 35: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in BudhaPahar Block 56 Figure 36: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Khamarpat,Bagru Block 58 Figure 37: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Serendag Block 61 Figure 38: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Kondlepat,Purnadih Block 64 Figure 39: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Sukrahatu,Kolda,Pakripat Block 66
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: ASTER Data Specification (ASTER, 2010) 10 Table 2: Detailed information of ASTER scenes 11 Table 3: Chemical Analysis of field samples of Bauxite and Laterite 13 Table 4: Chemical Analysis of field samples of Bauxite and Laterite provided 14 by DMG Table 5: Blockwise Details of Bauxite/Laterite Deposits 43
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Remote Sensing technology has been proved to be highly useful for geological studies both
in accessible and inaccessible terrains. Remote Sensing technology is often being used to
generate updated lithological and structural map based on the conjugate analysis of satellite
image signatures and available collateral database. The most fundamental geological
information is provided by the geological map, which gives the spatial distribution of
various rock types, their structural relationships and stratigraphic position. Detail structural
map can also be prepared by using satellite data, which many times are of immense help to
mineral exploration projects. Earlier, Jharkhand Space Application Center has generated GIS
based geo data base at district level for entire state in 10 themes and made it Web enabled
for department of Mines and Geology, Government of Jharkhand.
On request of Department of Mines & Geology, Government of Jharkhand, Jharkhand Space
Applications Center submitted the Project Proposal in collaboration with National Remote
Sensing Center (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Department of Space,
Government of India, a pioneer organization for Remote sensing Applications in the country
for base metal, diamond, coal, hydrocarbon exploration and other geo-environmental / geo-
engineering and groundwater projects.
The project is an outcome of the satellite based investigation compounded with field survey
jointly carried out by Jharkhand Space Application Centre (JSAC), National Remote
Sensing Center (NRSC) and the experts of Department of Mines and Geology (DMG) to
identify potential zones of Bauxite occurrences. In the project, NRSC has taken crucial role
to develop the methodology for mapping of Bauxite occurrences based on signatures of
Bauxite in ASTER while JSAC have been executed the methodology operationally to derive
Bauxite map for Jharkhand. Before envisaging this project a joint meeting was organized on
February 26-27, 2008 at Ranchi between geologists of DMG, JSAC and NRSC. A brief
presentation was also made to Secretary, DMG on the capabilities and limitation of remote
sensing techniques for mineral exploration. The secretary felt that there is need for scientific
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extrapolation of existing mineral areas to identify additional area with the advanced remote
sensing and GIS applications .
Detailed discussion was held among DMG, JSAC and NRSC geologists and it was
expressed that most of the mineral occurrence boundaries are made by extending the scanty
borehole data. Hence it was planned that the whole project will be executed in different
phases. In the Phase-I Bauxite mineral mapping has been taken up. This report brings out the
bauxite minerals on 1:25,000 scale.
India is favorably endowed with large reserves (3037 million tonnes of in situ reserve) of
Bauxite (GSI, 1994). In terms of bauxite reserves, India holds the fifth place in the world.
Indian bauxite resources are confined to peninsular shield except few isolated occurrences in
Jammu &Kashmir in the extra peninsular region. In the peninsular region about 85% of the
total reserve is associated with ‘high level’ laterite occurring along the eastern and western
coasts; out of which nearly 74% of the reserve is restricted to east coast. On the other hand,
about 10% of the total reserve occurs amidst inland plateaus. The major bauxite deposits of
India are generally associated with laterite capping as blankets on plateaus of high elevation
from 700 m to 2100 m above the mean sea level (MSL) in parts of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh,
Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In contrast, there are
coastal and ‘low level’ bauxite deposits exposed along the coastal tracts of Gujarat,
Karnataka and Kerala. (Geological Survey of India, 1994). The present studied area belongs
to the high-altitude bauxite deposits of Jharkhand and restricted in the western part of the
state.
1.2 Study Area
The area (Figure-1) occupies at the central-western portion of Jharkhand and geologically
belongs to the Pre Cambrian shield of Indian Peninsula spread mainly in three districts
namely Latehar, Lohardaga and Gumla. It is located between latitude 22˚58’31’’ N to
23˚56’53’’ N and longitude 83˚42’58’’E to 84˚53’40’’ E. The total extent of the area is
about 6676.14 sq km. Bauxite is found in association with laterite.
Important mines located in this area are Serendag, Bagru, Dudha Katcha, Khamar, Banjari
,Pakhar, Chapuduadhia, Pakri, Oranga etc. The bauxite enrichment is reported at the laterite
cappings in Lohardaga and the adjoining high lands of the Latehar and Gumla district. The
deposit is known as the one of the most important deposits in India.
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Figure 1: Location map of study area
1.3 General Geology
The bauxite bearing areas of Jharkhand belongs to the Indian Peninsula. It consists mainly of
Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss associated with intrusions of quartzite, older rocks and Deccan
traps. Ranchi plateau is the main topographic unit in the area with altitudes between 960 m
and 1075 m above MSL, capped with laterite and bauxite. Bauxite deposits are the result of
silica leaching process of alumina rich rocks and it occurs in form of an extensive blanket
below the laterite cover on the flat topped. It also occurs as segregation, discontinuous
boulders and in blanket form over laterite residuum. The thickness of the deposits in the
ranges from 1 m – 18 m with an average thickness of 6 meters. Under suitable condition of
weathering, chemical alteration and leaching through geological time, the parent rocks have
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given rise to laterite and bauxite residuum. . The parent rocks which may give rise to bauxite
are silicate rocks with high alumina and less of silica. Granite-Gneiss in association with
intrusions of quartzite and older basic rocks is the main source rock in the area. The
Gondwana formation is present in the northern part of the Ranchi upland. The Pre Cambrian
rocks of Singhbhum lie in the south. At the western side of Jharkhand, Deccan trap is
exposed where Laterite/Bauxite have been reported as cappings. At the eastern side, laterite
appears on the peneplained surface of older rocks. The oldest rock belongs to Dharwar. It is
in turn intruded by the batholithic mass of Chotanagpur granite and further metamorphosed
into various schistose and gneissic rocks. The generalized stratigraphy of the study area is
illustrated below (Roychowdhury, 1958).
Recent Alluvium, Conglomerate & Carbonaceous Shale
Tertiary to Recent Laterite , Bauxite and Lithomerge Upper Cretaceous Deccan trap Basaltic lavas
Intratrappean Calcified-Silicified rocks and grit Cuddapah and Earlier Newer Dolerite Chotanagpur Vein rocks,Pegmatite or Graphic granite, Granite Gneiss Aplite, Quartzveins and quartz-tourmaline rock
Psuedo –Diorite Archean Granites and Gneisses Diorite Ultrabasic igneous rocks
Dharwar Phyllites, Mica-schist, Quartzites, Lime- silicate rocks and Basic rocks.
1.4 Mode of Occurrence
Bauxite occurs as segregated sheets and lenses in tropical and sub tropical regions. It also
occurs as present as irregular bodies and as wide spread blanket. Bauxite has also been
reported as irregular bodies, developed near the margin of the plateau.Laterite/ bauxite
profiles in Jharkhand usually maintain the following sequence (Roy chowdhury, 1958).
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i. Top Soil
ii. Laterite
iii. Gray bauxite
iv. Aluminous Laterite
v. Ferruginous bauxite
vi. Bauxite and Lithomerge
vii. Lithomerge clay
------------------------------------------------
viii. Granite gneiss and older rocks
1.5 Objectives
Following are the main objective of the project
1. To carry out remote sensing based study using advanced spaceborne sensor for
mapping the spatial distribution of Bauxite reserve on 1:50,000 scale.
2. To refine the boundaries of known bauxite reserves on 1:25,000 scale using high
resolution remote sensing data.
1.6 Scope
1.6.1 Remote Sensing in Mineral Exploration
Much information about potential areas for mineral exploration can be provided by
interpretation of surface features on aerial photographs and satellite images. From remotely
sensed data, it is possible to decipher the regional lithology, tectonic fabric and also the
geomorphic details of a terrain, which aid precisely in targeting of minerals deposits.
Remote sensing techniques play significant role in locating mineral deposits and in turn
reduces the cost of prospecting and exploration. Remote sensing data, by virtue of its
Younger
Older
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synoptic overview, multispectral and multi-temporal coverage, can help to rapidly delineate
metallogenic province belts/sites and minerals over a larger terrain. This can help to isolate
potential areas for further exploration.
Spectral signatures, being unique to each material, can be used for differentiating various
materials present in a satellite image. Accordingly, it has been well established that the
VNIR, SWIR and TIR wavelength regions provide complimentary data for geological
investigations (Drury, 1987). Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (from 0.4 μm to 2.5μm)
in particular has offered geologists an important potential source of petrological information
extraction (Ramsey et al 2002). The VNIR-SWIR wavelength regions have been exploited
extensively for mineralogical mapping by using high spectral resolution imaging systems,
such as the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) (Kruse et al. 1997). At
the same time, various information of the land features, topography, geomorphology, and
structural patterns can be deciphered from satellite derived DEM of the mineralized zone.
Mineral exploration is becoming increasingly difficult, especially in obtaining ground access
to sensitive or remote areas. Remote sensing can be used to advantage in such
circumstances. In this regard, spectral remote sensing has the potential to provide the
detailed physicochemistry (mineralogy, chemistry and morphology) of the Earth's surface.
This information is useful for mapping potential host rocks, alteration assemblages and
regolith characteristics. In contrast to the older generation of low spectral resolution systems,
such as the Landsat Thematic Mapper with only six "reflected" bands, the new generation of
hyperspectral systems enables the identification and mapping of detailed surface mineralogy
using "laboratory-grade" spectroscopic signatures (Clark, et al., 1990).
For example, many tri-octahedral silicates, carbonates and other minerals generate
diagnostic absorption features in the 2300 to 2400 nm region. Only hyperspectral sensors,
with tens of contiguous spectral bands across this wavelength range, can provide accurate
measurement of the wavelength positions and geometries of the diagnostic mineral
absorption features.
Geological remote sensing is performed through atmospheric windows where
electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is allowed to pass without significant attenuation. The five
atmospheric windows available for remote mineral mapping include the visible to near
infrared (VNIR), the shortwave infrared (SWIR), the mid-infrared (MIR), the thermal
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infrared (TIR) and the microwave wavelength regions. The ultraviolet (UV) and far infrared
(FIR) wavelength regions are not available. Of these five atmospheric windows, the VNIR,
SWIR and TIR regions are most useful for mapping surface mineralogy because these
wavelengths are sensitive to a wide range of diagnostic EMR-material interactions. In
particular:
The mineral-spectral features in the VNIR are largely related to the transfer of electrons
between energy levels of constituent elements, especially the transition metals Fe, Mn and
Cr (Hunt, et al., 1971); The mineral-spectral features in the SWIR are largely related to the
overtones and combination tones of vibrations of octahedrally coordinated cations (typically
Al, Fe, Mg) bonded with OH groups (Hunt and Vincent, 1968).The mineral-spectral features
in the TIR are largely related to fundamental vibrations (bends and stretches) of Si-O bonds
in various structural environments (Lyon, 1965).
As a consequence, the VNIR wavelength region is useful for mapping iron oxides and
oxyhydroxides (for example, hematite and goethite), the SWIR for dioctahedral and
trioctahedral silicates (for example, kaolin, white micas, smectite, chlorites, amphiboles,
talc, serpentines) and the TIR for framework silicates (quartz, feldspars, garnets, pyroxenes
and olivines). Carbonates and sulphates produce diagnostic spectral features at both SWIR
and TIR wavelengths.
1.6.2 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)
capabilities:
The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) aboard
the Terra platform is one of the most recent Spaceborne multispectral sensors in a
progression that began with the first Landsat Multispectral Scanner in 1972 (Zhang et al ,
2007). ASTER channels are more spectrally contiguous than other multispectral sensors
such as the Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper and the Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper,
especially in shortwave and thermal infrared wavelength ranges. Thus, the ASTER sensor
can achieve a higher degree of accuracy in the spectral identification of rocks and minerals
(Crosta et al, 2003; Zhang et al, 2007).
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The ASTER system is a unique combination of spectral coverage, high spatial resolution and
along-track stereo capability. Its spectral bands span the visible, near-infrared, shortwave
infrared and thermal infrared regions. ASTER consists of three separate sub-systems:
• Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR), 15m pixels
• Short-wave Infrared (SWIR), 30m pixels
• Thermal Infrared (TIR), 90m pixels
The VNIR sub-system contains two independent telescope assemblies: one at nadir (i.e.
vertical looking) with three detector arrays collecting data in the visible green, visible red
and near Infrared wavelengths; and a second, backward looking telescope, with one detector
array, also in the near infrared.
The two infrared arrays, termed 3N and 3B, provide along-track stereo image geometry with
a base-to-height ratio of 0.6 and an intersection angle of 27.7o, which means that stereo
images can be acquired in one pass. The two stereo images can then be used to generate a
Digital Elevation Model (DEM), which in turn can be used to create elevation contours and
a variety of other surface data products.
The ASTER Level 1B registered radiance product, which is used for spectral enhancements,
is created by application of radiometric calibration and geometric correction coefficients to
all bands of the equivalent Level 1A scene. Both intra- and inter-telescope registration
corrections are accomplished for all the bands.
ASTER has continuous coverage and appreciable swath (60 KM) very essential for mineral
exploration in contrast to hyperspectral spaceborne sensor.
1.6.3 Suitability of ASTER in Mineral Exploration:
The abundance of alumina in Bauxite determines the strength of absorption in the 2.2μm
region of the EMR. ASTER is a sensor designed especially for geological studies and is
characterized by bands that correspond to the alumina absorption regions. Bands 6 (2.185μm
to 2.225μm) and 7 (2.235μm to 2.285μm) of ASTER are useful to discriminate and quantify
alumina and clay minerals.
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Direct comparison with the ETM+ LANDSAT7 shows that ASTER data are better both
spectrally and spatially. ASTER provides unprecedented spectral detail in the SWIR. Band 4
has a similar wavelength to LANDSAT band 5. ASTER bands 5 to 9 cover an area of the
SWIR where many –OH bearing and carbonate minerals have diagnostic absorption
features. Bands 5 to 8 are approximately equivalent to the LANDSAT band 7. ASTER
thermal infra-red (TIR) is the only satellite-borne multi-spectral thermal imaging system.
ASTER is the only satellite-borne imaging system with on-board, along-track stereo
capability (using bands 3N & 3B), allowing routine generation of Digital Elevation Models
(DTMs), without ground control data.
ASTER data are relatively inexpensive (per sq km). A full ASTER scene covers an area of
60 x 60km.
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CHAPTER -2
MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Data Used
2.1.1 ASTER Satellite Data
ASTER (Advanced Space borne thermal emission and Reflection Radiometer) captures high
spatial resolution data in 14 bands, from the visible to the thermal infrared wavelengths; and
provides stereo viewing capability for digital elevation model creation (ASTER, 2010). 3D
RGB color composite image cube of the ASTER satellite image is given in figure 2. SWIR
Channels are very important for detecting absorption signature of minerals bearing Al-OH,
Mg-OH, Ca-CO3 bonds. ASTER data is used to detect the Bauxite rich plateau using image
interpretation techniques. The detail specification of ASTER is given in Table 1. Six scenes
of ASTER L1A product are procured from ERSDAC Japan. Details of the each scene are
given in table 2.
Figure 2: 3D RGB color composite image cube of the ASTER satellite image
Table 1: ASTER Data Specification (ASTER, 2010)
Data Product Spectral Bands
Spectral range (µm)
Spatial Resolution (M)
Radiometric Resolution
Aster L1A
VNIR
1 0.5-0.60 15 8 2 0.63-0.69 15 8
3N 0.78-0.86 15 8 3B 0.78-0.86 15 8
Aster L1A SWIR
4 1.60-1.70 30 8 5 2.145-2.185 30 8 6 2.185-2.225 30 8 7 2.235-2.285 30 8 8 2.295-2.365 30 8 9 2.360-2.430 30 8
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Table 2: Detailed information of ASTER scenes
2.1.2 ASTER Global Digital Elevation Data (ASTER-GDEM)
ASTER acquires images in three VNIR (Visible-near-Infrared) Channels. In addition these
channels, additional VNIR Band3 is also acquired using a backward-looking telescope, thus
providing along-track stereo coverage from which high-quality digital elevation models
(DEMs) are generated as one of a suite of ASTER standard data products. ASTER GDEM
standard data products are produced with 30 m postings, and have Z accuracies generally
between 10 m and 25 m root mean square error (ASTER GDEM, 2010). ASTER GDEM
data is used to derive altitude information and slope map; important for understanding the
role of slope and altitude in chemical weathering process responsible for Bauxite enrichment
2.1.3 Spectral Profile Datasets
Spectral profiles collected by using hand held Spectroradiometer (Fledspec3) (figure 3)
developed by Analytical System Device Incorporation is very important data as spectral data
considered as the basis for selection of ASTER band ratio to delineate the Bauxite rich zone
within lateritic Bauxite and also used to validate the classified map products. Field spec 3
Spectroradiometer has two types of detectors one 512 element Si photodiode detector
operative in 350-1000 nm and two separate, InGaAs photodiodes operative in 1000-2500
nm. The Spectroradiometer is operative in the spectral rage of 350 -2500 nm domain and
have spectral resolution of 3 nm@700 nm and 10 nm @ 1400/2100 nm (ASD, 2010).
Standard spectral profile of Gibbsite and Goethite from spectral library of USGS, were
compared to understand the spectral behavior of the samples (figure 4)
Scene ID
Minimum (Elevation)
Maximum (Elevation)
Mean (Elevation)
Scene Center
Date of acquisition
Time of acquisition (HMS)
PRdat011 420 1143 785.03 23.0312 83.8939 01-03-2008 05H 06M58S PRdat012 244 1179 644.28 23.5647 84.0203 01-03-2008 05H 06M49S PRdat013 137 642 273.52 24.0980 84.1473 01-03-2008 05H 06M41S PRdat014 313 1054 650.04 22.9493 84.4567 03-02-2004 05H 07M 42S PRdat015 308 1117 651.43 23.4824 84.5857 03-02-2004 05H 07M 33S PRdat016 185 942 424.05 24.0154 84.7154 03-02-2004 05H 07M 24S
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Figure 3: Spectral profile of Bauxite/Laterite Sample collected from field
Figure 4: Lab Spectra of Gibbsite and Goethite compared with field Bauxite spectra
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2.1.4 Geological Map
The regional geological map of the study area (figure 5) prepared by Geological Survey of
India (GSI map on 1:50000) based on systematic field mapping is used as reference to
compare the results derived from the satellite data to find whether satellite based mapping
could delineate any new pockets of Bauxite and also to understand how satellite data would
be used as authentic tool for mapping of the rocks like lateritic bauxite which has
considerable economic importance.
2.1.5 Geochemical Dataset
Bauxite/Laterite samples collected in the field are analyzed for the concentration of the
different oxides and hydroxides using wet chemical method at State Laboratory of
Department of Mines and Geology (Table 3 & Table 4).
Table 3: Chemical Analysis of field samples of Bauxite and Laterite
Sample
No.
Area
Latitude Longitude
SiO2
(%)
Al2O3
(%)
Fe2O3
(%)
L.O.I.
(%)
1
Bhelwa
Tola 23˚10’00.80” 84˚12’35.40” 45.00 16.92 11.18 -
2 Amba Kona 23˚25’43.04” 83˚59’56.33” - 24.62 42.00 16.50
3 Amba Kona 23˚24’43.62” 83˚59’45.34” - 52.50 16.50 18.60
4 Rajadera 23˚17’18.10” 84˚13’44.70” 60.78 13.46 15.97 -
5 Nawadih 23˚17’25.40” 84˚14’16.70” - 45.11 16.70 16.92
6 Gurdari 23˚19’53.20” 84˚14’23.80” 54.16 15.00 12.77 -
7 Kusmu 23˚24’53.66” 84˚15’43.96” 42.92 14.50 12.50 -
8 Bagru 23˚28’52.09” 84˚35’44.16” - 43.70 15.50 16.42
9 Chanpi 23˚29’21.28” 84˚35’24.42” - 55.60 11.00 17.20
10 Bagru 23˚29’03.29” 84˚35’44.18” - 53.25 12.70 17.20
11 Serengdag 23˚21’37.70” 84˚26’07.30” - 47.45 21.50 22.97
12 Tatwa 23˚24’25.40” 84˚15’35.80” - 52.32 9.50 27.40
13 Tatwa 23˚23’47.40” 84˚16’08.70” - 59.50 7.90 27.40
14 Chauradih 23˚20’10.20” 84˚17’28.80” - 60.02 5.58 25.20
15 Banglapat 23˚32’51.90” 84˚35’38.50” - 37.70 38.30 18.00
16 Pakharpat 23˚33’33.40” 84˚34’57.50” - 44.37 19.15 22.00
17 Pakharpat 23˚33’29.40” 84˚35’15.10” - 46.91 22.30 23.00
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Table 4: Chemical Analysis of field samples of Bauxite/Laterite provided by Department of
Mines and Geology
Sample
No.
Area
Latitude Longitude
SiO2
(%)
Al2O3
(%)
Fe2O3
(%)
1 Daunapat 23˚08’02.60” 84˚07’54.08” 0.52 59.19 7.25
2 Barpat 23˚17’25.10” 84˚16’03.98” 9.21 40.97 43.30
3 BhaglaToli 23˚11’32.26” 84˚16’20.10” 1.04 60.56 6.84
4 Lupun pat 23˚13’43.96” 84˚15’59.32” 2.04 40.74 33.48
5 Besna 23˚12’52.65” 84˚17’39.62” 11.93 35.48 31.53
6 Chandipat 23˚18’17.50” 84˚10’53.17” 8.09 39.87 26.49
7
Kabrapat-
Piruapatoli 23˚23’19.90” 83˚56’01.37” - - -
8
Dhankatoli-
kechkipat 23˚23’57.98” 84˚26’40.88” - - -
9 Sarwat Pahar 23˚35’12.25” 83˚56’01.37” - - -
10 Kolda 23˚03’39.13” 84˚28’10.37” 2.01 51.04 21.06
11 Daswanpat 23˚30’46.98” 84˚15’43.44” 1.76 60.58 1.92
12 Pakharpat 23˚33’32.69” 84˚36’42.00” 0.44 61.09 4.09
13 Dudhia Pahar 23˚35’32.40” 84˚34’23.41” 0.32 59.50 2.84
14 Dokapat 23˚13’45.45” 84˚16’55.05” - - -
15 Luchut 23˚13’19.45” 84˚04’07.20” 2.01 55.26 06.44
16 Rudnipat 23˚31’07.05” 84˚36’31.67” - - -
17
Maduapat
23˚35’15.45” 84˚38’10.53”
0.36-
2.32
49.72-
59.99
3.93-
8.68
18 Khamarpat 23˚36’17.34 84˚41’16.14” 0.40 59.96 4.62
19 Banglapat 23˚32’52.27” 84˚35’38.25” 0.60 59.09 4.64
20 Kelhari Pahar 23˚35’26.29” 84˚31’45.68” - - -
21 Dudhmatiya 23˚29’18.01” 84˚35’43.52” 0.1-5 51-60 8-10
22 Orsapat 23˚23’44.38” 83˚59’04.99” 0.95 59.06 1.95
23 Chiropat 23˚27’14.71” 84˚00’30.39” - - -
24 Tamolgarh 23˚31’54.20” 84˚03’15.85” 0.52 63.60 0.98
25 Aksi 23˚31’23.50” 84˚07’37.24” - - -
26 Saru Pahar 23˚30’09.10” 84˚28’12.34” 0.42 60.98 06.35
27 Kondepat 23˚17’19.14” 84˚26’56.58” 0.36 58.16 3.12
28 Netarhat 23˚28’13.43” 84˚16’06.14” - - -
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Fig
ure
5 :
Reg
ion
al G
eolo
gica
l Map
of
the
Stu
dy
Are
a (G
SI
, 200
5)
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84°3
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2.1.6 Chemical Analysis Procedure
Samples collected from field for different grade of Bauxite, Laterite and host rock granite &
granite gneiss and other rock samples of quartzite, Diorite, Dolerite, Biotite Gneiss are
analyzed in State Geological Laboratory, Hazaribagh for geochemical analysis. These are
the methods followed for the determination of Al203, Fe2O3, SiO2 and Loss of Ignition (LOI)
%:
(i) Determination of Alumina (Al2O3) in Bauxite by EDTA Complexometry Principal
method by Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), which is generally followed by Jharkhand
state Department of Mines and Geology:
Reagents:-
i. Sodium acetate buffer CH3COONa
ii. Xylenol orange.
iii. M/100 Zinc acetate (CH3COO)2Zn.
(i) Sodium acetate buffer – 22 gm sodium acetate + 1000 cc distilled water + 1 cc acetic
acid.
(ii) Xylenol orange –200 mg xylenol orange + 100ml distilled water + 1-2 drop 1:1 HCl.
(iii) Zinc acetate (M/100) – 2.20 gm Zinc acetate + Hot 1000 cc distilled water.
Procedure:-
At first 100 mg sample is taken in Nickel crucible. 8 – 10 Pellets of sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) is added and melted on low temperature. It is cooled and dissolved in distilled water
in a beaker. Now the solution is heated on hot plate and filtered with 41no. filter paper in
250 ml measuring flask. 250 ml solution is prepared by adding distilled water.
Determination of Al2O3 :-
50 cc solutions are taken from 250ml stock in the beaker. The solution is acidified with very
dilute hydrochloric acid. 25 cc of 0.02 N EDTA is then added to the solution.PH of 5-5.5 is
maintained while adding very dilute ammonia (check with pH paper). 25 cc sodium acetate
buffer is added and the sample is boiled on hot plate. The solution is cooled on water tray
and titrated with M/100 zinc acetate using indicator xylenol orange. The reading (A) is noted
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(ii) Determination of Silica (SiO2) in Bauxite by Gravimetry Principal method by Indian Bureau (IBM):
Reagents:-
i. Hydrochloric Acid
ii. Nitric Acid
iii. 1:1 Sulphuric Acid
iv. Hydrofluoric Acid.
Procedure:-
At first 0.5 gm of 100 mesh is taken in a conical flask and digested with 15 ml of
concentrated Hydrochloric acid and 8 ml of concentrated Nitric acid on a low temperature
hot plate. When the brown fumes are disappeared, the flask is removed from hot plate and
30 ml (1:1) H2SO4 is added, digested and finally fumed copiously. The solution is cooled
and 50 ml distilled water is added, warmed on hot plate and filtered using what man filter
paper no. 41.The filtrate is collected in 250 ml volumetric flask.
The residue along with filter paper is taken in a platinum crucible. The filter paper is burnt
so as to ignite the residue. The dry residue is cooled and weighed. The residue is now
moistened with a few drop of 1:1 sulphuric acid and 10-15 ml hydrofluoric acid is then
added and finally kept on hot plate. Slowly evaporation takes place. When the residue dries
up it is cooled and weighed. The difference of the two weights gives the silica content. The
silica percentage is calculated as follows
SiO2 percentage =
Where,
W1 is the weight of the crucible + material after ignition,
W2 is the weight of the platinum crucible + material after
W3
(W1 – W2) x 100
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hydrofluorization and,
W3 is the weight of the sample taken.
(iii) Determination of Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) in Bauxite by Dichromate Principal method by Indian Bureau of Mines in State Geological Laboratory, Hazaribagh.
Reagents:-
i. SnCl2 – 5 gm SnCl2 + 25 cc HCl (concentrated), and then heat and after cooling mix 100 ml distilled water.
ii. Phosphoric acid + Sulphuric acid mixture – 150 ml concentrated H2SO4 and 150 ml concentrated H3PO4 dilute with water to one liter.
iii. Mercuric Chloride (Saturated) – 10 gm HgCl2 salt dissolved in 500 ml of distilled water
iv. Barium Diphenylamine Sulphonate – 250 mg of salt dissolved in 100 cc water. Procedure:-
Firstly 50 ml of main solution (prepared during determination of Silica) is taken in a beaker
and 5 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid is added and heated on hot plate at 200- 2500 C
temperature. Then drop wise Sncl2 (Stannous chloride) is added for reduction when the
solution becomes clear. It is then cooled on water tray. After cooling 10 ml of Mercuric
chloride (HgCl2), 15 ml mixture of H2SO4 + H3PO4 and 15 ml of distilled water is added.
Finally indicator Barium Diphenylamine sulphonate (C24H20BaN2O6S2) is added and titrated
with N/ 10 K2Cr2O7.
Strength of K2Cr2O7 = N/10
1cc of N/10 K2Cr2O7 = 0.007985 gm of Fe2O3
(iv) Determination of loss of ignition (LOI) in Bauxite by Gravimetry Principal method by Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM).
Procedure:-
1 gm of sample is taken in a weighed platinum crucible. At first stage, the sample is heated
gently and then at gradual pace with increasing temperature. The sample is ignited at
100000C for 1 hour and then cooled in a desiccators and then weighed
L.O.I = (A - B) X 100
Where,
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A = initial weight in gm. of the crucible with sample,
B = final weight in gm. of the crucible with the residue after ignition
2.1.7. Ground Data
Samples collection of Bauxite/Laterite and host rock was planned in two phases. Locations
of samples are given in Figure 6. The first phase field work was organised in the month of
January 2010 and 18 samples of different grade ore of bauxite from different lithologic
horizons were collected. During the field visit all the three major plateau areas Netarhat-
Amtipani, Serendag (figure 8) and Sukrahatu-Kolda regions were visited extensively.
During field visit samples were also collected from working mines like, Bagru, Sereka
mines (figure 7), Pakhar Pat (figure 9 ), Gurdari mines (figure 10) and other surrounding
plateau locally called as “PAT”.
Figure 7: Photograph of Sereka Mines, Serendag Plateau, Gumla showing the Profile of Bauxite deposit
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Figure 8: Photograph showing Mining activity in a mine on Pakhar Pat
Figure 9: Photograph of mining activities in Guradari mines
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Samples of Bauxite, Laterite (figure 11), Granite/Granite Gneiss; (figure 12 & 13), and few
Quartzite samples (figure 14) were collected.
Figure 10: Photograph showing Laterite hillocks in Gumla district
Figure 11: Photograph showing host rock Granite
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Figure 12: Photograph showing host rock Granite
Figure: 13 Photograph showing Quartzite on the route from Ghagra to Netarhat
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2.2 Digital Database Preparation:
In order to derive information from satellite imagery digital data are processed to derive
useful information from the digital numbers produced by the sensors. The main pre-
processing involves geometric and radiometric correction. In Geometric corrections, the
image is registered to a coordinate system, so the location of every pixel at the earth surface
is known. Radiometric correction enhances the contrast in the image. In addition to these
corrections, there was some striping present in some of the bands; those bands were
destriped in order to remove the striping artefacts from the image data. Striping is usually
caused by some sensors that are out of alignment, defective or not calibrated correctly.
ASTER Level 1A image used for present research comprise a data format with no geometric
and radiometric correction applied to the image. All correction coefficients are supplied in
the header of the HDF file.
These coefficients were extracted from the metadata and used for radiometric correction.
After the images were destriped properly, orthorectification was performed to georeference
the images and correct for errors in image coordinates due to relief displacement, earth
curvature and inter- and intra-telescope parallax errors. SWIR bands suffer from parallax
errors because the sensor arrays for the different bands are not perfectly aligned. This results
in bands that are shifted in space relative to each other. A method for correcting for
geometric errors in the image is orthorectification with a DEM (Digital Elevation Model) as
input. When orthorectification is performed, all errors mentioned above are corrected in the
same process.
Several methods for atmospherically correcting high spectral resolution image raw data are
in common use. The selection of a particular method depends upon data quality, availability
of onboard radiometric calibration, a priori knowledge of the study area, and the availability
of atmospheric parameters and spectral measurements.
ASTER data in the present study is pre-processed using FLASSH algorithm and calibrated
to reflectance data. FLAASH is a first-principles atmospheric correction modelling tool for
retrieving spectral reflectance from hyperspectral and multispectral radiance images. With
FLAASH, it is possible to accurately compensate for atmospheric effects. FLAASH corrects
wavelengths in the visible through near-infrared and shortwave infrared regions, up to 2.5
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μm. Unlike many other atmospheric correction programs that interpolate radiation transfer
properties from a pre-calculated database of modelling results, FLAASH incorporates the
MODTRAN4 radiation transfer code (ASTER With FLAASH, 2010). It provides accurate,
physics-based derivation of apparent surface reflectance through derivation of atmospheric
properties such as surface albedo, surface altitude, water vapour column, aerosol and cloud
optical depths, surface and atmospheric temperatures from hyperspectral and multispectral
imaging data.
2.3 Methodology
For the purpose of present study ARC/GIS 9.3 software platform is used to create the
geospatial thematic information on slope, elevation from ASTER Global DEM. Geological
map prepared by the Geological Survey of India is also converted to vector format with the
same reference system with that of the ASTER VNIR and SWIR data. Once these thematic
information/maps are created; these maps are brought under GIS platform to understand how
these themes are interplayed for Bauxite formation.
ASTER data is interpreted for delineating the Bauxite exposures from the ASTER VNIR
false colour composite images. Bauxite occupied provinces are delineated from ASTER data
and compared with the distribution of Bauxite as depicted by Geological map prepared by
GSI. It has been observed that laterite/Lateritic Bauxite is characterized by bright tone and
smooth texture in false colour composite. It also has been observed Bauxite occur over
entire plateau top region 980 meter. In effort to understand the role of altitude in localizing
of Bauxite; slope map is also prepared to understand the terrain control of Bauxite
formation. Field work is also carried out to collect samples for chemical analysis to estimate
the alumina content of Bauxite samples and also to use the same sample for spectral analysis
to understand how the chemical composition of Bauxite governs the spectral signatures of
the rock samples. In this connection, spectroscopic profiles for Bauxite samples are collected
and same lateritic bauxite samples are also analyzed to understand the variation in
spectroscopic signatures with the change in alumina content. Field spec 3
Spectroradiometer is used to collect the spectral observation within the spectral range of
350-2500 nm.
The FLAASH corrected reflectance data is used for preparing the aster based indices image.
Before preparing the indices image, biophysical parameter NDVI is calculated to mask the
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forest cover from the ASTER data. Forest cover is well distributed throughout the entire
study area especially along the foot hills of plateau area. The NDVI value is calculated from
the red band and NIR band of the ASTER data and NDVI value greater than 0.5 has been
suppressed. The masked image is devoid of forest/vegetation signature and used for deriving
the mineral indices and indices value therefore is not influenced by forest cover. In the
masked image exposures of laterite and Bauxite appear bright whereas the forested area
becomes darker. The assumption in calculating the mineral indices lies in the fact that
gibbsite; mineral for alumina has characteristic absorption at 2.260 micrometer as evident by
the USGS mineral spectra convolved to ASTER band pass (figure 4). For the purpose of
ASTER indices for delineating Bauxite rich zone within laterite, ASTER channel 7 and
CHANNEL 4 are is used to calculate the Bauxite indices map. Lower the value of indices
map higher is the content of alumina.
2.4 Result & Discussion
Satellite based study often plays crucial role in delineating deposits which have prominent
geomorphic, spectral signatures. Therefore, earlier worker successfully used multispectral
satellite data for Bauxite mapping. Das, 2010 analyzed the spectral signatures of
laterite/bauxite, vegetation and red soil and showed that in TM band 7, vegetation gives low
reflectance and laterite/ bauxite gives high reflectance whereas in Band 4 it is viceversa.
Sanjeevi (2008) used ASTER data to delineate Bauxite and Limestone using integrated
approach with terrain parameters and spectral informations. In his work, study was focused
on image based method for detecting “pure pixels” of Bauxite.
In present study, satellite data is used to update the extent of laterite/bauxite reserve based
on characteristic geomorphic and tonal signatures. Laterite/Bauxite, in the area, occurs on
prominent plateau and laterization is extensive on top. Space borne data of ASTER FCC
image, slope map created from ASTER elevation data are used in conjunction with
field/laboratory based data on oxide concentration, spectral profiles of Bauxite and laterite
samples for Bauxite mapping. Reference geological map prepared by GSI has been used to
validate the Bauxite/Laterite distribution delineated by space borne sensors. It has been
observed that the known mines occur at higher altitude over 980 meter (figure 14) and slope
(figure15) of the terrain remains within 0-10 degree, suitable for slow draining of the rain
water ,to maintain low pH of the solution , and for enriching Al with its reprecipitation.
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Fig
ure
14:
Kn
own
Bau
xite
min
es a
nd it
s re
lati
on t
o al
titu
de
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Fig
ure
15:
Slo
pe
map
of
the
stu
dy
Are
a
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As per the understanding of Bauxitisation process; the leaching process increase with
increase of rainwater, which allow to remove dissolved silica in the solution and thus
favours stability of gibbsite in low pH condition. In the solution,concentration of dissolved
free aluminium is higher if it is in equilibrium with gibbsite than with Kaolinite
(Schellmann, 1994). Therefore, it is evident that 980 contours should be taken as the lower
limit of Bauxite occurrence and this observation correspond well with the Bauxite
distribution as visualized by image signatures and and delineated by GSI reference map.
Once the Bauxite distribution is delineated; field spectral analysis is taken as a criterion to
understand how chemical composition of Bauxite influences the spectral signature of the
Bauxite. In this regard, Spectroscopy offers the rapid method for analyzing the mineral
composition from the samples and it is found that the Lateritic Bauxite samples with high
alumina content enhances spectroscopic signature of Gibbsite (figure 16).
Figure 16: Field spectra of Bauxite showing how gibbsite absorption feature shifts with
low Alumina content
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Garu
Toto
Dum
ri
Kisk
o
GUML
A
Nawa
dih
Ghag
hra
Bend
ora
Neta
rhat
Chain
pur
LOHA
RDAG
A
Bish
unpu
rMa
huad
anr
8 9
1
26
73
54
10
04
812
2K
m
Leg
en
d
Res
ult
Valid
ati
on
Lo
cati
on
s
Up
dat
ed
bau
xit
e B
ou
nd
ary
Jhar
kha
nd
LO
CA
TIO
N I
ND
EX
MA
P
Ind
ia
ST
UD
Y A
RE
A
Jh
ark
han
d
GU
ML
A
GIR
IDIH
RA
NC
HI
DU
MK
A
LAT
EH
AR
SIM
DE
GA
KH
UN
TI
PA
LA
MU
CH
AT
RA
GA
RH
WA
WE
ST
SIN
GH
BH
UM
HA
ZA
RIB
AG
H
BO
KA
RO
GO
DD
A
PA
KU
R
DE
OG
HA
R
DH
AN
BA
D
EA
ST
SIN
GH
BH
UM
JAM
TA
RA
SA
HIB
GA
NJ
KO
DE
RM
A
RA
MG
AR
HLO
HA
RD
AG
A
SA
RA
IKE
LA K
HA
RS
AW
AN
Sample
Points
Al2o3%
Fe2o3%
160.02
5.58
259.50
7.90
358.48
7.90
455.60
11.00
553.25
12.70
652.32
9.50
747.45
21.50
846.91
22.30
944.37
19.15
10
37.70
38.30
Fig
ure
17:
Bau
xite
En
rich
men
t m
ap s
how
ing
dif
fere
nt
Al 2
O 3
co
nte
nt
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The spectral absorption profiles (after convolved to ASTER bandwidth) for the lateritic
Bauxite samples are compared with that of the standard laboratory spectra of alumina
bearing mineral i.e. gibbsite from USGS laboratory (convolved to aster bandwidth). It is
found that lateritic Bauxite samples with high alumina value has the spectral absorption
feature of Gibbsite; this spectral absorption feature shifts from 2.26 micrometer to 2.20
micrometer as alumina content lowers in the Bauxite. This understanding led to the
derivation of ASTER indices image; which enhances this spectral absorption signature and
therefore indices image used as and this observation is used as a basis to delineate the
relative variability within Bauxite. The indices image is classified (figure 17) iteratively to
achieve the congruence between Bauxite enrichment delineated with and chemical data of
oxide concentration collected from different field points
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
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Rem
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ensin
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nd G
IS a
naly
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CHAPTER-3
THEMATIC MAPPING
3.1 Introduction
This study has been carried out to update the boundary of laterite and bauxite mineralization
in the state of Jharkhand. Present project has covered about 6676.14 sq km area distributed
in Latehar,Gumla and Lohardaga districts of Jharkhand. The area falls under SOI toposheet
nos 64M/14, 64M/15 , 73 A/1 , 73A/2 , 73A/3 , 73A/4 , 73A/5 , 73A/6 , 73A/7 , 73A/8 , 73
A/9 , 73A/10 , 73A/11.
In this project Aster data has been utilized for digital image processing. The spatial
distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of the study area on 1:1,60,000 scale is shown in figure 18.
Further, the Bauxite/Laterite bearing area has been shown on 1:50000 scale as per SOI
toposheet number (figure19-27) and nine maps have been prepared. These thematic maps
exhibit bauxite mineralization and have good correspondence with the known bauxite
distribution. Further 26 maps were also prepared on 1:25,000 scale.
On the basis of above Remote Sensing based study and thematic mapping of Bauxite
deposits in the area of 6676.14 Sq km a total of 487.05 sq km area has been demarcated as
Bauxite/Laterite bearing area in Latehar, Gumla and Lohardaga districts. As a result of this
study following maps are prepared:-
SN Map Scale Total number of Toposheets
Maps Prepared Samples collected
1 1:1,60,000 01 one A total of 45
representative
samples were
collected from
different sectors to
find out the
possible grade of
bauxite in the area.
2 1:50,000 09
(64 M/14,64
M/15,73A/3,73
A/2,73 A/4,73
A/6,73 A/7, 73
A/8,73 A/10,73
A/11)
Nine
3 1:25,000 26 Twenty Six
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GUML
A
LATE
HAR
LOHA
RDAG
A
GARH
WA
I
G
L
J
D
B
K
F
C
A
E
H
Gua
Rud
Opa
Sisi
Adhe
Lodh
Sale
Latu
Bere As
ta
Jari
Kari
Jadi
Jari
Adar
Arra
Jum
a
Garu
Toto
Kuru
Tehr
i
Bijka
Mutk
i
Parro
Banr
i
Dabr
i
Katri
Jalka
Hesw
a
Murm
u
Bagr
u
Dudu
a
Korg
i
Hena
r
Kusm
u
Orey
a
Jurm
u
Goer
a
Chem
u
Harh
e
Karn
i
Jard
a
Bitri
onke
l
Tong
o
Kasir
Jann
a
Marw
a
Kota
m
Jam
ti
Cham
a
Hisr
i
Senh
a
Karg
oBa
gru
Talsa Ta
lsa
Jaria
Kujra
Kara
k
Salgi
Roch
o
Chiri
Dum
ri
Kisk
o
GUML
A
Gorh
an
Hesa
tu
Mani
la
Sem
ala
Joka
ri
Nind
ir
Gaon
di
Tend
ar
Salam
i
Jaip
urBa
rahi
Band
ua
Kujru
m
Tanw
ai
Sidh
ma
Bark
hi Katin
g
Ghus
ri
Morw
ai
Kuga
on
Itkira
Dewa
ki
Beth
at
Char
hu
Ladh
up
Dhau
ra
Hotw
ar
Mand
al
Sang
ali
Madg
ari
Oneg
ara
Pesh
rar
Patra
tu
Anab
iri
Naog
ain
Dirg
aon
Tigaw
al
Darg
aonK
atkah
i
Amba
tok
Jatra
gi
Rams
eli
Gurd
ari
Birg
aon
Lonh
ara
Barto
liKu
nrke
l
Dum
aria
Bana
latGh
agnr
a
Nath
purCh
andw
a
Lara
ngoKo
ram
be
Kekr
ang
Kolp
ara
Nont
ila
Nawa
dih
Ghag
hra
Bend
ora
Chan
dwa
LATE
HAR
Para
swar
Barw
adih
Bara
garh
Nawa
toli
Sera
ndag
Rama
ndag
Tatw
adih
Nawa
toli
Silp
hari
Hudu
gara
Bare
sanr
Dhut
ipat
Kara
mdon
Chira
ian
Bark
adih
Rudr
apur
Nawa
toli
Nand
awalRo
gnad
ihKe
roga
mi
Kota
mati
Nawa
toli
Nawa
toli
Sirk
umar
Hend
lasa
Gopit
oli
Chain
pur
Nawa
garh
Bhan
daria
Ghas
itola
Batu
atoli
Baig
atoli
Pakr
itoli
Bisr
ampu
r
Kara
mtol
i
Jaria
toli
Gach
hand
a
Khut
akon
a
Jitiat
oli
Gobin
dpur
Shrin
agar
Mahu
atol
i
Kusu
mto
li
Bark
atoli
Badu
apar
a
LOHA
RDAG
A
Bish
unpu
r
Mahu
adan
r
Repi
kamc
ha
Cham
pato
li
Bhelw
atola
Kara
njto
li
Tilha
itoli
Bhikh
ampu
r
Chha
trapu
r
Jiling
sera
Pakh
ar P
at
Mang
anto
li
Bisr
amga
rh
Chhi
pado
har
Mahr
ainto
la
Kuru
n Kh
urd
Jalim
Khu
rd
Chho
takat
ra
Bark
oi Kh
urd
Pakr
ipat
toli
Bark
i Cha
npi
Baria
tu Ja
gir
Chho
tki S
amda
ri
Neta
rhat
Plat
eau
9
87
6
5
4
32
1
27
26
252423
22
2120
19
18
1716
1514
1312
11
84°5
0'0"
E
84°5
0'0"
E
84°4
5'0
"E
84°4
5'0
"E
84°4
0'0"
E
84°4
0'0"
E
84°3
5'0"
E
84°3
5'0"
E
84°3
0'0"
E
84°3
0'0"
E
84°2
5'0"
E
84°2
5'0"
E
84°2
0'0"
E
84°2
0'0"
E
84°1
5'0
"E
84°1
5'0"
E
84°1
0'0"
E
84°1
0'0
"E
84°5
'0"E
84°5
'0"E
84°0
'0"E
84°0
'0"E
83°5
5'0"
E
83°5
5'0"
E
83°5
0'0"
E
83°5
0'0"
E
83°4
5'0"
E
83°4
5'0"
E
23°55'0"N
23°55'0"N
23°50'0"N
23°50'0"N
23°45'0"N
23°45'0"N
23°40'0"N
23°40'0"N
23°35'0"N
23°35'0"N
23°30'0"N
23°30'0"N
23°25'0"N
23°25'0"N
23°20'0"N
23°20'0"N
23°15'0"N
23°15'0"N
23°10'0"N
23°10'0"N
23°5'0"N
23°5'0"N
23°0'0"N
23°0'0"N
Sp
atia
l Dis
trib
uti
on
of
Bau
xite
/Lat
erit
e in
Jh
arkh
and
Sta
te
Map
pre
par
ed u
nd
er M
iner
al E
xplo
rati
on
Pro
ject
usi
ng
Rem
ote
Sen
sin
g a
nd
GIS
tec
hn
iqu
es
Fo
r O
ffic
ial U
se O
nly
Rep
rod
uct
ion
of
the
map
in a
ny
form
is s
tric
tly
pro
hib
ited
HATHU NADI
CHHATTISGARH
In C
ollo
bora
tion
with
Dire
ctor
ate
of G
eolo
gy
Dep
artm
ent o
f Min
es a
nd G
eolo
gyG
over
nmen
t of J
har
khan
d
Geo
scie
nces
Div
isio
nN
atio
nal R
emot
e S
ensi
ng
Cen
ter
Indi
an S
pace
Re
sear
ch O
rgan
izat
ion
Bal
anag
ar, H
yde
raba
d
Jhar
khan
d S
pace
App
licat
ion
Cen
ter
Dep
artm
ent
of I
nfor
mat
ion
Tech
nolo
gyG
over
nmen
t of J
hark
hand
Eng
inee
rs' H
oste
l-I, D
hurw
a S
ecto
r- II
IR
anch
i-834
004,
Jha
rkha
nd
Pro
ject
By
:0
1020
30K
m
Sca
le 1
:1,6
0,00
0
JHA
RK
HA
ND
ST
UD
Y A
RE
A
LO
CA
TIO
N M
AP
GU
ML
A
GIR
IDIH
RA
NC
HI
PA
LAM
UD
UM
KA
LAT
EH
AR
CH
AT
RA
GA
RH
WA
SIM
DE
GA
WE
ST
SIN
GH
BH
UM
KH
UN
TI
HA
ZA
RIB
AG
H
BO
KA
RO
GO
DD
A
PA
KU
R
DE
OG
HA
R
DH
AN
BA
D
EA
ST
SIN
GH
BH
UM
JAM
TA
RA
SA
HIB
GA
NJ
KO
DE
RM
A
RA
MG
AR
H
LOH
AR
DA
GA
SA
RA
IKE
LA K
HA
RS
AW
AN
Ind
iaJh
ark
han
d
Block
Block Nam
e
Area of
Bauxite/
Laterite
(in Sq Kms)
AGulgulPat Block
23˚34'03''‐23˚35'54''
83˚52'27
''‐83˚56'30''
9.794
BJamira Pat Block
23°20'41
''‐23°34'10
"83
°58'06"‐84°03'56"
76.449
CLuchutPat Block
23˚11'48''‐23˚15'32''
84˚03'07
''‐84˚05'30''
12.931
DDaunapat Block
22°59'49"‐23°09'24"
84°02'06"‐84°10'10"
16.481
EAksi Pahar Block
23°31'08
"‐23°31'37''
84°07'20"‐84°08'01"
0.600
FDarichhapar Block
23°35'10"‐23°37'59"
84°13'01"‐84°16'41"
7.519
GNetarhat,Amtipani Block
23°10'15"‐ 23°34'57"
84°08'46
"‐84°22'13''
235.915
HBudha Pahar Block
23°42'31
"‐23°42'44''
84°22'08"‐84°22'25"
0.060
IPakhar Pat,Bagru Block
23°26'34"‐23°38'43"
84°24'32"‐84°41'57"
38.722
JSerendag Block
23°20'07''‐23
˚26'40''
84°23'12''‐84
˚32'35''
56.265
KKondlepat & Purnadih Block
23°01'25"‐ 23°03'57''
84°25'01
''‐84°28'26
''10.920
LKolda,Sukrahatu,Pakripat Block
23°12'28"‐ 23°19'41''
84°22'44
''‐84°27'30
''21.393
Block W
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73A
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72D
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64N
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73A
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73A
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64M
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64M
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64M
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64M
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64M
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64M
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23M
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Fig
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18:
Sp
atia
l Dis
trib
utio
n o
f B
auxi
te/L
ater
ite
of S
tud
y A
rea
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
34
Rem
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Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
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s for
Min
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Exp
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in J
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hand
R
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83
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83
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23°45'0"N
23°45'0"N
23°40'0"N
23°40'0"N
23°35'0"N
23°35'0"N
23°30'0"N
23°30'0"N
Sp
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73A
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73A
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73A
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64M
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73A
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Sp
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trib
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on o
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of S
OI
Top
osh
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No
64M
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Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC Chapter 3
Rem
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Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
35
Ors
a
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kana
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23°30'0"N
23°25'0"N
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23°20'0"N
23°20'0"N
23°15'0"N
23°15'0"N
Sp
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A/3
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
36
Rem
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Sens
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data
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GIS
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Exp
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in J
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hand
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73
A/2
Sca
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00
0
03
69
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CHHATTISGARH
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un
dary
Fig
ure
21:
Sp
atia
l Dis
trib
uti
on o
f B
auxi
te/L
ater
ite
of S
OI
Top
osh
eet
No
73 A
/2
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC Chapter 3
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
37
Dum
ri
Albe
rt Ek
ka
Chai
npur
Dum
ri
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In C
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Depart
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s a
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Govern
me
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of Jh
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Geo
sci
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me
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of Jh
ark
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ngin
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' H
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l-I, D
hurw
a S
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r- III
Ranchi-
83
40
04, Jhark
hand
Pro
ject B
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Ind
iaJ
hark
ha
nd
Jh
ark
han
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ST
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RE
A
LO
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AP
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ML
A
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IDIH
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NC
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MU
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GA
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on
of
the m
ap
in
an
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orm
is
str
ictl
y p
roh
ibit
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73 A
/4
Sca
le 1
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00
0
CHHATTI
SGARH
SA
NK
H R
IVER
BA
SA
NA
DI
03
69
1.5
Km
Leg
en
dS
ettle
me
nt
Sta
te B
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Dis
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t B
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ry
Ra
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Ma
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Fig
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22:
Sp
atia
l Dis
trib
uti
on o
f B
auxi
te/L
ater
ite
of S
OI
Top
osh
eet
No
73 A
/4
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
38
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
R
emot
e Se
nsin
g da
ta a
nd G
IS a
naly
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84
°30'0
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84
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84
°25'0
"E
84
°25'0
"E
84
°20'0
"E
84
°20'0
"E
84
°15'0
"E
84
°15'0
"E
23°45'0"N
23°45'0"N
23°40'0"N
23°40'0"N
23°35'0"N
23°35'0"N
23°30'0"N
23°30'0"N
Sp
ati
al
Dis
trib
uti
on
of
Bau
xit
e/L
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in
Jh
ark
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te
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DE
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GU
ML
A
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TE
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R
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A
64N
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B/1
73B
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B/9
73A
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73A
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A/7
73A
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73A
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72
D/4
72
D/8
64
M/9
73A
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63
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26
3P
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64N
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73B
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73A
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73
A/1
6
73A
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73
A/1
07
3A
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73A
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72D
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72D
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64M
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64
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264M
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64M
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64
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06
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64
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3
73A
/373A
/7
73
A/2
73A
/6
73A
/17
3A
/573A
/9
73A
/11
73A
/10
In C
ollo
bo
ratio
n w
ith
Dir
ecto
rate
of G
eolo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f M
ine
s a
nd G
eolo
gy
Gove
rnm
ent
of
Jh
ark
han
d
Geo
scie
nce
s D
ivis
ion
Na
tio
na
l R
em
ote
Sen
sin
g C
ente
rIn
dia
n S
pace R
ese
arc
h O
rga
niz
ation
Ba
lana
ga
r, H
yd
era
bad
Jha
rkha
nd
Sp
ace A
pp
lication
Ce
nte
rD
epa
rtm
en
t o
f In
form
atio
n T
ech
no
logy
Gove
rnm
ent
of
Jh
ark
han
dE
ngin
eers
' H
oste
l-I, D
hurw
a S
ecto
r- III
Ra
nchi-
83
40
04
, Jh
ark
han
d
Pro
ject
By :
Ind
iaJh
ark
han
d
Jh
ark
han
dS
TU
DY
AR
EA
LO
CA
TIO
N M
AP
GU
ML
A
GIR
IDIH
RA
NC
HI
PA
LA
MU
DU
MK
A
LAT
EH
AR
CH
AT
RA
GA
RH
WA
SIM
DE
GA
WE
ST
SIN
GH
BH
UM
KH
UN
TI
HA
ZA
RIB
AG
H
BO
KA
RO
GO
DD
A
PA
KU
R
DE
OG
HA
R
DH
AN
BA
D
EA
ST
SIN
GH
BH
UM
JAM
TA
RA
SA
HIB
GA
NJ
KO
DE
RM
A
RA
MG
AR
H
LO
HA
RD
AG
A
SA
RA
IKE
LA
KH
AR
SA
WA
N
Ma
p p
rep
are
d u
nd
er
Min
era
l E
xp
lora
tio
n P
roje
ct
us
ing
Re
mo
te S
en
sin
g a
nd
GIS
tec
hn
iqu
es
Fo
r O
ffic
ial U
se O
nly
Rep
rod
ucti
on
of
the m
ap
in
an
y f
orm
is s
tric
tly p
roh
ibit
ed
73 A
/6
Scale
1:5
00
00
03
69
1.5
Km
NO
RTH
KO
EL R
IVE
R
AU
RA
NG
A R
IVER
Leg
en
dS
ettle
ment
Sta
te B
oun
dary
Dis
tric
t B
oun
dary
Rail
Lin
e
Ma
jor
Road
s
Oth
er
Roa
ds
Riv
er/
Wate
r B
ody
Rese
rve
d F
ore
st
Pro
tecte
d F
ore
st
Bauxite/L
ate
rite
Blo
ck B
ound
ary
Fig
ure
23:
Sp
atia
l Dis
trib
uti
on o
f B
auxi
te/L
ater
ite
of S
OI
Top
osh
eet
No
73 A
/6
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC Chapter 3
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
39
Bis
hunp
ur
Gha
ghra
Pesh
rar
Dum
ri
Gar
u
Mah
uada
nr
Mah
uada
nr
Cha
inpu
r
Ro
i
Jari
Lap
u
Beti
Hari
Reh
e
Ko
ta
Bia
r
Sa
so
Ru
ki
Res
ag
Jau
ra
Hu
nd
i
Ju
rni
Tit
hi
Ran
ge
Hen
he
Ja
hu
p
Naim
aTe
rwa
Jali
m
Ben
di
Tu
mse
Ore
ya
Jeh
an
Lo
ng
a
Helt
a
Malg
a
Ko
rla
Hu
sih
Po
rha
Gu
tua
Ko
dil
Ku
nd
o
Jan
hu
r
Dard
ag
Beth
ot
Mo
ny
ai
Su
rra
iH
irs
ir
Gara
tu
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tu
Ban
ari
Ara
tdi
Hesra
g
An
ku
ri
Ch
iari
Ch
att
i
Ch
en
ra
Po
un
ri
Mu
nd
ar
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sa
r
Ch
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Bald
to
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at
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mto
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rwa
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ap
pa
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tau
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ba
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ap
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tto
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ih
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ag
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rto
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Sa
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ma
Naw
ato
li
Mis
rto
liH
aka
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g
Reh
ald
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ato
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tarh
at
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tip
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ud
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bato
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rrato
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injt
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hu
np
ur
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mto
li
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hh
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uo
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sh
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ar
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a K
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ap
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kh
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an
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ra
Bh
an
da
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uk
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haa
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liak
am
toli
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ur
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wa
toli
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i S
am
dari
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nth
wto
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ho
ta A
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jia C
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ato
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ilam
pa
kh
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Ch
hatk
i S
am
deri H
eth
Aro
ng
loia
toli
84
°30'0
"E
84
°30'0
"E
84
°25'0
"E
84
°25'0
"E
84
°20'0
"E
84
°20'0
"E
84
°15'0
"E
84
°15'0
"E
23°30'0"N
23°30'0"N
23°25'0"N
23°25'0"N
23°20'0"N
23°20'0"N
23°15'0"N
23°15'0"N
Sp
ati
al
Dis
trib
uti
on
of
Bau
xit
e/L
ate
rite
in
Jh
ark
ha
nd
Sta
te
TO
PO
IN
DE
X
GU
ML
A
LA
TE
HA
R
LO
HA
RD
AG
A
64N
/973B
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3B
/573B
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73
A/4
73A
/8
73A
/373A
/7
73A
/273A
/6
73A
/173
A/5
73A
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72D
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64M
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73
A/1
1
63P
/12
63P
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64N
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73B
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73A
/12
73A
/16
73A
/15
73A
/10
73A
/14
73A
/13
72D
/12
72D
/16
64M
/11
64M
/12
64M
/16
64M
/15
64M
/10
64M
/14
64M
/13
73A
/473A
/8
73A
/373A
/7
73A
/27
3A
/6
73A
/11
73A
/12
73A
/10
In C
ollo
bo
ratio
n w
ith
Dir
ecto
rate
of G
eolo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t of M
ine
s a
nd G
eolo
gy
Gove
rnm
ent of
Jhark
han
d
Geo
scie
nce
s D
ivis
ion
Natio
nal R
em
ote
Sen
sin
g C
ente
rIn
dia
n S
pace R
ese
arc
h O
rga
niz
ation
Ba
lana
gar, H
yd
era
bad
Jha
rkha
nd
Sp
ace A
pp
lication
Ce
nte
rD
epa
rtm
en
t o
f In
form
ation T
ech
no
logy
Gove
rnm
ent
of Jh
ark
han
dE
ngin
eers
' H
oste
l-I, D
hurw
a S
ecto
r- I
IIR
anchi-
83
40
04, Jh
ark
hand
Pro
ject B
y :
Ind
iaJh
ark
han
d
Jh
ark
han
dS
TU
DY
AR
EA
LO
CA
TIO
N M
AP
GU
ML
A
GIR
IDIH
RA
NC
HI
PA
LA
MU
DU
MK
A
LAT
EH
AR
CH
AT
RA
GA
RH
WA
SIM
DE
GA
WE
ST
SIN
GH
BH
UM
KH
UN
TI
HA
ZA
RIB
AG
H
BO
KA
RO
GO
DD
A
PA
KU
R
DE
OG
HA
R
DH
AN
BA
D
EA
ST
SIN
GH
BH
UM
JAM
TA
RA
SA
HIB
GA
NJ
KO
DE
RM
A
RA
MG
AR
H
LO
HA
RD
AG
A
SA
RA
IKE
LA
KH
AR
SA
WA
N
Map
pre
pa
red
un
der
Min
era
l E
xp
lora
tio
n P
roje
ct
usin
g R
em
ote
Sen
sin
g a
nd
GIS
tec
hn
iqu
es
Fo
r O
ffic
ial U
se O
nly
Rep
rod
ucti
on
of
the m
ap
in
an
y f
orm
is s
tric
tly p
roh
ibit
ed
73
A/7
Scale
1:5
0000
03
69
1.5
Km
NORTH
KOEL
RIVER
Leg
en
d
Settle
ment
Sta
te B
oundary
Dis
tric
t B
oundary
Rail
Lin
e
Majo
r R
oad
s
Oth
er
Roa
ds
Riv
er/
Wate
r B
ody
Reserv
ed F
ore
st
Pro
tecte
d F
ore
st
Bauxite/L
ate
rite
Blo
ck B
oundary
Sam
ple
Locations
Fig
ure
24:
Sp
atia
l Dis
trib
utio
n o
f B
auxi
te/L
ater
ite
of S
OI
Top
osh
eet
No
73 A
/7
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
40
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
R
emot
e Se
nsin
g da
ta a
nd G
IS a
naly
sis f
or M
iner
al E
xplo
rati
on in
Jha
rkha
nd
Dum
ri
Rai
dih
Gum
la
Gha
ghra
Alb
ert E
kka
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Sisi
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u
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Luru
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o Kar
a
Jadi
Luru
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a Seha
lH
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i
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ar
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pa
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a
Tong
arto
li
Kur
kotto
li
Kar
anito
liK
urko
ttoli
Mar
iam
toli
Mar
iam
toli
Chi
ppar
toli
Kan
auda
toli
Sana
itarg
ar
Dah
udar
gaon
Kha
mm
anto
li
Kho
nrha
toli
Gam
bhar
adih
Jam
gain
toli
Gha
ghra
toli
Ban
kial
atol
i
Bha
riapa
ttel
Jnak
apat
toli
Mar
apan
itoli
Lalm
attit
oli
Nic
hkha
tang
aTu
rrur
mat
oli
Rag
huna
thpu
r
Cho
rlatw
atol
i Him
akha
irtol
i
Cho
ppaj
hariy
a
And
heriy
atol
i
Gar
ha A
srot
oli
Har
rakh
arch
atol
i
84
°30'0
"E
84
°30'0
"E
84
°25'0
"E
84
°25'0
"E
84
°20'0
"E
84
°20'0
"E
84
°15'0
"E
84
°15'0
"E
23°15'0"N
23°15'0"N
23°10'0"N
23°10'0"N
23°5'0"N
23°5'0"N
23°0'0"N
23°0'0"N
Sp
ati
al
Dis
trib
uti
on
of
Bau
xit
e/L
ate
rite
in
Jh
ark
ha
nd
Sta
te
TO
PO
IN
DE
X
GU
ML
A
LA
TE
HA
R
LO
HA
RD
AG
A
64N
/973B
/17
3B
/573B
/9
73
A/4
73A
/8
73A
/373A
/7
73A
/273A
/6
73A
/173
A/5
73A
/9
72D
/472D
/8
64M
/9
73
A/1
1
63P
/12
63P
/16
64N
/13
73B
/13
73A
/12
73A
/16
73A
/15
73A
/10
73A
/14
73A
/13
72D
/12
72D
/16
64M
/11
64M
/12
64M
/16
64M
/15
64M
/10
64M
/14
64M
/13
73B
/173B
/57
3B
/9
73A
/473A
/8
73A
/37
3A
/773A
/11
73A
/12
In C
ollo
bo
ratio
n w
ith
Dir
ecto
rate
of G
eolo
gy
De
pa
rtm
en
t of M
ine
s a
nd G
eolo
gy
Gove
rnm
ent of
Jhark
han
d
Geo
scie
nce
s D
ivis
ion
Natio
nal R
em
ote
Sen
sin
g C
ente
rIn
dia
n S
pace R
ese
arc
h O
rga
niz
ation
Ba
lana
gar, H
yd
era
bad
Jha
rkha
nd
Sp
ace A
pp
lication
Ce
nte
rD
epa
rtm
en
t o
f In
form
ation T
ech
no
logy
Gove
rnm
ent
of Jh
ark
han
dE
ngin
eers
' H
oste
l-I, D
hurw
a S
ecto
r- I
IIR
anchi-
83
40
04, Jh
ark
hand
Pro
ject B
y :
Ind
iaJh
ark
han
d
Jh
ark
han
dS
TU
DY
AR
EA
LO
CA
TIO
N M
AP
GU
ML
A
GIR
IDIH
RA
NC
HI
PA
LA
MU
DU
MK
A
LAT
EH
AR
CH
AT
RA
GA
RH
WA
SIM
DE
GA
WE
ST
SIN
GH
BH
UM
KH
UN
TI
HA
ZA
RIB
AG
H
BO
KA
RO
GO
DD
A
PA
KU
R
DE
OG
HA
R
DH
AN
BA
D
EA
ST
SIN
GH
BH
UM
JAM
TA
RA
SA
HIB
GA
NJ
KO
DE
RM
A
RA
MG
AR
H
LO
HA
RD
AG
A
SA
RA
IKE
LA
KH
AR
SA
WA
N
Map
pre
pa
red
un
der
Min
era
l E
xp
lora
tio
n P
roje
ct
usin
g R
em
ote
Sen
sin
g a
nd
GIS
tec
hn
iqu
es
Fo
r O
ffic
ial U
se O
nly
Rep
rod
ucti
on
of
the m
ap
in
an
y f
orm
is s
tric
tly p
roh
ibit
ed
73
A/8
Scale
1:5
0000
03
69
1.5
Km
NO
RTH
KO
EL R
IVE
R
SA
NK
H R
IVE
R
KOK NADI
SA
PH
I N
AD
I
Leg
en
dS
ettle
ment
Sta
te B
oundary
Dis
tric
t B
oundary
Rail
Lin
e
Majo
r R
oad
s
Oth
er
Roa
ds
Riv
er/
Wate
r B
ody
Reserv
ed F
ore
st
Pro
tecte
d F
ore
st
Bauxite/L
ate
rite
Blo
ck B
oundary
Fig
ure
25:
Sp
atia
l Dis
trib
uti
on o
f B
auxi
te/L
ater
ite
of S
OI
Top
osh
eet
No
73 A
/8
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC Chapter 3
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
41
Kis
ko
Pesh
rarLa
teha
r
Kur
u
Loha
rdag
a
Kis
ko
Cha
ndw
a
Cha
ndw
aC
hand
wa
Opa
Gow
a
Ken
u
Bis
iD
emu
Gire
Kita
Bad
a
Dag
u
Nar
i
Nin
i
Sinj
aIc
hak
Jeha
k
Kitt
a
Sira
m
Rub
ed
Did
ag
Part
uM
akka
Man
ha
Tals
a
Kur
se
Panc
hTa
lsa
Kap
at
Leba
n
Dha
tiSa
lgi
Chu
nd
Roc
hoJa
rio
Hut
apK
amle
Kug
gi
Hes
alK
urse
Koc
haR
arad
Has
ru
Kis
koK
ujra
Dat
ma
Bak
si
Har
kha
Mun
gar
Ghu
tua
Hun
dru
Bhu
sur
Alg
ara
Nin
dir
Man
chi
Sakw
ar
Jam
dih
Mak
rum
Dha
ura
Dub
ang
Ban
dua
Hot
war
Pakh
arPa
khar
Tisi
ya
Pakh
ar
Bar
nag B
arna
g Kha
rki
Lalp
ur
Hua
har
Hua
har
Ban
pur
Hat
ual
Kin
amar
Law
adih
Kar
mah
iN
awad
ih Ala
gdih
Reh
anya
Kul
gara
Kel
hari
Patr
atu
Sem
bhua
Bar
iatu
Bal
adhi
Kha
rcha
Ker
adih
Pesh
rar
Law
adag
Kha
riya
Bah
abar
Kha
rnar
Naw
adih
Naw
adih
Jagt
oli
Sala
tya
Res
hrar
Nat
hpur
One
gapa
Suku
mar
Sarn
ato
Cha
ndgo
Han
daga
Kek
rang
Kal
para
Maw
atik
h
Ken
dwah
i
Har
akha
r
Naw
atol
iN
awat
oli
Cha
raha
rLa
uakh
ar
Reh
alda
g
Am
bauk
ar
Leba
rpur
Panu
toli
Panu
toli
Naw
atol
i
Paha
rgir
Bar
wad
ih
Rek
atol
i
Am
bapa
wa
Am
wat
ani
Loha
tali
Nar
nuda
g
Asn
apan
iLa
wab
eri
Ran
jam
ba
Kat
atol
iM
asiy
ata
Shai
npur
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itanr
Mad
anpu
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anda
par
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bato
liG
opito
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awat
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arat
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awat
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atol
i
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jtoli
Hut
utol
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awat
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wad
an
Bas
ardi
h
Naw
atol
iN
awad
ill
Kar
itoli
Sem
ardi
hA
mba
toli
Hen
dlas
aPa
rhep
at
Naw
atol
iK
hart
oli
Naw
atol
i
Uda
yapu
ra
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ldag
aB
isha
npur
Bha
rwal
onD
hoba
tola
Sala
itoli
Teta
rtol
eTe
luat
anr Pa
hnat
oli
Dum
arta
laK
alya
npur
Pann
atol
iPi
prat
oli
Gau
rikha
r
Kul
hato
li
Hat
uato
li
Mah
uato
liR
ichu
guta R
ichu
guta
Panr
epur
a
Pech
egar
h
Tatim
ahua
Dev
dariy
a
Bis
hanp
ur
Dam
gara
ba
Jaup
atol
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sibh
ad
Mah
toto
liG
anju
toli
Patr
atol
i
Sim
arga
rhH
urad
toli
Sem
arto
liPu
lung
cah
Bar
wat
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Patr
atol
iN
aria
toli
Cha
ndar
giD
uman
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Bar
wat
oli
Kha
titol
i
Kan
arto
liB
erid
ahar
Sarn
a Pa
tK
asiy
adin
Sarn
atol
iU
park
ocha
Nag
rato
li
Mun
dato
liK
umba
toli
Mah
uato
li
Mis
arto
li
Mah
oato
li
Bar
wat
oli
Bad
uapa
ra
Hirh
itoli
Cha
ndan
ath
Tite
iyao
ni
Sitn
ritol
a
Nak
trito
li
Jam
anik
har
Serw
arta
nr
Tong
ritol
i
Ked
alito
li
Chu
lhap
ani
Kha
man
toli
Larb
atkh
ad
Bhu
khut
oli
Phau
dato
liLa
bhia
toli
Lapt
iato
li
Gar
bhut
oli
Kat
hiat
oli
Dab
arat
oli
Bah
erak
ona
Hot
war
toli
Then
gato
liB
angl
a Pa
t
Kum
bhat
oli
Kar
anito
liG
aray
atol
iPh
atia
toli
Man
gant
ali
Har
ihar
pur
Gan
iyat
ali
Gos
aint
ali
Janw
alta
li
Gja
niya
tanr
Jalim
Khu
rdJa
lim K
hurd
Chh
abia
toli
Kat
abar
toli
Phul
war
toli
Cha
tiyat
oli
Har
gorit
oli
Bat
at K
hurd B
atat
Kal
anK
harc
hada
ri
Jaha
jpak
hor
Chh
agha
riya
Sapk
atat
oli
Sara
mja
ngha
Dah
uaag
tori
Bar
pani
toli
Kar
mah
itoli
Kal
para
toli
Chh
apar
toli
Biri
dupt
ali
Muh
rang
toli
Jabh
iyat
ali
Chh
apar
toli
Kar
mah
adip
a
Hrid
ayat
oli
Muh
rang
toli
Ban
jarit
oli
Chh
atar
toli
Him
aniy
atan
r
Sunb
arsa
toli
Sapa
rang
toli
Kaw
atan
itoli
Para
ndua
toli
Mar
iuria
khed
Potia
pent
oli
Dud
hia
Paha
r
Bar
ki C
hanp
i
Jaw
akha
rtol
i
Chh
appa
rtal
i
Ban
jar K
iska
Bar
ratu
Jag
ir
Bah
era
Nan
dar
Paija
poni
toli
Ket
hari
Paha
r
Buc
hita
nito
li
Ichw
atan
rtal
i
Chh
otka
Kug
gi
Lalk
rienr
tali
Gur
guriy
atol
i
Gho
d Sa
rwat
oli
Kad
ojha
riato
lr
Chh
atki
Cha
npi
Jhar
natb
arta
li
Bar
iyat
u K
hals
a
Jari
Kar
chat
oli
Man
hla
Patp
atol
i
Para
ndrh
tanr
toli
Chh
echh
ara
Naw
adih
84
°45'0
"E
84
°45'0
"E
84
°40'0
"E
84
°40'0
"E
84
°35'0
"E
84
°35'0
"E
84
°30'0
"E
84
°30'0
"E
23°45'0"N
23°45'0"N
23°40'0"N
23°40'0"N
23°35'0"N
23°35'0"N
23°30'0"N
23°30'0"N
Sp
ati
al
Dis
trib
uti
on
of
Ba
uxit
e/L
ate
rite
in
Jh
ark
ha
nd
Sta
te
TO
PO
IN
DE
X
GU
ML
A
LA
TE
HA
R
LO
HA
RD
AG
A
64N
/973
B/1
73B
/573B
/9
73A
/473A
/8
73A
/373A
/7
73A
/273A
/6
73A
/17
3A
/573
A/9
72
D/4
72D
/8
64M
/9
73
A/1
1
63P
/12
63P
/16
64
N/1
373B
/13
73A
/12
73A
/16
73
A/1
5
73A
/10
73A
/14
73
A/1
3
72D
/12
72D
/16
64M
/11
64M
/12
64M
/16
64M
/15
64M
/10
64M
/14
64M
/13
73
A/7
73A
/6
73A
/573
A/9
73A
/11
73A
/15
73A
/10
73A
/14
73A
/13
In C
ollo
bora
tio
n w
ith
Directo
rate
of G
eolo
gy
Depa
rtm
en
t o
f M
ine
s a
nd G
eolo
gy
Gove
rnm
ent
of Jh
ark
han
d
Geoscie
nces D
ivis
ion
Na
tio
nal R
em
ote
Sen
sin
g C
ente
rIn
dia
n S
pace R
ese
arc
h O
rga
niz
ation
Bala
na
gar, H
ydera
bad
Jha
rkha
nd S
pace A
pp
lication
Ce
nte
rD
epa
rtm
en
t o
f In
form
atio
n T
ech
no
logy
Gove
rnm
ent
of Jh
ark
han
dE
ngin
eers
' H
oste
l-I, D
hurw
a S
ecto
r- I
IIR
anchi-
83
40
04
, Jh
ark
hand
Pro
ject B
y :
Ind
iaJh
ark
han
d
Jh
ark
han
dS
TU
DY
AR
EA
LO
CA
TIO
N M
AP
GU
ML
A
GIR
IDIH
RA
NC
HI
PA
LA
MU
DU
MK
A
LA
TE
HA
R
CH
AT
RA
GA
RH
WA
SIM
DE
GA
WE
ST
SIN
GH
BH
UM
KH
UN
TI
HA
ZA
RIB
AG
H
BO
KA
RO
GO
DD
A
PA
KU
R
DE
OG
HA
R
DH
AN
BA
D
EA
ST
SIN
GH
BH
UM
JAM
TA
RA
SA
HIB
GA
NJ
KO
DE
RM
A
LO
HA
RD
AG
A
RA
MG
AR
H SA
RA
IKE
LA
KH
AR
SA
WA
N
Map
pre
pare
d u
nd
er
Min
era
l E
xp
lora
tio
n P
roje
ct
usin
g R
em
ote
Sen
sin
g a
nd
GIS
te
ch
niq
ues
Fo
r O
ffic
ial U
se O
nly
Rep
rod
ucti
on
of
the m
ap
in
an
y f
orm
is s
tric
tly p
roh
ibit
ed
73 A
/10
Scale
1:5
000
0
03
69
1.5
Km
AU
RA
NG
A R
IVE
R
SANKH RIVER
KIS
KO
RIV
ER
Leg
en
d
Settle
ment
Sta
te B
ounda
ry
Dis
tric
t B
ounda
ry
Rail
Lin
e
Majo
r R
oad
s
Oth
er
Roa
ds
Riv
er/
Wate
r B
od
y
Reserv
ed
Fore
st
Pro
tecte
d F
ore
st
Bauxite
/La
teri
te
Blo
ck B
oundary
Sam
ple
Locations
Fig
ure
26:
Sp
atia
l Dis
trib
uti
on o
f B
auxi
te/L
ater
ite
of S
OI
Top
osh
eet
No
73 A
/10
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
42
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
R
emot
e Se
nsin
g da
ta a
nd G
IS a
naly
sis f
or M
iner
al E
xplo
rati
on in
Jha
rkha
nd
Senh
aKis
ko
Gha
ghra
Pesh
rar
Sisa
i
Loha
rdag
a
Ara
Jari
Mug
o
Sake
Doka
Arra
Ugra
Buti
Leha
Mai
l
Beti
Lada
Hirn
i
Karg
oHi
rni
Kaim
a
Totr
aW
aina
Man
hoBa
tru
Bagr
u
Jaw
arBi
rni
Hisr
iM
erle
Bong
a
Badl
aM
anhe
Aray
a
Ninh
u
Muk
riDa
nru
Tora
rSe
nha
Hesw
e
Jagn
a
Parh
i
Ichr
i
Cham
a
Hahr
i
Gut
ua
Ranh
e
Barr
iHa
rri
Pund
ag
Chan
piBh
usar
Sahe
da
Beth
at
Jogi
ra
Send
ur
Char
huSh
anri
Bans
arHu
rmur
Chur
ku
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diJa
mira
Cham
ru
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ra
Dew
aki
Chan
pi
Kuga
on
Sikw
ar
Burg
aon
Satp
ara
Mah
uran
Chur
uwa
Naw
adih
Agar
dih
Bala
dih
Jam
hare
Rank
oli
Arah
asa
Nim
toli
Gar
toli
Chan
dwa
Nim
toli
Jam
gain
Abat
oli
Nath
pur
Jhak
hra
Chun
dri
Teng
ria
Kara
mbe
Bart
oli
Dahi
dan
Chan
chi
Lara
ngo
Naw
diha
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oli
Cher
hya
Gha
ghra
Pant
oli
Cheg
utu
Cher
hya
Naw
atol
iHe
ndla
saAn
andp
ur
Hend
ehas
Purn
adih
Hith
roli La
wag
ain
Naw
atol
iBa
ritol
i
Naw
atol
iNa
dito
li
Amba
toli
Kena
toli
Naw
atol
i
Fate
hpur
Naw
atol
i
Mah
ugao
n
Naw
atol
i
Man
hepa
iNa
wat
oli
Chau
kani
Sam
bhar
iBh
anga
ri
Bisa
toli
Darr
toli
Naw
atol
iBe
rato
liUp
rato
li
Men
tgar
aAm
bato
liBh
arga
onKu
ndga
ri
Naw
atol
iHa
tato
li
Tair
toli
Mah
ugao
n
Kana
toli
Bada
toli
Birit
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3.2 Description of Deposits
The total bauxite bearing area demarcated by using remote sensing technology has been
divided into twelve blocks .The longitudinal and latitudinal extent and area of
bauxite/Laterite deposits in each of the blocks is given in Table 5.
Table 5: Block Wise Details of Bauxite/Laterite Deposits
Total Area of Bauxite /Laterite – 487.05 sq km
Block Wise Details of Bauxite/Laterite Deposits
Block Block Name Latitudinal/Longitudinal extent of Blocks
Area of Bauxite/ Laterite (in sq km.)
A GulgulPat Block 23˚34'03''23˚35'54'' 83˚52'27''-83˚56'30'' 09.79
B Jamira Pat Block 23°20'41'-23°34'10" 83°58'06"-84°03'56" 76.45
C LuchutPat Block 23˚11'48''23˚15'32'' 84˚03'07''-84˚05'30'' 12.93
D Daunapat Block 22°59'49"-23°09'24" 84°02'06"-84°10'10" 16.48
E Aksi Block 23°31'08"-23°31'37'' 84°07'20"-84°08'01" 0.60
F DarichhaPahar Block 23°35'10"-23°37'59" 84°13'01"-84°16'41" 7.52
G Netarhat,Amtipani Block 23°10'15"-23°34'57" 84°08'46"-84°22'13'' 235.92
H BudhaPahar Block 23°42'31"-23°42'44'' 84°22'08"-84°22'25" 0.06
I Pakhar Pat,Bagru Block 23°26'34"-23°38'43" 84°24'32"-84°41'57" 38.72
J Serendag Block 23°20'07''-23˚26'40'' 84°23'12''-84˚32'35'' 56.26
K Kondlepat & Purnadih Block 23°01'25"-23°03'57'' 84°25'01''-84°28'26'' 10.92
L Kolda,Sukrahatu,PakripatBlock 23°12'28"-23°19'41'' 84°22'44''-84°27'30'' 21.39
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
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on in
Jha
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nd
Figure 28: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Gulgul Pat Block
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
#
Hesatu
Raikhera
Lotatoli
Birjupur
Kernutoni
Serangdar
Barikhikhet
83°55'0"E
83°55'0"E
23°3
5'0
"N
23°3
5'0
"N
®
Ku
lhi N
ad
i
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0 0.9 1.8 Km
73A/1
73A/2
73A/3
64M/9
64M/11
64M/13
64M/10 64M/14
64M/15
Legend
Major Roads
Gulgulpat Block
River/WaterBody
Minor Roads
! Settlement
State boundary
# Sample Locations
Protected Forest
Bauxite/Laterite
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Block A – Gulgul Pat Block
The block (Figure 28) lies in SOI toposheet no 64 M/14 between latitude 23˚34’ to 23˚36’
and longitude 83˚52’ to 83˚56’.It is situated in Garhwa district. The area of bauxite /Laterite
in this block as delineated using aster data is 9.794 sq km. The average elevation of the area
is above 1000 m. The area lies south of Hesatu village (83°54'16"E 23°36'45"N)
approachable by road via Barwadih-Mandal around 80 km apart.The area is accessible from
Mahuadanr also.The nearest railaway station is Barwadih which is about 50 km north of it.
The Pat represents a terrace like topography rising from North to South. Main stream is
River Koel which flows in the area near village Kutku. Chemical analysis of samples reveals
Al2O3% above 40% (Source: DMG, Govt.of Jharkhand).
Block B – Jamira Pat Block
Jamira Pat block(Figure 29), situated west of Chhechhari valley, in Latehar district runs
parallel to Pakri Pat and Netarhat plateau and is a potential source of bauxite. The Pat falling
in SOI toposheet no.64 M/14,64 M/15,73 A/2,73 A/3 can be divided into three parts— the
northern part known as Tamolgarh area (23o32’; 84o02’), the central part known as Chiro-
Kukud area (23o27’;84o0’) and the southern part known as Orsa Pat (23o24’; 83o59’). The
total Bauxite/Laterite bearing area in the block inferred from the study is 76.45 sq km.
The area is approachable from Chainpur by fair weathered road via Dumri. Chainpur ,a
block Headquarter is situated at a distance of 126 km from Ranchi.The nearest railhead is
Lohardaga which is 104 km from Chainpur .
In the Tamolgarh area a deposit having a thickness of about 10 feet is exposed in the scarp.
The chemical analysis report of samples of the area reveal average Al2O3- 63.60%, Fe2O3 -
0.98%, TiO2 -10.72%, and SiO2 - 0.52% (Source:GSI).
In the Chiro-Kukud area bauxite is exposed west of Sisatoli to Kukud-Dudagatoli path on
the northern side of the plateau. The bauxite reported are good quality bauxites.
Similarly in the Orsa Pat area bauxite is exposed at the head of the nala situated south of
Ambakonatoli and in the scarps of the Bera nala. Chemical analysis of samples of Orsa Pat
show that Al2O3 varies from 58.90%-59.21%, Fe2O3 varies from 1.80-2.10% , TiO2 varies
from 10.42-11.51%, SiO2 from 0.92-0.98% (Source:GSI).
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
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Figure29: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Jamira Pat Block
!!
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#
#
#
#
#
#
Ladh
Orsa
Tahi
Janta
Kukud
Chiro
Mirgi
LagsiHathi
Katho
Parhi
Chetma
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Tumbal
Tamoli
ParewaUrumbi
Tewahi Jalpur
Asnari
Morhar
Khanpa
Bardara
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Nwatoli
Basdini
Bartoli
Sarkain
Hudugara
Bugludih
Dumardih
Kurkudih
Pkhardih
Dhurhari
Gathgaon
NawatoliChainpur
Ambakana
Kenatoli
Ambatoli
Patrungi
Jariatoli
SumubandhSimarkhar
Kakudroli
Shisatoli
Karamtoli
MahuadanrPakritoli
BaigatoliNajhatoli
MahuatoliPathatoli
Khaiurtola
Pandritoli
Chikhikana
Dakhintoli
84°0'0"E
84°0'0"E
23°3
0'0
"N
23°3
0'0
"N
BURHA RIVER
CH
HAT
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GA
RH
®
0 3 6 Km
73A/673A/2
73A/7
73A/873A/4
73A/3
64M/14
64M/16
64M/15
Legend
Jamira Pat Block
Major Roads River/WaterBody
Minor Roads
State boundary
Settlement!
Sample Locations# Bauxite/Laterite
Protected Forest
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Block C-Luchut Pat
This block (Figure 30) falls in SOI Toposheet No 73 A/3 & 73 A/4 between latitude
23˚11’’47.7’’to 23˚15’34.5’’and longitude 84˚03’07’’ to 84˚05’ 30.50’’. The pat lies in
western part of Gumla District.
Figure 30: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Luchut Pat Block
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
#
Kathgaon
Ganedara
Asurtoli
Majhgaon
Mahuadih
Darritoli
Mahuatoli
Batastoli
Luchutpat
Bobdipani
Dumbartoli
Tikhargarhd
Pahardiantoli
®
0 1 2 Km
CH
HA
TT
ISG
AR
H
73A/7
73A/8
73A/3
73B/1
73A/4
73B/564N/13
64M/16
64M/15
Legend
Major Roads
Luchutpat Block! Settlement
# Sample Locations Minor Roads
State boundary Bauxite/Laterite
Protected Forest
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
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rati
on in
Jha
rkha
nd
The block is approachable by road from Chainpur via Dumri.The total area of
Bauxite/Laterite pockets delineated using remote sensing technology in this block is 12.93
sq km.
The bed rocks in the area include Chotanagpur granite gneiss, some basaltic trap rocks.
Chemical analysis report of samples of the area reveal average Al2O3- 55.26%, Fe2O3 -
6.44%, TiO2 - 9.20% and SiO2 - 2.01% (Source:GSI).
Block D-Daunapat Area
The area falls in SOI Toposheet No 73 A/4 between latitude 23˚00’3.00’’ to 23˚09’34.8’’and
longitude 84˚01’40’’ to 84˚09’ 58.6’’ in Gumla District(Figure 31). The area is approachable
from Chainpur,a block headquarter by a 26 km fair weather road via Dumri . The nearest
railhead is at Lohardaga situated at a distance of 120 km from the area.
The total area of bauxite /Laterite promising zones in the block is 16.48 sq km. The pat is
flat topped, the elevation being 1016.46 m above MSL. The drainage of the area is the main
river Sankh in which all the tributaries and rivulets merge themselves. The alluvium covered
and the partly uncovered Laterite and bauxite on this pat mostly lies directly over the
Granite Gneiss which forms the basement of the area and later intruded by the basic rocks.
The Granite gneiss of the area is highly metamorphosed. The laterite exposed along the edge
of scarp is of ferruginous type. The laterite and bauxite of the pat area occurs as segregated
boulders .The bauxite samples of the area are hard ,compact and fine grained and bears
pisolitic to glassy texture.. Chemical analysis report of samples of Daunapat area reveals that
average Al2O3- 43.69%, Fe2O3-29.79%,TiO2-3.52% and L.O.I - 17.70%(Source:DMG,Govt.
of Jharkhand).
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Figure 31: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in DaunaPat Block
!
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!! ! !
!
!!
!
!
!
!!!
!!!!
!!
#
Asta
Koda
DumriBirri
KarniSudli
Parsa
Jarda
Katari
Sidhma
Khetli
Bichra
Panchi
Sakhpur
BargaonJitidto
Beltoli
Belgoon
Lakhara
Damapat
Lawabar
Bhabari
Urakana
Dipatoli
Karamdon
KanrwaliChiraian
Hethiada
Barwadih
Rudrapur
Barkadih
PatratoliKataltoli
Jokidohar
Pakeltoli RatantoliJilingtol Karamtoli
Khutakona
Barakatra
Ratasilli
Gaokhanda
Tetartoli
Goreadipa
Banratoli
Tetartoli
Dumartoli
Bhaujitoli
Dumburtoli
Sembartoli
Mangratoli
Sarangadih
Bhikhampur
Chhatakotra
Birainskunr
Mandariatoli
Mandoridtoli
84°10'0"E
84°10'0"E
23°1
0'0
"N
23°1
0'0
"N
23°0
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23°0
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®
CH
HA
TTISG
AR
H
Sasa Nadi
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73A/7
73A/8
73A/3
73B/1
73A/4
73B/564N/13
64M/16
64M/15
Protected Forest
River/WaterBody
Legend
Major Roads
State boundary
! Settlement
# Sample Locations
Minor Roads
Daunapat Block
Bauxite/Laterite
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
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IS a
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iner
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on in
Jha
rkha
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!
!
!
!
!
#
Aksi
Chetma
Pipartol
Jariatoli
Banskorcha
23°3
0'0
"N
23°3
0'0
"N
®Sasa Nadi
Burha R
iver
0 1 2 Km
73A/673A/2
73A/573A/1
73A/773A/3
64M/13
64M/14
64M/15
Legend
#
Major Roads
Aksi Block! Settlement
Sample Locations
Minor Roads Bauxite/Laterite
Protected Forest
Reserved ForestRiver/WaterBody
Block E – Aksi Block
This Block(Figure 32) lies between latitude 23°31'08"to 23°31'37'' and longitude 84°07'20"
to 84°08'01" in SOI toposheet No 73A/2. The average elevation of the area is 1072 meter
Figure 32: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Aksi Block
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above mean sea level. The area lies in South part of the Latehar district.The area is
accessible via Mahuadanr by road. No good deposits of Bauxite found in the area . The total
area of Laterite in the block as inferred from the study is 0.60 sq km. The chemical analysis
reveal that the Al2O3 content is around 35% (Source:GSI).
Block F – Darichhapahar Block
Figure 33: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Darichhapahar Block
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Kul
Garu
Salwe
Kotam
Siram
Kabri
Karwai
Goandi
Huraag
Moroma
Imartola
Hethatol
ChiraiyaBarbandh
Lahantanr
DaldaliyaLahargara
Baigatoli
Hendahans
Furdagtola
Dhangartola
Birijiyatol
Darichhapar
Sarnadihtola
ShukaridaharMaunadhbrhatoli
23°4
0'0
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23°4
0'0
"N
®Sasa Nadi
North Koel R
iver
Kari N
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0 1 2 Km
73A/673A/2
73A/573A/1
73A/773A/3
64M/13
64M/14
64M/15
Legend
Major Roads
Darichhapahar Block! Settlement
# Sample Locations
Minor Roads Bauxite/Laterite
Protected Forest
Reserved ForestRiver/WaterBody
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The block (Figure 33) lies between latitude 23°35'10"to 23°37'59" and longitude
84°13'01"to 84°16'41" in Latehar District. The average elevation of the area is 1000 m
above mean sea level. The area lies in SOI toposheet No 73A/2 and 73 A/6.The deposit is
basically lateritic with poor quality of bauxite. The area is accessible by road via Netarhat.
The total area of Laterite deposits in this block is 7.52 sq km.
Block G – Netarhat, Amtipani Block
The block(Figure 34) lies in SOI toposheet No 73A/2,73 A/3,73A/4,73A/6, 73A/7 and
73A/8 between latitude 23°10'24.48"to 23°34'42.3" and longitude 84°08'17.15" to
84°22'35.22".The block is situated in Latehar and Gumla districts. The total area of bauxite
/Laterite as inferred from the study is around 235.92 sq km. The area is well connected by
metalled road to Netarhat. Amtipani village , the central area of the block is 40 km from
Bishunpur ,a block headquarter on Netarhat-Ranchi road and 90 km from Lohardaga,the
nearest town and railhead .The southern part of the block including Chandipat, Lupungpat,
Besna ,Dokapat,Barpat, Bhaglatoli is around 50 km from Chainpur block headquarters and
is easily approachable by long fair weathered road.
Netarhat Plateau
Good deposits of bauxite occur on the eastern run of Daswan Pat. However the deposits are
irregular and pocket.The samples from the area reveal that average Al2O3 - 60.58%, Fe2O3 -
1.92%, TiO2 - 11.50%, and SiO2 - 1.76%.
Joradumar and Guritanr Pahar
Bauxite occur as small, isolated pockets in the south-east and north-east corner of Joradumar
Pahar and on the north-east slope of Guritanr Pahar. The quantity of bauxite, however, may
be very small.
Amtipani Bauxite
Amtipani Bauxite deposit in Gumla district lies between Latitudes 23° 20' and 23°23’ and
Longitudes 84°16' and 84°19' is divided, into eight blocks, namely Chhatasarai, Amtipani,
Pat-Lodha (North), Jobhipat (South), Jobhipat (North), Chauradih and Korkottoli.
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Figure 34: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Netarhat,Amtipani Block
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GUMLA
LATEHAR
Rud
Roi
Aksi
Tati
AdheDipa
JariJari
Sale
Lapu
Beti
Hari
MariRehe
Tahi
Dabu
KotaDina
Biar
Tali
Ratu
Janta
Barha
Korgi
Dauna
Durun
Tithi
RangeLagsi
JahupNaimaTerwa
Bendi
GansaTumse
Oreya
Jehan
Longa
Hisri HeltaKutlu
Sakhu
Husih
Konji Gutua
Kodil
Akasi
Hedmi
PakniKathi Bespa
Sukri Ormal
MalamDumri Bamda
Chetma
ChanpiRmseli Korcha
Kamdri
Nirasi
Bandua
Pandra Bhrang
Martua
Janhur
Bethot
Barahi
Monyai
Hirsir
Balatu
Banari
Hesrag
Ankuri ChiariBalwar
Chatti
Chenra
Kurund
MundarIrawal
Chatam
Jurinu Baldto
Barpat
Jakari
Bijapa Tendar
JanawaSemala
Tangro
Dahkul
Examba Salami
Kereng
Kereng
Bandua
Katari
RachangGhutuya
Aunrath
BanalatNwatoli
MunabihJamtoli
Bartoli
Bartoli
Tuntoli Kewarki Jimbada
ShahpurBartoli
Ladapat
Manjira
JehanguHettola
GhaghraBimaria
Anabiri
Bartoli
Naogain
BartoliBatawal
Natawal
TusgaonParnath
BartoliKatkahiDargaon Karanku
Chandgo
JairagiGhaghri
LorambaNaugain Kerabar
SargaonSakhpur
JamgalnTilwari
Jitidto
ChiraiyaBarbandh
Hudugara
Jengtoli
Pataniya
BaritoliBijarpur
PurdndihPipartol
Nawatoli
MisrtoliHakajangRehaldag
Netarhat
BaraudihBerltoli
Gathgaon
ChainpurHaritoliGarh Bur
Rajdanda
Naniudag DanrtoliKokstoli
ChirngriDamardih
BsrampurAmbatoli NawatoliNawatoli RanitolaJobhiyat Danrtoli
Patrungi Udaitoni
KerdkharBahagara Kubatoli
Amthrasi
Nawatoli
NawatoliDipatoli
AmbatoliChiradih
Aunnapat
HerbtoliDandarid
AmbatoliNawatoli Nawatoli
Jatragri
NauhattaRajaderaTopetoliAmbatoli Ambakona
Pichapar
Ligirpat BikatoliSaraidih
KurktoliPutrangiKathgaon
Ujrdtoli
KanatoliDanrtoli
KarasiliDumardanMajhgaon
Mahuadih SonatoliAsurtoli
Chachali
NawatoliDipatoli
Gamharia
UpartoliRointoli
Jariatoli
SumubandhBaghdegwa
Danrkocha Dumortoli
Harnatoli
Batuatoli
GobarsolaBalamthuaMalantoli
ArapadaraMohnatoli
PipratoliPusetipatBaigatoli Bangatoli
KaramtoliMahuatoli
TilaitanrAunratoli
GorratoliGumhdrpat
Saiyatoli
ParhatoliMahuadanr
TetartoliSimartoli
BishunpurKaramtoli
ArphhaliaKisaqtoli
KoikoteatChapakana
Mahuatoli Chauradih
KaramtoliChabarpatChirotoli Ghhaitola Mahuotoli
Chandawai Harhatoli
BhntutoliPabantoli
UjbaktoliChandipatAunratoli
Pakritoli Heswatoli
DenraganiSarnutoli
TangatoliHarratoliBaigatoli Patragani
DumburpatKaraatoliMahuatoli
BatastoliJarhatoli
JarhatoliBudhutoliBhelwadih
GhaghtoliBhagitoliLathatoliPakritoli
LubungtahSemartoliMahuatoli GarhatoliJatradipa
Tetartoli
SugasarwaHarradipaBaghmariaNichitpurTangardih
Kusumtoli KorkatoliJurwarotiPatratoli MundatoliParhatoliKataltoli Maheshpur KurumgarhJokidoharPakritoli
Banskorcha
Mahuadapar
Paharkocha
Dimkantola
Phatohitan
Khaiurtola
Charkakhar
PiddddrichHariagharaChapartola
BarigatoliThakirtoliTusheokonaBaherntoli
Langratanr
Kurd KhurdKurd Kalan
GaraparnarChhapatoli
Chapatolim Kothartoli
Pugrkutoli RokbantanrChatamtoli
ChataughatSudhighagh
KolhartoliSekhwatoli Dipa KujamPathlagani
Kakrangpat
CharkatoliBahmandipa
TangartoliKaranjtoli LappungpatChhichhuam
Mariamtoli
Katarikana
BuishunpurThothatoliBarwenagar
SiphritoliBhaujitoli Bhelwatola
Barkalafion
Barigarrata
Chhaparbali
Piyrasabani
BhangartoliSakhwarnita
Tamhurbtoli
Ghughrutoli
Garha Kalan
Jhapaintoli
Sanaitargar
Phulwartoli
Hurhurkarcha
Bohaar Serka
Kharwujhasia
Rapakanatoli
Kandapattoli
Bankialatoli
Sirrdriatoli
Bhariapattel
Jnakapattoli
Daldaliyatoli
Equr Newatoli
Barki Samdari
Dulusarmatoli
Kabasgutatoli
Brijia Coloeny
Burkigarhatoli
Kadolhoriatoli
Kabasgutratoli
Chilampakhatoli
Chhatki Samderi
Harrakharchatoli
Kutudiri Kutudiri
Heth Arongloiatoli
84°20'0"E
84°20'0"E
84°10'0"E
84°10'0"E
23°3
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23°1
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No
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Bu
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Riv
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73A/673A/2
73A/7
73A/873A/4
73A/3 73A/11
73A/10
73A/12
Legend
Netarhat, Amtipani Block
River/WaterBody
Sample Locations
Major Roads
#
District boundary
Minor Roads
Settlement!
Bauxite/Laterite
Protected Forest
Reserved Forest
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
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Amtipani plateau. Rising from an average altitude of 600 m above msl, flat-topped uplands,
locally known as 'pat', attain elevations of more than 1000 m above msl.
The plateau, invariably, has steep escarpments on its eastern margin, whereas in the western
margin it passes on to other plateau, via broad valleys having high elevations. The plateau
tops are generally dry, less vegetated. The major part of the capping is occupied by grayish
brown, yellowish-brown, brown and red lateritic soil (latosol). It is mostly associated with
the laterites. Rarely, it is associated with bauxite and in such cases, the colour of the soil is
grey or yellowish-grey. At places, the soil is mixed with reddish-brown moorum, which are
nothing but disintegrated particles of the upper pisolitic laterite. Most of the soil on the
plateau top is insitu and is a residual product of weathering. Chemical analysis of samples of
Amtipani area reveals that average Al2O3 - 55.91%, Fe2O3 - 8.7%, and SiO2-17.20%.
The extensive rocks covering the entire area and forming the basement are the granite
gneisses, massive to highly gneissic types, porphyritic with varying coarseness and
hybridized and sheared at places, containing orthoclase, microcline, oligoclase and quartz as
major constituents with biotite as the most abundant mafic mineral .These granites and
granite gneisses enclose isolated as well as extensive bands and pockets of phyllites, mica
schists, quartzites, calc-schists and calc-granulites.
Lupungpat-Dokapat-Basna –Bhaglatoli-Chandipat,-Barpat
The area is a part of southern portion of Netarhat Plateau is characterized by the extensive
covering of Laterite forming flat topography at the top. The pat with well defined
escarpment gives a distinctive feature to the area. The area is connected with main Netarhat
plateau from south via neck near bariapattolli, then Basna and then Dumarpat .On the
eastern side the area merges with Dokapat. The plateau has attained the maximum elevation
of 1028 m above msl. Sankh River in the north and Saphi Nadi in the South form main
drainage in which all tributary and rivulets discharge. Laterite in the area rests directly over
the older archean formation. Basic rocks occur in discontinuous lenses and bands.
Lupungpat is marked by the occurrence of plateau laterites. After disintegration the plateau
laterites rolls down to the scarp and further down to the complementary valleys .These talus
deposits and valley accumulations sometimes include notable pieces of high bauxite.
Bauxite occurs as localized irregular bodies generally developed near the margin of the
plateau. It is also found as segregated boulders lenses and often as sheets in the laterite
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cappings. Bauxite found in lupungpat is hard compact fine grained having pisolitic and
glassy texture. The color ranges from white to gray, gray to pink through brown and
chocolate tinge. Chemical analysis report of samples of Lupungpat reveals the average
Al2O3 - 40.74%, Fe2O3 - 33.48%, TiO2 - 3.95%, SiO2 - 2.04%, L.O.I - 10.56%,Samples of
Besna reveals that average Al2O3 - 35.48%, Fe2O3 - 31.53%, TiO2 - 3.69%, SiO2 - 11.93%,
& L.O.I - 19.18%, Samples of Bhaglatoli reveal that average Al2O3 - 31.20%, Fe2O3 -
22.66%,TiO2 - 4.41%, SiO2 - 24.56% & L.O.I - 13.10%, Samples of Barpat reveal the
average Al2O3 - 40.97%, Fe2O3 - 43.30%,TiO2 - 4.35%, SiO2 - 9.21%, L.O.I -
17.91%,Samples of Chandipat reveal the average Al2O3 - 39.87%, Fe2O3 - 26.49%,TiO2 -
7.03%, SiO2 - 8.09% & L.O.I is 20.53% (Source : DMG,Govt. of Jharkhand).
Block H- Budha Pahar
The Block(Figure 35) lies between latitude 23°42'31"to 23°42'44'' and longitude 84°22'08"to
84°22'25"in SOI Toposheet No 73 A/6 ,the average elevation being 1035 m above mean sea
level. The area lies in Latehar district and can approached by road . The deposit of the area is
lateritic with no bauxite concentration with an area of 0.06 sq km.
Block I- Khamar Pat, Bagru Area
The block (Figure 36) lies in SOI Toposheet No 73 A/6,73 A/7,73 A/10,73 A/11 and extends
between latitude 23°26'48.76"to 23°38'27.2'' and longitude 84°24'08.47"to 84°42'12.20".
The block is situated mainly in Lohardaga district and is well connected by metalled road to
Lohardaga town .The block includes the following Pats. The total area of bauxite/ Laterite
potential zones inferred from the study is around 38.72 sq km. The different Pats in the
block is described below:
Khamar Pat
This small quadrangle forming the northernmost plateau in Lohardaga district, shows
concentration of bauxite in the eastern part of the northern and southern scarps. About 1.5 m
- 2.4 m thick grey, creamy, and pisolitic bauxite occurs below 2.4 m - 3.7 m laterite.
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
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Figure 35: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in BudhaPahar Block
The bauxite is massive, compact and at places bouldery in nature. The chemical analysis of
samples of the area reveal that average Al2O3 - 59.96% , Fe2O3 - 4.62% ,TiO2 - 9.12% , SiO2
- 0.40% (Source:GSI).
!
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Kone
Oria
Bingara
Kalkulhi
Bhainamara
Baheratanr
Nareshgarh
Khutgarrtola
23°4
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23°4
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"N
®
0 1 2 Km
Dha
rdha
ri N
adi
73A/673A/2
73A/573A/1
73A/7
73A/9
73A/3 73A/11
73A/10
Legend
Major Roads
BudhaPahar Block
! Settlement
# Sample Locations
Minor Roads Bauxite/Laterite
River/WaterBody
Protected Forest
Reserved Forest
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Madua Pat
This NW-SE trending plateau (little more than 3 km in length) lies about 5 km SW of
Khamar Pat. About 1.5 m- 3 m of bauxite of various grades is exposed in the quarries. The
bauxite is pinkish or grey in colour and massive or bouldery in nature. Sometimes the
bauxite is found to grade gradually into aluminous laterite and laterite. Quarries on the-
northern scarp show development of the best duality bauxite.Chemical analysis of samples
show that Al2O3 varies from 49.72-59.99%, Fe2O3 from 3.93-8.68%, TiO2 from 0.26-
17.24%, SiO2 from 0.36-2.32% (Source:GSI).
Pakhar Pat
This is the largest plateau in this area and is situated about 3.5 km SW of Mandua Pat. Fairly
rich concentration of bauxite is found at many places, but the best quality material is found
in the northern part. About 1.3 m - 3 m thick bauxite bands are present, below a laterite
mantle of 2.4 m - 3.7 m as seen in the working quarries. On the eastern scarp, a 6 m thick
laterite band is exposed in a quarry. The scarp is well formed and is about 12 m high at
places. Chemical analysis of samples show the average Al2O3 - 61.09% , Fe2O3 - 4.18%
,TiO2 - 9.93%, SiO2 - 0.44% (Source:GSI).
Bangla Pat
This is the southwest extension of Pakhar Pat. Bauxite is exposed in some quarries, on the
eastern and southern scarps. As seen in working quarries, the thickness of the bauxite layer
varies from 1.8 m to 3.6 m and the material is of inferior quality. The thickness of the
overburden is also found to vary from 1.8 m to 3 m. Chemical analysis of samples of the
area reveal the average Al2O3 - 59.09%, Fe2O3 - 4.64% , TiO2 - 9.67%, SiO2 - 0.60%
(Source:GSI). Dhauta Pat forms the NW extension of Bangla pat. The ridge as very narrow
being only about 30 m wide at places especially where it ends. It is covered by 9 m of
laterite and no exposure of good bauxite is found. Some ferruginous "bauxite is found to
crop out at places.
Dudhia Pat
In this plateau, about 250 m NW of Garh Pat, bauxite is seen only along the eastern scarp.
The exposure is almost continuous and the thickness of the bed being about 1.5 - 2.1 m
Bauxite occurs under a comparatively thick (about 9m or more) loose gravelly soil.
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
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ar Jam
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um
Bulb
ur
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ra
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pawa
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pani
Lawa
beri
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amba
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ata
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pur
Kasit
anr
Band
apar
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toli
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toli
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rati
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toli
Rawa
toli
Kanj
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toli
Kauw
adan
Kaua
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Bukik
ona
Nawa
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Nawa
dill
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ardi
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anpa
ni
Amba
toli
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Khar
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toli
Nawa
toli
Anan
dpur
Hend
ehas
Lawa
gain
Nawa
toli
Barit
oli
Amtip
ani
Amba
toli
Kena
toli
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toli
Mabu
dipa
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Nawa
toli
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atan
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Rich
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a Pat
Kasiy
adin
Sarn
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i
Upar
koch
aMa
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Main
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iMa
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Malan
toli
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liRo
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Siya
rpar
aPa
trato
li
Hith
atol
i
Jam
unto
liKa
ram
toli Ga
ngup
ara
Chan
dkop
aMa
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Jalka
toli
Jalka
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Chha
rtoll
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rdan
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riya
Turiy
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man
ikhar
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arta
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litol
i
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toli
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iatol
i
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i
Daba
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li
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Bang
la Pa
t
Kara
nito
li
Gani
yata
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sain
tali
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altali
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Pidd
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darit
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Garh
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ai
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itoli
Khar
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iyaBi
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Sapk
atat
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Sara
mjan
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aagt
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Barp
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li Karm
ahito
li
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toli
Kawa
tani
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Para
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Mariu
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ed
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Dudh
ia Pa
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84°4
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84°4
0'0
"E
84°3
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"E
84°3
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"E
23°40'0"N
23°40'0"N
23°30'0"N
23°30'0"N
®
03
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73A
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1
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/10
73A
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73A
/14
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nd
Maj
or R
oad
s
Rai
l Lin
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Pak
har
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, Bag
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lock
Riv
er/W
ater
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y
Bau
xite
/La
terit
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ocat
ions
Pro
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or R
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Fig
ure
36
: S
pat
ial D
istr
ibu
tion
of
Bau
xite
/Lat
erit
e in
Kh
amar
Pat
,Bag
ru B
lock
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Several abandoned quarries are seen on the eastern scarp. Plateau NW of Dudhia pat is about
91 m NNW of Dudhia pat, and does not show any concentration of bauxite. The scarp
allaround is composed of extremely ferruginous laterite. Chemical analysis of samples show
the average Al2O3 - 59.50%, Fe2O3 - 2.84%, TiO2 - 10.26%, and SiO2 - 0.32% (Source:GSI).
Rudni Pat
This small quadrangular plateau lies to the south of Bangla Pat. Development of a thin band
of pisolitic bauxite is noticed only on the northwestern corner. The laterite cap is fairly thick.
Besides this small bauxite exposure, some aluminous laterite exposures are found at places.
Chemical analysis of samples show the average Al2O3 - 59.96%, Fe2O3 - 4.62%, TiO2 -
9.12%, and SiO2 - 0.40% ( Source:GSI).
Bagru Pat
This plateau is 9.6 km west of Lohardaga. A fairly thick layer of good bauxite is exposed
almost continuously from the eastern to southern scarp. The most potential part is on the
southeastern spur. The eastern and southern scarps are well developed. Most of the deposit
of Bauxite at this area is exhausted. Chemical analysis of samples collected from the area
show the Al2O3 varies from 51-60%, Fe2O3 from 8-10%,TiO2 from 8-10% and SiO2 from 8-
10% (Source:GSI).
Maidan Pat
This 3.2 km long plateau which extends in N-S direction is situated about 3.2 km west of
Bagru hill. Good quality bauxite is exposed. Chemical analysis report of samples of the area
show the average Al2O3 - 47.94%, Fe2O3 - 15.56%, TiO2 - 9.37%, and SiO2 - 3.62%(
Source:GSI).
Birhni Hill
This 2.5 km long, N-S trending plateau, is the continuation of Maidan Pat. Bauxite
exposures are seen in the south western part of the plateau under a laterite mantle. Good
quality bauxite bands are present in the quarries, at the southwestern corner of the plateau.
Average Al2O3 content of samples collected from the area is 47.84% (Source:GSI).
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
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IS a
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or M
iner
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xplo
rati
on in
Jha
rkha
nd
Garh Pat
This small quadrangular plateau is about 2.5 km west of Birhni hill. It is covered by
ferruginous Laterite. No good bauxite exposures are present in this plateau except in the
southwestern corner. The small hillocks NSW of Garh Pat are covered by bouldery Laterite.
Chemical analysis reveal the average Al2O3 - 49.72%, Fe2O3 - 3.93%, TiO2 - 0.26%, and
SiO2 - 0.36% ( Source:GSI).
Block J- Serendag Area
The Serendag block (Figure37) lies in SOI Toposheet No 73 A/7 and 73 A/11 between
latitude 23°20'11.50" to 23°26'36.7'' and longitude 84°23'08.60"to 84°32'58.40".The block
is located in part of Gumla and Lohardaga districts. The total area of Bauxite /Laterite
delineated using remote sensing techniques in this block is around 56.26 sq km. Serengdag
plateau is located about 60 km from Lohardaga and can be approached by road via Ghaghra.
The Pats are described below:-
Chiropat:
The ‘Chiropat ‘plateau is marked by the occurrence of laterite. The laterite, is seen in the
‘pat’ area occurs a extensive blankets on the high scarp edges and on the flat-topped surface.
covering the intervening valleys. Bauxite occurs as sheets and lenses in the laterite cappings.
The exposures are seen varying from minute pockets to persistent bands on the scarp faces.
Bauxite is hard, compact, fine grained and massive. Color ranges from whitish grey to pink
or red. Mostly the bauxite is pisolitic in texture. The zone of bauxite is covered by a layer of
pisolitic laterite and murrum.The northern portion of the ridge is connected with the spread
of laterite on Bandapattoli area to the south. The pavement and the scarps of laterite at the
margins of the plateau consist of ferruginous, pebbly or vesicular laterite. At the eastern
margin of the plateau and south of the pats connecting chiropattoli with Ambakon, there
appears to be very good deposit of grey or creamy white pisolitic bauxite varying from 3 -5
m in thickness. Results of chemical analysis shows the Al2O3 content in the bauxite vary
from 13% to 55 %(Source:DMG,Govt. of Jharkhand).
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84°3
0'0
"E
84°3
0'0
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23°20'0"N
23°20'0"N
®
02
4K
m
73A
/8
73A
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A/6
73A
/773
A/3
73A
/4
73A
/11
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73A
/12
Le
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nd
Maj
or R
oad
s
Pak
har
Pat
, Bag
ru B
lock
Riv
er/W
ater
Bod
y
Bau
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/La
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Dis
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y
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t
#S
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ions
Pro
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or R
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s
Fig
ure
37:
Sp
atia
l Dis
trib
uti
on o
f B
auxi
te/L
ater
ite
in S
eren
dag
Blo
ck
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
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nd
of the plateau. The laterite spreading in the valleys are due to the detrital accumulation of the
disintegrated plateaus laterite. This type of rock occurs as patches or as laterite alluvium
Ketchkipat
The area forms a continuous patch on Serendag Plateau, which lies west of Serendag
Bauxite mines and east of Jalim Valley and is a portion of the main Serendag Plateau. The
kechkipat is one of the dissected plateaus in the western part of Lohardaga upland which is
invariably capped with laterite and bauxite. The general elevation is 1060 m. The area is
bounded by steep scarps except near the Nindi falls where topography gradually descends.
The surface of the Kechkipat area is moderately undulated. The pat area is drained by the
perenial streams at the foot of the till located on the eastern and western periphery.
The“Ketchkipat “contains high level bauxite deposits.The laterite cappings seen on this
plateau rests on the peneplained surface of the older rocks. The middle portion of the “pat”
are is highly covered with lateritic clay. The bauxite is mainly exposed along the steep
scarps in east-west and north. The western and northern scarps are exposed with aluminous
laterite whereas the eastern scarps are exposed are mainly ferruginous laterite/bauxite.
Bauxite occurs in the form of lenticular bodies of varying dimensions within the lateritic
mass.The valley laterite are also seen along the slope and the valley area of Garha-Harup,
Kothukaria, Jalim, Kachki and Nindi.The valley laterites are due to detrital accumulation of
the disintegrated plateau laterite. The lateritic profile is underlain by clayey and ferruginous
sediments of upper gondwana age. Dharwar sediments form the basement of the area, which
has been intruded by the basic rocks. The batholitic mass of chotanagpur granite was the
later intrusive and the dharwars were metamorphosed into schistose and gneissose varieties.
Average Al2O3 content in the bauxite of the region varies from 26%-
58%(Source:DMG,Govt. of Jharkhand).
Piruapattoli- Kabrapattoli
This bauxite deposit is located adjacent to Hanrup area and falls in survey of India toposheet
no. 73 A/7 in between latitudes 230 22’20” to 23024’00”N and 840 20’00” to 84025’50” E
longitude in Gumla district. It rests on Archaean Gneisses. The entire pat is characterized by
almost flat topography with well defined scarps at the northern western and southern
margins of the area. It occurs generally as localized irregular bodies under a cover. of
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Pisolitic laterite of varying thickness ranging from 1 m to 8 m. Average Al2O3 content of the
rock varies from 20%- 56 %(Source:DMG,Govt. of Jharkhand).
Manhe Pat
This small quadrangular plateau does not show any bauxite concentration except on the
northern scarp. The remaining part of the plateau is covered by deep red ferruginous
Laterite.Chemical analysis of samples shows that average Al2O3 content is 46.24% Lalmatia
Pat , situated just north of Manhe Pat shows an almost continuous exposure of thick bauxite
along its eastern scarp.
Block K- Kondle Pat, Purnadih Area
The Block(Figure 38) lies in SOI Toposheet No. 73 A/7 and 73 A/8 between latitude
23°12'39.02" to 23°19'33.7'' and longitude 84°22'44.50"to 84°27'34.76" in Gumla
District.The total area of bauxite/Laterite mineralization in the area is 10.92 sq km.The block
is well connected by metalled road to Lohardaga around 75 km from Ranchi.This small NE-
SW trending plateau has continuous exposure of bouldery bauxite situated in Gumla
District. The scarp is not well developed. The eastern and north eastern part of the block is
devoid of any bauxite exposure and is covered by deep red ferruginous laterite about 6 m in
thickness. Near the scarp bauxite occurs at a very shallow depth. The overburden is
composed of loose soil about 0.3 m to 0.9 m. in thickness.Chemical analysis of samples
collected from the area reveal the average Al2O3 - 58.16%, Fe2O3 - 3.12%, TiO2 - 11.27%,
SiO2 - 0.36% (Source:GSI).
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
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Jha
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Figure 38: Spatial Distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Kondlepat,Purnadih Block
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GUMLA
Biar
Ruki
Helta
Malga
Korla
Porha
Gutua
Jolka
Sehal
Pakni
Ormal
Baldto
JakariGhuttiBarang
Lolori
Manatu
Semala
Ghaghra
Bimaria
Bartoli
Lawadag
Bartoli
Barkani
Turltoli
Tatitoli
Tendtoli
Nawatoli
Tetaraih
Mundatoli
Sarnutoli
Basartoli
Mundhtoli
Sivserang
Bhelwadih
Injhitoli
TetartoliCharamdagChatamdag
Jhandutoli
Pokhratoli
Khukhradih
SakhuatoliPakhortoli
Jilitigsera
BhandartoliGhughrutoli
Chippartoli
Kanaudatoli
Birapanrtoli
Koliakamtoli
Gharanthwtoli
Chhota Ajiatu
Chorlatwatoli
®
0 1 2 Km
73A/2 73A/6
73A/7
73A/873A/4
73A/3 73A/11
73A/10
73A/12
Legend
Minor Roads
Settlement
Sample Locations
Major Roads
!
#
River/WaterBody
Kondlepat & Purnadih Block
Bauxite/Laterite
Protected Forest
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Block L-Sukrahatu, Kolda , Pakripat Area
The block (Figure 39) lies in SOI Toposheet No 73 A/8 in Gumla district of Jharkhand. The
Sukrahatu - Koenatoli plateau has an elevation of about 935 m extends between latitudes N
23°01' & 23°04' and longitudes E 84°25' and 84° 28' . An area of 21.39 sq km. of
Bauxite/Laterite was inferred from the present study in this block. The area is well
connected by fair weather roads to Gumla.Lohardaga railway station of south-Eastern
Railway, is the nearest railhead and only 70 km away.
The Sukrahatu - Koenatoli plateau is the larger laterite capped, dissected table lands
compared to the Kolda area. This assumes an average elevation of about 937 m above
M.S.L. The valleys in between the flat-topped plateaus are at an average elevation of about
762 m. The laterite capped high lands of this area and the neighbouring plateaus are irregular
in shape with sharp scarps at the margins. Chemical analysis of samples collected show the
average Al2O3 - 51.04%, Fe2O3 - 21.06%, TiO2 - 8.00%, and SiO2 - 2.01% (Source:GSI).
Apart from the plateau, the area surrounding the plateau represents a peneplain of a highly
metamorphosed and deformed terrain of Precambrian age. The Precambrian rocks are
comprised of steep to moderate dipping, medium to high grade metamorphic rocks
consisting of various types of granite gneisses as the dominant member along with schists
and hornblende gneisses.
An extensive blanket of laterite with associated bauxite is seen to occur, on the plateau area
and resting directly on the granite gneisses of Precambrian age. Bauxite and aluminous
laterite occur as thin, irregular and discontinuous lenses or tabular bodies within the laterite
capping on the hill ridges and plateau tops.
harkhand Space Application Center JSAC
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CHAPTER-4
CONCLUSION
Remote Sensing techniques play a significant role in locating mineral deposits and effectively
reducing the costs of prospecting and exploration. Remote Sensing data by
virtue of its synoptic overview, multi-hyperspectral and multi-temporal coverage, can help to
rapidly delineate metallogenic provinces/sites over larger terrain. This can help to isolate
potential areas for further exploration.
In the present study ASTER(Advanced Space borne Thermal and Reflection Imaging
Spectroradiometer) data in conjunction with field spectroscopic data, geochemical data of
Lateritic Bauxite was used to map the spatial distribution of Bauxite reserve in the area The
study brings out the relation between terrain parameters such as slope, altitude with Bauxite
occurrences and also shows that the spectral signature of alumina rich bauxite sample can be
taken as a criteria for finding Bauxite rich pockets. Further, the Bauxite/Laterite area was
mapped in 1:25000 scale and presented.
The satellite based study shows that the Bauxite/Laterite boundary delineated by GSI map and
ASTER data matches well with each other. In few places where vegetation subdues the spectral
signatures; there Bauxite exposures are not detected by satellite data. Few additional pockets of
Bauxite enrichment; however; is delineated from the ASTER data.
It is also found that lateritic Bauxite samples with high alumina value has the spectral
absorption feature of Gibbsite; known mineral for alumina and the wavelength of dominant
absorption shifts from 2.26 micrometer to 2.20 micrometer as alumina content reduces in the
lateritic Bauxite samples. Therefore spectral signature of Bauxites appear sensitive to the
alumina content and therefore Aster based indices are used based on field spectra pattern and
this indices map is iteratively reclassified to derive the congruence between the image derived
Bauxite enrichment with that of Bauxite samples analyzed in field.
The present study shows that a total 487.05 sq km of area is rich in laterite /bauxite deposits
which needs to be explored and confirmed by drilling. Using this consolidated information,
specific areas of interest may be identified for evaluation in greater detail through additional
investigation which would require detailed geological mapping, ground geophysical surveys etc.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Bhagla toil area South Netarhat Plateau (Block) Ranchi district.
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[23] Narayan,T.(1971): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in North Chandil path area Ranchi district, Bihar.
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[26] Prasad, S.P., Mishra, T. N. (1974): Progress Report on the Investigation of Bauxite deposit in Lupungpat area in Ranchi district, Bihar.
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deposits in Barpat area, Ranchi district.
[28] Prasad, S.P., Prasad,L. (1973): Progress Report on the Investigation of Bauxite deposits in Lupung pat area in Ranchi district.
[29] Prasad, S. (1972): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in Dokapat
area of South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi district.
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[31] Prasad,S.(1971): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite Bhagla toil
area(South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi district
[32] Prasad, S. (1970): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in BHAGLATOLI area of (South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi, District Ranchi.
[33] Ramsey, J., Gazis, P., Roush, T., Spirtes, P., and Glymour, C., 2002. Automated
remote sensing with Near infrared reflectance spectra: Carbonate recognition. Data Mining and Knowledge discovery, 6, pp. 277-293.
[34] Roy, M. (1974): Progress Report on detailed prospecting of Bauxite at Chandipat,
district-Ranchi. [35] Roy Choudhury(1958). Bauxite in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh. Memoir of GSI, Vol.85.
[36] Sandwar, A. N., Prakash, R. K. (1980): A Report on the Investigation of Bauxite
deposits in North Dhanka Toli- Kechkipat area in Ranchi district (Bihar).
[37] Schellmann, W. 1994. Geochemical differentiation in laterite and bauxite formation, CATENA, Volume 21, Issues 2-3, February 1994, Pages 131-143.
[38] Shankar,P.(1972): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in
Lupungpat area.
[39] Shankar,P.(1971):A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in Lupungpat area(South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi, District.
[40] Shankar, P. (1970): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in
Lupungpat area (South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi, District, Bihar.
[41] Shaw,P.(1971):Report on the Investigation for Bauxite deposits in South Chandi pat area, Ranchi, Bihar.
[42] Singh, S. N., Singh, M. N., (1974): The detailed investigation for Bauxite in Besna
area, Ranchi district.
[43] Singh,M.N.(1971): The detailed investigation for Bauxite in Dauna pat, Ranchi District, Bihar.
[44] Singh,M.N (1970): The detailed investigation of Bauxite in Davnapat ,Ranchi
District,Bihar.
[45] Verma, B.K., Dutta, J. (1971): A short note on the preliminary reconnaissance for bauxite in deposit No. 49 near Gumla, Ranchi district, Bihar.
[46] Zhang, X., Pamer, M., & Duke, N. (2007). Lithologic and mineral information
extraction for gold exploration using ASTER data in the south Chocolate Mountains (California). Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 62, 271-282.
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ANNEXURES
Annexure-1 List of Villages & Towns Sl No Block Name Villages in the block
A GulgulPat Block Birjupur, Kernutoni, Lotatoli, Serangdar B
JamiraPat Block
Ambakana,Asnari,Bardara,Basdini,Bugludih,Chikhikana,Chiro,Dakhintoli,Dhurhari,Dumardih,Hathi,Jamdih, Kakudroli,Karamtoli,Katho,Kukud, Kurkudih, Ladh, Mahurdantoli, Mirgi,Morhar,Nawatoli,Orsa,Pakritoli, Pandritoli,Parewa,Pkhardih,Sarkain,Shisatoli,Simarkhar,Tewahi,Tukudih, Tumbal
C LuchutPat Block Asurtoli, Batastoli, Bobdipani,Dumbartoli, Ganedara,Luchutpat,Mahuadih, Pahardiantoli
D DaunaPat Block Asta,Barakatra,Barkadih,Belgoon,Bhabari,Bichra,Birainskunr,Chhatakotra,Chiraian,Damapat,Gaokhanda,Goreadipa,Kanrwali,Karni,Khetli,Khutakona,Koda,Lakhara,Lawabar,Mandoridtoli,Mangratoli,Panchi,Parsa, Ratasilli, Rudrapur, Sarangadih, Sudli,Tetartoli, Urakana
E Aksi Block F Darichhapahar Block Hendahans,Kotam,Siram G Netarhat and
Amtipani Block Barki Samdari,Barpat,Bartoli,Barwenagar, Batuatoli,Bendi,Berltoli,Bespa,Beti,Bhangartoli,Bhariapattel,Bhaujitoli,Bhelwatola,Bhntutoli,Bijapa, Bijarpur,Bikatoli,BrijiaColony,Budhutoli,Buishunpur,Burkigarhatoli,Chabarpat,Chachali,Chandawai,Chandipat,Chapakana,Chapatolim,Charkakhar, Chatakpur,Chatam,Chatamtoli,Chataughat,Chauradih,Chhatki,Samderi,Chhichhuam,Chilampakhatoli,Chiradih,Danrtoli,Dardag,Dargaon,Dauna,Denragani,Dimkantola,DipaKujam,Dipatoli,Dulusarmatoli, Dumburpat,Dumortoli,Durun,,Newatoli, Gamharia, Garaparnar,GarhaKalan,Garhatoli,Ghaghtoli, Ghhaitola,Ghutuya,Gorratoli,Gumhdrpat,Hari,Haritoli,Harnatoli,Harradipa,Harratoli,Hedmi,Herbtoli,Heswatoli,HethArongloiatoli,Hurhurkarcha,Husih,Jamgaln,Jamtoli,Janawa,Jarhatoli,Jhapaintoli,Jnakapattoli,Jobhiyat,Jurwaroti,Kadolhoriatoli,Kakrangpat,Kanatoli,Kandapattoli,Karamtoli,Karanjtoli,Karanku,Karasili,Katarikana,Katkahi,Kerabar,Kerdkhar,Kereng,Kewarki,Khariatoli,Kisaqtoli,Koikoteat,Kokstoli,Kolhartoli,Korgi,Kurumgarh,Kusumtoli,Ladapat,Langratanr, Lappungpat,Lapu,Ligirpat,Longa,Loramba,Lubungtah,Lurgumi Khurd, Maheshpur, Mahuatoli, Mahuotoli, Malam,Mari,Mariamtoli,Merakhays,Mohnatoli,
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Monyai,Mundatoli,Naima,Naniudag,Naogain, Nawatoli,Netarhat,Oreya,PakardiliPakritoli,Pandra,Parhatoli,,Parnath,Pathlagani,Patragani,Phulwartoli,Pichapar,Pipratoli,Pujratoli,Purdndih,Pusetipat,Putrangi, Rachang, Rajadera, Range, Rapakanatoli,Ratu,Roi, Rointoli,Rokbantanr,Rud,Saiyatoli,Sakhwarnita,Sanaitargar,Sekhwatoli,Semartoli,Siphritoli,Sonatoli,Sudhighagh,Sugasarwa,Sukri,Tamhurbtoli,Tangartoli,Tangro,Tendar,Terwa,Tetartoli,Thakirtoli,Thothatoli,Tilaitanr,Tilwari,Tinkitamtoli,Tithi,Topetoli,Tumse,Tusgaon,Tusheokona,Udaitoni,Ujbaktoli,Ujrdtoli,Upar Sirsi,Upartoli
H BudhaPahar Block I PakharPat & Bagru
Block Bhusarpattoli,Chanpi,Kargo,Kekrang,Chhaghariya,Kasitanr,Salatya,Bhukhutoli,Dahuaagtori,DudhiaPahar, Harkatatoli,Khamantoli,Kusumkatatoli,Potiapentoli, Sapkatatoli,Saramjangha,Bandapar,BanglaPat, Biriduptali,Buchitanitoli,Dhati,DumanPat,Huradtoli,Jawakhartoli,Jharnatbartali,Kanartoli,Kathiatoli, Nawatoli,Pakhar,Patratoli,Pulungcah,SarnaPat, Simargarh
J Serendag Block Abatoli,Aisapihtoli,Aratdi,Asurtali,Baladih,Bhitar,Berka,Bishunpur,BohaaSerka,Burjutoli,Chaihamati,Chandwa,Chaprong,Chatti,Chhapatoli,Chhartoll,Chiari,Chirpat,Dipatoli,Gamhariya,GaneHanrop,Ganeshpur,Garatu,Gurarutoli,Henhe,Hettola,Hirsir,Hurmur,Jalim,Jamgain,Jurni,Karamtoli,Kotukltoli,Kubatoli,Kuragtoli,Kurhetola,Kurratoli,Manhepai,Manjira,Mugo,Nathpur,Nawatoli,Ondhertoli,Pirapartoli,Pirtaui,Piyrasabani,Poinjtoli,Pounri,Rankoli,Rehe,Sambhari,Sehangdug,Sendur,Serangdag,Shanri,Simartoli,Siyartoli,Surrai,Tendtoli,Trakhai
K KondlePat Block Baldto,Barang,Bartoli,Basartoli,Biar,Bimaria,Birapanrtoli,Ghaghra,Gharanthwtoli,Ghughrutoli,Jakari, Jhandutoli,Jilitigsera,Koliakamtoli,Korla,Manatu,Mundar,Porha,Turltoli,Pakni
L Kolda Sukrahatu Block
Behrapar,Brhikana,Hardikona,Karamtoli,Kheond,Kolda,Kukuruja,Lalmattitoli,Pakribot,Parsa,Sakrahatu, Tetardini,Turrurmatoli,Dardakpat,Dipatoli,Ghusri,Jabiatoli,Khaman,Khaminon,Khammantoli,Khonrhatoli,Lotokona,Purnadih,Roghadih,Sakra,Dardakpat,Dipatoli,Ghusri,Jabiatoli,Khaman,Khaminon,Khammantoli,Khonrhatoli,Lotokona,Purnadih,Roghadih,Sakra
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Annexure-2
Methodology Flow Chart
Collection and Conversion of Ancillary Data: Conversion of the Data to reference map by digitization, georeferencing
Co-registration and mosaicking of ancillary Data: Comparison of Litho Boundaries delineated in satellite data with that of ancillary data.
Preparation of reference geological and base layer map: Reference geological map to be prepared based on available geological maps and reports for first level ground truthing of the mineral map.
Field Work: Field work for collecting samples for chemical analysis and spectral profile generation for facilitating image interpreparation.
Satellite data procurement and data preprocessing: Co- registration, Mosaicking of level-1A ASTER data, Atmospheric correction of aster data
Image Processing of Satellite data: Image enhancement, derivation of indices images for interpretation from ASTER level 1A data.
Image Interpretation of processed Data: Analysis of Conjugated products of satellite image with Aster-Dem for detecting the variability in slope, tone, texture and geomorphic variation characteristic of Bauxite.
Final Mineral Map of Bauxite