Project Plan Master Project Kenya, 2012

Radu Panaitescu, Coert Strikker, Maria Xynogalou, Ioanna Livaniou

April 2012

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1 Introduction 3

1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA 3 1.1.1. CATCHMENT AREA 4 1.1.2. GEOLOGY OF THE CATCHMENT AREA 4 1.1.3. CLIMATE 4 1.2 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 4 1.2.1 WATER PROBLEMS 5 1.2.2 CONSTRUCTIONS PROBLEMS 5

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 5

2.1 GOALS 5 2.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 6 2.3 WATER QUALITY 6 2.3.1 INTRODUCTION 6 2.3.2 AIMS 6 2.3.3 METHOD DESCRIPTION 7 2.3.3.1 Bacteria testing – E. coli 7 2.3.3.2 Pollutants testing – Nitrate 7 2.3.3.3 Turbidity 8 2.3.3.4 Salinity 8 2.3.3.5 PH 8 2.3.3.6 Temperature 8 2.4 WATER QUANTITY – BOREHOLES, RAIN WATER HARVESTING 9 2.4.1 INTRODUCTION 9 2.4.2 AIMS 9 2.4.3 METHOD DESCRIPTION 9 2.4.3.1 Boreholes 9 2.4.3.2 Rain harvesting system 11 2.5 PROCESSES FOR IMPROVING WATER SYSTEM 12 2.5.1 INTRODUCTION 12 2.5.2 AIMS 12 2.5.3 METHOD DESCRIPTION 13 2.5.3.1 Client – contractor relationship: Contracting 13 2.5.3.2 Investigating failure patterns 13 2.5.3.3 Interviewing local stakeholders 13 2.5.3.4 Increasing local awareness 13

3 PROJECT CONTEXT 14

3.1 SUPERVISION 14 3.2 INVOLVED ORGANIZATIONS 14 3.3 KENYAN CONTACTS 14 3.4 PREPARATIONS 15 3.5 WORK 15 3.6 FINAL REPORT 17

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4 PRACTICAL ASPECTS 17

4.1 PLANNING 17 4.2 FINANCE 19 4.3 REQUIRED EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS 20

5 APPENDIX 21

5.1 REFERENCES 21 5.2 CONTACT INFORMATION 22 5.3 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 24

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1 INTRODUCTION

A multidisciplinary master project has been set up in order to address the problem of

the water supply for the primary schools in the Kwale district, Kenya. The project

team is formed by student from the Technical University of Delft, 3 Water

Management master students: Coert Strikker, Maria Xynogalou and Ioanna Livaniou

and 1 Construction Management master student: Radu Panaitescu. The project is an

initiative of the Tenda Pamoja Kenya Foundation, a small Dutch NGO that supports

primary schools and their communities in Kenya. The scope of this initiative is to

search for solutions for the shortage of clean drinking water that this area faces. The

research aims to investigate the failing of boreholes in the area, the water quality and

the contracting for creating a new rain harvesting system. Further this text will

elaborate on the description of the area, problem description, project description with

its goals and method descriptions, will elaborate on the context of the project and will

end with the practical aspects of the plan.

1.1 Description of the project area

The Kwale District is one of the coast provinces in Kenya. The district has an area of

8,960 km2 with an estimated population of 583,000 persons. The area borders Taita

Taveta to the west, Kilifi district to the North West, Mombasa and Indian Ocean to

the east and Republic of Tanzania to the south. The capital of it is Kwale. The district

has been split into three administrative districts namely Kwale district comprises

Matuga and Kubo divisions, Msambweni district comprises Msambweni, Diani and

Lungalunga divisions and Kinango distrit consisting of Kinango, Samburu, Kasemeni

and Ndavaya divisions [2,5].

The 304 primary schools, which are supported by Tenda pamoja foundation, are sprea

around the Kwale district and have around 24000 students that receive education. All

schools have been divided into 6 clusters according to their location. Figure 1

illustrates the location of schools and the different color of the locations represents

different clusters [5].

Figure 1: Location of schools

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The research is going to be conducted at the next primary schools: Kilole, Kiruku,

Menzamwenye, Ganda, Mahuruni and Mweria.

1.1.1. Catchment area

West –east is the orientation of the main river in the area and the drainage into the

coastal region from arid and semi – arid catchments. Most rivers, in the project area,

are semi – perennial or seasonal that is why, they cannot provide permanent water

supply. Most rivers drain in the Indian Ocean. Shimba Hills blocks some rivers at the

upper part of the project area and bend to the North draining into Mombasa estuary.

Cha Shimba River, Mwachema River and Ramisi River are the rivers with the largest

catchments in the area in which the schools are located. The total surface of the

catchment areas is in the order of 100-200 km2

[2].

1.1.2. Geology of the catchment area

Sedimentary rocks and unconsolidated sands are the characteristics of the geology in

the largest project area. Grits that have been developed on top of the impermeable

basement complex of metamorphic geneses and schist are also present.

In the sedimentary system three well-marked division are present: Durum Sandstone

series, Tertiary sediments and Quaternary sediments. Grits, sandstones and shale are

the components of the Durum sandstone series. At the top layer sandstones are

located, in the middle one finer sandstones and shale are present and finally, grits are

located at the bottom layer [1,2,3].

1.1.3. Climate

The climate in Kwale district can be characterized as arid with a total precipitation

between 400-1200mm/y. the annual precipitation exceeds the annual evaporation

which is estimated around 1400mm/y. This raises the need of water storage. There are

two rain periods which can be divided based on the duration of rainfalls. Short rains

take place in April and May while long rains in November and December. The air

temperature ranges from 20 to 300C with higher values from January to April and

lower from June to August [2].

1.2 Problem description

A rate of 60% of boreholes is not functioning properly or at all. For this purpose six

different schools are going to be investigated on this area and experiments are going

to be conducted. Two more schools at Kiwegu and Tsuini are under discussion for

further investigation. The selection of these schools was based on the number of

functioning and failed boreholes that are located in the area.

Specifically, at Menzamwenye there are two boreholes which one of them is

functioning well and the other is failing. At Mahuruni and Ganda’s primary schools,

failed boreholes are located. Moreover, at Kiruku’s primary school, a new dug well

was constructed but after a while it dried up. At Kilole’s primary school there is a dug

well, a borehole and they are planning to drill a new borehole in June. Finally, the

borehole at Mwena’s primary school confronts salinity problems and it is going to be

useful and interesting, more investigation to be conducted about the reason for sea

water intrusion.

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The problems in the research area can be divided into two different groups. The first

one is related with the water quality and the water availability and the second one is

related with the problems which are appealed during the structural procedure.

1.2.1 Water problems

There are a lot of problem facing the Kwale district related with the water. A list of

the most crucial of them is presented below:

Water scarcity due to climate effects. There are only two rain periods during

the year; the duration of each one is only two months.

The evaporation is higher than the precipitation

Lack of clean drinking water due to poor sanitation

The main sources for drinking water which are boreholes, wells and rain

harvesting systems the maintenance of them is questioning

Unknown specific location of the aquifer due to lack of information and data

for research conduction

The reasons for sea water intrusion in boreholes and wells are unknown

Awareness of personal hygiene and the effects of lack of it are limited

sometimes

1.2.2 Constructions problems

Problems can be occurred during the structural procedure. The most common of them

are the following:

Different boreholes are drilled from different companies; there are a lot of

stakeholders in the area. The criteria for the location and a database of which

company drilled which borehole are unknown. As a result, there is no

evaluation of their work and no clear overview of the situation.

Tanks’ leakage has occurred between wall and foundation. The reasons for

this can be either insufficient reinforcement, poor mixture of mortar or lack of

cleanliness when the joint was made. Pure knowledge of builders, lack of row

material and not following the contracts can form the causes for the wrong

implementations of the designs

There is no specific committee about the maintenance and the monitoring of

the proper function of borehole.

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Goals

The project’s goal is to contribute to the structural improvement of the water system

of the primary schools in the Kwale district. The contamination of the drinking water

supply is the main problem and means to obtain clean water are: boreholes, deep

wells and “harvesting” rain water. In the last decades several hundreds of boreholes

were realized in the area but after a short period of time a big proportion of has

became faulty. The first goal is to analyze the reasons for this undesired outcome of

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the boreholes. The second goal is investigating the quality of the drinking water in the

area. The last goal focuses on the contracting of the rain harvesting system between

Tenda Pamoja and its subcontractors. Furthermore, our team intends to involve in the

process of raising the awareness regarding the water drinking safety for the local

population.

2.2 Research Questions

Concluding from the goals, the research question can be divided into 3 components:

1. What are the reasons behind the failing of boreholes and is there a failure

pattern present?

2. What is the quality of the water supply available for the schools?

3. What recommendations can be formulated for improving the contracting for

the construction of the rain harvesting system of the schools?

Further the plan will elaborate on the approaches that will be performed in order to

address the questions formulated above.

2.3 Water Quality

2.3.1 Introduction

The primary purpose of checking the drinking - water quality is the protection of

public health. Water is essential to sustain life (adequate, safe and accessible) supply

must be available to all. Improving access to safe drinking – water can result in

tangible benefits to health.

Safe drinking – water, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2008

at “Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality” does not represent any significant risk to

health over a lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur

between life stages. Safe drinking – water is suitable for all usual domestic purposes,

including personal hygiene.

2.3.2 Aims

One of the mayor concerns of the project is going to the quality of the water that is

used from the schools for drinking. Both water stored in tanks and water drilled from

boreholes is going to be examined. Not only because Tenda Pamoja is concerned

about the quality of the water that the schools and its surroundings are supplied with

but also because in general the access to safe drinking –water is a right that all people

should have. Public awareness may decrease the infection from waterborne diseases

and also improve public health that’s why the group goals to inform the villagers and

mainly the children in the schools.

In general what the group plans to do is first to test the water quality and afterwards

examine whether the results meet the guidelines that are set for drinking – water all

over the world. Also, be asking the villagers some conclusions can be derived like,

whether they suffer from health problems and also what the think about the water that

they are drinking.

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Finally, after the detection of the problem possible solutions that can improve water

quality are going to be searched.

2.3.3 Method description

The quality of the water from the boreholes and the tanks is going to be assessed by

looking at different parameters. Aspects like color, odor and taste are going to be

evaluated. The parameters, which could be determined immediately are turbidity,

salinity, pH and the temperature are going to be measured in situ, with equipment

from TU Delft, Water Lab. For microbiological testing, like E-coli and nitrate,

samples are going to be taken from the field and tested in a laboratory. Samples are

going to be collected when no pumping/withdrawal of water is taking place. The

group has to take into consideration that during April and May is the rainy season in

Kenya; as a result there are things like dust, dirt and leaves that may contaminate the

water.

2.3.3.1 Bacteria testing – E. coli

Escherichia coli is present is large numbers in the normal intestinal flora of humans

and animals, where it generally cause no harm. However, in other parts of the body,

E. coli can cause serious disease. Furthermore, presence of E. coli implies that there is

a high chance of containing other pathogenic microorganisms.

According to WHO guidelines for drinking – water, waterborne transmission of

pathogenic E. coli has been well documented for recreational waters and

contaminated drinking water.

Control measures that can be applied to manage potential risk from enter - pathogenic

E. coli includes protection of raw water supplies from animal and human waste,

adequate treatment and protection of water during distribution.

A possible reason of contamination of the borehole water is if latrine pits are built too

close to the borehole. The safe distance between a borehole and latrines depends on

the geology and soil type of the area. Distances between borehole and latrines in areas

underlain by coral limestone should be up to 150 m and in areas underlain by

sandstones; the distance should be at least 120 m [4]. Another possible way of

contaminating water is by bird feces or if buckets and ropes that are used to fetch the

water are used from people whose hands are not clean.

2.3.3.2 Pollutants testing – Nitrate

Nitrate (NO3) is found naturally in the environment and is an important plant nutrient.

According to EPA, infants below six months who drink water that contains nitrate in

excess could become seriously ill and if untreated, may die.

Nitrate can be detected in both surface water and groundwater as a consequence of

agricultural activity from the extensive use of fertilizers, from wastewater disposal

and from oxidation of nitrogenous waste products in human and animal excreta.

The guideline value for nitrate of 50 mg/litre as nitrate is based on epidemiological

evidence for methaemoglobinaemia in infants, which results from short-term exposure

and is protective for bottle-fed infants and, consequently, other parts of the

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population, [7]. As a result authorities should be aware whether the concentration of

nitrate, if water that is used for bottle – fed infants, is near the guideline value.

2.3.3.3 Turbidity

Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of water. It is caused by suspended matter or

impurities that interfere with the clarity of the water, as a result the higher the

turbidity, the more difficult it becomes to see through the water. The turbidity is

expressed in NTU, which stands for Nephalometric Turbidity Units. An average

person can start to see turbidity with the naked eye when values exceed 5 NTU.

Relatively clear waters have a turbidity of around 25 NTU. If water appears muddy,

the turbidity has reached at least 100 NTU. If the water is completely opaque, the

turbidity exceeds 2000 NTU.

Excessive turbidity, or cloudiness, in drinking water is aesthetically unappealing and

may also represent a health concern. Turbidity can provide food and shelter for

pathogens, therefore is a key parameter when assessing the safety of water for

drinking. If not removed, turbidity can lead to waterborne diseases outbreaks.

Although turbidity is not a direct indicator of health risk, numerous studies show a

strong relationship between removal of turbidity and removal of protozoa [6].

The maximum allowed turbidity in drinking water according to WHO, shouldn’t be

more than 5 NTU, and should ideally be below 1 NTU.

2.3.3.4 Salinity

Common salt is also known as sodium chlorine and is measured in drinking water as

sodium. Sodium has no smell, dissolves easily in water and gives water a “salty” taste

at levels greater than 180mg/l. Sodium can be released naturally into water through

minerals deposits, seawater spray and salt intrusion. As the project area is close to the

sea, measuring salinity is going to be a useful in order to check whether seawater has

intruded into the district maybe because of the extensive pumping of the borehole.

There is no specific guideline for salinity in drinking water, but also the results can be

verified by asking villagers opinion, if they find that water tastes salty.

2.3.3.5 PH

The pH value is probably the most frequently measured parameter in aqua bodies. The

pH is of mayor importance, is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The ranges

goes from 0 – 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a

pH of more than 7 indicates a base. In general, pH determines the solubility and

biological availability of chemical constituents such as nutrients and heavy metals.

Although pH usually has no direct impact on water consumers, it is one of the most

important operational water-quality parameters according also to WHO.

2.3.3.6 Temperature

High water temperature enhances the growth of microorganisms and may increase

taste, odor, color and corrosion problems. On the other hand, cool water is generally

more palatable. The recommended temperature for drinking water is 25 C according

to UK standards [8], there is no guideline value set by WHO.

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2.4 Water Quantity – Boreholes, Rain Water harvesting

2.4.1 Introduction

Ground water and precipitation are the main sources of drinking – water in Kwale

District. Boreholes are suitable in cases where the groundwater is not in a high depth

so it can be easily extracted.

An analysis of the boreholes in the six primary schools will be held. The group will

investigate whether the boreholes are functioning properly at the time of the research

and if not, determine the different reasons that may cause its failure. The depth of the

boreholes during their construction will be determined by surveying the locals and

compare it with the present groundwater level. The rain influences the presence of the

water. As a result, a borehole may have water only during the rainy season while

become dry or have a lower water level during dry periods than expected.

Furthermore the water harvesting systems are going to be examined. Schools have

systems that can collect the rainwater and store it in tanks. These systems as well as

the tanks are going to be observed.

2.4.2 Aims

As it is described above, the project aims to make a database of the failing boreholes;

find the possible reasons and recommend solutions. Water users will be interviewed o

for making an estimation of the actual water use and the amount of water that is

extracted from the boreholes (drinking, food preparation, personal hygiene, etc.) Also

the efficiency and the condition (maintenance) of the systems will be analyzed and a

directive to improve an existing system will be developed.

2.4.3 Method description

2.4.3.1 Boreholes

2.4.3.1.1 Clogging

Many wells abstracting groundwater suffer from impaired performance as a result of

clogging by mechanical or biogeochemical processes. This results in a significant

volume reductions pumped by the borehole.

Causes

One of the causes can be mixing of incompatible water qualities. When there is a

vertical stratification in the chemical composition of groundwater, for example

oxygen near the top of the aquifer and iron near the bottom, abstraction will result in

mixing of these water types. Through mixing, deposits of iron hydroxides, manganese

oxides or aluminum oxides will develop and clog the slots of the screen.

Also clogging can occur by enhancing microbiological processes. Due to the

increased velocity of the groundwater flow, the intensity of microbiological processes

already occurring in the aquifer, may be enhanced, resulting into the formation of

deposits upon the well bore/aquifer interface.

Another possibility is mechanical clogging. When the diameter of the gravel of the

gravel pack has not been correctly chosen forlayer of (very) fine sand, when the

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gravel pack has not been placed properly or not at all or when the screen is not

centered properly in the borehole, the well may start yielding sand and experience

clogging.

Recognizing clogging (symptoms)

Clogging can be recognized by the following symptoms:

Loss of capacity: the water level in the borehole usually decreases and the

specific capacity is lowered accordingly (greater than 10 procent).

The turbidity of the water increases: the turbidity could contain sand, silts and

high load of suspended solids.

The water is colored red: the initial discharge of red water could be caused by

the detachment of material stemming from high-velocity water moving

through a formation of iron oxides.

2.4.3.1.2 Failing pump

Until know it is not known what kinds of pumps are used in the Kwale district, but in

general two types of pumps for boreholes are used: submersible and vacuum pumps

(see Error! Reference source not found.). A submersible pump is a system which is

lowered and completely submerged in the water within the borehole casing.

Submersible pumps push fluid to the surface as opposed to jet pumps having to pull

fluids. The pump is attached to a pipe in which the water can flow to the surface and

to wires supplying electrical power. Vacuum pumps create a vacuum by removing

gas/air in order to leave behind a partial vacuum. As a result water in the borehole,

which is closed from the surrounding atmosphere and soil, is pulled to the surface.

Figure 2 Vacuum (left) and submersible pump (right)

Causes

Possible causes of pump failure are:

No electrical power

Clogging of the pump: when submersible pumps starts to pump air this can

lead to a mass of iron deposits on the pump.

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Recognizing pump failure (symptoms)

Pump failure can be easily detected, when:

The pump does not run

No water is pumped, only air

2.4.3.1.3 Aquifer

In many parts of the world water shortage is common faced problem. This can be

caused by empty aquifers in which the water table is depleted. An aquifer is any

saturated geologic material that yields useful quantities of water to wells or

springs. Thick deposits of sand and gravel, sandstone, and fractured bedrock are

typically good aquifers, because they have a good permeability.

Causes

A lack of water supply from the soil could be caused by:

Empty aquifers, due to:

o Overpumping: groundwater level lowers because of depleting the

aquifers faster than they can be replenished. In combination with

drought (see below) this process accelerates.

o Drought: due to a lack of rain no water will infiltrate to replenish

aquifers and they eventually will run dry.

Well-screen in impermeable layer: because of the low conductivity of the

impermeable layer (e.g. clay layer) the pump is not able to extract sufficient

amounts of groundwater. This well screen is not properly placed and should be

located in aquifer (high conductivity) like a sand or fractured rock layer.

Recognizing no water availability (symptoms)

Low availability of groundwater can be obviously detected by a lack of water

extracted by the boreholes. When there is still water in the in the borehole a test can

be performed by pumping water out of the borehole and wait to the water level reach

the former water level before pumping. In case the water level not raises at all, the

aquifer probably is empty.

2.4.3.2 Rain harvesting system

2.4.3.2.1 Roof and gutters

This part will address the observations made on the construction of the gutters and the

transmission of the water to the tanks. A set of defects in implementing the clients

requirements has been revealed already as improper gutter slope, connection to

building and collection system failure. Therefore, because a large number of

differences exist between the client’s specification in the plans and the actual

construction of the system, a site investigation will be made. Future defects identified

will be reported to the client, Tenda Pamoja in order to take future actions.

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2.4.3.2.2 Construction of tanks

Furthermore, the process of construction of tanks that will store the rain water has

proved to be faulty. An investigation of the situation on field will be made consisting

on observing if the construction has followed the specifications in the plans. Several

“flaws” have been already signaled by the client as: smaller capacity than designed,

under reinforcement, low quality concrete, improper connection with the roof and

gutter system, etc. Therefore this type of aspects will be investigated in the

construction of the new tanks and the ones already finalized by the contractor. Also

the problem of tank capacity compared to existent need of water will be analyzed.

Further, the water quality of the supply in the tank will be analyzed in order to find

out if the tank provides drinkable water.

Figure 3 Working Plan for Tanks

2.5 Processes for improving water system

2.5.1 Introduction

An analysis focused on the processes of providing safe drinking water can be used to

supplement the technical analysis described in the chapters above in order to find an

overview of the situation in the area. Therefore this chapter will emphasize on the

analysis of several important aspects that this analysis will tackle. An analysis of the

contracts for constructing water tanks and harvesting systems and boreholes as well,

an investigation of the possibility to find a failure pattern in the boreholes, done

through interviewing and analyzing the stakeholders involved and using the borehole

register. Last the team aims to increase the local awareness in the schools visited.

2.5.2 Aims

The aim of this approach is to integrate the knowledge related to the processes that

lead to the construction of boreholes and water harvesting systems and to create an

overview of the situation. Therefore, through the methods described below, the

project aims to investigate the context of the water system in the target area and to

search for recommendations that might help improve it.

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2.5.3 Method description

2.5.3.1 Client – contractor relationship: Contracting

The current contracting for the construction of water tanks failed to create a fair

collaboration between the client, Tenda Pamoja and the contractor. There were

problems for the construction of some of the facilities in which the specifications

where not respected by the contractor. These can be the result of a lack of experience

or more probable because of an attempt to decrease the costs for the contractor and

thus increase its profits. The situation could have been easily solved if there were a lot

of options for choosing contractors in the area, but unfortunately there are not.

Therefore this situation must be investigated and improved. There might be several

levels to be tackled, the contract itself, the monitoring process or the procurement of

materials.

Therefore this investigation aims to check if it is possible to rationalize the

relationship between the 2 parties through a better contracting framework and a better

implementation. This will be done by studying the available contracts, comparing

them with literature on contracting, analyzing the monitoring process and assessing

the opportunity to implement changes in this system.

2.5.3.2 Investigating failure patterns

The functioning of the boreholes in the Kwale area is affected by several issues. This

analysis will try to integrate the gained information in order to observe a possible

pattern between the failures of boreholes in different areas. From this patterns we

anticipate that they can be due to construction flaws, inadequate choosing of

locations, inadequate use and contamination of water. This can lead to a better

structuring of the borehole situation and a better understanding of the reasons due to

which the boreholes fail.

This will be done through interviewing local stakeholders, accessing available

information and visiting local boreholes in locations spread around the district. After

gaining the information, it will be integrated and analyzed in order to identify possible

failing patterns.

2.5.3.3 Interviewing local stakeholders

The analysis process will be supported by a set of interviews with the local

stakeholders in order to gain information. The gained information will be used to

investigate the failure pattern of boreholes.

2.5.3.4 Increasing local awareness

The process of proving a sufficient supply of safe drinkable water to the schools and

local communities can be helped by increasing the local awareness of the population

regarding the effects of drinking contaminated water. Further the importance of

maintaining the water system uncontaminated is also beneficial for the future use of

the system.

Therefore, the team intends to give small presentations at the visited schools in order

to raise the awareness of the children and their communities.

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3 PROJECT CONTEXT

3.1 Supervision

The supervisor of the project will be prof. Dr. Ir. T.N. (Theo) Olsthoorn. He is senior

researcher hydrology for Waternet (Amsterdam Water Supply) and a part-time

professor of groundwater exploration at the section Water Resources – Geohydrology.

He will support us on geohydrological related issues, such as the VES/TDEM

measurements and interpretations. In the end of the project he will partly judge the

work in the form of reviewing the final report.

The project supervision will also be made by ass. Prof. dr. R. (Rob) Schoenmaker,

Assistant Professor Integral Design, on matters addressing the Construction

Management and Engineering study.

Prof. Roland Abspoel from the Technology University of Delft is also a member of

Tenda Pamoja foundation. He acts as the project’s initiator and coordinator, therefore

providing the information necessary for the project. He will also take part in the

assessment of the project’s final report.

3.2 Involved Organizations

St. Tenda Pamoja is a relatively small NGO which is supported by ca. 30 individual

sponsors and has a average budget of €13.000 euro’s a year. It supports more than 30

primary schools on education, safety & health and local economy in the Kwale

District in Kenya, an area of ca. 4000 km2 located between Mombasa and the

Tanzanian border. One of the important issues is the supply of safe and sufficient

(drinking) water.

Tenda Pamoja is the initiator of this project as they face the problem of failing

boreholes. They provide information about the region, schools and useful social

connections. During our project Tenda Pamoja will give us financial and logistical

support as well. The most important contacts from Tenda Pamoja are Roland Abspoel

and Francis Nzai, the coordinators of the project in the Netherlands and Kenya

respectively.

3.3 Kenyan contacts

Prof. Mwakio P.Tole is a professor of Environmental Geochemistry currently working

at the Pwani University College as Deputy Principal (Asministration and Finance).

The position of professor Tole is as a hub in the personal relation network. He knows

most relations who are useful for the project: Roland Abspoel, the Kenyan students

(Martin Mubea and Catherine Kanini Musili) and the geohydrologist. We wish to

make us of this network and to gain some useful information and knowledge for our

project.

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Martin Mubea and Catherine Kanini Musili are two third year students undertaking

Bsc. Environmental Science at the Pwani University located at the Kenya coast.

They are willing to assist and guide us during our stay in Kenya. As we need local

information about the boreholes they can help us to get in contact with local people

living near the primary schools where the boreholes are situated. They also can

provide local information and knowledge themselves to support our project.

Collins Owuor is a exploration geophysicist and currently working as lecturer at the

Mombasa Polytechnic University College.

Mr. Owuor can provide us local geological and geohydrological information as: depth

and characteristics of present soil layers and water table levels. Besides he can help us

to gain the VES-equipment and other equipment from universities or consultancy

companies.

3.4 Preparations

The project preparation included weekly meetings between the team members in the

beginning of the preparation process and more frequent as the project departure date

approached. Also meetings with the coordinating and supervising professors were

conducted frequently in order to gain necessary preparatory information.

VES measurements were conducted in the last 2 weeks for the good understanding of

the equipment. Prof. W. Luxemburg and Prof. T. Olsthroon were present in the

process.

3.5 Work

The schools can be visited during the 2nd

and the 3rd

week and afterwards after

gathering all the necessary information some suggestions for improvements of the

systems that are used from the schools will be prepared. So, a second visit will be

made in order to inform the locals and do also lectures in the schools.

As the group is held by only 4 students, all together are going to work in the same

place as the work can be divided easier.

The work is going to be divided into two parts. The one is about the failure of the

boreholes and the other one about the rain harvesting systems. In figure 4 the working

plan for the boreholes can be observed.

16

Figure 4: Working plan for boreholes

Boreholes

not working

Check pump

VES depth

working

water level

depth water quality

5 tests

working not well

depth VES water quality

5 tests

pumping test

water level

17

3.6 Final report

After gathering all the information and maybe testing again if necessary, the last two

weeks in Kenya will be used for writing the final report. The final report will contain

description of the six schools that will be visited, definition of the problem,

suggestions for improvements of the water supply systems (rain harvesting systems)

and also about the water quality both for the water from the tanks and the boreholes.

The finishing of the final report will take place back in the Netherlands. A final

presentation will be given at TU Delft and for Tenda Pamoja Kenya Foundation.

4 PRACTICAL ASPECTS

4.1 Planning

The project in Kenya will take eight weeks. A planning has been made to make sure

the project will be finished within the available time. The planning is also necessary

to make appointments with the schools that we are going to visit and to arrange the

transportation in Kenya, which is also a very important aspect. This time schedule is

not the final, as it can change during our stay there because of the weather

circumstances or other situations that may arise during our stay. The complete

planning is presented in Table 1.

The group arrives on Saturday the 28th

of April so the first two days will be used for

acclimatizing and starting up the project. During the first week the group plans to get

in contact with local people, explore the region, contact with a laboratory for the

microbiological testing etc. After this week the six schools will be visited. One day

for doing the appropriate measures in the schools and the next day will be used for

processing the measurements. A second visit round will start, after the preparation of

the lessons that the group plans to give in the primary schools. With all the gathered

information the final detailed analysis can be made.

Week Planning

Week 1

30 - 4 May

Monday

Meeting Contacts, Gathering Information, Equipment, Contacting

laboratory

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Week 2 7 - 11 May Monday Visit Kilole

Tuesday Prosessing data

Wednesday Visit Kiruku

Thursday Prosessing data

Friday Visit Mwena

Week 3 14 - 18 May

18

Monday Prosessing data

Tuesday Visit Mahuruni

Wednesday Prosessing data

Thursday Visit Menzamwenye

Friday Prosessing data

Week 4 21 - 25 May Monday Visit Ganda

Tuesday Prosessing data

Wednesday Preparing Lessons

Thursday Preparing Lessons

Friday Making Desings/Directives

Week 5 28 - 1 June Monday Making Desings/Directives

Tuesday Making Desings/Directives

Wednesday Making Desings/Directives

Thursday Making Desings/Directives

Friday Making Desings/Directives

Week 6 4 - 8 June Monday Visit Kiruku

Tuesday Visit Mwena

Wednesday Visit Mahuruni

Thursday Visit Menzamwenye

Friday Visit Ganda

Week 7 11 - 15 June Monday Visit Kilole

Tuesday Final report

Wednesday Final report

Thursday Final report

Friday Final report

Week 8 18 - 22 June Monday Final report

Tuesday Final report

Wednesday Final report

Thursday Final report

Friday Final report Table 1: Planning

19

4.2 Finance

To finance the whole project, several water and civil engineering companies were

asked for financial support. Unfortunately, none of these companies replied

positively. Professor Theo Olsthoorn, who is the supervisor of the project, offered to

the group a fund from the Hygea Foundation. Also each of the members of the group

will take a scholarship from TU Delft, in order to cover some of the traveling

expenses and as the project is going to take place in a developing country in order to

improve the standard of living of local people, a scholarship was offered from StuD

(CICAT), which is the central liaison office of TU Delft.

Tenda Pamoja as the client will finance a part of the project and finally the group

members will contribute for their trip.

The budget is constituted by 2 parts: the common expenses and the individual

expenses. The common expenses are: technical equipment insurance and water

quality testing. The individual expenses are: flight tickets, housing, living expenses,

local transportation, malaria pills, visa and Internet connection. The amount

constituting the budget can be observed in the table below:

Budget

Expenses Amount,

(Euro)

Individual (*4) Collective

Tickets 2,840

Train tickets 240

Accommodation 1,800

Visa 160

Internet 150

Malaria pills 860

Total 6,050

Living

Equipment

Water testing

Transportation

Other expenses

Total 9,600

Table 2: Expenses

Funders Amount, (Euro)

Theo Olsthoorn 1,000

Delta4mwena 300

StuD – CICAT 500

TU Delft 1,000

Tenda Pamoja 1,200

Members contribution 800

Walk for Water program 4,800

Total 9,600

Table 3: Project’s funding

3,550

20

4.3 Required equipment and materials

In order to fulfill the measurements but also the analysis of the data; some objects

should be taken with the group to Kenya while others may be available in Kenya.

Measurement equipment

VES equipment

Salinity equipment

Turbidity equipment

pH equipment

E-coli testing

Nitrate testing

Divers

Software

Microsoft Office

Matlab

Software for the interpretation of the VES measures

Lecture notes and literature

CIE4440 – Hydrological Measurements

CIE5460 – Hydrology of catchments, rivers and deltas

CIE4420 – Geohydrology I

CIE5440 - Geohydrology II

CIE4410 – Irrigation and drainage

CIE4495 - Fundamentals of drinking water and wastewater

CT2090 – Soil Mechanics

CT3320 - Groundwater mechanics, flow and transport

CT1140 – Fluid Mechanics I

CIE2140 - Fluid Mechanics II

Chemistry of soil (lecture notes from the bachelor program)

Environmental chemistry (lecture notes from the bachelor program)

Flow mechanics (lecture notes from the bachelor program)

A practical guide to Dutch Building Contracts, E.M. Bruggeman,

M.A.B. Chao-Duivis, A.Z.R. Koning, Instituut voor Bouwrecht, 2010

Maps

Geological of Kwale District

Location of the boreholes

Location of schools

Soil Map of the examined boreholes

Questionnaires

Contracts, information and plans of the rain water harvesting system

21

5 APPENDIX

5.1 References

1. A.D.Horkel, 1984, “Notes on the geology and mineral resources of the

Southern Kenyan Coast”, Mitt. Osterr. Geol. Ges. 151-159.

2. E. Aalbers, R. Arkesteijn, L. Bouaziz, T. Euser, R. Nijzink, 2011, “Integrated

Waterplan Primary Schools Kenya”, Delft University of Technology National

3. Environment Secretariat, Ministry of environment and natural resources, 1985,

“ Kwale district rnvironmental assessment report”

4. Mwakio P. Tole, 1997, “Pollution of groundwater in the coastal Kwale

District, Kenya”, International Association of Hydrological Sciences,

Publication No. 240, p.p. 287 – 297, IAHS Wallingford.

5. http://www.tendapamoja.nl/

6. EPA, Guidance Manual. Turbidity Provisions, April 1999.

7. World Health Organization (WHO), 2008, “Guidelines for Drinking Water

Quality”, Third Edition, Incorporating the first and second addenda, Volume

1, Recommendations.

8. Pritchard, M., Mkandawire T. and O'Neill, J.G., 2007, “Biological, Chemical

and Physical Drinking Water Quality from Shallow Wells in Malawi: Case

Study of Blantyre, Chiradzulu and Mulanje”, Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth Journal, Vol. 32, Aug. pp. 1167-1177, ISBN 1474-7065.

22

5.2 Contact information

Tenda Pamoja Foundation:

Secretary Tenda Pamoja

Hogeveenseweg 15

2631 PH Nootdorp

The Netherlands

info@tendapamoja.nl

Ir. R. Abspoel (also from TU Delft)

Department of Structural Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences

Room: SII 2.54

The Netherlands

r.abspoel@tudelft.nl

tel: +31 (0)152785358

Francis Nzai

P.O. Box 1781

Ukunda Kenya

TU Delft:

Prof. Ir. T.N. Olsthoorn

Department of Water Resources

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences

Room: 4.87

The Netherlands

t.n.olsthoorn@tudelft.nl

Tel: +31 (0)152787346

dr.R.Schoenmaker

Assistant Professor Integral Design

TU Delft / Civil Engineering and Geosciences

Building 23

Stevinweg 1

2628 CN Delft

T +31 (0)6 5259 6494

r.schoenmaker@tudelft.nl

M.van Eijck

International Office

E-mail: M.vanEijck@tudelft.nl

23

Pwani University:

Prof. M.P. Tole

Pwani University College

P.O. Box 195

80108 Kilifi

Kenya

mwakiotole@yahoo.com

Tel: 254-41-2008204

Students:

Martin Mubea

Mmubea@yahoo.com

Tel: +254 726 593 791

Catherine Kanini Musili

Tel: +254-724274209

Email: teshlyc@yahoo.com

Other:

Mr. C. Owuor

owuor_co@yahoo.com

24

5.3 Background information

Some useful maps for the project are presented below:

Figure 5: geological map of the Southern Kenyan Coast

25

Figure 6 Geology Kwale District

26

Figure 7:Locations of boreholes in Kwale district