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PROJECT
Subject:
LORD ROBERT STEPHENSON SMYTH
BADEN POWEL
By:-
Sarthak
Class- VIth BRoll No. 11
KV Vikaspuri
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Acknowledgement
Thanks to my parents who permitted me to join SCOUTS
Heartiest thank to Mr Kalicharana sir and Mr RP Sharma sir
who taught me about SCOUT & GUIDE.
Thanks to KV Vikaspuri where I got chance to learn aboutSCOUT.
Sarthak
Class- VI-B
Roll No. 11
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Chapter
Chapter No. Name Page No.
INTRODUCTION SUBJECT 01
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 02
CHAPTERS SCHEME 03
Chapter 1 ROBERT STEPHENSON 04
SMYTH BADEN POWEL
Chapter 2 SCOUT 06
Chapter 3 GUIDE 12
Chapter 4 BOER WAR 19
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Chapter-1
LORD ROBERT STEPHENSON SMYTH BADEN POWEL
FOUDER OF SCOUT & GUIDES
Robert Baden-Powell (1857-1941), British soldier and founder of the
Boy Scouts, was born in London, and completed his education at
Charterhouse. His full name was Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell,
1st Baron Baden-Powell of Gilwell.
He joined the 13th Hussars in India in 1876. From 1888 to 1895 he
was stationed, successively, in India, Afghanistan, Zululand, and Ashanti.
Before and during the Boer War, he served as chief staff officer during the
British campaign in Matabeleland (1896-1897), colonel of Irregular Horse,
South Africa, and lieutenant colonel of the 5th Dragoon Guards (1897-99).
In recognition of his courageous defense of Mafeking (now Mafikeng), he
was promoted to the rank of major general. He organized the South African
Constabulary toward the end of the war and became inspector general of
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cavalry in 1903. In 1908 he became a lieutenant general. Knighted in 1909,
he retired from military service the following year.
He started the Boy Scouts movement in 1907, and in 1910 he helped
to found the Girl Guides, a similar organization for girls. During World War
I he served in the British Intelligence Department. He wrote many books on
the Boy Scout movement, including What Scouts Can Do (1921) and
Scouting and Youth Movement(1929).
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Chapter-2
SCOUTS
Boy Scouts, international movement dedicated to developing the character of
boys and youths and training them for the responsibilities of adult life. The movement
was begun in England in 1907 by Robert Baden-Powell, who based his program on two
already existing American organizations: Sons of Daniel Boone, founded by the
American illustrator-naturalist Daniel Carter Beard, and Woodcraft Indians, started by the
British-born Canadian writer Ernest Thompson Seton.
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Scouting exists in more than 140 countries. The national organizations are
autonomous but hold membership in the World Organization of the Scout
Movement, which meets every two years. The World Scout Bureau in
Geneva, Switzerland, serves as secretariat for the movement. International
rallies, called jamborees, are held every four years.
BOY SCOUT FROM AMERICA
Boy Scouts of America (BSA) was incorporated in 1910. Each Scout
takes the Scout Oath: On my honor I will do my best to do my duty to God
and my country and to obey the Scout Law; to help other people at all times;
to keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight.
The Scout Law calls upon all Scouts to be trustworthy, loyal, helpful,
friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and
reverent. The movement is without military or political connection and is not
affiliated with any particular religious organization.
Although Scouting has no specific religious affiliation, the Boy Scouts
of America bans from membership those who refuse to affirm a duty to
God as part of the Scout Oath. The organization also excludes
homosexuals. These restrictions came under legal challenges in the 1980s
and 1990s. In 2000 the Supreme Court of the United States, by a 5 to 4 vote,
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ruled that the Boy Scouts can bar homosexuals from serving as Scout
leaders. The Court said the organization is a private group with a First
Amendment right to choose leaders based on its expressed values (see
Constitution of the United States: Amendment 1). Critics asserted the Boy
Scouts policy violated antidiscrimination laws.
The Boy Scouts organization encourages boys to participate in
vigorous outdoor activities. Camping is a regular part of the scout program,
which also includes conservation, forestry, farm work, and aid in community
services. During World War II (1939-1945), for example, the Boy Scouts
participated in a variety of civilian activities. The program also stresses the
development of skill in woodcraft, swimming, first aid, signaling, and other
activities. The Boy Scouts motto is Be Prepared.
The Boy Scouts of America, with headquarters in Irving, Texas, is
administered by a national council, which charters local councils. Local
Scouting organizations are sponsored by churches, schools, civic groups,
and other bodies, which are chartered by the local councils.
SCOUTING PROGRAMME
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The Scouting movement in the United States is open to boys and youths
beginning in the first grade or between 7 and 20 years of age. The movement
has three main divisions: Cub Scouting (including Tiger Cubs, Cub Scouts,
and Webelos), Boy Scouting, and Venturing, each designed
CUB SCOUTING
Cub Scouting is for boys in the first through fifth grades. The
programs offer boys participation in family-centered activities, community
service, and camping. Boys belong to a den, usually a group of six to eight
boys. The dens form a pack that meets monthly.
Tiger Cubs is a Cub Scouting program for boys in the first grade (or
who are age seven). Each boy has an adult partner. The Tiger Cub, working
with the adult, completes a series of 15 indoor and outdoor activities to earn
a Tiger Cub badge. Tiger Cubs wear a blue uniform with a blue-and-orange
cap and neckerchief.
After the first grade, boys in the Cub Scouts advance through the
ranks of Bobcat, Wolf, and Bear. The programs emphasize activities in and
around the boys' homes, with an increasing emphasis on outdoor activities as
the boys grow older. The uniform for Bobcats and Wolves is blue with a
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yellow cap and neckerchief. Bears wear the same uniform with a blue cap
and neckerchief.
Webelos (short for Well Be Loyal Scouts) are boys who are in the
fourth or fifth grade. Webelos may wear either the blue Cub Scout uniform
or the tan-and-olive Boy Scout uniform with an olive-and-plaid cap. After
achieving Webelos rank, boys can earn the Arrow of Light Award, the
highest rank in Cub Scouting.
BOY SCOUTING
Boy Scouting is available to boys who have finished the fifth grade, or
who are at least 10 years old, until they reach the age of 17. Boy Scouts are
grouped into troops, and each troop is divided into patrols of six to eight
boys. Troops are led by Scoutmasters, who can be male or female and must
be at least 21 years old. A boy who lives in an area without a Boy Scout
troop can become a Lone Cub Scout or Lone Boy Scout and coordinate his
activity with larger scout units by mail. A Boy Scout starts as a Scout and
can move through the ranks of Tenderfoot, Second Class, First Class, Star,
Life, and Eagle Scout by completing increasingly challenging requirements.
The Boy Scout uniform consists of a tan shirt and olive pants.
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VENTURING
The Venturing program is for young men and women aged 14 through 20.
Venturing crews are organized by businesses and various community
groups. Each crew provides Scouts with learning experiences and leadership
skills in a career, hobby, sport, or outdoor program. Participants, called
Venturers, usually wear forest green uniforms.
PUBLICATION AND MEMBERSHIP
The Boy Scouts of America publishes handbooks; pamphlets on specific
subjects; brochures; a bimonthly magazine for adult leaders, Scouting; and a
monthly magazine for all boys, Boys Life. In the United States there are
about 3.2 million youths and 1.2 million adults involved in Boy Scout
organizations.
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Chapter-3
GUIDE
The Girl Scouts help girls build skills. Those skills have changed with
the times. The first achievement badgeChild Nursewas awarded in
1912. It was given to girls who showed they could care for children.
Today, Girl Scouts earn badges for achievements in many areas,
including math, science, arts, sports, and managing money. They can even
earn awards online for exploring computers and cyberspace.
WHO ARE THE GIRL SCOUTS?
There are about 3 million members of the Girl Scouts of the United
States of America. Girls of all backgrounds are welcome to join. Scouts
range in age from 5 to 17.
There are five age levels of Girl Scouts. These levels are Daisy (ages
5 and 6), Brownie (ages 6 to 8), Junior (ages 8 to 11), and Girl Scout (ages
11 to 17).
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Scouts are guided by the Girl Scout Promise and the Girl Scout Law.
The Promise states, On my honor, I will try to serve God and my
country, to help people at all times, and to live by the Girl Scout Law.
The Girl Scout Law states the qualities Scouts should strive for. These
qualities include honesty, helpfulness, responsibility, fairness, and courage.
The Girl Scouts also trains girls to be leaders.
WHAT DO GIRLS SCOUTS DO?
Girl Scouts meet in small groups called troops with adult leaders. The
troops and their leaders meet about once a month. They work on crafts or
projects. They also plan activities to help their communities. For example,
Scouts might distribute food for the homeless or raise money for a
scholarship fund.
Girl Scouts also go on trips. These can be overnight camping trips at a
nearby state park. Or they can be longer trips that might involve a tour of
historic ruins or backpacking in a wilderness area.
Girl Scouts earn badges, patches, and pins for achievements in
different areas. Girls might choose to work for these awards in fitness, pet
care, community service, reading, sports, arts, and many other activities.
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Brownies win Try-Its for trying different activities. Girl Scouts can even
create their own club as part of a program called Studio 2B that enables
teens to set their own goals.
SELLING GIRL SCOUT COOKIES
In 1917, the Girl Scouts started selling cookies to pay for troop activities.
Back then, the Scoutswith their mothersbaked the cookies at home.
Today, there are companies that bake the special cookies.
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Girl Scouts
Girl Scouts of the United States is the largest
organization for girls in the world. Girl Scouts do all kinds of
activities, including hiking, arts and crafts, and volunteering.
They are also famous for selling cookies!
More than 170 million boxes of Girl Scout cookies are sold every
year. Thin Mints are the most popular kind.
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HOW THE GIRL SCOUTS BEGAN
The Girl Scouts were founded in 1912 by Juliette Gordon Low. Low
called a meeting in Savannah, Georgia, where she lived. Eighteen girls
attended the first meeting.
Low got the idea for the Girl Scouts from friends she had met in
England, Robert Baden-Powell and his sister Agnes. Robert had started the
Boy Scouts in England, and Agnes had started a group for girls called Girl
Guides.
Low liked the idea of bringing girls from all backgrounds together.
She believed that girls should know their way around the great outdoors as
well as how to cook and sew. She wanted to prepare girls for lives as
homemakers. She also wanted them to be ready to join the business world, if
thats what they chose to do.
Low traveled and set up Girl Scout troops across the United States.
She also established a national organization. The Girl Scouts expanded
rapidly
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Helping the Community
The Girl Scouts offers girls ages 5 to 17 a variety of
activity that emphasize fun, friendship, and the benefits of
helping others. These Girl Scouts plant trees during a
community service project.
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JULIETTE LOW
The Girl Scouts were founded in 1912 by American
youth leader Juliette Low, center. Today, there are more than
3 million Girl Scouts across the United States.
T
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Chapter-4
BOER WAR
INTRODUCTION
Boer War (1899-1902), conflict in southern Africa between
Britain and the allied, Afrikaner-populated Transvaal (or
South African Republic) and Orange Free State, in what is
now South Africa; also known as the South African War.
TENSIONS LEADING TO WAR
Throughout the 19th century, after Britain had acquired the
Cape of Good Hope in 1814 and expanded its possessions in
southern Africa, ill feeling mounted between the Dutch-
descended population, called Afrikaners, or Boers, and
British settlers. This resulted in the Afrikaner migration
called the Great Trek (1835-1843?) and the consequent
establishment of the Afrikaner republics: Natal, Orange Free
State, and the South African Republic. Natal became a
British colony in 1843, but Britain granted independence to
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the Transvaal territories in 1852 and to the Orange Free
State in 1854. In the late 1850s, the Transvaal territories
formed the South African Republic. The British annexed the
South African Republic in 1877, but an Afrikaner revolt
restored the republics independence in 1881. The stage for
war was set in 1884, when gold was discovered in the
Witwatersrand, a region then encompassing parts of the
southern Transvaal. The discovery lured thousands of British
miners and prospectors to settle in the area, the influx being
so great that the city of Johannesburg was created almost
overnight. The Afrikaners, primarily farmers, resented the
newcomers, whom they called Uitlanders (foreigners), and
in token of their feeling, taxed them heavily and denied
them voting rights. The resentment on both sides grew,
ultimately leading to a revolt by the Uitlanders in
Johannesburg against the Afrikaner government.
This revolt was instigated by the British colonial statesman
and financier Cecil Rhodes, then prime minister of the Cape
Colony, who desired to bring all of southern Africa into the
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British Empire. In December 1895, Leander Starr Jameson, a
friend of Rhodes, led a band of 600 British armed men in an
unauthorized attempt to support the rebellious Uitlanders in
the South African Republic. Called the Jameson Raid, the
venture resulted in Jamesons capture and imprisonment and
in Rhodess resignation. Jameson later served as premier of
the Cape Colony from 1904 to 1908.
Direct negotiations to solve the South African problem
proved unfruitful, and hostility between the Afrikaners and
the Uitlanders continued unabated. The president of the
South African Republic, Paul Kruger, was unyielding in his
opposition to the Uitlanders. In 1899 the recently appointed
British governor of Cape Colony, Alfred Milner, who strongly
resented the Afrikaners treatment of British subjects, issued
orders to build up the 12,000-man British army contingent
then in southern Africa. The force eventually grew to include
500,000 men. On October 9, 1899, Kruger demanded the
withdrawal of all British troops from the Transvaal frontiers
within 48 hours, with the alternative of formal war.
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MAJOR BATTLE
British noncompliance with Krugers demands brought
immediate action, and an alliance of the South African
Republic and the Orange Free State declared war on October
12, 1899. The Afrikaner forces were initially successful,
invading Natal and Cape Colony. Within days they succeeded
in surrounding British forces at Ladysmith, Natal, and at
Mafeking (now Mafikeng) and Kimberley, Cape Colony. In
December the British commander in chief Sir Redvers H.
Buller sent fresh troops to relieve besieged British forces in
three areas of the war zone: Colenso, Natal; the hills of
Magersfontein on the Orange Free State and Cape Colony
borders; and the mountain range of Stormberge in the Cape
Colony. Within a weeks time, referred to as Black Week by
the British, each of the new units had been defeated by
Afrikaner forces.
On January 10, 1900, the British general Frederick S. Roberts
was sent to replace Buller as commander in chief. (Buller,
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however, remained to fight throughout the war.) Early in
February, Roberts ordered the British commander John D. P.
French north to relieve the city of Kimberley; Frenchs
objective was attained four days later. Simultaneously,
Roberts undertook a northeastward march from Cape Colony
into the Orange Free State. Attacked by the Afrikaner
general Piet Cronje on February 27, Roberts fought back
successfully and forced the surrender of Cronje and his
troops, altogether about 4000 men. On March 13, Roberts
entered Bloemfontein, capital of the Orange Free State. Two
months later, on May 17, besieged Mafeking, defended by
troops under the command of the British soldier Robert
Baden-Powell, was relieved. Roberts captured Johannesburg
on May 31 and Pretoria, the capital of the South African
Republic, on June 5. Upon these defeats, President Kruger
fled to Europe, and Roberts, believing the war to be won,
returned to England in January 1901.
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GUERRILLA RESISTANCE
British satisfaction proved short-lived. Boer leaders, among
them such soldiers and future statesmen as Louis Botha and
Jan Christiaan Smuts, launched extensive and well-planned
guerrilla warfare against the occupying British troops. The
fighting thus continued for the next year and was finally
quelled only through the severe tactics of the new British
commander in chief, Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener. He
exhausted the enemy by devastating the Afrikaner farms
that sustained and sheltered the guerrillas, placing black
African and Afrikaner women and children in concentration
camps, and building a strategic chain of formidable iron
blockhouses for his troops.
TREETY OF VEREENING
Negotiations for peace began on March 23, 1902, and on
May 31 Afrikaner leaders signed the Treaty of Vereeniging.
The settlement provided for the end of hostilities and
eventual self-government to the Transvaal and the Orange
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Free State as colonies of the British Empire. Britain agreed in
turn to pay a 3 million indemnity for rehabilitation, and
granted amnesty and repatriation to Afrikaner soldiers who
pledged their loyalty to the British monarch.
In the course of the Afrikaner War, British losses totaled
about 28,000 men. Afrikaner losses were about 4000 men,
plus more than 20,000 civilians who died from disease in
concentration camps. Thousands of black Africans also died
in the camps.
The Treaty of Vereeniging brought peace and political
unification to South Africa but did not erase the underlying
causes that had triggered the conflict. Even after the
establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910, the
Afrikaners, by and large, kept themselves culturally and
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socially separate.
Reference:
1. Internet2. AIDS to Scouting.3. Encarta encyclopedia.
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