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Project managementis the process and activity of planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling
resources, procedures and protocols to achieve specific goals in scientific or daily problems.
Aprojectis a temporary endeavor designed to produce a unique product, service or result[1]with a
defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained, and often constrained by funding
ordeliverables),[2]undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives,[3]typically to bring about
beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast withbusiness
as usual (or operations),[4]
which are repetitive, permanent, or semi-permanent functional activities to
produce products or services. In practice, the management of these two systems is often quite
different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and management
strategies.
The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goals[5]and objectives
while honoring the preconceived constraints.[6]
The primary constraints arescope,time, quality
andbudget.[7]
The secondary and more ambitiouschallenge is tooptimizetheallocationof
necessary inputs and integrate them to meet pre-defined objectives.
As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application including civil
construction, engineering, and heavydefenseactivity.[10]
Two forefathers of project management
areHenry Gantt,called the father of planning and control techniques,[11]who is famous for his use of
theGantt chartas a project management tool (alternatively Harmonogramfirst proposed byKarol
Adamiecki[12]
); andHenri Fayolfor his creation of the five management functions that form the
foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.[13]
Both
Gantt and Fayol were students ofFrederick Winslow Taylor's theories ofscientific management.His
work is the forerunner to modern project management tools includingwork breakdownstructure(WBS) andresource allocation.
The 1950s marked the beginning of the modern project management era where core engineering
fields come together to work as one. Project management became recognized as a distinct discipline
arising from the management discipline with engineering model.[14]
In the United States, prior to the
1950s, projects were managed on an ad-hoc basis, using mostlyGantt chartsand informal
techniques and tools. At that time, two mathematical project-scheduling models were developed.
The "Critical Path Method"(CPM) was developed as a joint venture betweenDuPont
CorporationandRemington Rand Corporationfor managing plant maintenance projects. And the
"Program Evaluation and Review Technique"or PERT, was developed byBooz Allen Hamiltonas
part of theUnited States Navy's (in conjunction with theLockheed Corporation)Polaris
missilesubmarine program;[15]
PERT and CPM are very similar in their approach but still present some differences. CPM is used for
projects that assume deterministic activity times; the times at which each activity will be carried out
are known. PERT, on the other hand, allows for stochastic activity times; the times at which each
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activity will be carried out are uncertain or varied. Because of this core difference, CPM and PERT
are used in different contexts. These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private
enterprises.
PERT network chartfor a seven-month project with five milestones
At the same time, as project-scheduling models were being developed, technology for project cost
estimating, cost management, and engineering economics was evolving, with pioneering work by
Hans Lang and others. In 1956, the American Association of Cost Engineers (now AACE
International;the Association for the Advancement ofCost Engineering)was formed by early
practitioners of project management and the associated specialties of planning and scheduling, cost
estimating, and cost/schedule control (project control). AACE continued its pioneering work and in
2006 released the first integrated process for portfolio, program and project management (Total Cost
ManagementFramework).
TheInternational Project Management Association(IPMA) was founded in Europe in 1967,[16]
as a
federation of several national project management associations. IPMA maintains its federal structure
today and now includes member associations on every continent except Antarctica. IPMA offers a
Four Level Certification program based on the IPMA Competence Baseline (ICB).[17]
The ICB covers
technical, contextual, and behavioral competencies.
In 1969, theProject Management Institute(PMI) was formed in the USA.[18]
PMI publishesA Guide
to the Project Management Body of Knowledge(PMBOK Guide), which describes project
management practices that are common to "most projects, most of the time." PMI also offers multiple
certifications.
The traditional approach[edit]
A traditional phased approach identifies a sequence of steps to be completed. In the "traditional
approach",[19]
five developmental components of a project can be distinguished (four stages plus
control):
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Typical development phases of an engineering project
1. initiation
2. planningand design
3. execution and construction
4. monitoring and controlling systems
5. completion
Not all projects will have every stage, as projects can be terminated before they reach completion.
Some projects do not follow a structured planning and/or monitoring process. And some projects will
go through steps 2, 3 and 4 multiple times.
Many industries use variations of these project stages. For example, when working on abrick-and-
mortardesign and construction, projects will typically progress through stages like pre-planning,
conceptual design, schematic design, design development, construction drawings (or contract
documents), and construction administration. Insoftware development,this approach is often known
as thewaterfall model,[20]
i.e., one series of tasks after another in linear sequence. In software
development many organizations have adapted theRational Unified Process(RUP) to fit this
methodology, although RUP does not require or explicitly recommend this practice. Waterfall
development works well for small, well defined projects, but often fails in larger projects of undefined
and ambiguous nature. TheCone of Uncertaintyexplains some of this as the planning made on the
initial phase of the project suffers from a high degree of uncertainty. This becomes especially true as
software development is often the realization of a new or novel product. In projects
whererequirementshave not been finalized and can change,requirements managementis used to
develop an accurate and complete definition of the behavior of software that can serve as the basis
for software development.[21]
While the terms may differ from industry to industry, the actual stages
typically follow common steps toproblem solving"defining the problem, weighing options, choosing
a path, implementation and evaluation."
PRINCE2[edit]
Main article:PRINCE2
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ThePRINCE2process model
PRINCE2 is a structured approach to project management released in 1996 as a generic project
management method.[22]
It combines the original PROMPT methodology (which evolved into the
PRINCE methodology) with IBM's MITP (managing the implementation of the total project)methodology. PRINCE2 provides a method for managing projects within a clearly defined
framework.
PRINCE2 focuses on the definition and delivery of products, in particular their quality requirements.
As such, it defines a successful project as being output-oriented (not activity- or task-oriented)
through creating an agreed set of products[23]
that define the scope of the project and provides the
basis for planning and control, that is, how then to coordinate people and activities, how to design
and supervise product delivery, and what to do if products and therefore the scope of the project has
to be adjusted if it does not develop as planned.
In the method, each process is specified with its key inputs and outputs and with specific goals and
activities to be carried out to deliver a project's outcomes as defined by its Business Case. This
allows for continuous assessment and adjustment when deviation from the Business Case is
required.
PRINCE2 provides a common language for all participants in the project. The governance
framework of PRINCE2its roles and responsibilitiesare fully described and require tailoring to
suit the complexity of the project and skills of the organisation.[23]
Critical chain project management[edit]
Main article:Critical chain project management
Critical chain project management (CCPM) is a method of planning and managing project execution
designed to deal with uncertainties inherent in managing projects, while taking into consideration
limited availability of resources (physical, human skills, as well as management & support capacity)
needed to execute projects.
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CCPM is an application of thetheory of constraints(TOC) to projects. The goal is to increase the
flow of projects in an organization (throughput). Applying the first three of thefive focusing stepsof
TOC, the system constraint for all projects is identified as are the resources. To exploit the
constraint, tasks on the critical chain are given priority over all other activities. Finally, projects are
planned and managed to ensure that the resources are ready when the critical chain tasks muststart, subordinating all other resources to the critical chain.
The project plan should typically undergoresource leveling,and the longest sequence of resource-
constrained tasks should be identified as the critical chain. In some cases, such as managing
contracted sub-projects, it is advisable to use a simplified approach without resource leveling.
In multi-project environments, resource leveling should be performed across projects. However, it is
often enough to identify (or simply select) a single "drum". The drum can be a resource that acts as a
constraint across projects, which are staggered based on the availability of that single resource.
One can also use a "virtual drum" by selecting a task or group of tasks (typicallyintegration points)and limiting the number of projects in execution at that stage.
Event chain methodology[edit]
Main article:Event chain methodology
Event chain methodology is another method that complementscritical path methodandcritical
chainproject management methodologies.
Event chain methodology is an uncertainty modeling and schedule network analysis technique that
is focused on identifying and managing events and event chains that affect project schedules. Event
chain methodology helps to mitigate the negative impact of psychological heuristics and biases, aswell as to allow for easy modeling of uncertainties in the project schedules. Event chain methodology
is based on the following principles.
Probabilistic moment of risk:An activity (task) in most real-life processes is not a continuous
uniform process. Tasks are affected by external events, which can occur at some point in the
middle of the task.
Event chains:Events can cause other events, which will create event chains. These event
chains can significantly affect the course of the project. Quantitative analysis is used to
determine a cumulative effect of these event chains on the project schedule.
Critical events or event chains:The single events or the event chains that have the most
potential to affect the projects are the critical events or critical chains of events. They can be
determined by the analysis.
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Project tracking with events:Even if a project is partially completed and data about the project
duration, cost, and events occurred is available, it is still possible to refine information about
future potential events and helps to forecast future project performance.
Event chain visualization:Events and event chains can be visualized usingevent chain
diagramson aGantt chart.
Process-based management[edit]
Main article:Process-based management
Also furthering the concept of project control is the incorporation of process-based management.
This area has been driven by the use of Maturity models such as the CMMI(capability maturity
model integration; seethis exampleof a predecessor) andISO/IEC15504(SPICEsoftware
process improvement and capability estimation).
Agile project management[edit]
Main article:Agile Project Management
The iteration cycle in agile project management
Agile project management approaches, based on the principles of human interaction management,
are founded on a process view of human collaboration. It is "most typically used in software, website,
technology, creative and marketing industries."[24]
This contrasts sharply with the traditional
approach. In theagile software developmentorflexible product developmentapproach, the project is
seen as a series of relatively small tasks conceived and executed to conclusion as the situation
demands in an adaptive manner, rather than as a completely pre-planned process. Advocates of this
technique claim that:
It is the most consistent project management technique since it involves frequent testing of theproject under development.
It is the only technique in which the client will be actively involved in the project development.
The only disadvantage with this technique is that it should be used only if the client has enough
time to be actively involved in the project every now and then.
Examples of Agile Project Management tools and techniques include:
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Scrum (software development)- A holistic approach to development that focuses on iterative
goals set by the Product Owner through a backlog, which is developed by the Delivery Team
through the facilitation of the Scrum Master.
Extreme Programming(XP) - Also calledPair Programmingthis method uses small groups and
has a highly prescriptiveTest Driven Development(TDD) model.
eXtreme Manufacturing(XM) - An agile methodology based on Scrum,KanbanandKaizenthat
facilitates rapid engineering and prototyping.
Crystal Clear (software development)- An agile or lightweight methodology that focuses on
colocation and osmotic communication.
Kanban(()?)- A lean framework for process improvement that is frequently used to
manage WIP within agile projects. The Kanban process improvement framework has been
specifically applied to software development, asKanban (development).
Lean project management[edit]Main article:Lean project management
Lean project management uses the principles fromlean manufacturingto focus on delivering value
with less waste and reduced time.
Extreme project management[edit]
Main article:Extreme project management
Planning andfeedbackloops inExtreme programming(XP) with the time frames of the multiple loops.
In critical studies of project management it has been noted that severalPERTbased models are not
well suited for the multi-project company environment of today.[citation needed]
Most of them are aimed at
very large-scale, one-time, non-routine projects, and currently all kinds of management areexpressed in terms of projects.
Using complex models for "projects" (or rather "tasks") spanning a few weeks has been proven to
cause unnecessary costs and low maneuverability in several cases[citation needed]
. The generalization of
Extreme Programming to other kinds of projects isextreme project management,which may be
used in combination with theprocess modelingand management principles ofhuman interaction
management.
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Benefits realization management[edit]
Main article:Benefits realisation management
Benefits realization management (BRM) enhances normal project management techniques through
a focus on outcomes (the benefits) of a project rather than products or outputs, and then measuring
the degree to which that is happening to keep a project on track. This can help to reduce the risk of a
completed project being a failure by delivering agreed upon requirements/outputs but failing to
deliver the benefi ts of those requirements.
An example of delivering a project to requirements might be agreeing to deliver a computer system
that will process staff data and manage payroll, holiday and staff personnel records. Under BRM the
agreement might be to achieve a specified reduction in staff hours required to process and maintain
staff data.
Processes[edit]
The project development stages[25]
Traditionally, project management includes a number of elements: four to five process groups, and a
control system. Regardless of the methodology or terminology used, the same basic project
management processes will be used. Major process groups generally include:[7]
Initiation
Planning or design
Production or execution
Monitoring and controlling
Closing
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In project environments with a significant exploratory element (e.g.,research and development),
these stages may be supplemented with decision points (go/no go decisions) at which the project's
continuation is debated and decided. An example is thePhasegate model.
Initiating[edit]
Initiating process group processes[25]
The initiating processes determine the nature and scope of the project.[26]
If this stage is not
performed well, it is unlikely that the project will be successful in meeting the business needs. The
key project controls needed here are an understanding of the business environment and making
sure that all necessary controls are incorporated into the project. Any deficiencies should be
reported and a recommendation should be made to fix them.
The initiating stage should include a plan that encompasses the following areas:
analyzing the businessneeds/requirementsin measurable goals
reviewing of the currentoperations
financial analysisof the costs and benefits including abudget
stakeholder analysis,including users, and support personnel for the project
project charterincluding costs, tasks, deliverables, and schedule
Planning and design[edit]
After the initiation stage, the project is planned to an appropriate level of detail (seeexample of a
flow-chart).[25]
The main purpose is to plan time, cost and resources adequately to estimate the work
needed and to effectively manage risk during project execution. As with the Initiation process group,
a failure to adequately plan greatly reduces the project's chances of successfully accomplishing its
goals.
Project planninggenerally consists of[27]
determining how to plan (e.g. by level of detail or rolling wave);
developing the scope statement;
selecting the planning team;
identifying deliverables and creating the work breakdown structure;
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identifying the activities needed to complete those deliverables and networking the activities in
their logical sequence;
estimating the resource requirements for the activities;
estimating time and cost for activities;
developing the schedule;
developing the budget;
risk planning;
gaining formal approval to begin work.
Additional processes, such as planning for communications and for scope management, identifying
roles and responsibilities, determining what to purchase for the project and holding a kick-off
meeting are also generally advisable.
Fornew product developmentprojects, conceptual design of the operation of the final product may
be performed concurrent with the project planning activities, and may help to inform the planning
team when identifying deliverables and planning activities.
Executing[edit]
Executing process group processes[25]
Executing consists of the processes used to complete the work defined in the project plan to
accomplish the project's requirements. Execution process involves coordinating people and
resources, as well as integrating and performing the activities of the project in accordance with the
project management plan. The deliverables are produced as outputs from the processes performedas defined in the project management plan and other frameworks that might be applicable to the
type of project at hand.
Execution process group include:
Direct and manage project execution
Quality assurance of deliverables
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Acquire, develop and manage Project team
Distribute information
Manage stakeholder expectations
Conduct procurement
Test the deliverables against the initial design
Monitoring and Controlling[edit]
Monitoring and controlling process group processes[25]
Monitoring and controlling consists of those processes performed to observe project execution so
that potential problems can be identified in a timely manner and corrective action can be taken,
when necessary, to control the execution of the project. The key benefit is that project performance
is observed and measured regularly to identify variances from the project management plan.
Monitoring and controlling includes:[28]
Measuring the ongoing project activities ('where we are');
Monitoring the project variables (cost, effort, scope, etc.) against the project management plan
and the project performance baseline (where we should be);
Identify corrective actions to address issues and risks properly (How can we get on track again);
Influencing the factors that could circumvent integrated change control so only approved
changes are implemented.
In multi-phase projects, the monitoring and control process also provides feedback between project
phases, in order to implement corrective or preventive actions to bring the project into compliance
with the project management plan.
Project maintenance is an ongoing process, and it includes:[7]
Continuing support of end-users
Correction of errors
Updates of the software over time
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Monitoring and controlling cycle
In this stage,auditorsshould pay attention to how effectively and quickly user problems are
resolved.
Over the course of any construction project, the work scope may change. Change is a normal and
expected part of the construction process. Changes can be the result of necessary designmodifications, differing site conditions, material availability, contractor-requested changes, value
engineering and impacts from third parties, to name a few. Beyond executing the change in the field,
the change normally needs to be documented to show what was actually constructed. This is
referred to as change management. Hence, the owner usually requires a final record to show all
changes or, more specifically, any change that modifies the tangible portions of the finished work.
The record is made on the contract documentsusually, but not necessarily limited to, the design
drawings. The end product of this effort is what the industry terms as-built drawings, or more simply,
as built. The requirement for providing them is a norm in construction contracts.
When changes are introduced to the project, the viability of the project has to be re-assessed. It is
important not to lose sight of the initial goals and targets of the projects. When the changes
accumulate, the forecasted result may not justify the original proposed investment in the project.
Closing[edit]
Closing process group processes.[25]
Closing includes the formal acceptance of the project and the ending thereof. Administrative
activities include the archiving of the files and documenting lessons learned.
This phase consists of:[7]
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Contract closure: Complete and settle each contract (including the resolution of any open
items) and close each contract applicable to the project or project phase.
Project close: Finalize all activities across all of the process groups to formally close the project
or a project phase
Project controlling and project control systems[edit]
Project controlling should be established as an independent function in project management. It
implements verification and controlling function during the processing of a project in order to
reinforce the defined performance and formal goals.[29]
The tasks of project controlling are also:
the creation of infrastructure for the supply of the right information and its update
the establishment of a way to communicate disparities of project parameters
the development of project information technology based on an intranet or the determination of a
project key performance index system (KPI)
divergence analyses and generation of proposals for potential project regulations[30]
the establishment of methods to accomplish an appropriate project structure, project workflow
organization, project control and governance
creation of transparency among the project parameters[31]
Fulfillment and implementation of these tasks can be achieved by applying specific methods and
instruments of project controlling. The following methods of project controlling can be applied:
investment analysis
costbenefit analyses
value benefit Analysis
expert surveys
simulation calculations
risk-profile analyses
surcharge calculations
milestone trend analysis
cost trend analysis target/actual-comparison
[32]
Project control is that element of a project that keeps it on-track, on-time and within
budget.[28]
Project control begins early in the project with planning and ends late in the project with
post-implementation review, having a thorough involvement of each step in the process. Projects
may be audited or reviewed while the project is in progress. Formal audits are generally risk or
compliance-based and management will direct the objectives of the audit. An examination may
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include a comparison of approved project management processes with how the project is actually
being managed.[33]Each project should be assessed for the appropriate level of control needed: too
much control is too time consuming, too little control is very risky. If project control is not
implemented correctly, the cost to the business should be clarified in terms of errors and fixes.
Control systems are needed for cost,risk,quality, communication, time, change, procurement, and
human resources. In addition, auditors should consider how important the projects are to
thefinancial statements,how reliant the stakeholders are on controls, and how many controls exist.
Auditors should review the development process and procedures for how they are implemented. The
process of development and the quality of the final product may also be assessed if needed or
requested. A business may want the auditing firm to be involved throughout the process to catch
problems earlier on so that they can be fixed more easily. An auditor can serve as a controls
consultant as part of the development team or as an independent auditor as part of an audit.
Businesses sometimes use formal systems development processes. These help assure that
systems are developed successfully. A formal process is more effective in creating strong controls,
and auditors should review this process to confirm that it is well designed and is followed in practice.
A good formal systems development plan outlines:
Astrategyto align development with the organizations broader objectives
Standards for new systems
Project management policies for timing andbudgeting
Procedures describing the process
Evaluation of quality of change
Topics[edit]
Project managers[edit]
Aproject manageris a professional in the field of project management. Project managers can have
the responsibility of the planning, execution, and closing of any project, typically relating
toconstruction industry,engineering, architecture,computing,and telecommunications. Many other
fields in production engineering and design engineering and heavy industrial have project managers.
A project manager is the person accountable for accomplishing the stated project objectives. Keyproject management responsibilities include creating clear and attainable project objectives, building
the project requirements, and managing thetriple constraintfor projects, which is cost, time, and
scope.
A project manager is often a client representative and has to determine and implement the exact
needs of the client, based on knowledge of the firm they are representing. The ability to adapt to the
various internal procedures of the contracting party, and to form close links with the nominated
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representatives, is essential in ensuring that the key issues of cost, time, quality and above all, client
satisfaction, can be realized.
Project management types[edit]
While Project management, by itself, is a discipline that can apply to any project intended to deliver
solutions for any purpose, it is often tailored to accommodate the specific and repeatable needs of
different and highly specialized industries. For example, the construction industry, which focuses on
the delivery of things like buildings, roads, and bridges, has developed its own specialized form of
project management that it refers to as Construction project managementand for which project
managers can become trained and certified in.[34]
The Information technology industry has also
evolved to develop its own form of Project management that is referred to as IT Project
managementand which specializes in the delivery of technical assets and services that are required
to pass through various lifecycle phases such as planning, design, development, testing, and
deployment.[35]
Biotechnology project managementfocuses on the intricacies of biotechnology
research and development.[36]
For each type of project management, project managers develop and utilize repeatable templates
that are specific to the industry they're dealing with. This allows project plans to become very
thorough and highly repeatable, with the specific intent to increase quality, lower delivery costs, and
lower time to deliver project results.
Project management triangle[edit]
Theproject management triangle
Like any human undertaking, projects need to be performed and delivered under certain constraints.
Traditionally, these constraints have been listed as "scope," "time," and "cost".[2]
These are also
referred to as the "project management triangle", where each side represents a constraint. One side
of the triangle cannot be changed without affecting the others. A further refinement of the constraints
separates product "quality" or "performance" from scope, and turns quality into a fourth constraint.
The time constraint refers to the amount of time available to complete a project. The cost constraint
refers to the budgeted amount available for the project. The scope constraint refers to what must be
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done to produce the project's end result. These three constraints are often competing constraints:
increased scope typically means increased time and increased cost, a tight time constraint could
mean increased costs and reduced scope, and a tight budget could mean increased time and
reduced scope.
The discipline of project management is about providing the tools and techniques that enable the
project team (not just the project manager) to organize their work to meet these constraints.
Work breakdown structure[edit]
Main article:Work breakdown structure
Thework breakdown structure(WBS) is atree structurethat shows a subdivision of effort required to
achieve an objectivefor example a program, project, and contract. The WBS may be hardware-,
product-, service-, orprocess-oriented (see an example in aNASA reporting structure (2001)).[37]
A WBS can be developed by starting with the end objective and successively subdividing it into
manageable components in terms of size, duration, and responsibility (e.g., systems, subsystems,
components, tasks, sub-tasks, and work packages), which include all steps necessary to achieve the
objective.[21]
The work breakdown structure provides a common framework for the natural development of the
overall planning and control of a contract and is the basis for dividing work into definable increments
from which the statement of work can be developed and technical, schedule, cost, and labor hour
reporting can be established.[37]
Project management framework[edit]
The program (investment) life cycle integrates the project management andsystem development life
cycleswith the activities directly associated with system deployment and operation. By design,
system operation management and related activities occur after the project is complete and are not
documented within this guide[25](seean example of an IT project management framework).
For example, see figure, in the USUnited States Department of Veterans Affairs(VA) the program
management life cycle is depicted and describe in the overall VA IT Project Management Framework
to address the integration of OMB Exhibit 300 project (investment) management activities and the
overall project budgeting process. The VA IT Project Management Framework diagram illustrates
Milestone 4 which occurs following the deployment of a system and the closing of the project. The
project closing phase activities at the VA continues through system deployment and into system
operation for the purpose of illustrating and describing the system activities the VA considers part of
the project. The figure illustrates the actions and associated artifacts of the VA IT Project and
Program Management process.[25]
International standards[edit]
There have been several attempts to develop project management standards, such as:
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ISO 21500: 2012 - Guidance on project management. This is the first project management ISO.
ISO 31000: 2009 - Risk management. Risk management is 1 of the 10 knowledge areas of
either ISO 21500 or PMBoK5 concept of project management.
Capability Maturity Modelfrom theSoftware Engineering Institute.
GAPPS,Global Alliance for Project Performance Standardsan open source standard
describing COMPETENCIES for project and program managers.
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledgefrom theProject Management
Institute(PMI)
HERMES method,Swiss general project management method, selected for use in Luxembourg
and international organizations.
The ISO standardsISO 9000,a family of standards for quality management systems, and
theISO 10006:2003, for Quality management systems and guidelines for quality management in
projects.
PRINCE2,PRojects IN Controlled Environments.
Association for Project ManagementBody of Knowledge[38]
Team Software Process(TSP) from theSoftware Engineering Institute.
Total Cost ManagementFramework, AACE International's Methodology for Integrated Portfolio,
Program and Project Management.
V-Model,an original systems development method.
TheLogical framework approach,which is popular in international development organizations.
IAPPM,The International Association of Project & Program Management, guide to project
auditing and rescuing troubled projects.
Project portfolio management[edit]
Main article:Project portfolio management
An increasing number of organizations are using, what is referred to as,project portfolio
management(PPM) as a means of selecting the right projects and then using project management
techniques[39]
as the means for delivering the outcomes in the form of benefits to the performing
private or not-for-profit organization.
Project management software[edit]Main article:Project management software
Project management softwareis software used to help plan, organize, and manage resource pools,
develop resource estimates and implement plans. Depending the sophistication of the software,
functionality may includeestimationand planning,scheduling,cost controlandbudget
management,resource allocation,collaboration software,communication,decision-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Engineering_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Engineering_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Engineering_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Alliance_for_Project_Performance_Standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Alliance_for_Project_Performance_Standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Alliance_for_Project_Performance_Standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guide_to_the_Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guide_to_the_Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Management_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Management_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Management_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Management_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HERMES_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HERMES_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_10006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_10006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_10006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRINCE2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRINCE2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Project_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Project_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Software_Processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Software_Processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Engineering_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Engineering_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Engineering_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Cost_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Cost_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_framework_approachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_framework_approachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_framework_approachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAPPMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAPPMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit§ion=26http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit§ion=26http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_management&action=edit§ion=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_portfolio_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_portfolio_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_portfolio_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_portfolio_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_portfolio_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_portfolio_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_portfolio_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management#cite_note-AH04-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wik