Project Implementation Agency Emergency...

Project Implementation Agency Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project

Government of Puducherry

Environmental Impact Assessment Study for Reconstruction and Modernization of Puduchery Fishing Harbour

April 2011

WAPCOS Limited

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E4180v11

WAPCOS Centre for Environment 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. GENERAL The Puduchery fishing harbour is constructed on Ariyankuppam river mouth at Thengaithittu in Puducherry. At present 115 mechanized boats are operated from this fishing harbour. The other facilities available in this fishing harbour are 2 Nos. of Auction hall, Work shed, Diesel (bunk) outlet, Vehicle parking shed, Fishing boat repair yard, Fishing Harbour Management Society Office, One power room with 440 volts capacity receiving 315 KW power from transformer, Overhead tank capacity of 80,000 litres. Puducherry fisheries department proposes the reconstruction and modernization works in the existing fishing harbour at Puduchery to augument the above mentioned facilities for additional fish catch. The present document outlines the Executive Summary of the EIA study of Reconstruction and Modernization of Puducherry fishing harbor. 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The proposed of Reconstruction and Modernization of Puducherry fishing harbor envisages the following facilities:

� Extension of Quay and providing appropriate fender on the quay. � Modernisation of sloping yard � Marine Mechanized Workshop � Boat making and repairing yard � Fish Processing Unit � Ice Plant � Treatment for discharge of effluent sullage

2.1 EXTENSION OF QUAY Puducherry Fishing Harbour has 119 wooden mechanized boats and 83 are FRB boats with inboard Engine. The total length of quay required for Mechanised and FRB boats shall be 540 m. A wharf of 330 m length is already available, and it is proposed to extend the wharf by another 200 m to accommodate additional number of boats. It is proposed to have the lower level for anchoring the FRP boats and to dredge upto -2.5m level on the basin side for facilitating the berthing of vessels without any hardship. 2.2 MODERNIZATION OF SLOPING YARD There is no proper rail arrangement and cradle system to receive the boats and there is no proper hauling system to beach the boat for repairing and the fisherman communities are finding great difficulty for beaching their vessel for repair. Following works are proposed for the modernization of sloping yard:

� Construction of cofferdam in front of the sloping hard to rectify the damage if any.

� The disturbed portion of the existing sloping hard floor is proposed for improvement.

� Providing CR100 Rail of 2.5 m at 3 m apart in sloping hard area, transfer bay area for the movement of transfer cradle and also in the boat making and repair yard.

� Providing winch room with winch of suitable capacity. � Fabrication of sloping cradle, Boat trolley and Transfer cradle.

There is no proper workshop for the repair of engines, propeller etc., and the fisherman find it difficult to repair them. Therefore, it is proposed to have one workshop at the harbour. 2.3 BOAT MAKING AND REPAIR YARD The proposed boat making and Repair Yard is placed at northern side of the sloping yard. It consists of 3 Bays on each side and each bay is provided with CR100 Rail arrangements. There is no boat making and repair yard at present in Puducherry and the fishermen are finding it difficult to build or repair the Boat. The fisherman has to go to Cuddalore for utilising the boat making and repair yard facilities. In this Boat making and Repair yard, 6 Nos. of Boats can be repaired or build at a time. 2.4 ICE PLANT


As per CMFRI data the total fish catch at Puducherry is 26 tonne per day. Approximately 50% of total fish catch is considered for iceing, hence the total quantity of ice required at Puducherry harbor is estimated to be 53 tonnes. The ice plants available in Puducherry do not fulfill the ice requirement at Puducherry. Hence, it is proposed to provide a ice plant with a capacity of 50 tonnes per day. 2.5 FISH PROCESSING UNIT

The fish process consists of mainly processing unit, freezing unit and chilled storage unit. It is proposed to have a fish processing unit of 6T capacity initially which will be expanded to 12T capacity at ultimate stage (year 2040) to process, freeze and preserve the low value fishes and to supply the same in the local market at higher cost. 2.6 NET MENDING SHED At present there is no proper net mending shed to mend their nets and the fishermen are using the existing auction halls for this purpose and therefore it is proposed to construct the same.

2.7 TREATMENT OF SULLAGE On the commencement of full-fledged commercial activity in modernised Puducherry fishing harbour, it is expected that around 750 fishermen (150 x 5) and around 250 outsiders may use the harbour. The average fish catch per day is 26 Tonnes and the total sullage expected to be generated in the fishing harbour is estimated as 40,000 litres/day. In addition, around 10,000 litres/day is expected to be generated in the pre-processing unit. Hence the total quantity of sullage likely to be generated in the Puducherry fishing harbour shall be 50,000 litres. It is proposed to provide a comprehensive sullage collection and treatment system . 2.8 DREDGING As per the Feasibility Report, during the Pre-stake holder’s meeting conducted on 24.04.2009, it was unanimously demanded to dredge the mouth as well as the fishing harbour area for navigation and berthing of vessels. A detailed Bathymetry survey to ascertain the depth available in front of the wharf and along the approach channel in the river was carried out. From the Bathymetry chart, it is seen that the depth available in front of the wharf and upto the tip of the break water is less than required. The total quantity of dredging envisaged is 272764 m3. The project layout map as superimposed on HTL/LTL map is enclosed as Figure-1. The Cost Estimate has been prepared and the total cost for the Puducherry Fishing Harbour has been estimated as Rs.1907.70 lakhs.

4. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS

The Study Area considered for the EIA study has been considered as the area within radius of 10 km considering the proposed project site at the centre. As a part of the EIA study, the baseline status has been ascertained for various aspects and the same is summarized in the following sections: 4.1 METEOROLOGY In the project area the average annual rainfall is 1245 mm. Majority of rainfall is received in the period from October to December. In the project area, the temperature starts increasing from February end and it reaches up to 37oC. The average maximum and minimum temperatures during the summer season are 43oC and 27oC respectively. 4.2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out with a frequency of two samples per week at three locations in August / September, 2010. The parameters monitored as a part of the study are listed as below:

• PM 10

• PM 2.5

• Sulphur dioxide (SO2)


• Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). The PM2.5 concentration varies from 21.46 to 31.68 µg/m3 at various stations Values of PM10

ranged from 23.33 to 35.57 µg/m3, which is below the prescribed limits of 60 µg/m3 and 100

µg/m3 respectively. The concentration of SO2 at various stations ranged from 5.21 to 8.59

µg/m3, which is below the prescribed limits of 80 µg/m3. Similarly NOX concentration was below detectable limits. 4.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT Baseline noise levels were recorded at 3 locations in the study area and equivalent noise level were calculated. The day time noise level ranged from a minimum of 29 dB(A) to a maximum of 40 dB(A). The night time noise level ranged from a minimum of 26 dB(A) to a maximum of 33 dB(A), which area well below the permissible limit. 4.4 LANDUSE PATTERN The landuse pattern of the study area has also been studied using satellite data. The major portion of study area is occupied by water bodies (51.78%). Area under vegetation and agriculture accounts for about 17.29 % and 19.56 % of the total study area respectively. The settlements and barren area are about 3.62%, and 6.22 % respectively. 4.5 MARINE WATER QUALITY The temperature of the surface water samples ranged from 24°C to 26°C. pH value also did not exhibit insignificant variation and was in the range of 8.0 – 8.2. There is no fresh water influence was recorded during the time of collection and thus the salinity of surface water samples varied from 29 to 31 ppt. The DO values recorded in the four stations ranged from 4.20 mg/l to 4.60 mg/l. Biochemical Oxygen Demand varied from 1.04 to 1.35 mg/l. The phosphate and nitrates concentrations varied between 0.329 to .538 µmol/l and 1.071 to 1.115 µmol/l respectively. Major Elements and Trace Metals The concentration of cadmium in the water samples varied from 0.19 to 0.31 µg/l. The concentration of Zinc in the study areas varied between12.0 to 13.80 µg/l. The estimated concentrations of lead ranged from 3 to 4.2 µg/l. The mercury level varied from 12 mg/l to 13 mg/l. 4.6 Sediment Quality The pH of sediments at various samples ranged from 8.1 to 8.2. The total phosphorus concentrations were varied between 1.65 and 2.1 mg/g. The total nitrogen concentration ranged between 1.45 and 1.92 mg/g. zinc recorded at high concentrations in the range from 16.9 to 18.9 µg/g. The concentrations of lead varied between 5.9 and 6.4 µg/g. The maximum concentration of mercury was recorded as 49 µg/g. 4.7 Marine Ecology Detailed marine ecological survey was conducted from 5 locations to establish the existing status of the marine water around the proposed project site. The parameters covered in marine survey includes primary productivity, Chlorophyll’a, Phaeo-pigment, Phytoplankton, Total Biomass, Zooplanktons, Macrobenthos, Meio-benthos et; The net primary productivity varies from 1.20 to 1.918 mg/m3. Chlorophyll’a content varied between 1.19 to 1.29 mg/m3. Phaeophytin content was analyzed in the range of 1.11 to 1.19 mg/m3. The phytoplankton density varies from 625 Nos./l to 5898 Nos./l. The zooplankton population ranged from 400 to 4725 Nos./l. The macro benthos recorded in the sampling locations were in the range of 9 - 36 nos./m2.

4.8 Socio-economic Aspects As per the Marine Fisheries Census 2005 of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, the total number of fishermen in the Union of Puducherry is 43,028 in 11,541 households. Out of 43,028 fisherfolk population, only 10,341 fisherfolk populations are active fishermen. Out of this, 9,503 are full time fishermen, 401 are part time fishermen and 437 are occasional


fishermen. In Puducherry region 2,539 fishermen are full time fishermen and 1,166 are part time fishermen. 5. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts that are expected to accrue as a result of the proposed project have been briefly described in the following sections. 5.1 WATER ENVIRONMENT a) CONSTRUCTION PHASE Impacts due to effluents from labour camps The peak labour requirement during construction phase be about 200. The total water requirement for the laborers works out to 30 m3/day and the sewage generated will be about 24 m3/day. It is proposed to treat the sewage from labour camps prior to disposal. Impacts due to dredging The total dredging envisaged in this project works out to 58,020 m3. The potential environmental effects of dredging can be categorized as impacts due to dredging process itself and those due to disposal of the dredged material. During the dredging process may have some adverse impacts like loss material during transport to the surface, overflow from the dredger whilst loading and loss of material from the dredger and/or pipelines during transport. Impacts on benthic organisms The increase in turbidity results in decrease in the depth that light is able to penetrate the water column which may affect submerged seaweeds and plants, by temporarily reducing productivity and growth rates. However none of macro-and meio-faunal species observed at the site were coming under rare, endangered or threatened category. Hence, no major impacts are anticipated. Impacts due to dredging and disposal of organic matter and nutrients

The release of organic rich sediments during dredging or disposal can result in the localised removal of oxygen from the surrounding water which may lead to the suffocation of marine animals and plants within the localised area or may deter migratory fish or mammals from passing through. However, removal of oxygen from the water is only temporary, as tidal exchange would quickly replenish the oxygen supply. Therefore, in most cases where dredging is taking place in open coastal waters, this localised removal of oxygen has little, if any, effect on marine life.

Impacts due to contaminated sediments

In all the sites surveyed, the sediment samples analyzed did not show the presence of any appreciable levels of contamination and hence may not pose any such problems. Impact on phytoplanktons and primary productivity Dredging and disposal may lead to increased turbidity and consequent reduction of light penetration for short periods. This may affect primary productivity and plankton biomass. However, turbidity due to dredging and dumping will be observed only in a localised area and only for a very short duration. Hence these impacts are not expected to be significant in nature in the proposed project. Impacts on fisheries The high turbidity due to heavy suspended solid load during dredging or disposal of dredged materials results in clogging of gills of fishes thereby causing asphyxiation. Fishes generally swim away from the area being dredged. Once the turbidity is over due to currents, they come back to the area. Due to this capability of the fishes there is no significant adverse impact on fishes and fisheries is expected on fisheries as a result of dredging. Impacts due to operation of construction equipment The combustion of diesel in construction equipment could be one of the possible sources of incremental air pollution during the construction phase. However, incremental concentration


estimated during operation phase is quite low and does not require any specific control measure. Socio Economic Environment In the construction stage the peak labour force, skilled and unskilled labourers, is estimated at about 200. About 50% of the labour population are likely to come from nearby sites. Thus, it is necessary to develop adequate infrastructure facilities, so that the requirements of the immigrating labour population are met. B) OPERATION PHASE Apart from the domestic sewage, totally 50,000 litres of sullage is likely to be generated in the Puducherry fishing harbour. The sullage generated from two auction halls, Pre-processing unit, Ice plant and Mechanised workshop will be collected in the manholes at the respective location and finally treated in the Effluent Treatment Plant and shall be reused for the horticulture purposes after treatment.

Solid waste

The predicted total Municipal Solid Waste (including Fish Waste) is expected to be about 3.0 tonne/day .Solid waste comprises all bulky rubbish, old pieces of rope and netting, broken fish boxes etc.

5.3 IMPACTS ON NOISE ENVIRONMENT (a) Construction phase The major sources of noise during construction phase are due to operation of construction equipment and transport vehicles. It has been observed that at a distance of 100 m and 200 m from the construction site, the increase in noise levels will be about 10 dB(A) and 15 dB(A) respectively. The nearest residential areas are at a distance of about 500 m from the proposed project site. Hence, no adverse impacts are anticipated on noise levels due to the proposed project. b) Operation phase No major impacts on noise environment are anticipated during project operation phase. 5.4 IMPACTS ON AIR ENVIRONMENT (a) Construction phase Impacts due to fugitive emissions The major pollutant in the construction phase is SPM being air-borne due to various construction activities. The vehicular movement generates pollutants such as NOx, CO and HC. But, the vehicular pollution is not expected to lead to any major impacts. The fugitive emissions generated due to vehicular movement are not expected to travel beyond a distance of 200 to 300 m. The impact on air environment during construction phase is not expected to be significant, since, there is no habitation in the vicinity of the site. (b) Operation phase The major source of air pollution in the post-project phase is the vehicular movement for transportation of fish catch to different destinations of markets. On an average about 10 to 20 trucks per day will move in the area. The pollution levels due to those are not expected to be significant to cause significant adverse impact on ambient air quality. 5.5 IMPACTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT (a) Construction phase In the construction stage the peak labour force, skilled and unskilled labour, is estimated at about 200. About 100 labour population are likely to come from nearby sites. The balance, i.e. 100 labour and their family members are likely to stay near construction sites. Thus, it is necessary to develop adequate infrastructure facilities, so that the requirements of the immigrating labour population are met. (b) Operation phase


At present the fishing activities are already in place without any safe berthing. However reconstruction and modernization of the harbour will further enhance the fishing activities with safe berthing along with increased hygienic conditions on the land side. 5.6 SUMMARY OF IMAPCTS The summary of impacts is given in Table-1

TABLE-1 SUMMARY OF PREDICTION

Issues considered for prediction

Result of Prediction Impacts Significance

Air Quality Impacts

• Vehicular emission during transportation of construction materials

• The increase in the concentration of NOX, CO and HC at a distance of 500m is negligible and the overall concentration conform to NAAQS

• The impacts are short term, temporary and shall cease to exist after construction is complete.

Low in the long term and with suitable EMP like covering trucks with tarpaulin sheets, regulation of vehicle speeds and regular emission checks

• Vessel emission • Increase in concentration within the fish landing centre, but will return to background levels as the vessels are of low capacity

Low

Shoreline changes

• Extension of Quay and

Modernization of sloping yard

• Negligible littoral drift calculated, thereby resulting in negligible accretion / erosion

• Low

Land / Aesthetics

• Disposal of solid wastes from canteen, fish meal, rotten fish, ship wastes, vessel repair wastes inland inside the fish landing centre

• Increased organic, toxic and heavy metal loads from runoff

• Odour and pests infection

• Low, when appropriate management measures are implemented.

Water Quality / Ecological Impacts

• Construction activities • Increased turbidity from boulder laying

• Smothering of benthic flora/fauna

• The impacts are short-term and cease after construction is complete.

• Provide nurseries and breeding grounds after construction is complete

• Medium during construction phase

• Beneficial in the long term after construction ceases

• Fishing operations, wastewater disposal, boat repairs

• Increased pathogen, organic loads leading to DO depletion, Eutrophication resulting in fish kills, decomposition and infection

• Toxics and hazardous wastes may lead to bioaccumulation and bio magnification especially in juveniles

• High (-ve)

• Low when integrated with Environmental and Fish landing centre management plans and non-fisheries impacts (from municipal sewage) are regulated;

• Discharge of oil sewage and waste water from

• Increased organic loads, oil and grease inside the breakwater with

• Low when onshore facilities for reception of oily wastes, slop


Issues considered for prediction


vessels insufficient mixing and wastewater are provided. Adherence to EMP items shall be ensured by the Dept. of Fisheries.

Socio Economics

Livelihood and employment • The region is a fishing village with no other means of livelihood. Increased employment opportunities to locals from fisheries associated activities like net mending, boat repairs, markets, exports etc.,

• High (Positive)

Risk

Fuelling Operations • Impacts from Worst Case Scenario are limited to the fish landing centre. However, considering the generally crowded nature of fish landing centre it is required to provide fire hydrants in the vicinity of berthing locations

• Adequate care needs to be taken for protection of the fuel pipelines

• Low significance under normal operating conditions

• Consequences limited to fish landing centre only, during abnormal conditions as low quantities of fuel shall be handled.

• Adequate Fire hydrants and first aid facilities shall be provided within the fish landing centre.

• Marine Environment

Dredging

Impact on Marine water quality, marine ecology, disposal of dredged material. The dredged material has to be disposed at identified location which is having minimum impact on the marine environment. Physical and chemical nature of the dredged material determines the disposal method. It was observed that the proposed area is free from any chemical contamination and sewage pollution. The dredge material is proposed to use for raising the platform level of fishing harbour above the high flood level. As per the soil investigation report, the dredged material shall be non expansive to low expansive and hence it can be used for refilling purposes

• Low significance under normal operating conditions

• Dredging area is free from any chemical contamination and sewage pollution

• Net Impacts • Low (-ve) significance for short term

• Net Benefits • High (+ve) significance for long term

6. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed fishising harbour is briefly described in the following sections:


6.1 SURFACE WATER QUALITY The following measures are recommended:

• Various construction activities should be well coordinated and optimized to avoid time and cost over-run.

• Dredging shall not be carried out during the fish breading season (during April 15 to May 31)

• Spillage of fuel / engine oil and lubricants shall be prevented by suitable precautions and also by providing necessary mechanisms to trap the spillage.

• Temporary colonies of the construction workers shall be established sufficiently away from the HTL and adequate sanitation facilities shall be provided to prevent degrading the environmental quality of the area.

• Construction activities like dredging, etc will be carried out in the confined manner to reduce the impacts on marine environment.

• Construction waste including the debris shall be disposed safely in the designated areas and in no case shall be disposed in the marine environment.

6.2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

• All regularly used roadways around the site must be swept daily with a tank mounted road sweeper and washed by a trunk mounted cart.

• All transport shall be properly covered at the bottom and top with perfect sealing of plastic/tarpaulin sheets, so that no coal dust spills and spreads out during present operation.

• All vehicles/ equipment deployed in the project shall have valid emission control certification from respective authorities.

• All construction vehicles should comply with emission standards of CPCB and be maintained properly.

• Use of Ready-mix concrete wherever possible shall be explored. In the case of use of Concrete Mixer, Concrete Mixer should be mounted on shelter with top and slides closed.

6.3 NOISE QUALITY

• Measures for minimizing noise generated from vehicles and other mechanical devices should be adopted which may include damping, absorption, dissipation and deflection methods. Depending on the noise levels, measures such as construction of sound enclosures, deployment of mufflers, mounting noise sources on isolators and use of materials with damping properties, shall be deployed during construction.

• DG sets shall be installed with acoustic enclosures and silencers so as to reduce noise up to the standard level as far as possible.

• Ear protective devices shall be used by the construction workers where they are exposed to steady noise levels above 85 dB (A).

6.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT

• Construction of fish landing centre should be carried out as per applicable regulations such as local planning requirements, fishery sector guide lines, coastal zone regulations and other environment regulations of Government of India and The World Bank.

• Planning and design should be as per earthquake resistant design and construction guidelines / practices laid down by the Bureau of Indian Standards [IS:1893 (Part –1) : 2002] and approved by the competent authorities. No deviation from the approved implementation plan, layout and design specifications should be made.

• Hazardous materials like diesel, LPG and paints, etc., required during various stages of construction should be stored as per the explosives act of GoI and necessary permissions / authorizations shall be secured prior to the deployment of such material.


6.5 MARINE ENVIRONMENT

• Dredging shall not be undertaken during fish breeding season and other special weather situations.

• Vessels operating during construction phase such as dredger shall be equipped with spill response kits.

• Suitable dredging methods to be used to minimise the loss of sediments into the neighbouring water column and cause minimum disturbance to the marine ecology of the area using crawl cat dredger or coastal dredger or pontoon mounted system for grabbing and sufficient number of barges for dumping transporting and disposal to the project site and dumping site.

• Total Suspended Solids in sea water to be monitored at various locations in and around the dredging/construction work areas in order to assess the sediment transport and the resultant impacts;

• Disposal of dredge spoils shall be carried out at the designated sites as per the stipulated guidelines.

• Green belt shall be developed in the fish landing centre by planting of trees along the entrance gate, road side, net mending shed etc.

• disposal of sewage from the construction work area in to sea, shall be prevented with suitable wastewater treatment measures

• Strict management of the aquatic environment should be followed during the construction phase through waste control, use of minimum disturbance techniques during construction for ensuring minimal changes to the aquatic environment.

6.6 WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

• Total 50,000 litres of sullage and 24 m3 is likely to be generated in the Puducherry fishing harbour. Sequential Batch Reactor Technology based Sewage cum Effluent Treatment Plant is proposed as a part of the reconstruction and modernization project. The treated water will be used in gardening and toilet flushing.

6.7 OIL SPILL MITIGATION DURING THE OPERATION OF FLC

• Oil boom is proposed near the complex so that any oil that is spilled can be arrested by using the boom. The trapped oil is sucked out using a hand suction pump and transferred to the Oil collection container.

• Waste oil will be collected in 200-litre oil drums and soled to oil processing companies for reprocessing.

6.8 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• The solid wastes so generated will contain Solid waste comprising all bulky rubbish, old pieces of rope and netting, broken fish boxes etc. The total solid waste to be generated would be of the order of 3 t/day, which will be collected and recyclable waste will be recycled. The balance solid waste will be disposed of at designated landfill site.

6.9 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT

• It is proposed to develop greenbelt around various project appurtenances, which will go a long way to achieve environmental protection and mitigation of pollution levels in the area. About 2 ha of land is proposed to be afforested as a part of Greenbelt Development Plan. . The plantation will be at a spacing of 2.5 x 2.5 m. The width of the greenbelt will be 30 m. About 1,600 trees per hectare will be planted.

6.10 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The summary of Environmental Management Plan is given in Table – 2


TABLE - 2 Summary of Environmental Management Plan

S. No.

Issues / Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility

During Construction Stage

1 Infrastructure provisions at construction camps

The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect and maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour as per the requirements of applicable labour regulations of Government of India.

All the work sites and camp sites shall also be provided with basic sanitation and infrastructure as per the requirements of Building and other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996.

Contractor

2 Transportation of construction materials

The contractor should bring construction material only from approved quarries. Heavy vehicles shall be covered with Tarpaulin sheets to minimize fugitive dust during transportation

Contractor

3 Ambient Air quality All the vehicles must have valid PUC certificates, Water sprinkling shall be done to suppress the dust emissions from the site. All the DG sets used for construction shall have valid consents from TNPCB

Contractor

4 Noise The construction materials shall be properly maintained and barricades shall be provided around the site for reducing the noise levels. All the workers will be provided with personal protective equipment including ear plugs and other necessary provisions by the contractor.

Contractor

5 Water The quality of water (marine, river and wastewater discharged from the camps) shall be analysed once in three months during construction, for its compliance to the disposal standards of pollution control authority.

Contractor

6 Emergency Management

First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be provided by the contractor at the work sites, camp sites and all other ancillary facilities.

Contractor

7 Greenbelt development

Green belt with adequate number of trees shall be developed and shall be maintained to ensure at 80% survival rate.

Contractor and Fisheries Department

8 Marine Environment

• Dredging has to be carried out using crawl cat dredger or coastal dredger or pontoon mounted system.

• Dredging to be avoided during April 15 to May 31 to avoid the impacts on fish

Contractor


S. No.

Issues / Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility

breeding

• Dredged material to be disposed by suction and pumping through pipeline to disposal site.


Operation Stage

1 Monitoring Operational Performance

The PIU and Fishing harbour management shall monitor the operational performance of the various mitigation measures implemented in the project. This shall include overall hygiene practices of the Fishing harbour, performance of wastewater treatment plant, impacts due to dredging material dump site etc;

Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,

2 Water & Waste water

Surface water, ground water, marine water and treated / untreated wastewater quality shall be analysed by on a quarterly basis


3. Air Environment Ambient air quality and DG stack monitoring shall be done once in a quarter.

Water sprinkling for dust suppression and Greenbelt development shall be carried out in the premises.

Proper maintenance of boats shall be ensured to reduce the emissions.


4. Noise DG sets with acoustic enclosures shall be deployed.


5. Solid Waste Solid waste from the site should be source segregated and collected into biodegradable & non-biodegradable waste. The biodegradable waste will be treated in organic waste converter (OWC) and used as manure, whereas the non biodegradable waste shall be sent to authorised recyclers.



First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be maintained by the Fishing harbour operating agency. Adequate fire extinguishers shall be provided in the premises with clear fire exit signals and sign boards are displayed for evacuation.


7. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DURING OPERATION PHASE The summary of Environmental Monitoring during operation phase is given in Table- 3.


TABLE – 3 Details of Environmental Monitoring during Operation Phase

S. No.

Aspects Parameters to be monitored

Frequency of monitoring

Location

1. Marine water

Physico-chemical parameters

pH, Salinity, EC, TDS, Turbidity, Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides.

Once in three months

3 sites

Biological parameters Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons

Once a year

3 sites

2. Sediments


Texture, pH, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates


3 sites

Biological parameters Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna

Once in a year 3 sites

3. Greenbelt Develoment

Growth of various species, need for any additional inputs in the form of agro-chemicals, irrigation, protection etc.


Greenbelt sites

8. COST ESTIMATE The cost estimates for implementing EMP shall be Rs.27 million. The details are given in Table-4.

TABLE-4 Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

S. No.

Parameter Cost (Rs. million)

1. Solid Waste Management 3.70

2. Waste Water Treatment 20.00

2. Sanitary facilities at labour camps 0.80

3. Treatment of effluent from workshops 0.50

4. Greenbelt development 0.12

5. Purchase of noise meter 0.05

6. Implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during construction phase (Refer Table-6.3)

1.60

Total 26.67 say Rs. 27.0 million

The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during construction phase is Rs.1.60 million. The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during operation phase is Rs.0.75 million/year

Project Implementation Agency EIA Study for Reconstruction and Modernization (Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project) of Puducherry fishing harbour

WAPCOS Limited 1-1

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The Union Territory of Puducherry comprises of 4 maritime regions namely

Puducherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam. The Puducherry is located on the east

coast of India near the state of Tamil Nadu facing Bay of Bengal. Puducherry has a

coastline of 24 km. There are 15 marine fishing villages in Puducherry region with

10,270 fishermen families. Out of 43,028 fishermen population in Puducherry region,

only about 10,341 fishermen populations are active fishermen.

1.2 REGULATORY AUTHORITIES FOR CRZ REGULATION

National Coastal Management Authority (NCZMA) –The Authority examines and

accords approval to area specific management plans, based on the

recommendations of the State Coastal Zone Management Authorities and Union

Territory Coastal Zone Management Authorities

State Coastal Management Authority (SCZMA)

Based on the CRZ notification in 1991, the state Government constitutes Coastal

Zone Management Authority (SCZMA). The SCZMA is designated as having the

power to take various measures for protecting and improving the quality of the

coastal environment and preventing, abating and controlling environmental pollution

in areas of the respective State/UT. For the present project, shall review the project

and make recommendations to the National Coastal Zone Management Authority for

according clearance under CRZ notification.

District Coastal Management Authority (DCZMA)

The State/ Union Territory Government constitutes the District Coastal Zone

Management Authorities (DCZMA) with Collector of the District as its Chairman, to


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monitor, enforce and implement the provisions of Coastal Regulation Zone at the

district level. Proposals seeking clearance under Coastal Regulation Zone

Notification are first scrutinized by the District Coastal Management Authority and

then submitted to State Coastal Zone Management Authority (SCZMA). The DCZMA

assists the State Coastal Zone Management Authority in discharging the expected

duties apart from attending to the local issues concerned with the Coastal Regulation

Zones.

1.3 FISHERIES IN PUDUCHERRY

As mentioned earlier, Puducherry region has coastline of 24 km with rich marine

fishing resources. As per the 2000 census of Department of Fisheries and

Fishermen Welfare, Government of Puducherry, the total number of mechanized

boats were 789 and the total numbers of traditional crafts were 4515 in the entire

Puducherry Union. Karaikal region had the maximum number of 590 mechanized

boats and Puducherry region had only 201 mechanized boats. Mahe and Yanam

had 40 and 20 mechanized boats respectively. Among the traditional crafts

Puducherry region had the maximum of 2293 traditional crafts and Karaikal had

1297 carfts. In Mahe and Yanam, there were 350 and 575 crafts respectively. The

total number of fishing crafts in Puducherry region as per the 2000 census was 5304.

The list of marine fishing villages alongwith number of fishermen families in each

village is given in Table-1.1.

TABLE-1.1 Marine fishing villages in Puducherry Region

S. No. Name of the Marine Fishing Village No. of families

1. KanagaChettikulam 227

2. Periyakalapet 720

3. Chinnakalapet 414

4. Pillaichavady 387

5. Solainagar 814


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6. Vithikuppam 773

7. Kurusukuppam 597

8. Vambakeerapalayam 1,646

9. Periyaveerampattinam 2,005

10. Chinnaveerampattinam 263

11. P. Pudhukuppam 325

12. Nallavadu 673

13. Pannithittu 545

14. Narambai 483

15. Moorthukuppam Pudhukuppam 398

Total 10,270 Source: Department of Fisheries & Fishermen Welfare, Puducherry

In the Union Territory of Puducherry out of 43,028 fisherfolk population, only 10,341

fisherfolk populations are active fishermen. Out of this, 9,503 are full time fishermen,

401 are part time fishermen and 437 are occasional fishermen.

The average marine fish production in the Union Territory of Puducherry is about

0.13 lakh tones during the period 1969 to 2008. As per 2000 census of Department

of Fisheries and Fishermen Welfare, Government of Puducherry, there are total no.

of 201 and 2293 mechanized boats and traditional crafts, respectively in Puducherry

region. The gill nets contributed more to the total fishing gears. In Union Territory of

Puducherry, there are about 37099 fishing gears including small, medium and large

totaling to about 32331 accounting for about 87.14% of the total fishing gears. The

other types of fishing gears used in the region are trawl nets, drift nets, hook and

lines, troll lines, shore seines, longlines, ring seines and scoop nets. The details of

fishing gears as per CMFRI census -2005 for Union Territory of Puducherry are

given in Table-1.2.


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TABLE-1.2

Details of fishing gears in Puducherry Region

S. No. Name of Gear Numbers

1. Trawl net 1,598

2. Boat seine 1

3. Fixed Bag Net 14

4. Drift Net 1,376

5. Gill Net (Large) 1,402

6. Gill Net (Medium) 15,148

7. Gill Net (Small) 15,781

8. Hooks and Lines 918

9. Longlines 16

10. Troll lines 419

11. Ring seines 6

12. Shore seines 19

13. Scoop net 30

14. Others 371

Total 37, 099 Source: Marine Fisheries Census 2005, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin.

The estimated marine fish landings from different fishing gears operated from

different crafts in Union Territory of Puducherry are given in Table- 1.3.

TABLE-1.3

Estimated Marine Fish landings from different gears during 2008, in Union Territory of Puducherry

S. No.

Type of craft / gear Quantity of

landings (tonnes) % contribution

1. Mechanized trawl net 5666 44.19

2. Mechanized boat gill net 785 6.12

3. Inboard engine / gill net 854 6.66

4. Outboard motor / gill net 1202 9.38

5. Outboard motor / Drift gill net 3874 30.22

6. Outboard motor / Hook and lines 332 2.59

7. Outboard motor / Shore Seine 108 0.84

Total 12821 100

Source: Department of Fisheries & Fishermen Welfare, Puducherry

The total catch from the trawl net and gill net of all types is about 5666 tons and

6715 tons respectively which accounts for 44.19% and 52.37% respectively of total

fish landing.


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1.3 NEED FOR THE PROJECT

The Puduchery fishing harbour was constructed in Ariyankuppam river mouth at

Thengaithittu in Puducherry during the year 2000 at an estimated cost of Rs. 6

crores under the centrally sponsored scheme of Government of India. The

Puducherry fishing harbour has a quay of length of 330 m. At present 115

mechanized boats are berthed in this fishing harbour. At one end of the wharf, FRP

boats with inboard engines are berthed. The other facilities available in this fishing

harbour are as follows:

• Auction hall - 2

• Work shed - 1

• Diesel (bunk) outlet - 1

• Vehicle parking shed - 1

• Fishing boat repair yard - 1

• INCOIS PMSSS CRS Information System to denote wind speed, wave heights etc.

• Fishing Harbour Management Society Office

• One power room with 440 volts capacity receiving 315 KW power from transformer

• 52 Sodium Vapour lamps and 24 Metalloid Vapour lamps

• A tower for shore to vessel communication system

• Overhead tank capacity of 80,000 litres

To augument the above mentioned facilities for additional fish catch, it is proposed to

reconstruct and modernize the same in existing fishing harbour at Puduchery

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA STUDY

The objectives of Environmental Impact Assessment for the reconstruction and

modernization of existing fishing harbour at Puducherry are to assess the likely

impacts on the existing quality of land, marine water, noise, air quality, marine as

well as terrestrial ecology and socio-economic environment. Mitigating measures in

the form of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) have also been outlined as a

part of the EIA report.


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The key components of the EIA study include:

- assessment of the existing status of physico-chemical, ecological (terrestrial and marine) and socio-economic aspects of environment

- identification of potential impacts on various environmental components due

to activities envisaged during construction and operational phases of the proposed reconstruction and modernization of existing fishing harbour.

- prediction of significant impacts on major environmental components. - delineation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining measures to

minimize adverse impacts during construction and operational phases of the proposed project.

- formulation of environmental quality monitoring programme for construction

and operation phases. 1.7 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE EIA STUDY

The purpose of this section is to enumerate the steps carried out in an

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study. The same are briefly described in

the following paragraphs.

Environmental Baseline study

Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline levels of

appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly affected by the

implementation of the project. The planning of baseline survey emanates from short

listing of impacts prepared during identification. The baseline study involved both

field work and review of existing documents, which is necessary for identification of

data which may already have been collected for other purposes.

As per the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MOEF) guidelines, the Study Area for

the EIA study has been considered as the 10 km radius keeping the proposed

project site at the centre. The baseline data on various environmental parameters

like land use pattern, water quality, noise, meteorology, air quality, demography and

socio-economics, terrestrial ecology and marine ecology was collected through field


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studies, literature review and collection of secondary data as available with various

departments and locals.

The methodology adopted for various aspects of data collection is briefly described

in the following paragraphs:

• Marine Ecology

The marine ecological survey was conducted in the month of August, 2009. The

surface as well bottom water samples were collected using mechanized vessels.

Each location was fixed on benchmark and after reaching the site, the vessel was

anchored.

Parameters like temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were estimated by an

YSI temperature, salinity oxygen meter respectively at the site itself.

Plankton samples were collected by filtering a known volume of water by a plankton

not of <60 µ mesh size bolting silk. Surface water was collected using a clean bucket

without causing any disturbances. Likewise, the bottom water samples were

collected by Nansen bottle. Sediment samples were collected by a grab sampler

operated from the vessel.

The data on various aspects like major aquatic floral and faunal species, rare and

endangered species, fisheries, crabs, prawns, mangroves, etc. was also collected as

a part of primary data collection. Apart from this, the secondary data/information as

available from the reported literature have been appropriately utilized in the EIA

report.

• Ambient Air quality


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Ambient air quality monitoring was conducted at three locations in and around the

project area. The parameters monitored were PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx.

• Noise Environment

Noise levels in the study area were recorded with A-weighted noise level meter at

various sampling locations in and around the project area. The readings were taken

during day and night time and equivalent noise levels were estimated and used in

the EIA report.

• Socio-economic Aspects

The data on demography, socio-economics was collected from secondary data

sources like Census handbook, Statistical handbook, and revenue records, etc.

• Landuse pattern

The landuse pattern of the study area has been studied using digital satellite data,

which was procured from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad in

the form of CD-ROM for IRS-1C, LISS III. Detailed ground truth studies were

conducted for formulation of signature data set. A supervised classification was then

conducted using the GIS & IMAGINE processing software packages available in

house at WAPCOS Centre for Environment. The landuse pattern has been also

studied with use of revenue data (Census handbook).

Assessment of Impacts

With knowledge of the baseline conditions, project characteristics, the intensity of

construction and operation activities and current critical conditions, detailed

projections were made for the influence of the proposed project on physio-chemical,

biological and social environment in the area. The impacts on environment due to

construction and operation activities of the proposed project were identified.


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The various aspects of the environment covered as a part of the Impact Assessment

were:

• Land Environment

• Air Environment

• Noise Environment

• Terrestrial Environment

• Socio-Economic Aspects.

An attempt was made to predict future environmental scenario quantitatively to the

extent possible. However, for non-tangible impacts, qualitative assessment has been

done.

Environmental Management Plan

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was delineated to ensure that the

adverse impacts likely to accrue are altogether removed or minimized to the extent

possible. After selection of suitable and feasible environmental mitigation measures,

the cost required for implementation of various environmental management

measures has been estimated to have an idea of their cost-effectiveness.

Environmental Monitoring Programme

A post-project environmental monitoring programme has been suggested to oversee

the environmental safeguards, to ascertain the agreement between prediction and

reality and to suggest the remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage

but during the operation phase and to generate data for further use. The equipment,

manpower and cost required for the implementation of environmental monitoring

programme were also suggested.

1.8 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT

The contents of the EIA report are arranged as follows:


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Chapter 1: The chapter gives an overview of the need for the project, objectives and

need for EIA study etc.

Chapter 2: A brief write-up on various project appurtenances, construction schedule

and construction material requirement have been covered in this chapter.

Chapter 3: Baseline environmental conditions including physical, biological and

socio-economic parameters, resource base and infrastructure have been described

in this chapter. Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline

conditions of appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly

affected by the implementation of the project. The planning of baseline survey

emanates from short listing of impacts prepared during identification. The baseline

study involves both field work and review of existing documents, which is necessary

for identification of data which may already have been collected for other purposes.

Chapter 4: Anticipated positive and negative impacts as a result of the construction

and operation of the proposed project were assessed in the Chapter. Prediction is

essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the project

area that might be expected to occur as a result of the construction and operation of

the proposed project. An attempt has been made to predict future environmental

conditions quantitatively to the extent possible. But for certain parameters, which

cannot be quantified, the general approach is to discuss such intangible impacts in

qualitative terms so that planners and decision-makers are aware of their existence

as well as their possible implications.

Chapter 5: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for amelioration of anticipated

adverse impacts likely to accrue as a result of the proposed project. The approach

for formulation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to maximize the


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positive environmental impacts and minimize the negative ones. After selection of

suitable environmental mitigation measures, cost required for implementation of

various management measures is also estimated.

Chapter 6: Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project

construction and operation phases has been delineated in this Chapter. The

objective is to assess the adequacy of various environmental safeguards and to

compare the predicted and actual scenario during construction and operation phases

to suggest remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage but arising

during these phases and to generate data for further use. The cost for required for

implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme has also been summarized

in this chapter.


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CHAPTER-2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

In Puducherry Fishing Harbour, fish catch is 26 t/day and considering 200 effective

fishing days in a year the total annual fish catch is around 5200 tonnes. To increase

the fish catch, additional infrastructure facilities need to be created as a part of

reconstruction and modernization of existing Puducherry Fishing Harbour. The

following components are proposed under the reconstruction and modernization of

Puducherry Fishing Harbour:

• Extension of Quay and providing appropriate fender on the quay.

• Modernisation of sloping yard

• Marine Mechanized Workshop

• Boat making and repairing yard

• Fish Processing Unit

• Ice Plant

• Treatment for discharge of effluent sullage

2.2 EXTENSION OF QUAY

The number of boats using the Puducherry Fishing Harbour as of now is 119 of

which 116 are wooden mechanized boats and 83 are FRB boats with inboard

Engine, which is also treated as mechanised boat. The Sectoral Analysis study

indicates that there shall be a likelihood increase in the FRB fleet using the harbour.

It is necessary to extend the length of quay to accommodate higher number of

fishing boats. The total length of quay required for Mechanised and FRB boats shall

be 540 m.A wharf of 330 m length is already available, and it is proposed to extend

the wharf by another 200 m to accommodate additional number of boats.It is also

proposed to lay the slab of 6m width and the total area likely to be concreted is 1200

sq.m. The existing wharf is made up of cantilever diaphragm wall, which was

completed in the year 2005. To match wit the existing structure cantilever diaphragm


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wall is proposed. The angle of shearing resisting has considered as 35° in the design

as per the Engineering Report of the project. Considering the tidal variation of 1.31

m, the top level of the proposed quay is fixed +2m on bar with the existing quay top.

It is proposed to have the lower level for anchoring the FRP boats and to dredge

upto -2.5m level on the basin side for facilitating the berthing of vessels without any

hardship.

2.3 MODERNIZATION OF SLOPING YARD

The existing sloping hard in the fishing harbour was made in 1 on 10 slope and

paved concrete is in damaged state and peeled and also it is not as per the standard

norms. There is no proper rail arrangement and cradle system to receive the boats

and there is no proper hauling system to beach the boat for repairing and the

fisherman communities are finding great difficulty for beaching their vessel for repair.

Normally the sloping hard for hauling the fishing vessel is to be provided from -2.5m

to -3m level. On the land side, winch machine is to be constructed for hauling the

vessel and the return pulley block of suitable capacity is also to be provided and this

will be useful for launching the vessel.Under the modernisation scheme, the

following works are proposed:

� Construction of cofferdam in front of the sloping hard to rectify the damage if any.

� The disturbed portion of the existing sloping hard floor is proposed for improvement.

� Providing CR100 Rail of 2.5 m at 3 m apart in sloping hard area, transfer bay area for the movement of transfer cradle and also in the boat making and repair yard.

� Providing winch room with winch of suitable capacity. � Fabrication of sloping cradle, Boat trolley and Transfer cradle.

2.4 MECHANIZED WORKSHOP

As per the records of Department of Fisheries, the total number of Wooden

registered Boats is 116 and Steel registered Boat is one number and FRP registered


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Boat is 83 and the total number of registered Mechanised Boat being operated from

Puducherry fishing harbour is 199. The capacity of the engine normally fitted in

wooden mechanised Boat is from 15 to 120 HP and engine fitted in FRP boat is 9 to

10 HP. At present there is no proper workshop to remove defects, if any in the

engine, propeller, propeller shaft etc., and the fisherman find it difficult to repair them.

Therefore, it is proposed to have one workshop of size 30 x 15 m. The installation of

lathe, welding unit, timber log, gantry crane, etc., are to be taken by the Fishing

Harbour Management Society and the same is not included in the proposal as

decided during the meeting held on 05.03.2010.

2.5 BOAT MAKING AND REPAIR YARD

The proposed boat making and Repair Yard is placed at northern side of the sloping

yard. It consists of 3 Bays on each side and each bay is provided with CR100 Rail

arrangements. There is no boat making and repair yard at present in Puducherry and

the fishermen are finding it difficult to build or repair the Boat. The fisherman has to

go to Cuddalore for utilising the boat making and repair yard facilities. In this Boat

making and Repair yard, 6 Nos. of Boats can be repaired or build at a time.

2.6 ICE PLANT

All fishing vessels prior to their sale need to carry ice block in sufficient quantity for

preservation fish. Block ice is cheaper, convenient to carry, requires less space and

has less melt water, in comparison to any other form of ice. Therefore, modern block

ice manufacturing units is proposed to supply quality ice to the fishing industry by

using potable water.

In Puducherry, a small capacity of ice plant (less than 3 tonne) is available in

Pillaichavady, Vaithikuppam, Vembakeerapalayam and Periyaveerampattinam. The

production of ice from these ice plants is less and is insufficient to meet the


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requirements in the village for the fishermen living in these villages. The fishermen

with wooden mechanised and FRP mechanised boats have to bring the ice box from

far off places for the day to day fishing activities. Therefore, it is necessary to

develop an Ice Plant. The details of number of boats going for week long fishing and

daily fishing and ice requirement for auctioning and processing etc., have been

worked out as per the standard procedures.

As per the Feasibility Report, vessels going for week long fishing require about 30

Nos. of 60 Kg Ice box. Similarly for daily fishing about 6 to 7 Nos of 60 kg box is

required per boat. The daily requirement is about 300 Kg/boat (30 x 60/6). Six days

duration is considered for week long fishing.

Quantity of ice required per day for week long Fishing (considering 10 boats per day) = 10 x 300

= 3000 kg. Quantity of ice required for daily fishing = 7 x 60

= 420 kg. Ice required for daily fishing for 60 boats(mechanised) = 25,200 kg. Ice required for FRP boat = 60 x 200

= 12,000 kg. Total = 40,200 kg

In addition to fishing, ice is also required for Auctioning / Packing the fish to local

market and also for preserving the fish in chilled storage freezing plants and fish

processing plants.

It is assessed that 80% of fish catch are consumed fresh and another 20% of fish is

may be sent for processing. Considering the power requirements and other

constraints, 50% of the fish catch is taken as the quantum of ice required and

therefore the ice required for packing, chilling, etc., are detailed below.


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As per CMFRI data the total fish catch is 26 tonne per day in Puducherry Fishing

Harbour. Considering all the above, 50% of total fish catch is considered for iceing

= 0.5 x 26 = 13 Tonnes

Ice required for fishing fleet = 40.2 Tonnes Total quantity of ice required = 53.2 Tonnes

Hence the capacity of ice plant required to be provided is 50 Tonnes. The size of Ice

Plant is 40 m x 20 m and the revised location is marked in the general layout

drawing. Two numbers of 54 tonne of refrigeration capacity compressor is required

for 50T ice productions at -15° evaporation and +40° condensing temperature. The

capacity of motor required is 125 HP and totally 155T of refrigeration is required for

the ice plant to produce the 50T of Ice.

Water requirement of Ice Plant

It is roughly estimated that for an ice plant, an equal amount of fresh water will be

needed. (Source: Planning of Fishing Harbours by C.T.Betgeri). Therefore for 50

tonne capacity ice plant, the requirement of fresh water by taking into account 2 to 3

days reserve storage is = 50x3= 150 Tonnes = 1,50,000 Litres

Therefore the drawl of water to meet out the above requirement was discussed with

Puducherry local body authorities and they informed that there will not be any

problems to supply the water as the ice plant is proposed to be maintained by the

fishing harbour management society.

To explore the possibility of ground water usage for ice making, three numbers of

land bore holes have been driven in different locations of Puducherry fishing harbour

area and water samples were also collected during bore hole investigation. The

collected samples are tested for various parameters including chlorides and

sulphates were analysed. The chlorides and sulphates value were observed to be


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well above the permissible limit specified for potable water. Thus, the option of using

groundwater from the harbour area was disordered. The only option available was tp

get from the local authorities.

Area of Ice Plant

The MPEDA has standardised the area requirement with respect to production of Ice

per day. According to the norms for setting up an ice plant of 20 Tonne per day, an

area to the extent of about 300 sqm is required. Therefore, it is proposed to provide

the Ice plant with size 40 m x 20 m approximate with reference to the quantum of ice

arrived based on CMFRI data

2.7 FISH PROCESSING UNIT

The fish process consists of mainly processing unit, freezing unit and chilled storage

unit. It is proposed to have a fish processing unit of 6T capacity initially which will be

expanded to 12T capacity at ultimate stage (year 2040) to process, freeze and

preserve the low value fishes and to supply the same in the local market at higher

cost.

It is proposed to have plate freezer with 11 trays to freeze 500 kg at a time. Each

load will take 1½ hour to 2 hour. Therefore per day 12 loads can be freezed. Thus,

total quantity can be freezed (12 x 500) 6000 kg or 6T.

The various item of components to be developed in construction of fish processing

unit are:

• Earth work Excavation

• Reinforced cement concrete

• Provision of glazed wall tiling

• Provision of Granite flooring

• Provision of Stainless steel tray for main processing and pre-processing.

• Provision of compressor for freezing and cold storing.

• Provision of Air conditioning arrangement inside the building.


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The total sullage expected to be generated from the fish processing unit is 36

m3/day.

2.8 NET MENDING SHED

At present there is no proper net mending shed to mend their nets and the fishermen

are using the existing auction halls for this purpose and therefore it is proposed to

construct a Net Mending Shed of size 20 m x 8 m with openings around.

2.9 ADMINISTRATIVE BLOCK

Since there is no proper office complex to manage the fishing harbour, an

Administrative Office Building will be constructed as a part of the project.

2.10 TREATMENT FOR DISCHARGE OF EFFLUENT SULLAGE

The common liquid wastes that pollute the fishing harbour are:

� Sewage from sanitary facilities � Waste water from fish cleaning operations � Outfalls from processing plants � Galley waste from boats � Deck and fish-hold washings and � Laundry discharges.

In addition,

� Effluents from shore-based industries and � Human waste from settlements upstream and to the pollution load in

some harbours. � The harbour should provide reception facilities for large vessels to

discharge their sewage.

� In order to maintain good hygienic conditions in fishery harbour, it is proposed that the auction halls and wholesale markets where fishery products are displayed for sale must:be covered and have walls which are easy to clean.

� have water proof flooring which is easy to wash and disinfect and laid in such a way so as to facilitate the drainage of water and have hygenic waste disposal system.

� be equipped with sanitary facilities with an appropriate number of wash basins and flush lavoratories. Wash basins shall be equipped with materials for cleaning the hands and single use hand towels.

� be well fitted to facilitate the inspection of fishery products � when they are used for display or storage of fishery products, not be

used for other purposes; vehicle emitting exhaust fumes which may


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impair the quality of the fishery products must not be admitted to markets; undesirable animals must not be admitted.

� be cleaned regularly and atleast after each sale; crates must, after each sale to be cleaned and rinsed inside and outside with potable water or clean sea water; where required, must be disinfected.

However in the existing Puducherry fishing harbour, the auction hall/packing hall and

other constructions are not as per the above EU norms. Modernisation of Auction

hall also is taken up as an additional services as directed to improve the drainage for

easy drain of water in line with the above standards.

On the commencement of full-fledged commercial activity in modernised Puducherry

fishing harbour, it is expected that around 750 fishermen (150 x 5) and around 250

outsiders may use the harbour. As per CMFRI data, the total fish catch is 26 Tonnes

per day on an average and the total sullage expected to be generated in the fishing

harbour is taken as(2 x 26,000 x 0.75) 39,000 litres/day, say, 40,000 litres/day or 40

m3/day. In addition, around 10,000 litres/day is expected to be generated in the pre-

processing unit and totally 50,000 litres of sullage is likely to be generated in the

Puducherry fishing harbour.

Hence it is planned to provide a comprehensive sullage collection system comprising

of manholes, drainage channels, etc., A separate lift manhole/ collection chamber of

2 m diameter and 2.5 m depth is proposed to be constructed and all sullage will be

collected through manholes and are to be let out in lift manhole/ collection chamber.

A submersible pump of suitable capacity will be installed in the lift manhole with

automatic control systems and from there the sullage shall be treated.

2.11 DREDGING

The wave pattern prevailing in Puducherry region have been studied in detail and it

is observed that most frequently occurring wave height is 1.5 m with 30% occurrence

and wave period of 5 to 6 seconds is noticed. The wave at the fishing harbour point


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in all the time is generally less than 0.3m, which is more favourable for berthing the

fishing vessels.

The tidal observations were taken up by the Fisheries Department, Puducherry. The

tides at Puducherry coast is semi-diurnal and the salient tidal data is as follows:

• Mean higher high water = + 1.31 m

• Mean lower high water = + 1.07 m

• Mean lower low water = + 0.73 m

• Datum = 0.00

The littoral drift along the east coast of India is predominant towards North and it

depends on the angle of approach of wave towards the shore and position of the

surf-zone. The detailed studies carried out by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)

Chennai in Puducherry port limit and other recent literature were also collected.The

annual littoral drift in the entire east coast is around 1 Mm3/year. In Puducherry, the

littoral drift towards north is 0.45 Mm3/year and towards south is 0.045 Mm3/year.

Thus, the net littoral drift is 0.4 Mm3/year towards north. The drift material moves

along the coast and whenever the velocity of flow in the river gets reduced for self

cleaning, then the drift material will accumulate on the mouth.

As per the Feasibility Report, during the Pre-stake holder’s meeting conducted on

24.04.2009, it was unanimously demanded to dredge the mouth as well as the

fishing harbour area for navigation and berthing of vessels. A detailed Bathymetry

survey to ascertain the depth available in front of the wharf and along the approach

channel in the river was carried out. From the Bathymetry chart, it is seen that the

depth available in front of the wharf and upto the tip of the break water is less than

required.

The total quantity of dredging envisaged is 272764 m3.


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2.12 COST ESTIMATE

The Cost Estimate has been prepared and the total cost for the Puducherry Fishing

Harbour has been estimated as Rs.1907.70 lakhs. The details are given in Table-

2.1.

TABLE-2.1 Details of cost for development of Puducherry Fishing Harbour

S. No. Components Total Amount (Rs. lakh)

1 Extension of quay 296.50

2 Modernisation of slip way 89.20

3 Marine mechanised work shop 43.00

4 Boat making & repair yard 69.00

5 Pre- processing unit 14.00

6 Ice plant 190.00

7 Treatment for discharge of effluent sullage 40.00

8 Administrative block 151.00

9 Dredging 1000.00

10 Net mending shed 15.00

Total 1907.70

Project Implementation Agency EIA Study for Reconstruction and Modernization

(Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project) of Puducherry fishing harbour

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CHAPTER-3

ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS 3.1 GENERAL The assessment of baseline environmental setting is an essential component of

any EIA study. Based on the “Scoping Matrix”, various parameters to be covered

for assessment of baseline environmental setting are identified. Assessment of

environmental impacts due to reconstruction and modernization of the

Puducherry fishing harbour project requires a comprehensive and scientific

consideration of various environmental aspects and their interaction with natural

resources, namely, physico-chemical parameters i.e. meteorology, air quality,

noise quality, land use and water quality, biological parameters i.e. terrestrial

flora and fauna, marine flora and fauna, fish species, etc. and socio-economic

parameters i.e. demography, occupational profile, etc.

As a part of the EIA study, a large quantum of related secondary data as

available with departments like Forest, Fisheries, Revenue, etc. has been

collected. Field surveys were conducted for primary data generation on various

aspects including ambient air quality, water quality, noise, marine ecology,

landuse pattern, etc. The Study Area considered for the EIA study is the area

within radius of 10 km considering the proposed project site at the centre. The

study area map is enclosed as Figure-3.1. The major portion of the study area is

under water. In such settings, impacts likely to accrue as a result of project

reconstruction and modernization are expected to be occurring mainly on water

front i.e. on marine environment. Thus, as a part of the EIA study, appropriate

emphasis has been given to marine environment.



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As a part of the EIA study, the baseline status has been ascertained for the

following aspects:

• Physiography

• Geology

• Soils

• Meteorology

• Water Resources

• Ambient air quality

• Noise environment

• Landuse pattern

• Marine Water Quality

• Sediments

• Marine Ecology

• Socio-economic Aspects

3.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY

The Union Territory of Puducherry lies in the macro region called coastal plains

and islands of Indian Union. On the basis of diverse physiographic

characteristics, the Union Territory has been divided into following three micro

regions:

� North Kerala coast � Coromandel Coast � Goodavari Delta The proposed project area lies in the Coromandel Coast micro region. It covers

districts Puducherry and Karaikal of Puducherry Union Territory and the districts

of Chengalpattu M.G.R. Madras, Thanjavur, Tirucharipalli, South Arcot and

Pudukottai of Tamil Nadu.

3.3 GEOLOGY

The geological beds in the project area range from cretaceous to recent period.

The cretaceous beds comprise of marine limestone, calcareous marls, sandy and

calcareous shale, limestone, calcareous sand stones and granular yellow



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limestone. The other belt is of miocene-pilocene age is of Recent and Sub-

Recent ages i.e. coastal sands, alluvium soil and laterite.

3.4 SOILS

In project area , coastal alluvium red ferruginous soil and black clayey soils are

the main soil types .. Coastal alluvium is found in the coastal tract and it is more

sandy over its eastern part and more clayey over its western part.. The nitrogen,

phosphate and potash levels are low. The main sub-order association of the soil

present in the project area is Psamments-Tropepts.

3.5 METEOROLOGY

The Project area experiences hot and tropical maritime climate. As it it located in

the tropical maritime zone summers are hot and humid, and winters are mild.

There are four distinct seasons namely south-west monsoon (June to

September), north-east monsoon (October-December), winter (January &

February) and summer season (March to May). The annual rainfall in the project

area was estimated as 1245 mm. About 62% (772 mm) of the rainfall is received

under the influence of north-east monsoons during the months from October to

December. South-west monsoons (June-September) on an average contribute

344 mm of rainfall which is nearly 27% of the annual rainfall. The balance rainfall,

i.e. 74 mm (6%) and 55 mm (5%) are received in the summer months (March to

May) and winter months (January and February) respectively.

In the project area, the temperature starts increasing from February end and it

reaches up to 37oC. The average maximum and minimum temperatures during

the summer season are 43oC and 27oC respectively. Sea-breeze and pre-

monsoon thunder showers reduce the temperature and the diurnal range of



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temperature is low. The months of December and January coolest part of the

year with the minimum average temperature at about 22oC.

3.7 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY The ambient air quality was monitored as a part of the EIA study. The ambient

air quality monitoring has been carried out with a frequency of two samples per

week at three locations in August / September, 2010.

The parameters monitored as a part of the study are listed as below:

• PM 10

• PM 2.5

• Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

• Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). The ambient air quality monitoring stations covered as a part of EIA study are

given in Table-3.1.

TABLE-3.1 Details of ambient air quality monitoring stations

Stations Location

AQ1 Bar mouth

AQ2 STTP near Light house

AQ3 Project Site – Fishing harbor

The findings of the ambient air quality monitoring survey are given in Table-3.2.

The ambient air quality standards are enclosed as Annexure-I.

The results of ambient air quality monitoring observed is given in Table-3.2.

TABLE-3.2 Ambient air quality status (Unit: µg/m3)

S. No Location PM 2.5 PM 10 SO2 NOX

1 Bar mouth 21.46 23.33 5.21

BDL

2 STTP near Light house 30.55 35.29 6.47

BDL

3 Project Site – Fishing harbor

31. 68 35.57 8.59 BDL

NAAQ Standards (24 hr Concentration)

60 100 80 80



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It is observed from Table-3.2 that the average concentration of PM2.5 at various

stations ranged from 21.46 to 31.68 µg/m3 where as PM10 ranged from 23.33 to

35.57 µg/m3 at various locations. The observed values are well within the

prescribed limits of NAAQ standards.

It is observed from Table-3.2 that, the average concentration of SO2 at various

stations in the study area was much below the prescribed limits of 80 µg/m3

specified for industrial, residential, rural and other areas. The highest SO2

concentration of 8.59 µg/m3 was observed at project site and minimum of 5.21

µg/m3 was observed at bar mouth. All the observation of NOx are below

detectable limit.

3.8 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

Baseline noise data has been measured using A weighted sound pressure level

meter. The survey was carried out in calm surroundings. Sound Pressure Level

(SPL) measurement in the outside environment was made using sound pressure

level meter. The ambient noise levels are given in Table-3.3. The ambient noise

standards are enclosed as Annexure-II.

TABLE-3.3

Equivalent noise levels in the study area (Unit : dB(A))

Location Noise level (day time)

Noise level (night time)

Bar mouth 29-32 26-31

STTP near Light house 33-39 27-32

Project Site – Fishing harbor 35-40 29-33

Noise Standards 55 45

It may be seen from the Table-3.3 that the day time noise level ranged from a

minimum of 29 dB(A) to a maximum of 40 dB(A). The night time noise level

ranged from a minimum of 26 dB(A) to a maximum of 33 dB(A). The day and



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night time noise level at various sites were compared with Ambient Noise

Standards (Refer Annexure-II) and were observed to be well below the

permissible limit.

3.9 LANDUSE PATTERN

The Puducherry Fishing Harbour is located on the northern bank of

Ariyankuppam River in Thengaithittu Village. The landuse pattern of the study

area, i.e. the area within 10 km radius of the project site has been studied based

on the satellite data for the study area. The IRS, P6-LISS III digital satellite data

has been procured from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad

for assessing the landuse pattern of the study area. The raw satellite imagery

has been processed using ERDAS IMAGINE software. The signals of satellite

imagery were verified by performing ground truthing and then final classification

of satellite imagery was done. Based on this classification the landuse pattern of

the study area was obtained. The FCC and the classified imagery of the study

area are enclosed as Figure 3.2 and 3.3 respectively. The landuse pattern of the

study area based on the satellite data is given in Table-3.4.

TABLE-3.4

Landuse pattern of the study area

Landuse category Area (ha) % of the total study area

Vegetation 5386 17.29

Agriculture 6092 19.56

Settlement 1128 3.62

Water Bodies 16126 51.78

Barren 1937 6.22

Sand/saltpan 476 1.53

Total 31145 100

It is observed from Table-3.6, that the major landuse of the study area is water

body accounting for about 51.78% of the total study area. The area under



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agriculture accounts for about 19.56% of the total study area. The area under

vegetation comprises about 17.29% of the total study area. Settlements account

for about 3.62% of the total study area

3.10 MARINE WATER QUALITY

The status of marine ecology in the pre-project stage and the likely impacts on

marine ecology due to the construction and operation activities of the proposed

fishing harbour project are the important aspects EIA study.

Detailed marine ecological survey was conducted by Centre for Oceanography

and Coastal Area Studies, Algappa University to establish the existing status of

the marine water around the proposed project site. The study includes data

collection and analysis of physico-chemical and biological characteristics of

marine water and sediment samples, collection of mangrove samples for

detailed analysis, enquiry with fisheries department and local fishermen. Keeping

in view the proposed location the navigational channel, shallow and deep

regions, point of inflow, outflow and human activities, water and sediment

sampling were done at five locations.

Floats were anchored for identification of sample locations. The surface samples

were collected using a plastic bucket and polyethylene bottle and glass bottle.

Parameters like temperature, pH, total depth, light penetration, dissolved

oxygen, salinity, conductivity and productivity were recorded at site. Samples for

laboratory analysis were transferred to well rinsed and labeled containers. The

bottles were tightly capped and transported in iceboxes. Flow meter was used to

measure the velocity and the quantity of water sampled through plankton net.

The flow meter was attached with plankton net to know the actual amount of

water passed through the net.



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The status of marine ecology before the project and the impacts on marine

ecology due to the construction and operation of the proposed project are the

important aspects of this project. The baseline data on marine ecology has been

collected through a marine ecological survey conducted in the month of June

2009. The details of the sampling sites are given in Table 3.5.

TABLE-3.5 Details of the sampling locations

Site No. Site Name Coordinates of the site

1 River & Sea Joint Lat. 11˚54'22.7" N Long. 079˚49'48.3" E

2 Backwater Lat. 11˚54'36.2" N Long. 079˚49' 36.7" E

3 Construction Area Lat. 11˚54'29.4" N Long. 079˚49'28.6" E

4 Old Harbour Area Lat. 11˚54'30.0" N Long. 079˚49'21.2" E

5 Boat Build Area Lat. 11˚54'31.7" N Long. 079˚49'18.5" E

The sediments (sea bed) samples were collected from the above referred

sampling stations. The collected samples were analysed for physico-chemical

and biological parameters. The analysis results of various physico-chemical

parameters in water samples are listed in Tables-3.6.

TABLE-3.6 Water quality in marine water samples



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Temperature

The temperature of surface water samples varies from 24 to 26oC. There was

not much variation in the water temperature. The temperatures are generally

within the accepted optimum range for aquatic organisms.

pH

pH is interdependent with other water quality parameters, such as carbon

dioxide, alkalinity, and hardness. It can be toxic in itself at a certain level, and

also known to influence the toxicity as well of hydrogen sulfide, cyanides, heavy

metals, and ammonia (Klontz, 1993). pH can also affect fish. For most

freshwater species, a pH range between 6.5 - 9.0 is ideal, but most marine

species typically cannot tolerate as wide range pH as freshwater species, thus

the optimum pH is usually between pH 7.5 and 8.5 (Boyd, 1998). Below pH 6.5,

some species experience slow growth (Lloyd, 1992). At lower pH value, the

organism’s ability to maintain its salt balance is affected (Lloyd, 1992) and

reproduction ceases. At approximately pH 4.0 or below and pH 11 or above,

most species die (Lawson, 1995).

S.No. Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 Temperature(ºC) 25 24 24 25 26

2 Salinity(ppt) 29 31 30 31 31

3 pH 8.1 8.0 8.2 8.1 8.1

4 Depth(m) 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2

5 Electrical Conductivity(x103mol)

51.1 52.6 50.8 49.8 53.6

6 DO(mg/l) 4.6 4.2 4.5 4.3 4.3

7 BOD(mg/l) 1.04 1.01 1.24 1.34 1.35

8 Total Phosphorus(µmol/l)

0.329 0.462 0.360 0.413 0.538

9 Nitrates((µmol/l) 1.071 1.110 1.030 1.079 1.115



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The pH value remained alkaline, i.e. 8-8.1 at various stations. pH value also did

not exhibit insignificant variation and was within range prescribed by CPCB (pH

6.5 -9.0) and optimal range for marine fisheries.

Salinity

The variation in salinity in water samples ranged from 29 to 31 ppt. The salinity

levels are observed to be within average range reported in marine waters.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen is a measure of the ability of surface waters to support aquatic

life. Dissolved oxygen values observed in the area are an indicator of good

coastal water. DO is needed by fish to respire and perform metabolic activities.

Thus, low levels of DO are often linked to fish kill incidents. On the other hand,

optimum levels can result to good growth. Oxygen is also needed by other

organisms such as bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. They consume

large amounts of dissolved oxygen as well. Decomposition of organic materials

is the greatest consumer of oxygen in the system. However, most of the

countries have set >5.0 mg/l as the ideal concentration both for marine and

freshwater.

The DO level in water samples ranged from 4.2 to 4.6 mg/l. The DO levels

indicate the absence of pollution sources in the area.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

BOD refers to the quantity of Oxygen required by bacteria and other

microorganisms in the biochemical degradation and transformation of organic

matter under aerobic conditions. The BOD values in water samples ranged from

1.01 to 1.35 mg/l. The DO levels indicate the absence of pollution sources in the

area.



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Total Phosphorus

Phosphorus (P) is found in the form of inorganic and organic phosphates (PO4)

in natural waters. Inorganic phosphates include orthophosphate and

polyphosphate while organic forms are those organically-bound phosphates.

Phosphorous is a limiting nutrient needed for the growth of all plants- aquatic

plants and algae alike. However, excess concentrations especially in rivers and

lakes can result to algal blooms. However in marine waters, such possibilities do

not exist. Phosphates are not toxic to people or animals, unless they are present

in very high levels. Digestive problems could occur when phosphates levels are

very high.

The total phosphate in water samples ranged from 0.329 to 0.538 µmol/l. The

value of total phosphorus in various samples was observed to be in the range

normally observed in marine water samples. The value of Total phosphorus

shows that the coastal water is unpolluted, thus, no major adverse impacts on

fisheries is anticipated due to phosphate level observed in marine water in the

project areas.

Total Nitrogen

The nitrate concentration also shows wide variation in the samples. It behaves

conservatively. The primary source of nitrogen in seawater is nitrate and it is

thermodynamically most stable form of nitrogen and limiting factor for primary

productivity. The concentration of nitrites in water samples ranged from 0.03 to

0.04 µmol/l.

HEAVY METALS IN WATER

The analysis results of heavy metals in marine waters are given in Table-3.7.



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TABLE 3.7 Analysis results of Heavy metals in marine water

PARAMETERS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Zinc (µg/l) 12.6 13.0 12.0 13.9 13.8

Cadmium(µg/l) 0.20 0.19 0.31 0.25 0.29

Lead (µg/l) 4.2 3.5 3.9 3.0 3.7

Mercury (ng/l) 12.5 12.9 12.0 13.0 12.9

Zinc

The concentration of Zn in the study areas varied between 12.0 and 13.8 µg/l.

The maximum value recorded at Old harbor area and boat build area and

minimum value was recorded at back water area. Zinc is not reported to

adversely affect marine organisms, until observed in high concentration, which is

not the case in the present project. Thus, no adverse impacts are anticipated on

marine organisms due to zinc concentration observed in marine waters in the

project area.

Cadmium

Cadmium is one of the most mobile and toxic heavy metals in the marine

environment. Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal. The most common sources

are electroplating, nickel plating, smelting, engraving, batteries, sewage sludge,

fertilizers and zinc mines. In fishes, acute toxic exposure results to damage of

the central nervous system and parenchymatous organs. Chronic exposure have

adverse effects on the reproductive organs, maturation, hatchability and larval

development as well as mortality (Svobodova et al., 1993; Lloyd, 1992). Toxic

level is reduced by high concentrations of calcium and carbon dioxide, since

these two elements compete with cadmium for binding sites. Thus, cadmium is

less toxic in hard or marine water. Due to its binding properties, most cadmium

ends up in sediments where its biological availability is limited and thus there is



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less toxic. As per USEPA, the permissible limit for marine water fisheries is 9.3

µg/l. The results of cadmium concentration varied from 0.19 to 0.31 µg/l. Thus,

no adverse impacts are anticipated on marine organisms due to cadmium

concentration observed in marine waters in the project area.

Lead

Lead (Pb) comes from deposition of exhaust from vehicles in the atmosphere,

batteries, waste from lead ore mines, lead smelters and sewage discharge. Its

toxicity is dependent on pH level, hardness and alkalinity of the water. The toxic

effects on fish is increased at lower pH level, low alkalinity and low solubility in

hard water. Chronic lead toxicity in fish leads to nervous damage which can be

determined by the blackening of the fins (Dojlido and Best, 1993). Acute toxicity,

on the other hand causes gill damage and suffocation (Svobodova et al., 1993).

As per USEPA, the permissible limit for marine water fisheries is 8 µg/l. The

estimated concentrations of lead for surface waters ranged from 3 to 4.2 µg/l.

Thus, no adverse impacts are anticipated on marine organisms due to low lead

concentration observed in marine waters in the project area.

Mercury

Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals in the marine environment.

Mercury (Hg) is toxic to both aquatic life and humans. Inorganic form occurs

naturally in rocks and soils. It is being transported to the surface water through

erosion and weathering. However, higher concentrations can be found in areas

near the industries and agriculture. The most common sources are caustic soda,

fossil fuel combustion, paint, pulp and paper, batteries, dental amalgam and

bactericides.



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There are many cases of death and diseases which were directly related to

mercury contamination. The most popular is the Minimata disease which

happened in Japan wherein hundreds of people died due to the mercury

effluents coming from a vinyl processing plant. Mercury remains in its inorganic

form (which is less toxic) until the environment becomes favorable, i.e. low pH,

low dissolved oxygen, and high organic matter where some of them are

converted into methylmercury (the more toxic organic form). Methylmercury

tends to accumulate in the fish tissue, thus making the fishes unsafe to eat. The

lethal levels on fish range from 1 mg/l for tilapia, to 30 mg/l for guppies and 2

mg/l for crustacean (Cyclops abyssorum) (Mance, 1987).

The results of Hg concentrations varied widely from 12.0 to 13.0 ng/l, which is

much lower than toxic levels for fisheries. Also the project site does not have any

source of mercury pollution, hence, adverse impacts due to mercury are not

expected.

Observations on marine water characteristics

Redox potential (eH ) and pH are two variables that control the characteristics of

chemicals and heavy metals in water and sediment. As long as the pH remains

around 8 and eH < 150 mV , most of the chemicals and metals will remain

bound to the solid phase without being released into the surrounding water. Only

anoxic conditions reduce the eH below this level and hence if dissolved oxygen

level is normal no leaching of chemicals and heavy metals will occur.

In the present survey sites for marine water pH was 8.0-8.2 and dissolved

oxygen was 4.2 – 4.5 mg/l which is ideal for a marine ecosystem. Dissolved

oxygen levels are not reduced to anoxic conditions. Under these circumstances,

there is no possibility of any of the chemicals or metals being leached into the



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water. Moreover, sediment samples collected from all the sites were

uncontaminated. As such no adverse impact due to dredging or dumping on the

chemical characteristics of water or sediment is expected.

3.11 SEDIMENTS

Physico chemical characteristics of the sediment did not show the presence of

any pollutants or high levels of heavy metals harmful to the aquatic fauna.

Nutrient content of the sediment was slightly higher than that of the water.

Physico chemical characteristics of the sediment are shown in Table 3.8.

TABLE – 3.8 Physico-chemical characteristics of sediment

S. No. Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 pH 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.1

2 Total Phosphorus (mg/g)

2.1 1.9 1.8 1.82 1.65

3 Total Nitrogen (mg/g)

1.78 1.56 1.62 1.45 1.92

Source : Primary Data

TABLE – 3.9 Texture of Sediment

S. No. Sediment Texture

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 Sand (%) 80 70 65 75 70

2 Silt (%) 10 10 10 5 10

3 Clay (%) 10 20 25 20 20 Source : Primary Data

pH

The pH of sediment varied from 8.1 to 8.2. The pH ranges from 8.1 to 8.2, which

is the optimal range for sustenance of marine organisms, thus, no adverse

impact of pH level is anticipated.

Total Phosphorus



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The total phosphorus concentrations were varied between 1.65 and 2.1 mg/g.

The maximum concentration of phosphorus was recorded at old harbour area

and minimum value recorded at river and sea joint. Phosphorus is not toxic to

organisms, unless they are present in very high levels. The phosphorus level are

quite low, hence, adverse impacts on marine ecology is not anticipated.

Total Nitrogen

The total nitrogen concentration ranged between 1.45 to 1.92 mg/g. Increase in

total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total organic carbon (TOC) in the

clayey substratum and decreases with increasing grain size of the sediment.

Since, sediments are mainly sandy in texture, as sand content ranges from 65 to

80% in various locations, concentration of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus

(TP) is low in the sediments of the area. Thus, no major adverse impacts are

anticipated on this account.

HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENT

The concentration of heavy metals in sediments is given in Table-3.10.

TABLE – 3.10 Heavy metals in Sediment samples

PARAMETERS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Zinc (µg/g) 18.9 17.6 17.0 17.4 16.9

Lead (µg/g) 6.4 6.2 5.9 6.0 6.1

Mercury(ng/g) 47 49 48 46 47

Zinc (µg/g) 7.6 7.4 7.6 7.0 7.8

Zinc

Zinc occurs as trace constituent in number of silicate minerals, but it is a major

component in a few economic sulphide mineral deposits. Among the

environmentally important trace metals analyzed, zinc recorded at high

concentrations in the range from 16.9 to 18.9 µg/g with a mean concentration of



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17.9 µg/g in the sediments. The maximum concentration was recoded at river

and sea joint and minimum at boat build area.

Zinc is not reported to adversely affect marine fisheries, until observed in high

concentration, which is not the case in the present project. Thus, no adverse

impacts are anticipated on marine organisms due to zinc concentration observed

in marine waters in the project area.

Cadmium

Cadmium ranged from 5.9 to 6.4 µg/g with a mean concentration of 6.2 µg/g in

the sediments. The minimum concentration was recorded at construction area

and it was maximum at river and sea joint. The cadmium level in sediments is

not expected to lead to adverse impacts on marine organisms.

Lead

Lead is a heavy metal that occurs in nature mainly as lead sulphide. The

concentrations of lead varied between 46 and 49 µg/g with a mean concentration

of 47 µg/g is observed in the sediment. The lead level in sediments is not

expected to lead to adverse impacts on marine organisms.

Mercury

Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals in the marine environment. The

Hg concentrations in the sediment varied widely from 7.0 ng/g to 7.8 ng/g with

mean concentrations of 7.4 ng/g. The maximum concentration (7.8 ng/g) was

recorded at boat build area and minimum concentration (7.0 ng/g) was recorded

at old harbor area. The mercury level in sediments is not expected to lead to

adverse impacts on marine organisms.

Observations on sediment characteristics



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Physico-chemical characteristics of sediments are mainly dependent on the

characteristics of the overlying water. The interphase between water and

sediment surface provides provision for exchange of these chemical constituents

between the two. Another important factor is the possibility of certain heavy

metals or pollutants getting deposited in the sediment surface. These chemicals

may become suspended in water during the dredging process and lead to

temporary contamination of the water column. However, in the present study

sites no such contaminants were noticed at significantly higher levels. The

biomass of macro and meio benthos has got great importance since they

constitute an important source of food for bottom feeding fishes. In the present

study sites, the project impacted area will be very small compared to the open

sea and the effect of any change in the ecological characteristics will be

negligible.

Physico chemical characteristics of the sediment did not show the presence of

any pollutants or high levels of heavy metals harmful to the aquatic fauna.

Nutrient content of the sediment was slightly higher than that of the water.

3.12 MARINE ECOLOGY The primary productivity as observed at various sampling stations for marine

water is given in Table-3.11.

TABLE – 3.11

Primary productivity in marine water

S.NO PRAMETERS SURFACE(mg/m3)

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 Respiratory action 1.120 1.11 0.99 1.001 1.214

2 Gross Production 0.916 0.98 0.986 1.100 1.110

3 Net Production 1.212 1.20 1.22 1.211 1.918



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4 Chlorophylla (mg/m3)

1.29 1.25 1.21 1.20 1.19

5 Phaeophytin (mg/m3)

1.19 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.16

6 Biomass (mg/1) 0.271 0.20 0.21 0.218 0.219

Primary productivity

The primary productivity of all the five stations was studied. The maximum net

production 1.918 mg/m3 was recorded at boat build area site and minimum 1.20

mg/m3 was at back water area. The values indicate moderate productivity in the

area.

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll’a content of all the five stations was analyzed and it varied between

1.19 and 1.29 mg/m3. The maximum was recorded (1.29 mg/m3) at river and sea

joint area and minimum (1.19 mg/m3) at boat build area respectively. The values

indicate moderate productivity in the area.

Phaeo-phytin

Phaeo-phytin content also analyzed and it was recorded as minimum (1.11

mg/m3) at construction area and boat build area and maximum (1.19 mg/m3) at

river and sea joint area. The values indicate moderate productivity in the area.

Total Biomass

The minimum total biomass 0.20 mg/l was recorded at back water and maximum

total biomass of 0.271 mg/l at river and sea joint area. The values indicate

moderate productivity in the area.

Phytoplanktons



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The phytoplankton population at all the five stations were analyzed and the

results are enclosed as Annexure-III. The total phytoplankton populations of the

five stations were identified. The phytoplankton density varied from 625 Nos./l to

5898 Nos./l. The minimum was recorded at boat build area and maximum was

at river and sea joint area. The presence of various phytoplankton species

indicate that the site is free of pollution.

Zooplanktons

The zooplankton population was analyzed at five stations and two results are

enclosed as Annexure-IV. The zooplankton populations of all the five stations

were analyzed. The minimum population 400 Nos./l was recorded at construction

site and old harbour area. The maximum zooplankton population 4725 Nos./l

was recorded at river and sea joint area. Of these, Pontellid nauplius sp were

predominantly observed at all the stations, except station 5 (boad build area

site).

Macrobenthos

The numerical abundance of macrobenthos in all the five sampling sites were

studied and the results are summarized in Annexure-V. The minimum of 9

no/m2 was recorded at seaboat build area and maximum of 36 no/m2 was

recorded at river and sea joint area. The Murex trapa and Telescopium sp. were

most dominant macrobenthos in the region of river and sea joint site.

Meio-benthos

The abundance of meiobenthos in all the five sampling sites studied and the

results are summarized in Annexure-VI. The minimum meiofauna (3 no/10cm2)

was identified between boat build area and maximum(31 no/10cm2) at river and



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sea joint site. Meiobenthos community of the five sampling sites were most

dominated by Textularia stricta, Nematodes sp.

Observations on marine ecology

Marine ecological parameters mentioned above will have a profound influence

on the productivity of the area. Concentration of nutrients and trace metals in

water determine the primary productivity, chlorophyll content , zooplankton

diversity and fish production in the sea. Any drastic variation in these factors may

directly and indirectly result in fluctuations in fish production. These fluctuations

are dependent on the extent of variations and area covered. In the present

context the area which will be affected is very small and hence fluctuations

expected are also expected to be minor.

The high chlorophyll content, increased primary productivity, high plankton

biomass and ideal environmental conditions of the surrounding areas have

resulted in the high diversity of fish fauna. Since diversity and abundance of

phytoplankton and zooplankton in all the study sites are comparatively high, the

presence and abundance plankton feeding fishes (both phytoplankton feeders

and zooplankton) are also high. Similarly demersal fishes and other bottom

feeding pelagic species are also found in the areas.

3.13 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS

As per the Marine Fisheries Census 2005 of Central Marine Fisheries Research

Institute, the total number of fishermen in the Union of Puducherry is 43,028 in

11,541 households. A comparison with 1980 census to show the increase in

population of fisherfolk is given in Table-3.13 During the year 1980, the number

of fishermen household which was 4,625 increased to 11,541 during 2005.

Similarly, the fishermen population, which was 25,312 during 1980, increased to



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43,028 during 2005. However, the family size which was 5.47 during the year

1980 got reduced to 3.73 during the year 2005.

TABLE – 3.12 Marine fishermen house hold population landing centres and fishing

villages in Puducherry UT

Parameter Year

1980 2005

No. of fishermen household 4625 11541

Fishermen population 25312 43028

Family size 5.47 3.73

No. of landing centres 27 26

No. of fishing villages 27 28 Source: Marine Fisheries Census 2005, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin.

There are 15 marine fishing villages in Puducherry region and the same are

listed in Table-3.13

TABLE-3.13 Marine fishing villages in Puducherry UT


1. KanagaChettikulam 227

2. Periyakalapet 720

3. Chinnakalapet 414

4. Pillaichavady 387

5. Solainagar 814

6. Vithikuppam 773

7. Kurusukuppam 597

8. Vambakeerapalayam 1,646

9. Periyaveerampattinam 2,005

10. Chinnaveerampattinam 263

11. P. Pudhukuppam 325

12. Nallavadu 673

13. Pannithittu 545

14. Narambai 483

15. Moorthukuppam Pudhukuppam 398

Total 10,270

Source: Department of Fisheries & Fishermen Welfare, Puducherry Active Fishermen

In the Union of Puducherry out of 43,028 fisherfolk population, only 10,341

fisherfolk populations are active fishermen. Out of this, 9,503 are full time

fishermen, 401 are part time fishermen and 437 are occasional fishermen. In



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Puducherry region 2,539 fishermen are full time fishermen and 1,166 are part

time fishermen.

Occupational Profile

In the UT of Puducherry out of 43,028 fisherfolk population 10,341 are active

fishermen. The members involved in other fishing allied activities are 6,393 in

marketing of fish, 6,030 in making / repairing net, 364 in curing / processing, 714

are labourers and 1,989 are in other allied activities. Thus, a total of 10,095 are

involved in fishing and fishing allied activities. 1,967 fishermen are engaged in

occupation other than fishing. A total of 22,133 fishermen are totally occupied.

The details are given in Table-3.14.

TABLE-3.14 No. of total members involved in fishing allied activities in Puducherry UT

Parameter Number

Active fishermen 10,341

Marketing of fish 6,393

Making / Repairing Net 630

Curing / Processing 364

Peeling 5

Labourer 714

Others 1989

Total 10,095

Other than fishing 1,697

Total occupied 22,133

Total fisherfolk population 43,028 Source: Marine Fisheries Census 2005, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin.

In Puducherry region out of 10,270 fishermen 2,539 are engaged full time in

fishing, 1,166 are engaged as part time fishermen and 5,542 are engaged allied

fishing activities (Reffer Table 3.15.

TABLE-3.15 Details of population involved in allied fishing activities

S. No. Category Number

1 Marketing of Fish 2039

2 Repairing of Boats 2246

3 Processing of fish 1102



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4 Fish and Prawn seed collection 9

5 Other related activities 146

Total 5542 Source: Animal Husbandry and Animal Welfare Department, Puducherry - Fisheries Statistics – 17th All India Livestock Census.

3.14 SUMMARY OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

The Baseline Environmental Status of the proposed project area reveals the

following;

• The ambient air quality and noise levels are well within the

prescribed National standards in and around project area.

• The marine water quality and sediment analysis indicates that

there is no coastal pollution in the project area

• No rare, endangered or threatened species of terrestrial or aquatic

Flora or Fauna is reported in and around project area

• The marine ecological survey of the project area indicates that the

area has moderate productivity.


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CHAPTER-4

ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts

that are expected to accrue as a result of the proposed project have been identified.

The Environmental Impact Assessments for quite a few disciplines are subjective in

nature and cannot be quantified. Wherever possible, the impacts have been

quantified. However, for intangible impacts, a qualitative assessment has been done.

This Chapter deals with anticipated positive as well as negative impacts due to the

construction and operation of the proposed reconstruction and modernization of

Puducherry fishing harbour.

4.2 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The evaluation of the impact characteristics and its parameters are more significant

in a project. The impacts are subdivided into two phases viz construction phase and

operation phase.

4.2.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Water Environment Impacts due to effluents from labour camps The peak labour strength likely to be deployed during construction phase for

construction of fish loading centre shall be about 200. Most of the labour force will

come from nearby villages. The labour force engaged by the contractor could come

from outside areas. A part of the labour population would stay in area. The balance

are likely to stay in labour camps close to the project site during construction phase.

It is assumed that about 50% i.e. 100 labour will stay at the site.


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Based on this the total water requirement for the labours congregating in the area for

constructing fishing harbour who will stay during the construction phase are

estimated as below:

• Peak labour strength : 200

• Labours likely to stay at construction site (50%) : 100

• Married families (80% of 100) : 80

• Single : 20 Husband and wife both working (80% of 80) : 64

• Families (64/2) : 32

• Families where only husband is working (50% of 32) : 16

• Family size (assumed) : 6

• Total number : 32x6+16x6+20 =308 --- (A)

• Add 5% for the persons who will be service provider : 15 like shops, repairing facilities, etc.

• 50% of service providers will have families : 8

• Total number : 8x6+7=55 --- (B)

Total population (A+B) = (A + B) = 308+55=363 Say 365

Water requirement : 70 lpcd Total water requirement : 25.6 m3/day

About 50 labour would stay at the construction site, only during working hours. The

water requirement for such labour shall be 4.50 m3/day @ 45 lpcd. Thus, total water

requirement works out to (25.6 +4.50) about 30 m3/day.

The sewage generated is normally taken as 80% of the total water requirement i.e.

(0.8 x 30)about 24 m3/day. The domestic water normally contains high BOD, which

needs proper treatment and disposal, otherwise, it can have an adverse impact on

the DO levels of the receiving body.

The disposal of sewage without treatment can cause problems of odour and water

pollution. BOD is the major pollutant, as far as sewage is concerned. Normally

untreated sewage would find its way to natural drainage system which ultimately

confluences into the sea. However, these natural drains are seasonal in nature and


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are likely to remain dry in the non-monsoon months. During this period, the flow of

untreated sewage from the labour colonies in these drains can lead to development

of anaerobic conditions, with associated water quality problems. However, in the

present case it must be mentioned that the total quantity of sewage (24 m3/day)

generated by the labour during construction phase is quite small and is not expected

to cause any adverse impact on the marine water quality. However, it is proposed to

treat the sewage from labour camps before disposal. The details are outlined as a

part of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in Chapter-5 of this Report.

Impacts due to dredging

The wave pattern prevailing in Puducherry region have been studied in detail and it

is observed that most frequently occurring wave height is 1.5 m with 30% occurrence

and wave period of 5 to 6 seconds is noticed. The wave at the fishing harbour point

in all the time is generally less than 0.3m, which is more favourable for berthing the

fishing vessels.

The tidal observations were taken up by the Fisheries Department, Puducherry. The

tides at Puducherry coast is semi diurnal and the salient tidal data is as follows:

• Mean higher high water = + 1.31 m

• Mean lower high water = + 1.07 m

• Mean lower low water = + 0.73 m

The littoral drift along the east coast of India is very predominant towards North and

it depends on the angle of approach of wave towards the shore and position of the

surf-zone. The detailed study carried out by IIT Chennai in Puducherry port limit is

also studied and other recent literature were also collected. The annual littoral drift in

the entire east coast is around 1 Mm3/year. In Puducherry, the littoral drift towards


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North is 0.45 Mm3/year and towards South is 0.045 Mm3/year and the net littoral drift

is 0.4 Mm3/year towards North. The drift material moves along the coast and

whenever the velocity of flow in the river gets reduced for self cleaning, then the drift

material will accumulate on the mouth.

A detailed Bathymetry survey to ascertain the depth available in front of the Wharf

and along the approach channel in the river was carried out. From the Bathymetry

chart, it is seen that the depth available in front of the wharf and upto the tip of the

break water is less than required. The total quantity of dredging estimated is about

58,020 m3.

The potential environmental effects of dredging can be categorized as impacts due

to dredging process itself and those due to disposal of the dredged material. During

the dredging process effects may arise due to the excavation of sediments at the

bed, loss material during transport to the surface, overflow from the dredger whilst

loading and loss of material from the dredger and/or pipelines during transport.

The evaluation of the environmental effects of dredging and disposal must take

account of both the short-term and long-term effects that may occur both at the site

of dredging or disposal (near field) and the surrounding area (far field). Near field

effects are simply defined as ‘phenomena occurring within the geographic bounds of

the activity, or less than approximately 1 km from the activity’, and far field effects as

occurring more than approximately 1 km from the activity'.

In addition to the environmental effects that may occur as a direct result of dredging

and disposal activities, the environmental effects that may occur as a result of the

physical changes to bathymetry and hydrodynamic processes that dredging makes

also need to be considered.


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These changes can be impacts are as below:

• alterations to coastal or estuary morphology, for example alteration of sediment pathways and changes to siltation patterns, which may affect coastal habitats and species in addition to marine ones,

• alterations to water currents and wave climates, which might effect navigation and conservation interests, and

• reduction or improvement of water quality.

Various potential impacts are outlined in the following sections:

Impacts on benthic organisms

During all dredging operations, the removal of material from the sea bed also

removes the animals living on and in the sediments (benthic animals). With the

exception of some deep burrowing animals or mobile surface animals that may

survive a dredging event through avoidance, dredging may initially result in the

complete removal of animals from the excavation site.

In areas to be covered under maintenance dredging well-developed benthic

communities are not expected to occur in or around the area. Since, the significant

macro-and meio-fauna is not developed in the area, hence dredging is not expected

to lead to significant adverse impacts.

The macro-and meio-faunal species observed at the site are not coming under rare,

endangered or threatened category. All were common benthic species.

The recovery of disturbed habitats following dredging ultimately depends upon the

nature of the new sediment at the dredge site, sources and types of re-colonising

animals, and the extent of the disturbance. In soft sediment environments recovery

of animal communities generally occurs relatively quickly and a more rapid recovery

of communities has been observed in areas exposed to periodic disturbances, such


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as maintained channels. Thus, in area under maintenance dredging in subsequent

years, recovery of benthic organisms is not expected to be significant.

Recovery rates are generally more rapid in highly disturbed sediments in estuaries

that are dominated by opportunistic species. In general, recovery times increase in

stable gravel and sand habitats dominated by long-lived components with complex

biological interactions controlling community structure. Thus, at the dredging sites of

the proposed project, texture of the sediments is ranges from sandy to clayey,

hence, recovery time is expected to be quick at some of the sites. However, at some

of the sites, recovery time could be high. Since, productivity in the area is moderate,

hence, significant impact on this account is not expected.

Impacts on turbidity levels

When dredging and disposing of non-contaminated sediments, the key impacts

include increase in suspended sediments and turbidity levels. Any dredging method

releases suspended sediments into the water column, during the excavation itself

and during the flow of sediments from hoppers and barges. In many cases, the

locally increased suspended sediments and turbidity associated with dredging and

disposal is obvious from the turbidity ‘plumes’ which may be seen trailing behind

dredgers or disposal sites.

Increase in suspended sediments and turbidity levels from dredging operations may

under certain conditions have adverse effects on marine animals and plants by

reducing light penetration into the water column and by physical disturbance. The

increase is likely to last for a period of 10-15 days after the cessation of dredging

activities. This trend is noticeable under flood as well as ebb conditions.


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Increased suspended sediments can effect filter feeding organisms, such as

shellfish, through clogging and damaging feeding and breathing process. Similarly,

young fish can be damaged if suspended sediments become trapped in their gills

and increased fatalities of young fish have been observed in heavily turbid water.

Adult fish are likely to move away from or avoid areas of high suspended solids,

such as dredging sites.

The increase in turbidity results in a decrease in the depth that light is able to

penetrate the water column which may affect submerged seaweeds and plants, by

temporarily reducing productivity and growth rates. Since, the benthic fauna is

moderately developed in the areas, hence impacts on this account are not expected

to be significant. The degree of resuspension of sediments and turbidity during

dredging and disposal depends on:

• sediments being dredged (size, density and quality of the material),

• method of dredging (and disposal),

• hydrodynamic regime in the dredging and disposal area (current direction and speed, mixing rate, tidal state), and

• existing water quality and characteristics (background suspended sediment and turbidity levels).

In most cases, sediment resuspension is only likely to present a potential problem if

it is moved out of the immediate dredging location by tidal processes. In general, the

effects of suspended sediments and turbidity are generally short term (<1 week after

activity) and near-field (<1km from activity). These are of concern only, if sensitive

species are located in the vicinity of the maintained channel. Since, no sensitive

species are observed in the areas to be dredged, hence, no adverse impacts are

anticipated.


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Impacts on marine water quality

Redox potential (eH ) and pH are two variables that control the characteristics of

chemicals and heavy metals in water and sediment. As long as the pH remains

around 8 and eH < 150 mV , most of the chemicals and metals will remain bound to

the solid phase without being released into the surrounding water. Only anoxic

conditions reduce the eH below this level and hence if dissolved oxygen level is

normal no leaching of chemicals and heavy metals will occur.

In the present survey sites pH was 8.0-8.2 and dissolved oxygen in bottom water

maples ranged from 4.2 to 4.6 mg/l which is normal for a marine ecosystem.

Dissolved oxygen levels are not reduced to anoxic conditions. Under these

circumstances, there is no possibility of any of the chemicals or metals being

leached into the water. Moreover, sediment samples collected from all the sites were

uncontaminated. As such no adverse impacts are anticipated due to dredging on the

chemical characteristics of water or sediment.

Impacts due to dredging and disposal of organic matter and nutrients

The release of organic rich sediments during dredging or disposal can result in the

localised removal of oxygen from the surrounding water. Depending on the location

and timing of dredging this may lead to the suffocation of marine animals and plants

within the localised area or may deter migratory fish or mammals from passing

through. However, removal of oxygen from the water is only temporary, as tidal

exchange would quickly replenish the oxygen supply. Therefore, in most cases

where dredging is taking place in open coastal waters, this localised removal of

oxygen has little, if any, effect on marine life.


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Impacts due to contaminated sediments

Another possible impact is the release of toxicants from the sediment if the sediment

is contaminated. In the case of contaminated sediment acute toxicity, chronic toxicity

and bioaccumulation are the possible effects. But all these are short term and

insignificant and no serious effects have been reported from any earlier instances or

experimental studies.

In all the sites surveyed, the sediment samples analyzed did not show the presence

of any appreciable levels of contamination and hence may not pose any such

problems.

Impacts on benthos

The dredging and dumping generally affect the benthos. These are related to

removal of the benthic organisms from the dredging site and burial of benthic

organisms at the dumping site. The dredged material takes away most of the

benthos along with it and while dumping it most of the organisms present are buried

under the deposited material. This will result in reduced number and diversity of

benthic organisms at the dumping site. However, earlier studies show that the

dredged site will be colonized by benthic organisms within a very short time.

Moreover biomass and diversity of benthos will also be restored to the earlier level

within a very short time. Benthic fauna did not contain any rare or endangered

species and consisted of common species only. It can be expected that these

species will colonize within a short time from dislodging.

Impacts on fisheries

The most important impact on fishes may be suspended solid load or changes in the

food chain. The high turbidity due to heavy suspended solid load during dredging or


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disposal of dredged materials results in clogging of gills of fishes thereby causing

asphyxiation. But since fishes are free swimming they shall avoid such areas and

move to safer areas. Once the turbidity is over due to currents, they come back to

the area. Due to this capability of the fishes, no significant adverse impact on fishes

and fisheries is as a result of dredging.

Noise Environment

The major sources of noise during construction phase are due to operation of

construction equipment. The noise levels generated by various construction

equipments various between 70-90 dB (A). Based on the noise modelling, it has

been observed that at a distance of 100 m and 200 m from the construction site, the

increase in noise levels will be about 10 dB(A) and 15 dB(A) respectively. The

nearest residential areas are more than 500 m away from the proposed fish landing

centre. Thus, no adverse impacts are anticipated on noise levels due to the

proposed project.

Air Environment

Impacts due to fugitive emissions

The major pollutant in the construction phase is SPM being air-borne due to various

construction activities. The vehicular movement generates pollutants such as NOx,

CO and HC. But, the vehicular pollution is not expected to lead to any major impacts.

The soils in the project area are sandy in texture, and are likely to generate dust as a

result of vehicular movement. However, the fugitive emissions generated due to

vehicular movement are not expected to travel beyond a distance of 200 to 300 m.

The impact on air environment during construction phase is not expected to be

significant, since, there is no habitation in the vicinity of the harbour.


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Impacts due to operation of construction equipment

The combustion of diesel in construction equipment could be one of the possible

sources of incremental air pollution during the construction phase.

The major pollutant likely to be emitted due to combustion of diesel in various

construction equipment shall be SO2. The short-term increase in SO2 concentration

has been predicted using Gaussian plume dispersion model. It has been observed

from the modeling that the maximum short-term increase in SO2 is observed as

0.00119 µg/m3, which is at a distance of 400 m from the emission source. The

incremental concentration is quite low and does not require any specific control

measure. Thus, the operation of construction equipment is not expected to have any

major impact on the ambient air quality as a result of the project.

Socio Economic Environment

In the construction stage the peak labour force, skilled and unskilled labourers, is

estimated at about 200. About 100 labour population are likely to come from nearby

sites. The balance, i.e. 100 labour and their family members are likely to stay near

construction sites. Thus, it is necessary to develop adequate infrastructure facilities,

so that the requirements of the immigrating labour population are met.

4.2.2 OPERATION PHASE

Water Environment

In the Puduchery fishing harbour ,the total sullage likely to be generated in the is

about 40,000 litres per day. In addition, around 10,000 litres/day is expected to be

generated in the pre-processing unit and hence, totally 50,000 litres of sullage is

likely to be generated in the Puducherry fishing harbour. The sullage generated from

two auction halls, Pre-processing unit, Ice plant and Mechanised workshop will be


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collected in the manholes at the respective location and finally let into the Effluent

Treatment Plant .The details of effluent treatment plan is given in Environmental

Management Plan in chapter-5 of this report.

Solid waste

The predicted total Municipal Solid Waste (including Fish Waste) is expected to be

about 3.0 Tons/Day .Solid waste comprises all bulky rubbish, old pieces of rope and

netting, broken fish boxes etc. A typical collection point made of locally available

stone and concrete (the size of the waste centre depends on local requirements)

shall be constructed.

Metal items shall be collected and sold to scrap dealers. Tyres can be turned into

fenders and timber fish boxes can be sold as fuel wood. Styrofoam boxes should be

avoided because they break up easily and cannot be recycled safely .

Fish should be cleaned and gutted on the journey back to the landing centre. Offal

should never be dumped inside the fish landing centre basin or discarded in corners

within the fish landing centre area because, besides giving off offensive smells, it

also poses a health hazard by attracting pests. Plastic 100-litre drums with airtight

lids should be bought and used to collect offal from fish markets or moored boats.

The details of solid waste management is given in Environmental Management Plan

in chapter -5 of this report.

Noise Environment

No major impacts on noise environment are anticipated during project operation

phase.


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Air Environment

During operation stage apart from emissions generated due to vehicular movement,

no other sources of air pollution are anticipated. The major source of air pollution in

the post-project phase is the vehicular movement for transportation of fish catch to

different destinations of markets. On an average about 10 to 20 trucks per day will

move in the area. The pollution levels due to those are not expected to be significant

to cause significant adverse impact on ambient air quality.

IMPACTS ON ECOLOGY

Impacts on terrestrial flora

The direct impact of construction activity for any project is generally limited in the

vicinity of the construction sites only. The construction sites include berthing, storage

and infrastructure facilities. There is no forest with tree cover in the vicinity of the

project site. The study area has no major forest cover. Hence, no significant impacts

are envisaged on terrestrial flora as a result of the proposed project.

Socio-Economic Environment

The proposed project will give a boost to fishing activities in the area. The proposed

reconstruction and modernization of the project will develop the following

infrastructure as well:

• Extension of Quay and providing appropriate fender on the quay.

• Modernisation of sloping yard

• Marine Mechanized Workshop

• Boat making and repairing yard

• Fish Processing Unit

• Ice Plant

• Treatment for discharge of effluent sullage

Thus, the project would have a significant positive impact on the overall economy of

the area.


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At present the fishing activities are already in place without any safe berthing.

However reconstruction and modernization of the harbour will further enhance the

fishing activities with safe berthing along with increased hygienic conditions on the

land side. More over there is no marine outfall of sewage / effluent is envisaged.

4.3 SUMMARY OF PREDICTION OF IMPACTS

The summary of impacts is given in Table-4.1.

TABLE-4.1

SUMMARY OF PREDICTION OF IMPACTS

Issues considered for

prediction


Air Quality Impacts

• Vehicular emission during

transportation of

construction materials

• The increase in the

concentration of NOX, CO and

HC at a distance of 500m is

negligible and the overall

concentration conform to

NAAQS

• The impacts are short term,

temporary and shall cease to

exist after construction is

complete.

Low in the long term and with

suitable EMP like covering trucks

with tarpaulin sheets, regulation

of vehicle speeds and regular

emission checks

• Vessel emission • Increase in concentration within

the fish landing centre, but will

return to background levels as

the vessels are of low capacity

Low

Shoreline changes

• Extension of Quay and Modernization of sloping yard

• Negligible littoral drift calculated,

thereby resulting in negligible

accretion / erosion

• Low

Land / Aesthetics

• Disposal of solid wastes

from canteen, fish meal,

rotten fish, ship wastes,

vessel repair wastes inland

• Increased organic, toxic and

heavy metal loads from runoff

• Odour and pests infection

• Low, when appropriate

management measures are

implemented.


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prediction


inside the fish landing

centre

Water Quality / Ecological Impacts

• Construction activities • Increased turbidity from boulder

laying

• Smothering of benthic

flora/fauna

• The impacts are short-term and

cease after construction is

complete.

• Provide nurseries and breeding

grounds after construction is

complete

• Medium during construction

phase

• Beneficial in the long term

after construction ceases

• Fishing operations,

wastewater disposal, boat

repairs

• Increased pathogen, organic

loads leading to DO depletion,

Eutrophication resulting in fish

kills, decomposition and

infection

• Toxics and hazardous wastes

may lead to bioaccumulation

and bio magnification especially

in juveniles

• High (-ve)

• Low when integrated with

Environmental and Fish

landing centre management

plans and non-fisheries

impacts (from municipal

sewage) are regulated;

• Discharge of oil sewage

and waste water from

vessels

• Increased organic loads, oil and

grease inside the breakwater

with insufficient mixing

• Low when onshore facilities

for reception of oily wastes,

slop and wastewater are

provided. Adherence to EMP

items shall be ensured by the

Dept. of Fisheries.

Socio Economics

Livelihood and employment • The region is a fishing village

with no other means of

livelihood. Increased

employment opportunities to

locals from fisheries associated

activities like net mending, boat

repairs, markets, exports etc.,

• High (Positive)


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prediction


Risk

Fuelling Operations • Impacts from Worst Case

Scenario are limited to the fish

landing centre. However,

considering the generally

crowded nature of fish landing

centre it is required to provide

fire hydrants in the vicinity of

berthing locations

• Adequate care needs to be

taken for protection of the fuel

pipelines

• Low significance under

normal operating conditions

• Consequences limited to

fish landing centre only,

during abnormal conditions

as low quantities of fuel shall

be handled.

• Adequate Fire hydrants and

first aid facilities shall be

provided within the fish

landing centre.

• Marine Environment

Dredging

Impact on Marine water quality,

marine ecology, disposal of

dredged material. The dredged

material has to be disposed at

identified location which is having

minimum impact on the marine

environment. Physical and chemical

nature of the dredged material

determines the disposal method. It

was observed that the proposed

area is free from any chemical

contamination and sewage

pollution. The dredge material is

proposed to use for raising the

platform level of fishing harbour

above the high flood level. As per

the soil investigation report, the

dredged material shall be non

expansive to low expansive and

hence it can be used for refilling

purposes

• Low significance under

normal operating conditions

• Dredging area is free from

any chemical contamination

and sewage pollution

• Net Impacts • Low (-ve) significance for

short term


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prediction


• Net Benefits • High (+ve) significance for

long term

Project Implementation Agency EIA Study for Reconstruction and Modernization (Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project) of Pondicherry fishing harbour

WAPCOS Limited 5-1

CHAPTER-5

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

5.1 GENERAL

The Environmental Management Plan proposes to integrate the baseline

conditions, impacts likely to occur, and the supportive and assimilative capacity of

the system. The most reliable way to achieve the above objective is to incorporate

the management plan into the overall planning and implementation of the project.

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed fisheries harbour is

classified into the following categories:

• Land Environment

• Water Environment

• Air Environment

• Control of Noise

• Greenbelt Development

• Socio-Economic Environment 5.2 SUGGESTIVE MEASURES (EMP) DURING PRE CONSTRUCTION PHASE

5.2.1 Site Clearance

The proposed site does not involve any demolition or clearance activities and it

does not involve in any displacement of general public. However an area of

0.3875ha is proposed to be developed. Forest clearance for the same has already

been taken.

5.2.2 Tree cutting:

The proposed project site is located on Ariyankuppam river mouth at Thengaithittu in

Puducherry. The propose reconstruction and modernization of Puducherry fishing

harbour is proposed on the existing harbour site. The site is a vacant land and free

from trees, however as a part of greenbelt development, adequate numbers of

trees shall be planted within the site. Total space allotted for greenbelt development


WAPCOS Limited 5-2

will be on an area of 2 ha and approximately 1600 Nos. of trees shall be in the

designated areas.

5.2.3 Joint Field Verification

Detailed Environmental Management Plan has been prepared for mitigating the

impacts caused by the development. This shall be implemented by the contractor.

The monitoring and verification of the same shall be done by the dedicated

environmental supervisor/engineer of the Fisheries Department.

5.3 SUGGESTIVE MEASURES (EMP) DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

The environmental impacts of the construction phase would basically be transient in

nature and are expected to wear out gradually on completion of the construction

programme. After completion of the construction programme, impacts of the

operation stage would overlap the impacts generated during the construction

phase. The impacts during construction phase would not be severe as no large

scale construction activities would take place. To restrict the assessed impacts

within tolerable limits the following mitigation measures are suggested.

5.3.1 Surface Water Quality

The following measures are recommended:

• The impact on coastal environment during construction phase would be

mainly from the activities in the inter-tidal phase due to construction of

fishing harbour. The impact on coastal marine ecology during the

construction phase would be largely confined within the construction

period itself. An important factor in minimizing adverse impacts would

be optimizing the construction period and avoidance of activities

beyond the specified area of implementation. Hence, as a part of the

management strategy various activities should be well coordinated and

optimized to avoid time and cost over-run.


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• To avoid impacts on marine environment, the construction specially on

marine front including dredging shall not be carried out during the fish

breading season (during April 15 to May 31)

• Spillage of fuel / engine oil and lubricants from the construction site are

a source of organic pollution which impacts marine life, particularly

benthos. This shall be prevented by suitable precautions and also by

providing necessary mechanisms to trap the spillage.

• Temporary colonies of the construction workers should be established

sufficiently away from the HTL and adequate sanitation facilities shall

be provided to prevent degrading the environmental quality of the area.

• The construction activities like dredging, etc will be carried out in the

confined manner to reduce the impacts on marine environment.

• The construction waste including the debris shall be disposed safely in

the designated areas and in no case shall be disposed in the marine

environment.

5.3.2 Ambient Air Quality

• Dust will be generated with the movement of vehicles and handling of

construction materials. Water sprinkling shall be done at least thrice a

day at the construction sites, haul roads and other access roads of the

project area. Measures such as covering the trucks while transporting

the construction material shall be initiated to control fugitive dust as

also to control the re-suspension of particulate matters from the

excavated materials.

• Smoke emission from vehicles and other mechanical devices like D.G

set, etc, which may be used during construction, should be controlled

with suitable mitigation measures and all vehicles/ equipment deployed

in the project shall have valid emission control certification from

respective authorities..

• All the staff involved in construction shall be provided with suitable

Personnel Protective Equipment (PPEs) such as dust masks, ear plugs,

gum boots, gloves, etc.

• Idling of delivery trucks or other equipment should be avoided during

loading and unloading of construction material.


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• All construction vehicles should comply with emission standards of

CPCB and be maintained properly.

• Use of Ready-mix concrete wherever possible shall be explored.

In the case of use of Concrete Mixer, Concrete Mixer should be

mounted on shelter with top and slides closed.

5.3.3 Noise Quality

• Measures for minimizing noise generated from vehicles and other

mechanical devices should be adopted which may include damping,

absorption, dissipation and deflection methods. Depending on the noise

levels, measures such as construction of sound enclosures,

deployment of mufflers, mounting noise sources on isolators and use

of materials with damping properties, shall be deployed during

construction.

• DG sets should be installed with acoustic enclosures and silencers so

as to reduce noise up to the standard level as far as possible.

• Ear protective devices should be used by the construction workers

where they are exposed to steady noise levels above 85 dB (A).

5.3.4 Land Environment

• Construction of fishing harbour should be carried out as per applicable

regulations such as local planning requirements, fishery sector guide

lines, coastal zone regulations and other environment regulations of

Government of India and The World Bank.

• Planning and design should be as per earthquake resistant design and

construction guidelines / practices laid down by the Bureau of Indian

Standards [IS:1893 (Part –1) : 2002] and approved by the competent

authorities. No deviation from the approved implementation plan, layout

and design specifications should be made.

• Hazardous materials like diesel, LPG and paints, etc., required during

various stages of construction should be stored as per the explosives

act of GoI and necessary permissions / authorizations shall be secured

prior to the deployment of such material.


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• To minimize soil erosion land clearing activities should be kept to as

minimum as possible.

5.3.5 Marine Environment

• Dredging shall not be undertaken during fish breeding season and

other special weather situations;

• Vessels operating during construction phase such as dredger shall be

equipped with spill response kits.

• Suitable dredging methods to be used to minimise the loss of sediments

into the neighbouring water column and cause minimum disturbance to

the marine ecology of the area using crawl cat dredger or coastal

dredger or pontoon mounted system for grabbing and sufficient number

of barges for dumping transporting and disposal to the project site and

dumping site.

• Sea water quality is indicative of impacts on marine ecology and should

be assessed.

• Suitable fence shall be erected for near water construction areas to

minimise rock fall into the marine environment;

• Dredging and construction activities to be scheduled and planned to

minimise impacts on fishermen and marine ecology;

• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in sea water to be monitored at various

locations in and around the dredging/construction work areas in order

to assess the sediment transport and the resultant impacts;

• Waste consignment notes to be prepared and documented for the

disposal of dredged material.

• Disposal of dredge spoils shall be carried out the designated site as per

the stipulated guide lines.

• Aqueous discharge in to sea during dredging, shall be prevented

• disposal of sewage from the construction work area in to sea, shall be

prevented with suitable wastewater treatment measures

• Strict management of the aquatic environment should be followed

during the construction phase through waste control, use of minimum


WAPCOS Limited 5-6

disturbance techniques during construction for ensuring minimal

changes to the aquatic environment.

• After completion of the construction activities adequate clean-up of the

area including the inter-tidal area should be undertaken and all

discharged materials should be removed from the site. The sub-tidal,

inter-tidal, and supra-tidal areas should be restored to their original

contours and the aesthetic quality of the surroundings should be

restored.

• Green belt shall be developed in the fishing harbour by planting of trees

along the entrance gate, road side, net mending shed etc.

5.3.6 WATER ENVIRONMENT

The total sullage likely to be generated in the Puduchery Fishing Harbour is 40,000

litres per day. In addition, around 10,000 litres/day is expected to be generated in

the pre-processing unit and hence , totally 50,000 litres of sullage is likely to be

generated in the Puducherry fishing harbour. The sullage generated from the

existing two auction halls, Pre-processing unit, Ice plant and Mechanised workshop

will be collected in the manholes at the respective location and finally let into the

Effluent Treatment Plant for treatment. After treatment, the final treated water will

be used for gardening, agriculture and toilet-flushing purposes.

The Effluent Treatment Plant shall be designed to treat the raw effluent in a single

stage fully automatic C-Tech Plant based on Cyclic Activated Sludge Technology.

Advantages Of C Tech Process

C Tech is the most advanced Cyclic Effluent Treatment Technology in the World.

The technology is based on Activated Sludge Process adapted to Sequential Batch

Reactor Technology. This technology was developed in the USA in the 80’s and

has been adopted worldwide since 1990’s. There are more than 200 installations

worldwide based on this technology. The Salient Features of this technology are:


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Excellent Quality of Treated Effluent

The outlet characteristics obtained out of C Tech as compared to other

technologies are:

PARAMETER C TECH CONVENTIONAL

BOD < 10 < 30

COD < 100 < 250

TSS < 10 < 30

The treated Effluent out of C Tech is several times better than any conventional

treatment. The C Tech plant has an inbuilt mechanism for Nitrification, De-

nitrification and Biological Phosphorous Removal to degrade nutrients like Total

Nitrogen (TN) and Phosphorous (TP). In case the treated Effluent is discharged into

a lake body, it is critical to have TN < 5 ppm and TP < 1 ppm, as otherwise these

nutrients lead to massive algae / other aquatic plants growth which leads to

depletion of the dissolved oxygen in the lake and subsequent cause extensive

damage to the marine ecology. The C Tech process ensures removal of all

nutrients to acceptable levels in the single stage biological process.

50% reduction in Power Consumption

C Tech uses 50% less power to get 6 times better outlet characteristics. Hence the

plant has a payback period.

50% reduction in Land Requirements

The main problem in Cities is the availability of Land. C Tech uses 50% less land

area compared with other conventional technologies, thus saving huge amounts on

purchase of land


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Variable Design

The complete system is capable to handle variable flow and load conditions. The

system is self-adjusting in nature and automatically adjusts to the new feed

conditions by changing cycle times, aeration intensity etc. Each batch of Effluent is

analyzed wrt bio degradability and optimum treatment is automatically given to

ensure minimum utilization of power and energy.

Fully Automatic, Computerized, Internet Controlled

C Tech is fully automatic, computer controlled. This does not require any operator

attention. The plant can be operated from anywhere in the world through Internet.

This results in huge savings on manpower and operating costs.

Excellent Material of Construction

C Tech uses all underwater metal parts in SS and non-metallic parts in imported

PVC. The diffusers are in EPDM and all Pumps, Instruments etc. are from the best

manufacturers worldwide. This result in a plant life 6 times better than conventional

plants and very little maintenance costs.

Proved World Wide C Tech has installations in almost all countries in the world, Including, USA, UK,

Germany, France, Austria, China, Russia, Australia, Thailand, Malaysia and most

importantly India.

Capital and Operating Cost

C Tech requires the lowest investment and operating costs as compared to any

other technology, when compared on a like to like basis, with respect to outlet

parameters, MOC, Land required and Power consumed.


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PROCESS CHEMISTRY

The following steps indicate the process chemistry within the C TECH Basin,

1. Nitrification (aerobic)

NH3-N + O2 + Nitrosomonas = NO2 + O2 + Nitrobacter = NO3

2. De nitrification (anoxic)

NO3 + organic substrate + Heterotrophic = N2 + CO2 + H2O + New cells

3. Phosphorous removal (anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic)

VFA (organics) +Acinetobactor = release O-P O-P + Bacteria + O2= new cells + cell maintenance

Co Nitrification/ Denitrification

In the C Tech basin, excess oxygen is provided to oxidise ammonical

nitrogen into nitrates. This is an aerobic process. The biological process is

regulated in such a way that the biofloc profile allows for nitrification at the

peripheral sections and denitrification at the inner parts of the flocs.

Ammonical nitrogen (NH4-N) is converted into nitrates (NO3-N) during the

aeration process. Aeration is then stopped to allow for settling of the

biomass. During this time, anoxic conditions set in which allow for

denitrifnication of the nitrates (NO3N) into nitrogen (N2) and carbon di oxide

(CO2) gas. Also at the start of each cycle, part of the settled biomass is

recycled into the selector zone using the RAS pumps, where in raw effluent

is also fed.

The raw effluent acts as a substrate for the denitrification bacteria and under

the influence of, anoxic conditions denitrification occurs. Elemental oxygen is


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released during this phase. This process of co Nitrification and Denitrifictaion

result in complete removal of Nitrogen from the effluent.

Co Current Nitrification Denitrification

Phosphorous (P) Removal :The key to Phosphorous removal is exposure of

microorganisms to alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The alternating

condition stresses the microorganism to uptake higher concentration of dissolved

phosphorous, from the effluent thereby reducing the Phosphorous level in the

effluent. Phosphorous is used by the microorganism for cell maintenance,

synthesis, energy transport and is also stored for future requirements. The treated

sewage/effluent from C TECH is fit for low end recycle purpose like gardening, toilet

flushing, cooling tower makeup water etc. In case similar quality is to be achieved

through conventional process, extra tertiary treatment units like Denitrification

tanks, clarifloculators and sand filters are required, which add to the land

requirement, capital as well as operating cost.


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TREATMENT METHODS

RECEIVING OF EFFLUENT

Deep gravity outfall sewer shall discharge the raw Effluent into a Receiving

Chamber from where it shall be taken into downstream Coarse Screens. The

function of the Receiving Chamber is to reduce the incoming velocity.

COARSE SCREENING Adequate Nos. of Mechanical (working) along with Manual (standby) Coarse

Screens shall be provided upstream of Wet Well for removal of floating and

oversized material coming with the Effluent. The Coarse Screens shall screen out

most of the medium & large floating and oversized material such as plastic rags,

debris, weeds, paper, cloth, rags etc which could clog the waste water pump

impellers. The Coarse Screens shall be inclined Bar Screen of stainless steel flats

and shall be of sturdy design to take care of all sorts of materials envisaged in the

gravity sewer. The screenings shall be dropped on a Conveyor provided above the

top of the Screen Channels. The screening material as collected will drop

automatically into a wheelbarrow for its disposal.

RAW EFFLUENT PUMPING STATION

Screened Effluent after Coarse Screening shall enter into Wet Well of the Pumping

Station. The capacity of the Wet Well is such that adequate detention time is

available during average and peak flow conditions. The effective liquid volume shall

be provided below the invert level of the incoming sewer after leaving provision for

freeboard. Also an additional depression shall be provided to ensure adequate

submergence of Pumps. Pumping Station shall have a Room adequate for

installing Electrical Panels. Suitable arrangement shall be provided for lifting of


WAPCOS Limited 5-12

Pumps.

Suitable combination of Submersible Pumps shall be provided to cater the pumping

requirements at average and peak flow conditions. Based on incoming flow

conditions, adequate nos. of Pumps shall start / stop automatically to cater the

pumping requirements.

The pumped flow from the Pumping Station shall be taken to the elevated head

works, Inlet chamber of the plant from where Effluent will gravitate to Fine Screen

Channels.

FLOW MEASUREMENT An ultrasonic Flow Measurement Device shall measure the flow in the common

discharge header of pumps. The flow computation shall be through the dedicated

digital display with integrator

STILLING CHAMBER

Raw Effluent shall be taken into a Stilling Chamber from where it shall be taken into

downstream Fine Screens. The function of the Receiving Chamber is to reduce the

incoming velocity.

FINE SCREENING CHANNELS Adequate Nos. of Mechanical along with Manual (standby) Fine Screens shall be

provided upstream of treatment units for fine screening of Effluent. The Fine

Screens shall screen out most of the floating and oversized material more than

6mm size such as plastic debris, weeds, paper, cloth, rags etc which could foul the

downstream treatment units. The Fine Screens shall be inclined Bar Screen of

stainless steel flats. The screenings shall be dropped on a Conveyor provided


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above the top of the screen channel. The screening material as collected will drop

automatically into a wheelbarrow for its disposal.

DE-GRITTING Screened Effluent will gravitate to Grit Separator Tank for removal of grit and small

inorganic particulate matter of specific gravity above 2.65 and particle size above

150 microns. The Grit Separator Tank shall be of RCC construction complete with

mechanical internals and square in size. The grit separated shall be properly

collected and be transferred for disposal. The de-gritted Effluent shall flow through

open channels from the Grit Separators and confluence into a single channel of

suitable width.

SBR/CYCLIC ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS Primary treated Effluent shall be fed into the Cyclic Activated Sludge Process/SBR

Process Basins for biological treatment to remove BOD, COD and Suspended

Solids. C Tech is a CYCLIC ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT process. It

provides highest treatment efficiency possible in a single step biological process.

The C Tech System is operated in a batch reactor mode. This eliminates all the

inefficiencies of the continuous processes. A batch reactor is a perfect reactor,

which ensures 100% treatment. Two modules are provided to ensure continuous

treatment. The complete process takes place in a single reactor, within which all

biological treatment steps take place sequentially. No additional settling unit,

Secondary Clarifier is required!The complete biological operation is divided into

cycles. Each cycle is of 3 – 5 hrs duration, during whichall treatment steps take

place.


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Explanation of Cyclic Operation:

A basic cycle comprises:

• Fill-Aeration (F/A)

• Settling (S)

• Decanting (D)

These phases in a sequence constitute a cycle, which is then repeated.

A Typical Cycle

During the period of a cycle, the liquid is filled in the C Tech basin up to a set

operating water level.Aeration Blowers are started for aeration of the

effluent. After the aeration cycle, the biomass settlesunder perfect settling

conditions. Once settled the supernatant is removed from the top using a

DECANTER. Solids are wasted from the tanks during the decanting

phase.These phases in a sequence constitute a cycle, which is then

repeated.


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Schematic Drawing of a C-Tech Basin

CONTROL OF OIL POLLUTION

Oil pollution occurs in harbour basins when leaks from shore facilities for the supply

of diesel fuel to fishing vessels find their way into the harbour water; when vessels

pump out oily bilge water in port; when used engine oil is dumped overboard and

when an accident results in leakage of fuel oil. To mitigate oil pollution, the fishery

harbour incharge shall take necessary action to:

• Provide shore-based reception facilities for oily wastes (bilge water and

spent oil) from vessels

• Minimise leaks while bunkering.

• Assist those responsible for containment and clean-up operations if a major

oil spill occurs in the vicinity.


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Oily wastes

Oily wastes discharged to reception facilities are usually mixtures of oil and water

and in some cases, solids. The composition ratio of these solids can differ

considerably, depending on the type of wastes given as below:

Bilge water consists mainly of water contaminated with oil, whereas

Waste oil and fuel residues consist mainly of oil contaminated with water.

The cross section of an artisanal oil separator for bilge water. typical oil-separation

and storage facility for fishing ports is shown in Figure-5.1. The bilge water

separation facility is shown in Figure-5.2.

Figure-5.1: Artisanal oil/water separator


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Figure 5.2: Separated bilge oil collection

The oil collected by the separators may then be returned to a recycling plant by

authorised collectors. In Visakhapatnam, main port has a fixed installation of 100

m3 capacity to service cargo ships and an 8 m3 mobile tanker to collect oily bilge

water from some 100 fishing vessels ranging from 15 to 25 m in length. The mobile

tanker is fitted with a vacum pump and an oil-resistant hose to span four vessels

moored abreast. In Phuket, a much smaller mobile tanker (1 m3) was used for

collecting oily bilge water.

Reception facilities for used engine oil inside harbours are intended as a temporary

storage only, whereas the reception facilities for bilge water need to separate the oil

from the considerably larger volume of water. The oil may then be transferred to the

used oil storage facilities for collection at a later date, and the treated water

returned to the sea. Waste or spent engine oil can be recycled 100% and it is now

very common for refineries to collect used oil from harbours, car repair shops and


WAPCOS Limited 5-18

petrol stations. The artisnal oil collection system is shown in Figure-5.3. A 5000 litre

spent oil tank for a small fishing port is shown in Figure-5.4.

Figure 5.3: Artisanal spent oil collection system

Figure 5.4: A 5000 litre spent oil tank for a small fishing port


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CONTROL OF OIL SPILLS

When a oil spill occurs in the vicinity of the fishery harbour, the harbour incharge

will render assistance to the team responsible for combating the spill and for

subsequent clean-up operations. There are four main methods of combating an oil

spill:

• mechanical recovery

• dispersant use

• in-situ burning

• allowing the oil to come ashore for clean-up later.

Mechanical containment and recovery of oil is the most desirable option. Booms

are used for containment, and skimmers are used to recover oil from the water

surface.

Natural or induced agitation of water causes dispersion of oil into the water column.

Dispersants are mixtures of surfactants in one or more solvents, specifically

formulated to enhance the rate of this natural process and thereby reduce the

amount of oil coming ashore.

In-situ burning has the advantage that it rapidly removes large volumes. But it

poses fire hazards, and has limitations when the thickness of the oil slick is less

than 2 mm. Emulsions bum poorly, if at all.

The last option of letting the oil come ashore is chosen only when the shoreline can

be cleaned relatively easily or has low environmental, social or economic value.

Considering the size of the proposed fisheries harbour mechanical containment in

the form of booms is recommended. Booms prevent the spreading, and facilitate

oil recovery.


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There are many kinds of booms. Their structure may differ, but basically they

comprise the following components:

• freeboard to prevent or reduce splashover;

• subsurface skirt to prevent or reduce escape of oil under the boom;

• flotation by air or some buoyant material;

• longitudinal tension member (chain or wire) to withstand the effect of winds,

waves and currents.

5.3.7 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The solid wastes so generated will contain Solid waste comprising all bulky rubbish,

old pieces of rope and netting, broken fish boxes etc. The total solid waste to be

generated would be of the order of 3 t/day.The solid waste disposal system

proposed are as follows:

Collection

Solid waste comprises of bulky rubbish, old pieces of rope and netting, broken fish

boxes etc. A typical collection point made of locally available stone and concrete

(the size of the waste centre depends on local requirements) shall be constructed.

Recycling

Metal items shall be collected and sold to scrap dealers. Tyres can be turned into

fenders, timber fish boxes can be sold as fuel wood. Styrofoam boxes should be

avoided because they break up easily and cannot be recycled safely ,as they give

off dangerous fumes when burnt.

Offal Collection

Fish should be cleaned and gutted on the journey back to the landing centre. Offal

should never be dumped inside the fish landing centre basin or discarded in corners


WAPCOS Limited 5-21

within the fish landing centre area or village because, besides giving off offensive

smells, it also poses a health hazard by attracting pests. Plastic 100-litre drums with

airtight lids should be bought and used to collect offal from fish markets or moored

boats.

Process Description: Step 1: MSW along the Fish waste (offal) collected from the Fish landing

centre shall be transferred to a Platform

Step 2: Waste from platform is transferred into the bio-mechanical

composting machine where the waste is shredded and mixed with

Saw dust or paper which acts as absorbent. Bacterial inoculum is also

fed into the composting machine. In a process time of 15 minutes, the

waste will be uniformly shredded and odour mixed with bacteria which

can perform a speedy digest of the organics. Raw compost is drawn

as output from the bio-mechanical composting machine. Batch size of

the machine will be 125 Kg minimum. In 12 cycles the entire waste

can be digested to form raw compost.

Step 3: The raw compost is cured for 2 weeks to get a good quality compost

material.

Step 4: The final compost is ready to use for gardening.

Components of the Solid waste treatment system:

1. One no. of composting machine

2. One shredder

3. Suitable curing system

4. Bagging arrangement.

The cost of the solid waste management system comes to Rs. 18 lakhs (Inclusive of civil, electrical, mechanical components


WAPCOS Limited 5-22

A provision of Rs.3.7 million has been earmarked for the solid waste disposal. The

details are given in Table-5.1.

TABLE-5.1 Cost estimates for solid waste management

S. No.

Item Cost (Rs. million)

1. One covered tempo for conveyance of solid waste to the landfill

1.0

2. Manpower cost for 4 persons @ Rs.5000/month for 2 years including 10% escalation/year

0.4

3. Preparation of landfill site including surveying, levelling, excavation, lining, etc.

0.4

4. Cost for solid waste management system 1.8

Total 3.7

5.3.8 AIR ENVIRONMENT

Control of Emissions

Minor air quality impacts will be caused by emissions from construction vehicles,

equipment and DG sets, and emissions from transportation traffic. Frequent truck

trips will be required during the construction period for removal of excavated

material and delivery of select concrete and other equipment and materials. The

following measures are recommended to control air pollution:

• Contractor will be responsible for maintaining properly functioning

construction equipment to minimize exhaust.

• Construction equipment and vehicles will be turned off when not used for

extended periods of time.

• Unnecessary idling of construction vehicles to be prohibited.

• Effective traffic management to be undertaken to avoid significant delays in

and around the project area.

• Road damage caused by sub-project activities will be promptly attended to

with proper road repair and maintenance work. An amount of Rs. 2.0 million

has been earmarked for this purpose.


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Air Pollution control due to DG sets

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has issued emission limits for

generators upto 800 kW. The same are outlined in Table-5.2, and are

recommended to be followed.

TABLE-5.2

Emission limits for DG sets prescribed by CPCB

Parameter Emission limits (gm/kwhr)

NOx 9.2

HC 1.3

CO 2.5

PM 0.3

Smoke limit* 0.7

Note : * Light absorption coefficient at full load (m-1)

The above standards needs to followed by the contractor operating the DG sets.

Control of Pollution due to increased vehicles

The major source of air pollution in the proposed project is the increased vehicular

movement in the project construction and operation phases. The movement of

other vehicles is likely to increase, as the commissioning of the project would lead

to significant development in the area. Thus, as a control measure, vehicles

emitting pollutants above the standards should not be allowed to ply either in the

project construction or in the operation phases. Vehicles and construction

equipment should be fitted with internal devices i.e. catalytic converters to reduce

CO and HC emissions.

All the roads in the vicinity of the project site and the roads connecting the

construction site should be paved or black topped to minimize the entrainment of

fugitive emissions. If any of the roads stretches cannot be black topped or paved

due to some reason or the other, then adequate arrangements must be made to

spray water on such stretches of the road.


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5.3.9 CONTROL OF NOISE

The construction and operation phases are likely to increase the vehicular traffic in

the area, which can lead to increase in the ambient noise levels mainly along the

road alignment. It is proposed to develop a greenbelt along the road stretches near

to the habitation sites. Three rows of trees will be planted. The details of the same

are given in Section 5.3.10.

The contractors will be required to maintain properly functioning equipment and

comply with occupational safety and health standards. The construction equipment

will be required to use available noise suppression devices and properly maintained

mufflers.

• vehicles to be equipped with mufflers recommended by the vehicle

manufacturer.

• staging of construction equipment and unnecessary idling of

equipment within noise sensitive areas to be avoided whenever

possible.

• use of temporary sound fences or barriers to be evaluated.

• notification will be given to residents within 300 feet (about 90 to 100

m) of major noise generating activities. The notification will describe

the noise abatement measures that will be implemented.

• monitoring of noise levels will be conducted during the construction

phase of the project. In case of exceeding of pre-determined

acceptable noise levels by the machinery will require the contractor(s)

to stop work and remedy the situation prior to continuing construction.

The following Noise Standards for DG sets are recommended for the running of DG

sets during the construction:

• The maximum permissible sound pressure level for new diesel generator

sets with rated capacity upto 1000 KVA shall be 75 dB(A) at s distance of 1

m from the enclosure surface.


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• Noise from the DG set should be controlled by providing an acoustic

enclosure or by treating the enclosure acoustically.

• The Acoustic Enclosure should be made of CRCA sheets of appropriate

thickness and structural/ sheet metal base. The walls of the enclosure

should be insulated with fire retardant foam so as to comply with the 75

dB(A) at 1m sound levels specified by CPCB, Ministry of Environment &

Forests.

• The acoustic enclosure/acoustic treatment of the room should be designed

for minimum 25 dB(A) Insertion Loss or for meeting the ambient noise

standards, whichever is on the higher side.

• The DG set should also be provided with proper exhaust muffler to attenuate

noise level by atleast 25 dB(A).

• Efforts will be made to bring down the noise levels due to the DG set,

outside its premises, within the ambient noise requirements by proper siting

and control measures.

A proper routine and preventive maintenance procedure for the DG set should be

set and followed in consultation with the DG set manufacturer which would help

prevent noise levels of the DG set from deteriorating with use.

It is known that continuous exposure to noise levels above 90 dB(A) affects the

hearing of the workers/operators and hence has to be avoided. Other

physiological and psychological effects have also been reported in literature, but

the effect on hearing acuity has been specially stressed. To prevent these effects,

it has been recommended by international specialist organizations that the

exposure period of affected persons be limited as specified by Occupational Safety

and Health Administration (OSHA) in Table-5.3.

TABLE-5.3

Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Maximum equivalent continuous Unprotected exposure noise level dB(A) period per day for 8

hrs/day and 5 days/week


WAPCOS Limited 5-26

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 90 8 95 4 100 2 105 1 110 1/2 115 1/4 120 No exposure permitted at or above this level

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5.3.10 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT It is proposed to develop greenbelt around various project appurtenances, which

will go a long way to achieve environmental protection and mitigation of pollution

levels in the area.

Depending upon the topo-climatological conditions and regional ecological status,

selection of the appropriate plant species has been made.

Various criteria adopted for selecting the species for greenbelt development are:

- plant should be fast growing; - preferably perennial and evergreen; - indigenous; - resistant to SPM pollution, and - should maintain the ecological and hydrological balance of the region.

The general consideration involved while developing the greenbelt are:

- Trees growing upto 10 m or above in height with perennial foliage should be planted around the perimeter of the proposed project area.

- Trees should also be planted along the road side in such a way that there is dust control.

- Generally fast growing trees should be planted. - Since, the tree trunk area is normally devoid of foliage upto a height of 3 m, it

may be useful to have shrubbery in front of the trees so as to give coverage to this portion.

Taking into consideration the above parameters, the greenbelt development plan

has been evolved for the proposed alternatives to reduce the pollution levels to the

maximum possible extent. The plantation will be at a spacing of 2.5 x 2.5 m. The

width of the greenbelt will be 30 m. About 1,600 trees per hectare will be planted.

The maintenance of the plantation area will also be done by the project proponents.


WAPCOS Limited 5-27

The cost of plantation per hectare is estimated at Rs.50,000. About 2 ha of land is

proposed to be afforested as a part of Greenbelt Development Plan. The total cost

of afforestation works out to Rs.0.12 million.

The species recommended for greenbelt development are listed in Table-5.4.

TABLE-5.4

Recommended species for greenbelt development --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Common Name Botanical Name --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Neem Azadirachta indica Mango Mangifera indica Salvadora Salvadora persica Bangan Ficus bengalensis Cassia Cassia siamea Terminalia Terminalia catappa Karaunda Corissa carandas

5.4 EMP MEASURES DURING OPERATION PHASE

5.4.1 Marine Water Quality

• Regular monitoring of surface marine water quality shall be carried out

for the parameters viz. temperature, pH, DO, BOD/COD, salinity,

turbidity, TSS, Nitrite-Nitrogen (NO2-N), Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N),

Ammonia-Nitrogen (NH3-N), Phosphate-Phosphorus (PO4-P), Silicate-

Silicon (Si04-Si), Chlorophyll a, oil and grease, heavy metals (viz. iron,

lead, zinc, mercury), total coliform / faecal coli form, etc, and the

impacts of the project operations shall be assessed on water

enviornment.

• Adequate safeguard measures should be taken to deal with oil spills by

the fishing boats that may lead to water pollution in and around the

area.

• Spillage of oil from various handling areas should be prevented and the

spillage shall be treated with measures such as provision of impervious

bases at all the relevant spaces, oil separators, etc. Shall be provided

before discharge into the environment.


WAPCOS Limited 5-28

5.4.2 Sediment Quality

• Regular monitoring of sediment quality shall be carried out for the

parameters viz Texture, pH, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides,

Sulphates, Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna etc, and the

impacts on project operations shall be assessed on water environment.

5.4.3 Summary of Environmental Monitoring During Operation Phase The summary of Environmental Monitoring during operation phase is given in

Table – 5.5.

TABLE – 5.5

Details of Environmental Monitoring Cost during Operation Phase

S. No.



Location

1. Marine water




3 sites

Biological parameters

Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons

Once a year

3 sites

2. Sediments




3 sites


Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna

Once in a year 3 sites

3. Greenbelt Develoment

Growth of various species, need for any additional inputs in the form of agro-chemicals, irrigation, protection etc.


Greenbelt sites


WAPCOS Limited 5-29

The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme

during operation phase shall be Rs. 0.75 million/year. The details are given in

Table – 5.6.

5.4. COST ESTIMATE

The cost estimates for implementing EMP shall be Rs.27.0 million. The details are

given in Table-5.6).

TABLE-5.6

Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

S. No.

Parameter Cost (Rs. million)

1. Solid Waste Management 3.70

2. Waste Water Treatment 20.00

2. Sanitary facilities at labour camps 0.80

3. Treatment of effluent from workshops 0.50

4. Greenbelt development 0.12

5. Purchase of noise meter 0.05

6. Implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during construction phase (Refer Table-6.3)

1.60


The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during

construction phase is Rs.1.60 million. The cost required for implementation of

Environmental Monitoring Programe during operation phase is Rs.0.75 million/year

5.5 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The summary of Environmental Management Plan is given in Table – 5.7


WAPCOS Limited 5-31

TABLE - 5.7

Summary of Environmental Management Plan

S. No.

Issues / Impacts

Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Pre-construction Stage

1 Clearances and Approvals

(i) Secure regulatory clearances such as CRZ Clearance of CRZ rules , GoI (ii) Obtain planning permissions from relevant local planning authority and the local administration (iii) Ensure transfer of land from revenue authorities for approach road and dumping site of the project

Fisheries Department

2 Site clearance Site clearance shall be carried out to in such a way that the clearance and grubbing waste is disposed immediately in the designated dumping site identified for the project. In no case the waste material shall not be disposed in the sea or river or any other sensitive environment components.

Contractor

During Construction Stage

1 Infrastructure provisions at construction camps

The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect and maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour as per the requirements of applicable labour regulations of Government of India.

All the work sites and camp sites shall also be provided with basic sanitation and infrastructure as per the requirements of Building and other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996.

Contractor

2 Transportation of construction materials

The contractor should bring construction material only from approved quarries. Heavy vehicles shall be covered with Tarpaulin sheets to minimize fugitive dust during transportation

Contractor

3 Ambient Air quality

All the vehicles must have valid PUC certificates at all the time during construction phase of the project, Water sprinkling shall be done to suppress the dust emissions from the site. All the DG sets used for construction

Contractor


WAPCOS Limited 5-31

S. No.

Issues / Impacts


shall have valid consents from TNPCB and shall have built-in stacks to reduce the air emission impacts.

4 Noise The construction materials shall be properly maintained and barricades shall be provided around the site for reducing the noise levels. All the workers will be provided with personal protective equipment including ear plugs and other necessary provisions by the contractor.

Contractor

5 Water The quality of water (marine, river and wastewater discharged from the camps) shall be analysed once in three months during construction, for its compliance to the disposal standards of pollution control authority.

Contractor


First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be provided by the contractor at the work sites, camp sites and all other ancillary facilities.

Contractor

7 Greenbelt development

Green belt with adequate number of trees shall be developed and shall be maintained to ensure at 80% survival rate.

Contractor and Fisheries Department

8 Marine Environment

• Dredging has to be carried out using crawl cat dredger or coastal dredger or pontoon mounted system.

• Dredging to be avoided during April 15 to May 31 to avoid the impacts on fish breeding

• Dredged material to be disposed by suction and pumping through pipeline to disposal site.

• Dredging shall be carried out in such a way that the loss of sediments into the neighbouring water column is minimized and disturbance to the marine ecology is avoided.

• Leveling of spoil area after reclamation.

• Provision of garland drain around spoil area.

• Fencing of spoil area after disposal of dredged material.

Contractor


WAPCOS Limited 5-31

S. No.

Issues / Impacts


• Plantation along periphery of spoil area disposal of dredged material.


• To assess the impacts on marine environment marine water and benthal samples shall be analysed on a quarterly basis during construction phase and necessary mitigation measures shall be implemented, as directed by the engineer in charge

• Dredging and construction activities to be scheduled and planned to minimise impacts on fishermen and their livelihood activites;

• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in sea water to be monitored at various locations in and around the dredging/construction work areas in order to assess the sediment transport and the resultant impacts

• Waste consignment shall be maintained to ensure that the dredged material is disposed at the designated site as per the procedures stipulated in the EIA / EMP of the project.

Operation Stage

1 Monitoring Operational Performance

The PIU and Fishing harbour management shall monitor the operational performance of the various mitigation measures implemented in the project. This shall include overall hygiene practices of the Fishing harbour, performance of wastewater treatment plant, impacts due to dredging material dump site, survival rate of trees, quality of river water, marine water and sediment quality


2 Water & Waste water

Surface water, ground water, marine water and treated / untreated wastewater quality shall be analysed by on a quarterly basis


3. Air Environment Ambient air quality and DG stack monitoring shall be done once in a quarter.

Water sprinkling for dust suppression and Greenbelt development shall be carried out in the premises.



WAPCOS Limited 5-31

S. No.

Issues / Impacts


Proper maintenance of boats shall be ensured to reduce the emissions.

4. Noise DG sets with acoustic enclosures shall be deployed.


5. Solid Waste Solid waste from the site should be source segregated and collected into biodegradable & non-biodegradable waste. The biodegradable waste will be treated in organic waste converter (OWC) and used as manure, whereas the non biodegradable waste shall be sent to authorised recyclers.



First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be maintained by the Fishing harbour operating agency. Adequate fire extinguishers shall be provided in the premises with clear fire exit signals and sign boards are displayed for evacuation.



WAPCOS Limited 6-1

CHAPTER-6

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

6.1 THE NEED

Monitoring is an essential component for sustainability of any developmental project.

It is an integral part of any environmental assessment process. Any development

project introduces complex inter-relationships in the project area between people,

various natural resources, biota and the many developing forces. Thus, a new

environment is created. It is very difficult to predict with complete certainty the exact

post-project environmental scenario. Hence, monitoring of critical parameters is

essential in the post-project phase.

Monitoring of environmental indicators signal potential problems and facilitate timely

prompt implementation of effective remedial measures. It will also allow for validation

ofthe assumptions and assessments made in the present study.

Monitoring becomes essential to ensure that the mitigation measures planned for

environmental protection function effectively during the entire period of project

operation. The data so generated also serves as a data bank for prediction of post-

project scenarios in similar projects.

6.2 AREAS OF CONCERN

From the monitoring point of view, the important parameters are resettlement and

rehabilitation of project-affected persons, marine water quality, ambient air quality,

noise, etc. An attempt is made to establish early warning system which indicate the

stress on the environment. Suggested monitoring parameters and programmes are

described in the subsequent sections.


WAPCOS Limited 6-2

6.3 MARINE WATER & SEDIMENT QUALITY

Construction phase

The chemical characteristics of marine water quality should be monitored once in

three months and biological parameters once a year during project construction

phase, close to the major construction sites. Both surface and bottom waters should

be sampled and analysed. The parameters to be monitored are as follows:

Marine Water


- pH - Salinity - Conductivity - TDS - Turbidity - D.O. - BOD - Phosphates - Nitrates - Sulphates - Chlorides


- Light penetration - Chlorophyll - Primary Productivity - Phytoplanktons (No. of species and their density) - Zooplanktons (No. of species and their density)

Sediments

Physio-chemical parameters

- Texture - pH

- Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen - COD

- Sodium - Potassium - Phosphates - Chlorides - Sulphates


WAPCOS Limited 6-3

Biological Parameters

- Benthic Meio-fauna - Benthic Macro-fauna

The marine water and sediment sampling and analysis be conducted by an external

agency. A provision of Rs.0.6 million/year has been earmarked for this purpose.

Assuming construction phase is to last for 2 years and considering as escalation of

10%, an amount of Rs. 1.26 million can be earmarked.

Operation Phase

The chemical characteristics of marine water quality should be monitored once in

three months and biological parameters once a year during project operation phase.

Both surface and bottom waters should be sampled and analysed. The parameters

to be monitored are as follows:

Marine Water


- pH - Salinity - Conductivity - TDS - Turbidity - D.O. - BOD - Phosphates - Nitrates - Sulphates - Chlorides


- Light penetration - Chlorophyll - Primary Productivity - Phytoplanktons (No. of species and their density) - Zooplanktons (No. of species and their density)


WAPCOS Limited 6-4

Sediments

Physio-chemical parameters

- Texture - pH

- Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen - COD

- Sodium - Potassium - Phosphates - Chlorides - Sulphates

Biological Parameters

- Benthic Meio-fauna - Benthic Macro-fauna

The marine water and sediment sampling and analysis be conducted by an external

agency. A provision of Rs.0.6 million/year has been earmarked for this purpose.

6.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

Construction Phase

Ambient air quality monitoring is recommended to be monitored at three stations

close to the construction sites. The monitoring can be conducted for three seasons.

For each season monitoring can be conducted twice a week for 4 consecutive

weeks. The parameters to be monitored are SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx. An amount

of Rs. 0.144 million/year would be required. Considering, construction phase of two

years and escalation of 10%, an amount of Rs. 0.302 million/year can be earmarked

for this purpose. The ambient air quality monitoring during project operation phase

can be conducted by an agency approved by Puduchery Pollution Control

Committee.


WAPCOS Limited 6-5

Operation phase

The ambient air quality monitoring will have to be conducted at three locations. Air

quality could be monitored for three seasons in a year. High volume samplers can be

used for this purpose. The frequency of monitoring shall be twice a week for 24

hours for four consecutive weeks. The parameters to be monitored are SPM, RPM,

SO2 and NOx. The ambient air quality monitoring during project operation phase can

be conducted by an agency approved by Puduchery Pollution Control Committee. An

amount of Rs. 0.15 million/year can be earmarked for this purpose.

6.5 NOISE

Personnel involved in work areas, where high noise levels are likely to be observed

during project construction and operation phases. For such in-plant personnel,

audiometric examination should be arranged at least once a year.

The noise level monitoring during construction and operation phases will be carried

out by the project staff and a noise meter can be purchased. An amount of Rs.0.05

million has been earmarked for this purpose.

Neighbourhood (upto radius of 1 km)

It is recommended that during project operation phase, monitoring of sensitive areas

like schools and medicare centres be conducted within a distance of 1 km radius of

the jetty to ascertain noise levels at receptors, taking note of any excessive build-up

in any particular direction.

6.6 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT

Sites of greenbelt development should be monitored once in every month during

project operation phase to study the growth of various species and to identify the


WAPCOS Limited 6-6

needs if any, such as for irrigation, fertilizer dosing, pesticides, etc. The monitoring

can be conducted by project staff.

6.7 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

The summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during

project construction and operation phases is given in Tables-6.1 and 6.2

respectively.

TABLE-6.1 Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during

project construction phase S. No.



Location

1. Marine water



Grab, Once in quarter.

4 sites (site, u/s site, d/s site and waste water from camp site

Biological parameters Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons

Grab, Once in quarter.

4 sites (site, u/s site, d/s site) and drinking water from camp site

2. Sediments



Once in quarter.

3 sites

Biological parameters Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna

Once in quarter. 3 sites

3. Ambient air quality SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx

- Summer, Post-monsoon and Winter seasons.

- Twice a week for four consecutive weeks per season.

Close to construction site(s)

4. Noise Equivalent Noise Level

During peak construction activities

Construction Site(s)


WAPCOS Limited 6-7

TABLE-6.2

Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during

project operation phase

S. No.



Location

1. Marine water




3 to 4 sites


Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons

Once a year

3 to 4 sites

2. Sediments




3 to 4 sites


Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna

Once in a year 3 to 4 sites

3. Ambient air quality SPM, RPM, SO2 & NOx

- Summer, Post-monsoon & Winter seasons.

- Twice a week

for four consecutive weeks per season.

Villages

4. Noise Equivalent Noise Level

Once per month Project area and sites within 1 km of the project area

5. Greenbelt Development

Rate of survival and growth of various species

Once per month Various plantation sites.


WAPCOS Limited 6-8

6.8 COST ESTIMATES The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during

construction phase is Rs.1.60 million. The details are given in Table-6.3.

TABLE-6.3 Summary of cost estimates required for implementation during

project construction phase

S. No. Parameter Cost (Rs. million)

1. Marine Ecology 1.26

2. Ambient air quality 0.302


The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during

operation phase is Rs.0.75 million/year. The details are given in Table-6.4.

TABLE-6.4

Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental Monitoring

Programme during operation phase

S. No. Parameter Cost (Rs. million/year)

1. Marine water quality 0.60

2. Ambient air quality monitoring 0.15

Total 0.75

ANNEXURE-I

National Ambient Air quality Standards (NAAQS)

S. No.

POLLUTANTS Time Weighted Average

Concentration of Ambient Air

Industrial, Residential Rural and other area

Ecologically Sensitive

area (notified by

Central Government)

Method of Measurement

1 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) , µg/m3

Annual* 24 hours **

50

80

20

80

-Improved west and Gacke

-Ultraviolet fluorescence

2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) , µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours **

40

80

30

80

- Modified Jacab & Hochheister (Na-Arsentire) -Chemiluminescene

3 Particulate Matter (Size less than 10, µm) or PM10 , µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours **

60

100

60

100

-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta attenuation

4 Particulate Matter (Size less than 2.5 , µm) or PM2.5, µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours **

40

60

40

60

-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta attenuation

5 Ozone (O3), µg/m3

8 hours** 1 hour **

100

180

100

180

-UV photometric -Chemiluminescene -Chemial Method

6 Lead (Pb), µg/m3

Annual* 24 hours **

0.50

1.0

0.50

1.0

-AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper. - ED-XRF using Teflon filter.

7 Carbon Monoxide (CO) , µg/m3

8 hours** 1 hour **

02

04

02

04

-Non disbersive infrared spectroscopy

S. No.

POLLUTANTS Time Weighted Average

Concentration of Ambient Air

Industrial, Residential Rural and other area

Ecologically Sensitive

area (notified by

Central Government)

Method of Measurement

8 Ammonia (NH3), µg/m3

Annual* 24 hours **

100

400

100

400

-Chemiluminescene -Indophenol blue method

9 Benzene (C6H6), µg/m3

Annual* 05 05 -Gas chromatography based continuous analyser. -Adsorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis.

10 Benzo (a) Pyrene(BaP)- particulate phase only, ng/m3

Annual* 01 01 -Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis

11 Arsenic (As), ng/m3

Annual* 06 06 -AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

12 Nickel (Ni), ng/m3

Annual* 20 20 -AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurement in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at a uniform intervals. ** 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceeded the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.

ANNEXURE-II

Ambient Noise Standards ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Area Category Limits in dB(A)Leq Code of Area --------------------------------------------- Day time Night time ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A. Industrial Area 75 70 B. Commercial Area 65 55 C. Residential Area 55 45 D. Silence Zone 50 40 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Note : 1. Day time 6 A.M. and 9 P.M.

2. Night time is 9 P.M. and 6 A.M. 3. Silence zone is defined as areas upto 100 meters around such

premises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by competent authority. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones.

4. Environment (Protection) Third Amendment Rules, 2000 Gazette notification, Government of India, date 14.2.2000.

ANNEXURE-III ABUNDANCE OF PHYTOPLANKTON DENSITY (cells/litre)

S.NO SPECIES S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 Asterionella japonica

442 300 275 200 150

2 Bacteriastrum hyalinum

370 - 150 100 -

3 Bacteriastrum cosmasum

- 200 - - -

4 Basillaria paradoxa

256 - 175 - -

5 Chaetocerous decipieus

- - - 70 50

6 Chaetocerous affinis

275 - - - -

7 Coscinodiscus diversus

- 100 150 - -

8 Coscinodiscus lineatus

350 125 - - -

9 Coscinodiscus centralis

300 - 125 100 125

10 Ditylum brightwelli

- 100 - - -

11 Navicula salinarum

250 175 125 - 100

12 Nitchia serchia 275 - 150 - -

13 Pleurosigma elongatum

400 - - - -

14 Pleurosigma angulatum

430 - - - -

15 Rhizolenia alata

575 400 - 275 -

16 Skeletonima costatum

550 275 - - -

17 Thalassiothrix longissima

- 150 - 50 -

18 Rhizosolenia styliformis

450 - 120 - 50

19 Streptotheca thomensis

275 - - - -

20 Caratinum candelabrum

350 - - 150 75

21 Thalassionema nitzschioids

- - 15 - -

22 Stereptotheca - 100 - 50 75

thamensis

23 Nitzchia closterium

350 125 10 - -

Total 5898 2050 1295 995 625

ANNEXURE-IV ABUNDANCE OF ZOOPLANKTON DENSITY (No/litre)

S.NO SPECIES S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 Pseudocalanus elongates

700 450 - - 100

2 Protozoa - 200 50 50 -

3 Lucifer protozoea

600 175 - - 50

4 Pontellid nauplius

100 50 50 75 -

5 Paramysis arenosa

- - 50 - -

6 Sagitta enflata 550 - - 50 75

7 Heteropod larvae

500 - - - -

8 Temora longicornis

- 175 - 50 75

9 Protozoea larvae

500 - 75 - -

10 Lamellibranch larvae

- - - - -

11 Balas devians - 275 - 75 50

12 Macrosetella gracilis

625 - - -

13 Cyphonautes larvae

- 120 50 - 75

14 Pseidocalanus elogates

400 - - - -

15 Tellina crassa 475 - 75 50 75

16 Centropagus typicas

- 100 - - -

17

Modiolus mochiolus

- - 50 50 5-

18 Leptomysis gracilis

275 - - - -

Total 4725 1545 400 400 500

ANNEXURE-V BENTHOS MEIO FAUNA (No/10cm2)

S.NO SPECIES/GROUPS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 Textularia stricta 10 5 3 1 -

2 Nematodes 6 4 2 3 1

3 Orbulina universa 4 2 1 - 1

4 Turbellarians 3 2 2 2 -

5 Anomalina sp 5 3 2 1 1

6 Textularia sp 3 1 1 1 -

Total 31 17 11 8 3

ANNEXURE-VI

MACRO FAURA (No/m2)

S.NO

SPECIES/GROUPS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 Turritella duplicate 3 2 1 5 1

2 Donax scortum 2 1 2 - -

3 Natica gualteriana 4 2 1 3 -

4 Cymatium perryi 1 1 1 - -

5 Bursa spinosa 2 2 2 - 1

6 Murex trapa 8 4 1 2 2

7 Hemifusus puglinus 2 2 2 - -

8 Architectonica perpetiva

2 2 1 2 2

9 Telescopium telescopium

7 5 1 1 2

5

Chicoreus ramosus 5 3 - - 1

Total 36 24 12 13 9

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