Project Fluid

8/10/2019 Project Fluid

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1.0 Introduction

This semester we have taken the subject of fluid mechanics 2 and in this subject all

the students are required to have an industrial visit to a factory that use pressure or flowmeasurement and we need to learn and understand the system of measurement that the

company used. We were given the option to choose one of these two measurement

equipment as our research in this project. In this project we have already made an industrial

visit at Sembrong dam located at Kluang, Johor area, but the system that they use are not

even related to the pressure or flow measurement. We make some discussion in our group

and we decided to go for another industrial visit to find the company that uses the system

that we want to study.

After making some discussion with our team members, we decide to visit water

treatment plant at Parit Raja because of our research on the internet we find out that the

water treatment plant use a lot of flow and pressure measurement system. We contacted the

company which is SOUTHERN WATER COPERATION S.D.N B.H.D (SWC) and have a talk

with the one who responsible for industrial visit Mrs. Aza and she said that we can make an

industrial visit to the water treatment plant.

On 8 may 2014 we have come to the factory and was greeted by the technician

leader, Mr. Norman and we were given a tour around the plant. He was describing some of

the operations that happen in the water treatment plant and he also describes the systems

adopted for each process.

Each group has to submit their report to Dr. Safiah Binti Othman on weeks 12. The

purposes of this assignment project are so that the students can understand about the

pressure and flow measurement process and can study about the process works. Others

reason is also to make sure that students can have an experience on how to handle a

machine that using a pressure and flow measurement process.


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2.0 Literature Review

Fluid Pressure Theory

Pressure is the quantity which causes (or results from) fluid flow or sustains the

weight of a column of fluid. Fluid pressure is defined as the normal force exerted on a

surface (real or imaginary) in a fluid per unit area. When dealing with fluids contained in

pipes or ducts, we shall assume pressure uniform over the cross section areas of the pipes

or ducts. Therefore, the total axial force Fexerted on the cross section areaA is

wherepis the average bulk pressure overA.

Pressure is measured in the unit called a pascal, 1 Pa = 1 N/m . Two other

commonly used pressure units are the bar, 1 bar = 100 kPa, and standard

atmosphere, 1 atm = 101.325 kPa. The absolute pressure is measured relative to absolute

vacuum. Most pressure-measuring devices, however, are calibrated to read zero in the

atmosphere, and so they indicate the difference between the absolute zero pressure and the

local atmospheric pressure. This difference is called the gauge pressure. Throughout this

text, the pressurepwill denote gauge pressure unless it is otherwise specified.

Gauge pressure is considered positive if the fluid is in the state of compression.

Since most fluids will not support tension without cavitation (evaporation), we shall be

concerned only with positive pressures (cavitation requires a treatment utilizing

thermodynamics).

Figure 2.1 :Pressure across (a) a flow-through component, (b) an open tank supplied by

liquid.


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Figure 2.1 (a) shows a fluid-system component with two inlets. The bulk values of the

gauge pressures at the inletsAand Bare denoted aspaand pb, respectively. The empty-

head arrow in figure above indicates the assumed positive polarity of the difference between

the inlet gauge pressures. The pressure difference is positive ifpb > pa. Such a pressure

difference is called the pressure drop across the component.

Another fluid-system component with two inlets is shown in Figure 2.1 (b). It is an

open tank in the form of a cylinder of the cross sectional area filled with a liquid coming to

the tank via the inlet C. The liquid is leaving the tank through the opening Dsituated in the

tank wall close to its bottom. Recollect that the pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is the

same in all directions. If the fluid flow through the opening Dis slow enough and the

diameter of the opening is negligible when compared with the hight hof the liquid in the tank

above the tank bottom, we can assume that the pressurepdat the opening Dis the same as

the pressure acting on the bottom of the tank. Thus,

where mis the mass of the liquid and gis the gravitational acceleration.


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Three types of component can be used in the pressure, flow measurement process.

1. Bourdon Tube

Bourdon tube is one type of elastic primary sensing element which is used inelastic

pressure transducer. The principle of inferring the pressure from the measured deformation

of an elastic material is used here. It may be emphasized that any material will be deformed

or distorted when any force, no matter how small or great, is applied to it. If all material react

in this manner, the amount of deformation or movement of distortion can be used as the

measure of the force, and consequently of the pressure which created the force. The

pressure range, the no. of operating cycles, formability and the medium which exerts the

pressure on the inside of the tube will dictate the material to be used in tube constructions.

Operation Principal

The pressure to be measured is connected to the fixed open end of the bourdon tube. The

applied pressure acts on the inner walls of the bourdon tube. Due to the appilied pressure,

the bourdon tube tends to change in cross section from ellipitcal to circular. This tends to

straighten the bourdon tube causing a displacement of the free end of the bourdon tube.

This displacement of the free closed end of the bourdon tube is proportional to the applied

pressure. As the free end of the bourdon tube is connected to a link section pinion

arrangement, the displacement is amplified and converted to a rotary motion of the pinion.

As the pinion rotates, it makes the pointer to assume a new position on a pressure calibrated

scale to indicate the appilied pressure directly. As the pressure in the case containing the

bourdon tube is usually atmospheric, the pointer indicates gauge pressure.


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2. U-tube Manometer

This manometer consists of a U shaped tube and it is commonly used to measure

small and moderate pressure differences. The manometer also used to measure the

pressure which is unknown by the balancing gravity force and acceleration due to gravity,

g=9.81 m/s2. A manometer contains one or more fluid such as mercury, water, alcohol or oil.

Operation Principle

The unknown pressure is applied in one arm of the tube and the mercury in the tube

or manometeric liquid filled in the tube moves in the tube or rises to the constant region and

then the movement is stopped. The height of the liquid is measured. The pressure is

calculated by using the formula,

P1P2 = Pmhg


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3. Piezometer Tube

A piezometer is either a device used to measure static liquidpressure in a system by

measuring the height to which a column of the liquid rises against gravity, or a device which

measures the pressure (more precisely, thepiezometric head)ofgroundwater[1]at a specific

point. A piezometer is designed to measure static pressures, and thus differs from apitot

tube by not being pointed into the fluid flow. Observation wells give some information on the

water level in a formation, but must be read manually. Electrical pressuretransducers of

several types can be read automatically, making data acquisition more convenient.

Operation Principle

Piezometer is one of the simplest forms of manometers. It can be used for measuring

moderate pressure of liquid. The setup of piezometer consists of a glass tube, inserted in the

wall of a vessel or of a pipe. The tube extends vertically upward to such a height that liquid

can freely rise in it without overflowing. The pressure at any point in the liquid is indicated by

the height of the liquid in the tube above that point.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezometric_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezometer#cite_note-Ch_9_Measurement_of_Groundwater_Pressure-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezometer#cite_note-Ch_9_Measurement_of_Groundwater_Pressure-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezometer#cite_note-Ch_9_Measurement_of_Groundwater_Pressure-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitot_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezometer#cite_note-Ch_9_Measurement_of_Groundwater_Pressure-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezometric_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure


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3.0 Company Profile

Aliran Ihsan Resources Berhad (AIR) is a public listed company and the third largest

supplier of treated water in Malaysia. Throughout the years, we have established ourselves

as a strong player in the Malaysian water industry and gained the necessary track recordand experience in operating water treatment plants.

AIR Group of companies comprises its wholly owned subsidiaries namely Southern

Water Corporation Sdn Bhd, Southern Water Technology Sdn Bhd, Southern Water

Engineering Sdn Bhd and Aliran Utara Sdn Bhd. Its other subsidiary is Aliran Jebat Sdn Bhd

and two associated companies - 49% owned Equiventures Sdn Bhd and 30% owned

Strategi Tegas (M) Sdn Bhd. Its paid-up capital as at 31 December 2011 stood at RM264.74

million.

AIR is principally involved in the operation, maintenance and management of water

treatment plants, rehabilitation of water treatment plants and water infrastructure

construction business. The company currently operates and maintains a total of 18 water

treatment plants in the districts of Johor Bahru, Batu Pahat, Muar, Kluang and Segamat in

the State of Johor as well as in Taiping and Gunung Semanggol in the State of Perak.

AIR is listed on the Main Market of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad and is a

subsidiary of MMC Corporation Berhad. More than 60% of AIRs equity is held by MMCCorporation Berhad, a 100-year-old Malaysian utility, engineering and logistics

conglomerate, with businesses that include the Port of Tanjung Pelepas Sdn Bhd

(Malaysias largest container terminal), Johor Port Sdn Bhd (Malaysias leading multi-

purpose port), Malakoff Group Berhad ( largest independent power producer in Malaysia) ,

Gas Malaysia Berhad (sole supplier of natural gas to the non-power sector), Senai Airport

Terminal Services Sdn Bhd and other companies

Southern Water Corporation Sdn. Bhd. (SWC) made an entry into the water

treatment industry in the early 1990s as one of the pioneers in the local water supply

privatisation program. Specialising in water treatment business, the company is singularly

focused on its objectives to operate and maintain water treatment plants, including

rehabilitation and restoration of water treatment facilities. The company is based in Johor,

Malaysia. Southern Water Corporation Sdn. Bhd. operates as a subsidiary of Aliran Ihsan

Resources Berhad.


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4.0 Machine use at Southern Water Coperation Sdn. Bhd. (SWC)

Pump

The machine that the company use is mostly pump, because to flow out the water

from the reservoir area to the water treatment plant is using pump. The pump is also needed

to supply enough pressure to make sure the water can reach the household area. There are

many pump located inside the water treatment plant and each pump cover for different part

of area. Usually five pump in for Parit Raja area and four pump for Batu pahat area. When

the water supply is not enough they will reduce the number of pump operation so the water

will divided fairly to the target area.

Figure 4.1 : Pump inside pump house

Piping

Inside the water treatment plant there are many piping system included start from the

storage tank, filter, clean water storage tank and lastly to the consumer house piping. These

piping got many different size of diameter and thickness depends on the uses. They must

use a right size and thickness to make sure the piping can hold enough pressure inside the

pipe.

Figure 4.2: piping sytem


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Filter

Before the treatment process can be done, the first thing they need to do is to

remove the floc inside the water by flow the water through the filter. The first filter is made

from wood called Balau, this wood will slow down the flow of the water and filter the flocfrom the mixing channel. The second filter is located inside the building where the treatment

water before it stored inside the fresh clean water storage tank. This filter is used to filter out

the balance of the smudges or dirty inside the water.

Figure 4.3: Filter to filtering the water

Pressure and Flow monitoring system

This pressure and flow monitoring system monitors all the flow and the process of the

water treatment processes. All this processes is controlled automatically. The pressure and

the flow can be set to make sure the system is running smoothly. This monitoring system

can monitor each storage tank capacity and can control the pumping system too.

Figure 4.4: Pressure and flow monitoring system


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5.0 Operation Process of Water Treatment Plant

There are few stages for this water treatment process like we stated above. The

process is illustrated below :-

Process Picture

1. Pumping process

- The pumping process is started from Bekok Dam

where the water on the river pumped out to the water

treatment plant. This process using underground piping

to transfer the water from the river to the water

treatment plant.

2. Pre-chlorine process

- At this process the water that already pumped out

from Bekok Dam will be pre-chlorine to clean up the

water before it continue to another process. The

process is done at mixing channel.

3. Floc removal process

- The river water contains floc that not safe to be drink.

This process will removes the floc by flow the water

inside the filteration tank. All the floc will trapped and

sink down to the bottom of the tank.

4. Chlorine process

- After the floc is removed the water will be clean up

using chlorine and other chemical. This process is

dangerous because if they cant control the amount of

chlorine they use it will give harmful to the customer.


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5. Water Storage tank

- After the chlorine process, the water will be flow out

into the storage before going to another filtering

process inside the building.

6. Clean water filtering

- Before the water can be stored inside the reservoir

tank the water need to undergo one filteration process

inside the building to clean up more the water and to

make sure there are no smudges or floc left inside the

water.

7. Distribution and monitoring

- After finish all the process above the last process isto supply the fresh water to the customer. At this

stage the monitoring process also need to be done to

make sure there are enough water and pressure to

flow the water to the consumer house.


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6.0Working Principle

1. Do water research and development in detail.

2. Providing product that is clean and service which fulfils needs, use and taste.

3. Fulfill consumer and customers demands.4. Comply standard and quality specification as given.

5. Satisfy law need and society needs.

6.1Effects of the System to the Whole Process

The main problem will occur in the water treatment process system is when the water

level is too low the pump cant flow the water efficiently and then the storage tank cant be

filled up. When this problem occur, the pump operation need to be reduce so the flow can

become stable and every consumer will get the fresh water without any problem. Sometimes

the floc and smudges stuck inside the piping and the flow of water stuck makes the water

flow slowly. To prevent this type of problem the smudges and the floc need to be clean up

from the storage tank every 2 weeks.

The company need to make sure that every process in the water treatment is running

smoothly and if there any problem occur they need to troubleshoot it as soon as possible,

otherwise the consumer will not getting enough fresh water for their daily use. The

monitoring process need to done 24/7 to make sure there are no problem when supplying

the water to the customer. Sometimes the pressure is not enough to push the water to flow

and they need to operate more pump to give additional pressure for the fluid flow.


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7.0 Conclusion

For the conclusion we can see how important the pressure and flow measurement

system in our daily life. From what we learn in fluid mechanics 2, all the system that using

fluid need to be calculate the velocity, pressure and so on. All this thing need to be considerscarefully to make sure the system is running in good and smoothly. Pressure is very

important in the water treatment plant to make sure there are enough pressure to flow the

water inside the piping system.

All of the system inside the water treatment plant need to be monitored carefully to

make sure there are enough water to be supplied and also they must make sure that there

are no overload of water inside the plant so there will be no other problems such as flood

problems. To make sure the flow water running smoothly the pressure the water treatment

plant need to maintain is at 6 bar of pressure. The theory mentioned that the pressure is a

force acting that in the cross-section area in that mechanical properties. That pressure in

that point will effect a work that machine do than the requirement of this pressure must be

follow by mechanical specification.

For overall we can say that the pressure is most important parameter in order to

make sure the system of water treatment plant running smoothly.


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8.0 Reference

Munson, B.R.,Young, D.F, Okiishi, T.H (2010). Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. 6th

Edition. Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley

Fluid mechanic 7 edition, Bruce R. Munson and Theodore H. Okiishi, copyright 2013,2010 John Wiley & sons Singapore Pte. Ltd.

Mrs. Aza from Southern Water Coperation Sdn. Bhd. (SWC)

Mr. Norman from Southern Water Coperation Sdn. Bhd. (SWC)

http://www.airb.com.my/swc.html

http://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/bourdon_tubes/bourdon_intro.cfm

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/u-tube-manometer-d_611.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezometer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatment
http://www.airb.com.my/swc.htmlhttp://www.airb.com.my/swc.htmlhttp://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/bourdon_tubes/bourdon_intro.cfmhttp://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/bourdon_tubes/bourdon_intro.cfmhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/u-tube-manometer-d_611.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/u-tube-manometer-d_611.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezometerhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/u-tube-manometer-d_611.htmlhttp://www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/bourdon_tubes/bourdon_intro.cfmhttp://www.airb.com.my/swc.html


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9.0 Attachment

Figure 9.1: Water treatment plant distribution diagram

Figure 9.2: Water treatment location


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Project Fluid

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