PROJECT FINAL REPORT - EUROPA - SETIS · PDF fileper day to dozens tonnes/day. ... Market...

PROJECT FINAL REPORT

Grant Agreement number: 219008

Project acronym: ENERFISH

Project title: Integrated Renewable Energy Solutions for Seafood Processing Stations

Funding Scheme: Collaborative project

Period covered: from 0.1.10.2008 to 31.03.2013

Name of the scientific representative of the project's co-ordinator1, Title and Organisation:

Hidde Ronde, Principal Scientist, Teknologian kehittämiskeskus VTT

Tel: +358 40 720 7479 , 1 202 258 5971

Fax:+358 20 722 7026

E-mail: [email protected]

Project website address: www.enerfish.eu

http://www.euronews.net/2011/12/19/european-energy-from-fish-and-tea-bags/

1 Usually the contact person of the coordinator as specified in Art. 8.1. of the Grant Agreement.

ENERFISH Final Technical Report

4.1 Final publishable summary report Table of Contents (section 4.1) Executive Summary List of Tables List of Figures 4.1.I Objectives and Project Content 4.1.I.1 Introduction 4.1.I.2 The industry 4.1.I.3 Energy Systems 4.1.II Main Scientific/Technological Results 4.1.II.1 Economical Optimization of Poly-Generation: Design Considerations 4.1.II.2 Market Study 4.1.II.3 Business-Models 4.1.II.3.1 Introduction Business-Models 4.1.II.3.2. Results Business-Models 4.1.II.4 Demonstration Plant Vietnam 4.1.II.4.1 Lay-out and Description 4.1.II.4.2 Heat Recovery and Supply Operational Plant: Final Design Considerations 4.1.II.4.3 Simulation of Cooling and Freezing: DSM Considerations 4.1.II.4.4 Results Trial Runs

ENERFISH Final Technical Report Executive Summary The ENERFISH project aims to demonstrate a new poly-generation application with renewable energy sources for the fishery industry. The distributed energy system utilizes cleaning waste of a fish processing plant to produce biodiesel. The biodiesel can be used to produce the locally needed cooling/freezing and heating energy. In addition, a power surplus can be generated for the electricity network or local industrial use and/or a part of the biodiesel can be sold depending on the market conditions. The research contribution focuses on optimisation, simulation, validation and planning of piloted concepts. An economical energy optimisation tool was developed to carry out feasibility studies for the fishery industry in general. With a view to (SE Asian) marketing possibilities the demonstration took place in Vietnam. Fish farming and processing plants in Vietnam produce frozen fish fillet with capacity from some tonnes per day to dozens tonnes/day. In the demonstration case, the main product of the fish processing plant is catfish filet (about 40 t/d). One third of fresh fish is yielded as fillet and the rest of fish is treated as fish cleaning wastes. The fat content of 22 per cent in the fish cleaning waste results in a production of biodiesel of about 13 t/d. From the energy viewpoint the Vietnamese fish processing plant is energy self-sufficient, when this biodiesel is further converted to electricity to drive the cooling/freezing systems. However, the optimization tool shows that under market conditions in which the price of fish waste is not too high it is often more profitable to sell (a major part of) the biodiesel to the fuel market and use the distributed energy generation option during (frequent) black-outs. The project also demonstrates an advanced CO2 based freezing/cooling system (15% more energy efficient than systems used normally). The latter requires optimization and control system planning of special high-pressure equipment. On the basis of an introductory study the demonstration plant was dimensioned to the effect that the energy produced could be used to drive the demonstrated CO2 freezing/cooling plant. The optimization study showed that a full CHP application would not be profitable. Therefore a heat recovery scheme (from the compressors used) was chosen. Balancing the demonstration plant during trial runs showed that the plant functioned as expected. The market study shows that there is generally no specific demand today for fish wastes or fish oil to produce biodiesel. The main uses of fish wastes are the production of fishmeal and fish oil (which is a by-product of fishmeal production) mainly as feed for diets for aquaculture and farmed animals. The market prices of these two feed commodities (fish wastes and fish oil) exhibit large variations, coupled directly with prices of food-oils. Economic (business) modeling shows that under current market conditions (relatively high fish-waste price) , profitability can only be expected for the production of fish oil (and value added proteins) from fish wastes. Enerfish-like processes are likely to remain technical solutions for niche markets where fish wastes are not valorised and/or where there is no organised supply of fuels or where market disconnections occur. This might be the case of remote territories such as islands or regions in developing countries. However it is noted that, after the Market Survey was concluded, Neste Oil Oy published a press release announcing that Neste Oil had expanded the range of renewable raw materials it uses by beginning to produce NExBTL renewable diesel from waste fat sourced from the fish processing industry at its Singapore refinery. The fat in question comes from the gutting waste generated when processing freshwater pangasius farmed in Southeast Asia after the fillets have been removed for human consumption. This is in fact exactly the ENERFISH application area, indicating that local fish-waste markets differ notably. A European case study into Enerfish opportunities within the Shetland Islands concludes that there is clear potential to generate significant quantities of biodiesel in Shetland using waste from the fishing and aquaculture industries. The biodiesel produced has a range of potential applications – transport fuel, district heating fuel, onsite near-site or community CHP fuel. The researchers, Shetland Renewable Energy Forum, recommend that interested parties in Shetland should apply for a Zero

ENERFISH Final Technical Report Waste Scotland Map 001 Funding Application to pilot a small scale Enerfish type biodiesel production facility within Shetland. Grants to fund capital equipment costs are available €200,000 available towards project costs. The ENERFISH project was disseminated widely by a dedicated website, numerous contributions to (international) conferences, by exposure of the project on Euronews (see site on cover ) and by a peer reviewed publication in the Journal of Energy and Power Engineering. In addition key staff members of the fish industry Vietnam were trained. Interest was shown by industrial enterprises from Thailand, Malaysia and Russia. The biotechnology department of the University of Nairobi has bought Preseco’s biodiesel equipment to perform a study on the enzymatic valorization of protein and oil products from fish-waste through a biorefinery process. (leading to the APROPOS project under the FP7 workprogramme). Whether or not this biorefinery approach would be a solution for the Vietnamese (or more broadly S.E. Asian case) would be an interesting follow-up research subject. The EIA study does not show any major environmental impacts. The CDM study shows that the potential of Carbon financing in ENERFISH-like cases is problematic due to its size (too small).

ENERFISH Final Technical Report List of Tables (section 4.1) Table II.1 Consumption rates and costs of raw materials in fish waste oil extraction process. Table II.2 Consumption rates and costs of raw materials in biodiesel production process. Table II.3 Electricity Tariff prices Table II.4 Daily cash flow associated with the numerical values as given in text and Section I

(OM: operating and maintenance costs). Table II.5 Economic variables for the computation of the NPV of the business models. Table II.6 Averages energy and capacity values (with internal heat recovery) Table II.7 Averages energy and capacity values (without internal energy recovery) Table II.8 An example of process data and performance rates at Cooling/Freezing plant simulated

by the model. Table II.9 Determining of the performance values of the cooling/Freezing plant by process data. List of Figures (section 4.1) Figure I.1 Fish Farming Facilities Figure I.2 Specific Energy Use at fish processing factory relative to the fish intake. Figure I.3 Integration of energy and mass flows at a fish processing factory. Figure I.4 High Efficiency NH3/CO2 Cascade. Figure I.5 The Preseco Biodiesel Process Figure II.1 Process flow chart of the fish-oil based biodiesel production used in economical

optimization model Figure II.2 Economical use of cogeneration, and profit of biodiesel fuel alternative as a function

of biodiesel market price. Price of heat energy is 20 €/MWh. Figure II.3 Economical use of cogeneration, and profit of biodiesel fuel alternative as a function

of biodiesel market price. Electricity tariff +50 %, price of heat energy is 20 €/MWh Figure II.4 Market prices for fishmeal, fish oil and soya oil from January 2006 to January 2011.

Market price is in US$ per tonne. Figure II.5 Biodiesel production in 2009 for the top 15 producers in the world. Quantities are

given in million litres. Figure II.6 Schematic view of the Enerfish process. Dotted arrows: business models. Acid:

formic acid, e-: electricity, KOH: potassium hydroxide, meth.: methanol, anti-oxy: anti-oxidant.

Figure II.7 CHP business model. PI as function of the fish cleaning waste price in two different cases: with a cooling unit and a 5 year lifespan for the CHP unit and without a cooling unit and a 10 year lifespan for the CHP unit. Economic duration of the project: 10 years.

Figure II.8 Market prices for palm, rape, soya, sun, coconut and fish oils from January 2006 to December 2010.

Figure II.9 f.l.t.r: cooling/freezing and heating plant; biodiesel plant; storage vessels Figure II.10 ENERFISH Lay –out Figure II.11 Progress of batches in the biodiesel plant Figure II.12 Schematic presentation of main stream in biodiesel plant Figure II.13 Demand of heating energy during a batch Figure II.14 Demand of heating /hot water energy in continuous run Figure II 15 Linking of recovered heat to the heat supply system of biodiesel plant

ENERFISH Final Technical Report Figure II 16 Snapshot of display of operation of CO2 compressors. Figure II 17 Snapshot of display of operation of NH3 compressors. Figure II.18. Temperatures in NH3 and CO2 circuits at an example time period.

ENERFISH Final Technical Report 4.1. I Objectives and Project Context 4.1.I.1. Introduction This project aims to develop and demonstrate integrated renewable energy solutions for a fish-processing plant, based on high efficiency poly-generation using fish-waste derived fuel, and based on environmentally safe cascade cooling/freezing using CO2 (section 4.1.I.3). It will be shown that in the fish-processing industry poly-generation can be used to produce the needed electricity, heat, steam, hot water and cooling/freezing energy. It is known that cogeneration on itself offers a substantial potential gain in efficiency. However, in addition, oil cooked out of waste (fish heads, entrails and skeletons) can be used to produce the biodiesel needed for poly-generation purposes (sections 4.1.II.4.2, 4.1.II.4.3). It is furthermore an objective to demonstrate that a substantial amount of surplus electricity can be produced. This project furthermore proposes to develop and demonstrate a cooling/freezing cascade based on CO2. There is an increasing pressure upon the refrigeration industry to look seriously into the use of natural (non-toxic) refrigerants, especially in the food sector. CO2 is non-toxic, it does not harm the ozone layer and has a far less greenhouse warming potential (GWP) than currently used chemical refrigerants. However, because CO2 is a high pressure refrigerant, the refrigeration system has to be designed and built in a way which differs from normal practice (section 4.1.I.3). It is furthermore an objective to erect the demonstration plant in Vietnam (section 4.1.II.4.1): Vietnam's output of tra and basa catfish has recorded high growth rates over the past ten years, increasing from 22,000 tonnes in 1997 to 800,000 tonnes in 2006. Vietnam has become a world player on this terrain. Catfish (pangasius) is especially suited for our project due to its high fat content. Furthermore choosing a demonstration site in Vietnam opens an enormous market for the demonstrated technology in SE Asia, where 9 out of 10 world’s top aquaculture producers are located. Our project promotes that the demonstrated technology will be exploited and disseminated a.o by market potential surveys (sections 4.1.II.2, 4.1.II.3) and training of staff (section 4.2.II of main report) Furthermore a European feasibility/pilot study is performed (section 4.2.III of main report). The fish processing sector in the European Union (EU) is an important economic activity that employs a significant number of people throughout the Union. The value of fishery products produced every year by the processing industry in the European Union amounts to about € 18 billion. The industry employs more than 135,000 people Union-wide, many of which work in firms with 20 employees or less. The most important types of products produced by the fish processing industry are preparations and canned fish (€ 6.7 billion) followed by fresh, chilled, frozen, smoked or dried fish (€ 5.2 billion). The EU is the world’s top pangasius importer. 4.1.I.2. The Industry There are about 150 fish producing and exporting companies in Vietnam. The factories are located in different areas in Vietnam. The scale of fish farming and fish processing varies very much. The largest fishery companies in Vietnam have a capacity of about 200 ton fish fillet per day. On average fishery companies have a capacity of 10 – 50 ton per day. At HT-Food, the target fishery company, the whole chain from fish farming to fillet cold storing is integrated into a functional factory in the same area. Fig. I.1 shows the units included in the factory: The fish farming and fish food production facilities are located on one side of the river and the fish processing on the opposite side. Fish processing, freezing and cold storing compose a functional and

ENERFISH Final Technical Report logistical entity. The main part of the fish feedstock comes from the rice factory owned by the same company. Fish processing comprises various working phases. Most of the phases are very labour-intensive. The main product, frozen pangasius, is exported to Asian and European countries. Fish cleaning wastes are sold to another company.

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Figure I.1. Fish Farming Facilities. 4.1.I.3. Energy Systems Based on an energy audit at HT-Food the energy (electricity) consumption per live fish input is 414 kWh/ton. Furthermore an amount of 3.6 litre of oil per ton input is being used in diesel generators to produce electricity during electricity supply shortages. If energy consumption is allocated to the fillet, the energy intensity is 1380 kWh per ton fillet. The demand of electricity is quite stabile over a day and over a year due to the three-shift work and short annual breaks. Fig.I.2 shows the use of electricity in the different sectors. The main consumption (80%) takes place in the cooling/freezing systems/compressors: 336 kWh/ton input or 1120 kWh/ton fillet product. Devices related to fish treatment take about 10 % of the electricity. The lighting system uses energy saving lamps and causes only 3 per cent share in the electricity consumption. In the air conditioning systems, fan units are located in suitable positions all over the fishery halls. Compressors use NH3 as a coolant. Also in freezing system the coolant is NH3. The heat releasing agent in the cooling towers (evaporation condensers) is water. According to the energy audit energy saving possibilities can be found in storage systems, e.g.: The loading area should be closed and air conditioned all the time to minimize warm and humid air flow in to the store when opening the freezing store door. The freezing store loading door should be electrically operated and well-sealed. In the freezing store, the air cooler units should be defrosted

ENERFISH Final Technical Report regularly. The various alternatives to utilise biodiesel locally in energy production or at the fuel market are given schematically below in Fig I.3.

Figure I.2. Specific Energy Use at fish processing factory relative to the fish Intake .

Figure I.3. Integration of energy and mass flows at a fish processing factory.

ENERFISH Final Technical Report The amount of fish cleaning wastes available for biodiesel production is 80 ton/day and the biodiesel production is 13 ton/day, equivalent to about 150 MWh/day total energy content. It is noted (cf figures I.2 and I.3) that in the extreme the plant could be totally selfsufficient in electricity use since per day (414 x 120 )= 50 MWh(e) is needed, whereas the biodiesel could exactly produce this amount (150 x 33%)= 50MWh(e).However, since the project is a demonstration project we decided to initially dimension the CO2 cooling/freezing on the daily filet production, requiring about 6.3 MWh/day. We therefore replaced an ageing compressor combination unit based on a

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Fig 1.4 High Efficiency NH3/CO2 Cascade NH3 / R404A reference system by a Vahterus High Efficiency NH3/CO2 Cascade, that is 13-18% more efficient than the reference (see Figure I.4) . Note furthermore that the Greenhouse Warming Potential GWP (R404A)=3800, whereas GWP(CO2)=1 and GWP(NH3)=0) Moreover the Preseco biodiesel process used in the project (given schematically in Figure I.5) Fig. I.5The Preseco Biodiesel Process

ENERFISH Final Technical Report will lead to the avoidance of about 14000t CO2e/year (13 tons biodiesel /d makes 4745 tons/year 1 ton diesel produces 2.92 t CO2e). 4.1.II The Main S&T Results

4.1.II.1 Economical Optimization of Poly-generation / Design considerations (The paper based on this section was accepted as a contribution to the 2010 AIT International conference) The purpose of creating an optimization model for the fish-oil based biodiesel process is to describe a first simple cost-minimized operation of the production chain in order to e.g. perform sensitivity analysis of technical and economical parameters. A material flow chart of the optimization model is illustrated in Figure II.1. The three separate process phases are fish oil extraction, biodiesel production and production of electricity and heat by diesel engines.

Fish cleaning waste

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Sold fish remains

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Fish waste oil extraction

Methanol

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Figure II.1. Process flow chart of the fish-oil based biodiesel production used in economical optimization model. In order to model the entire process properly but in a simplified manner, a linear optimization model involving operational parameters is used. Investments were not taken into consideration (see section 4.1.II.3.1 for the latter) Rates of consumption and production of materials per produced ton of fish waste oil (cf Table II.1) are based on the daily parameters of the fish waste oil extraction plant. Also, costs of materials sold or purchased, are presented in Table II.1. Table II.1. Consumption rates and costs of raw materials in the fish waste oil extraction process. Material Daily rate per ton of fish oil Parameter Cost/Profit Parameter Fish waste oil 17 ton 1.000 ton Fish cleaning waste 81 ton 4.765 ton fish 100 €/ton pfish Sold fish remains 18 ton 1.058 ton remain 280 €/ton sremain Formid acid 2 ton 0.118 ton acid 550 €/ton pacid Heat 4000 kWh 235 kWh fish Electricity 700 kWh 41 kWh fish

ENERFISH Final Technical Report Rates of consumption and production for the biodiesel production process are likewise given in Table II.2, whereas Table II.3 gives the electricity tariff prices. Table II.2. Consumption rates and costs of raw materials in biodiesel production process. Material Daily rate per ton of bio diesel Parameter Cost/revenue Parameter Bio diesel 13 ton 1.000 ton 650 €/ton sbiodiesel Fish waste oil 17 ton 1.308 ton fishoil Methanol 3 ton 0.231 ton methanol 250 €/ton pmethanol Glycerin 2 ton 0.231 ton glycerin 200 €/ton sglycerin Heat 600 kWh 46 kWh bio Electricity 72 kWh 6 kWh bio

Table II.3 . Electricity tariff prices. Electricity tariff Hours Price Normal 04-18 40 €/MWh High-load hour 18-22 81 €/MWh Low-load hour 22-04 23 €/MWh

Figure II.2 and II.3 show the two main results: The electricity purchase from the national distribution grid at the average price of 42,6 €/MWh is so low-priced, that running the CHP (diesel engine plant) is not economical, and, considering only operational incomes and costs, biodiesel production becomes beneficial compared to the business as usual (selling fish waste) at the price of about 400 €/ton. In these calculations the price of heat energy is assumed to be quite low, 20 €/MWh. Because of the low price of electricity, heat energy is often produced by electricity in Vietnam. An increase of the electricity price by 50 % does not produce any decisive improvements to the economy of the cogeneration, as shown in Fig. II.3.

Profit and CHP Bio Diesel ConsumptionBasic Electricity Tariff Price; Heat: 20 €/MWh

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Figure II.2. Economical use of cogeneration, and profit of biodiesel fuel alternative as a function of biodiesel market price. Price of heat energy is 20 €/MWh.


Profit and CHP biodiesel comsumption+50% Electricity tariff price; H: 20 €/MWh

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Figure II.3. Economical use of cogeneration, and profit of biodiesel fuel alternative as a function of biodiesel market price. Electricity tariff +50 %, price of heat energy is 20 €/MWh. In view of these low electricity and high biodiesel prices it was concluded that a cogeneration unit was not economical and that a (normal) generator should be used only in black-out situations. In order to guarantee heat supply it was therefore decided that the heat from the cooling/freezing compressors could be used for the Preseco process. After more careful consideration it turns out that an extra electric boiler need to be installed. This extra boiler would then also, as described below, preheat the fish-oil and heat the produced glycerol. 4.1.II.2. Market Study Figure II.4 displays the market prices of fishmeal, fish oil and soya oil for the five last year, i.e. from January 2006 to January 2011.

Figure II.4: Market prices for fishmeal, fish oil and soya oil from January 2006 to January 2011. Market price is in US$ per tonne.

Prices for fishmeal are mainly driven by the Peruvian and Chilean production and the Chinese demand. The Peruvian and Chilean production are functions of the El Niño Southern Oscillation in the South East Pacific

ENERFISH Final Technical Report and the new system of quotas. The availability of alternatives (soy meal for example) is also a price driver. Overall, fishmeal prices show strong variations: this might be the consequence of financial speculation on this commodity since the main drivers of the market are well identified and some of them can be estimated in advance (weather forecasts for the temperature of the waters in the Pacific Ocean where anchoveta catches take place).

Over the last five years, fish oil prices have shown extreme variations, i.e. from January 2006 to February 2011 prices went from to 950 US$/tonnes in January 2006 to 1800 US$/tonnes in April 2008 and down again to 650 US$/tonnes in May 2009. They reached 1763 US$/tonnes in February 2011.

The main drivers for these variations are:

A stable production with a growing demand: fish oil and fish meal production has been rather constant during the last years whereas aquaculture production has increased. South-East Asia and more especially China are going to be the main importers of these commodities.

A production mainly in the hands of two countries (Peru and Chile) which depends not only the El Niño oscillation but also on the fat content of the catches.

The increasing fish oil demand for human food production and from the pharmaceutical industries.

The EU 27 is the major producer of (first generation) biodiesel in the world. In 2009, biodiesel production in the EU 27 reached 10,187 Ml (million litres), which was approximately 57% of the world production (17,929 Ml). Germany and France are the main producers ahead of the United States (2,060 Ml), cf. Figure II.5. The production of biodiesel in Asian countries (Thailand, China, Korea, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, etc.) in 2009 is estimated at about 2,000 Ml , which is still a small amount compared to Europe. Overall, the production of biodiesel worldwide in 2009 has increased by 11% with respect to 2008.

Figure II.5: Biodiesel production in 2009 for the top 15 producers in the world. Quantities are given in million litres.

The main issue related to the production of first generation biofuels is the availability of resources. Producing large amount of biofuels (biodiesel) requires a lot of agricultural land and the issues of competition with food and sustainable agricultural practice are inevitable, not to mention life cycle analysis studies (environmental impact studies) which show results that are still under debate.

ENERFISH Final Technical Report The annual biodiesel yield is 1150 l/ha . This implies that the agricultural land that should be dedicated to biodiesel production in order to reach the EU 27 total of 2009 should be of the order of magnitude of 10 million hectares that is roughly twice the surface area of Switzerland. This is why alternative ways to produce biodiesel are investigated, i.e. production from lignocellulosic biomass (second generation biodiesel) with much higher surface area yields.

A similar basic computation could be made with fish oil, i.e. how much fish oil would be required to produce 10 billion litres of biodiesel? With the Enerfish ratios, it would require 13 million tonnes fish oil (here we assume a density of 1 kg/l for the sake of simplification), 62 million tonnes fish wastes and 92 million tonnes of catfish (this is roughly the same amount, in tonnes, as the total fish world capture in 2006). These figures show that the production of biodiesel from fish oil cannot be considered as an alternative or a complement to actual or future production means. Instead, production of biodiesel from fish oil is probably going to be, if profitable, a niche market for large fish processing units where fish wastes can be used to generate energy (electricity and/or heat) and/or as a fuel for the companies’ vehicles. 4.1.II.3. Businessmodels (The article based on this section is accepted for publication in the Journal of Energy and Power Engineering) 4.1.II.3.1. Introduction Businessmodels The Enerfish process is well suited for fish processing units were there is a sufficient daily amount of wastes to produce biodiesel. Figure II.6 puts forward a schematic chart of the Enerfish process with the main raw materials, by-products and outputs. This scheme suggests at least five different business models.

Figure II.6: Schematic view of the Enerfish process. Dotted arrows: business models. Acid: formic acid, e-: electricity, KOH: potassium hydroxide, meth.: methanol, anti-oxy: anti- oxidant.

The different business models are given by the vertical dotted arrows.

BAU: this is the business as usual scenario where fish wastes are sold to the market.

Fish-oil: the company only invests in a fish-oil processor and sells fish oil to the market.

Biodiesel_a: the company invests in both a fish-oil processor and a biodiesel processor and sells the biodiesel to the market (as well as the main by-product, i.e. glycerine).

CHP: this is the “Biodiesel_a” business model with a supplementary investment in a CHP (combined heat and power) unit which produces electricity and heat. Electricity and heat can be sold to the market (to the grid for electricity and to a local heat network if any) and/or can


be used to produce energy for the Enerfish process unit. If the production of biodiesel is sufficient, the surplus (part which is not used for combustion in the CHP unit) can be sold to the market.

Biodiesel_b: the company only invests in the biodiesel processor, i.e. it sells its wastes to a fish-oil processor and buys back fish oil. Biodiesel and glycerine are sold to the market.

One of the main features of the Enerfish project is poly-generation: a cooling/freezing cascade based on CO2 is being installed. This investment is accounted for in a variant of the “CHP” business model where part of the produced electricity is used in the compressors of the cooling/freezing unit.

A profitability analysis was carried out for the Enerfish unit under operating conditions, i.e. mass flow rates and enthalpies, which are taken from the preliminary work performed in All prices and cash flows for these variables are computed in Euros, i.e. the risks inherent to fluctuations in currencies is not directly accounted for.

The profitability of the different business models is investigated in terms of NPV, which is the sum of all discounted cash flows, including investments, during the economic period which is under investigation. This analysis is performed without accounting for taxation (EBITA) so that the outcomes of the calculations are independent from the financial strategy of the company or its taxation scheme. If a business model is found to be profitable with this preliminary analysis, a financial (taxes) framework, which depends on the business model, the country, etc., should be applied for further investigations. The analysis is performed as for a regular investment project, with an initial investment, that generates positive (earnings) and negative (costs) cash flows during n years of operation. All cash flows are expressed in constant currency, i.e. free from any inflation which is supposed to be constant. These cash flows are then discounted with a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and their sum gives the net present value of the project. The profitability index of the project, PI, i.e. the ratio PI = NPV/I, yields a measure of the discounted benefits per invested unit of currency. 4.1.II.3.2. Results Businessmodels March 2011, according to the Vietnamese partner ECC, fish wastes are traded at 244 Euros/ton, fish oil is traded at 680 Euros/ton and biodiesel at 687 Euros/litre . These numerical values differ from the ones taken in 4.1.II.1, especially fish wastes, i.e. 100 Euros per ton instead of 244 Euros per ton.

Table II.4 shows the different cash flows associated with each component of the Enerfish process computed from the ECC data and the economic variables displayed in Table II.5.Table II.5 puts forward the economic variables that have been chosen as a preliminary computation (inflation, equity, debt, investment and OM costs, etc.).

Table II.5 shows that there are no OM costs for the fish oil and Diesel oil processors as well as for the auxiliaries. No data was available and therefore it has been assumed that the cash flow generated by these costs do not influence too much the results. The sum of the cash flows displayed in Table II.4 represents the total cash flow per day that could be expected from the “CHP” business model. Obviously no profitability can be expected. These cash flows show that the important economic variables are the market prices of the fish cleaning wastes, fish oil, and biodiesel. The market prices of electricity and heat are important for the cash flows generated by the CHP unit, but they are not first order terms for the overall cash flow values.

ENERFISH Final Technical Report Table II.4. Daily cash flow associated with the numerical values as given in text and Section I (OM: operating and maintenance costs).

If a value of 100 Euros/ton is taken, as in Chapter 4.1.II.1, the cash flow for the fish-oil processor becomes positive (7290 Euros/day) and the overall cash flow as well. Profitability can be expected from the CHP business model with a lower price for fish cleaning wastes (profitability is generated by the fish-oil processor).

Table II.5: Economic variables for the computation of the NPV of the business models.

With the numerical values of Tables II.4 and II.5 (and a fish cleaning waste price of 100 Euros/ton), the profitability of the project is extremely high, i.e. a PI of 3.37 is reached after 10 years. For the lifespan of the CHP unit, an average value of ten years has been taken. Note that in the case of a minimum lifespan of 5 years for the CHP unit, the PI would still be 2.68. As a matter of fact, under these assumptions (110 Euros/ton for the fish wastes) the project is so profitable that one could invest in the cooling/freezing system as well (720,000 Euros in investment and 5.5 MWh of daily electricity consumption) and obtain a PI of 2.28. In such a case the PBT would be 2.6 years. CHP business model

As seen in the previous section, for the CHP business model, profitability mainly depends on the price of fish cleaning wastes and to some extent on the price of biodiesel. The cash flows in Table II.4 clearly show that it is more profitable to sell the biodiesel directly to the market than to produce electricity. That is why, the number of hours at full load, for the CHP, has been set to 6.3 hours/day,

ENERFISH Final Technical Report i.e. it corresponds to an energy production (electricity and heat) which covers the needs of the Enerfish process.

Figure II.7 displays the NPV as a function of the fish cleaning waste price in two different cases: with a cooling unit and a 5 year lifespan for the CHP unit and without a cooling unit and a 10 year lifespan for the CHP unit. Economic duration of project: 10 years. In both cases the price of the fish cleaning wastes must be below 120 Euros/ton in order to reach profitability (120.7 for the former case and 116.6 for the latter case). The supplementary investment costs for the cooling system (50% per cent more) and the CHP unit (double investment) do not make a difference. As a matter of fact, if the fish cleaning wastes were to be bought at the market price (244 Euros/ton), a price for biodiesel of at least 1500 Euros per ton (!) would be necessary in order to reach profitability.

Figure II.7: CHP business model. PI as function of the fish cleaning waste price in two different cases: with a cooling unit and a 5 year lifespan for the CHP unit and without a cooling unit and a 10 year lifespan for the CHP unit. Economic duration of the project: 10 years.

Fish oil business model

In such a business model, an economic duration of 15 years is taken as it corresponds roughly to the lifespan of the equipment. In such a case, a maximum price of 188 Euros/ton can give profitability (it is the value which yields a zero NPV after 15 years). For a market price of 244 Euros/ton for the fish wastes, the minimum price value of fish oil which gives profitability is 948 Euros/ton. Therefore, under current market conditions (early 2011), such an investment could be profitable, i.e. fish oil is currently traded in international markets at 1500 US$/ton which is approximately 1100 Euros/ton. However, Figure II.8 shows that such price levels are not likely to hold for a period of 15 years since they are correlated to crude oil price. One could argue that crude oil is going to keep its high prices, but such an assumption can be risky for the ‘Enerfish’ investor.

Biodiesel_a business model Table II.4 shows that this scenario is rather similar to the CHP one since the cash flows generated by the production of heat and electricity are much smaller than those generated by selling biodiesel to the market.

The limit values are roughly the same as in the CHP business model. A market price of 133 Euros/ton for the fish wastes is the maximum value for profitability for an unchanged price of biodiesel. If the price of biodiesel is the variable and the price of fish cleaning wastes is set at 244 Euros/ton, biodiesel must be sold at 1377 Euros/ton (!)to reach a zero NPV.


2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Figure II.8. Market prices for palm, rape, soya, sun, coconut and fish oils from January 2006 to December 2010.

Biodiesel_b business model

Again, in that case the prices of fish oil and biodiesel must reach values that are far from the market values in order to reach profitability. Concluding the business-model study shows that aquaculture farms are the main niche market for this technology; aquaculture has a very high efficiency in terms of waste processing since there are almost no losses. Waste processing can be performed on site, thus avoiding logistics and GHG emissions generated by the transports. The main markets for aquaculture will be Asia, with China representing already today two third of the world’s aquaculture production; Europe is a rather small market, aquaculture is mainly focused on cultured salmons. There is no specific demand today for fish wastes or fish oil to produce biodiesel. The main uses of fish wastes are the production of fishmeal and fish oil (which is a by-product of fishmeal production) mainly for diets for aquaculture and farmed animals. Two sectors have increased their pressure on fish oil supply: the human food industry which needs omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) and the pharmaceutical industry which generates high-added value products from fish wastes. The market prices of these two commodities (fish wastes and fish oil) exhibit large variations. Economic modeling shows that under current market conditions, profitability can only be expected for the production of fish oil (and value added proteins) from fish wastes. Enerfish-like processes are likely to remain technical solutions for niche markets where fish wastes are not valorized and/or where there is no organized supply of fuels. This might be the case of remote territories such as islands or regions in developing countries. Biodiesel produced from fish oil must be subsidized in order to reach profitability.

However it is noted that, after the Market Survey was concluded, Neste Oil Oy published a press release announcing that Neste Oil had expanded the range of renewable raw materials it uses by beginning to produce NExBTL renewable diesel from waste fat sourced from the fish processing industry at its Singapore refinery. The fat in question comes from the gutting waste generated when processing freshwater pangasius farmed in Southeast Asia after the fillets have been removed for human consumption. This is in fact exactly the ENERFISH application area, indicating that local fish-waste markets differ notably.


4.1.II.4. Demonstration Plant Vietnam 4.1.II.4.1 Lay-Out and Description Figure II.10 below depicts the general lay-out of the Enerfish system at HT-Food. The integrated Enerfish plant consists of three main sub-plants and some auxiliaries. The main sub-plants are: biodiesel processor, cooling/freezing system, and diesel power plant. The diesel power generator is placed outside of the main room. The auxiliaries contain a group of storage tanks and fluid transmission equipments in various places of the Enerfish integrated plant. The concept of management, monitoring and control system covers all the operational functions needed to keep running the integrated plant reliably and economically. The (principal functions of the) units have been described in 4.1.I.3 (and in detail in the non-public Enerfish Deliverables D3,D5,D6 and D7.) (see also Figure II.9 below). In view of low electricity and high biodiesel prices earlier optimization results (see above) showed that it was economical to use the cogeneration unit only in black-out situations. In order to guarantee heat supply it was therefore decided that the heat from the cooling/freezing compressors could be used for the Preseco process. After more careful consideration it turns out that an extra electric boiler need to be installed. This extra boiler would then also, as described below, preheat the fish-oil and heat the produced glycerol.(see design considerations in section 4.1.II.4.2 below)

Figure II.9 f.l.t.r: cooling/freezing plant andboiler; biodiesel plant; storage vessels

ENERFISH Final Technical Report Figure II.10 ENERFISH Lay -out Biodiesel generator

ENERFISH Final Technical Report 4.1.II.4.2 Heat Recovery and Supply of Operational Plant: Final Design considerations. This section analyses the heat-flows to the biodiesel plant and the recovery possibilities of the waste heats from biodiesel plant and cooling/freezing system. Calculations are based on a situation wherein the Enerfish plant runs in continuous mode. Consideration is given also to the features of the batch process of the biodiesel plant to understand the different stages and the dynamics of the process.

The main biodiesel production process input streams comprise fish oil and hot washing water, and the outlet streams are respectively biodiesel and wastewater. Both inlets are heated to 55 °C and both outlets are at 50…52 °C. In order to reach the capacity of 13 tonnes biodiesel per day the intake of fish oil is about 17 tonnes/day. One batch of fish oil intake has a volume of about 2.1 – 2.2 tonnes, and this means that on average eight batches pass the process during a day, and three batches are being processed simultaneously (but at different stages in the plant). Figure II.11 shows the progress of batches during a 24 hour period.

Continuous batch-process system

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48

Hour

B1B2

B3

B5B4

One day - 24 hours periodB13

Figure II.11 Progress of batches in the biodiesel plant The main stages for every batch are reactor, settling, wash 1, wash 2 and polish ( Figure II.12). Each batch passes these stages in about eight hours, and estimated processing time is respectively 2, 1, 2, 2 and 1 hour for each stage.

Biodieseltank

Fishoiltank

Biodiesel plant

Reactor Wash 1 Wash 2Settling Polish

Biodieseltank

Fishoiltank

Biodiesel plant

Reactor Wash 1 Wash 2Settling Polish Figure II.12. Schematic presentation of main stream in biodiesel plant Heat energy capacity and heating time needed to reach the temperature of 55 °C for fish oil and raw water depends on the inlet temperatures. In this chapter, we have assumed that the inlet temperature is 35 °C. It means that some preheating takes place for both streams using heat recovery.

ENERFISH Final Technical Report The capacity of heat exchanger in the reactor tank is 75 kW. The batch of fish oil can be heated to 55 °C about in 18 minutes. Hot water consumption is assumed to take place during four hours (wash 1 and wash 2), and the water amount is 17 tonnes/d or 2.13 tonnes/batch. This leads to the average demand of 12.4 kW during four hours. Glycerol is collected to the glycerol tank where its temperature has to be increased from 50 °C to 75 °C. The amount per batch is about 0.38 tonnes. Assuming a heating time of one hour, an average capacity of 10.94 kW is needed for glycerol. The tanks and pipes in the plant are insulated. The heat losses are assumed partly to be compensated by the pumping energy. The above assumptions lead to a heat energy demand during one batch as presented in Figure II.13, i.e. 75 kW is needed for 0.30 h (18 min) and about 11…12.4 kW for 5 hours. The rest of reactor time and polish stage are without noticeable heat/hot water supply.

Energy demand in a batch process

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

70,00

80,00

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Hour

kW

Figure II.13. Demand of heating energy during a batch. Continuous running of biodiesel plant is based on starting a new batch every third hour. Together eight batches pass the plant during a day. shows the heat demand profile for the plant starting with the first batch and continuing at the full production capacity. The summed maximum capacity is 100 kW lasting for 0.3 hour (18 min) per time and occurring 8 times per day.

Energy demand in continuous process

0,00

20,00

40,00

60,00

80,00

100,00

120,00

-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

Hour

kW

Figure II.14. Demand of heating /hot water energy in continuous run

ENERFISH Final Technical Report Daily energy demand for heating/hot water purposes is presented in Table II.6. Together 674 kWh of heat energy is consumed in biodiesel process. Table II.6. Averages energy and capacity values (with internal heat recovery).

Stage Daily energy Average demand kWh/d kW Reactor 189 7,9 Washing 397 16,5 Glycerol 88 3,7 Together 674 28,1

If these heat recovery systems are not realised, the energy values will be as shown in Table II.7. Total energy demand could reach the value over 1000 kWh/d.

Table II.7. Averages energy and capacity values (without internal energy recovery)

Stage Daily energy Average demand kWh/d kW Reactor 283 11,8 Washing 655 27,3 Glycerol 88 3,7 Together 1026 42,7

A part of waste energy produced in Enerfish cooling/freezing system was designed to be utilised in the energy intake for the biodiesel plant. The recovered heat capacity is 20 kW, when one NH3-compressor is running and 40 kW if both compressors are running. (In principally, waste heat also from other low temperature compressors at the fish processing plant could be partly utilised as heating energy.) Temperature of recovered heat energy is restricted under 65 °C, which was considered in the process design. Connection of waste heat from cooling and/freezing system and from the biodiesel system is presented in Figure II 15. The background process drawing is the biodiesel heat supply system presented by Suomen tekojää Oy. The Electric boiler, a heat store of 1 m3, pumps and pipes belong to auxiliary system of Enerfish plant. The Heat exchangers belong to the main plants delivery. Extra lines in the figure show principally heat transmission to the process: the red line refers to hot water production; the blue line to fish oil heating; the black dashed line marks out the heat exchanger of compressor waste heat. Utilising the whole capacity of waste heat from one compressor (20 kW) a heat energy of 480 kWh/d can be transferred to the heating system, corresponding to 71 % of the need. The rest heat, 194 kWh/d, should be produced in the electric boiler. However, this preliminary energy calculation should be verified checking also temperature levels and heat store performance. If a higher capacity (over 20 kW) of waste energy from compressor system is available, it is possible to reach the situation, where the electric boiler is needed only for heating glycerol from 50 °C to 75 °C, i.e. 88 kWh/d.


55 C

55 C

35 C

35 C

Raw water inlet

Fishoilinlet

Supply of recovered heat

Inlet of heat recoveredin cooling/freezing plant

55 C

55 C

35 C

35 C

Raw water inlet

Fishoilinlet

Supply of recovered heat

Inlet of heat recoveredin cooling/freezing plant

Figure II 15. Linking of recovered heat to the heat supply system of biodiesel plant.

Concluding: Heating energy needed for biodiesel plant is about 1000 kWh per day if no heat recovery possibilities are utilised. Waste heat or heating purposes is available from biodiesel outlet and from waste water stream. Temperature of both flows can be decreased from 50…52 °C to 35 °C. Recovered heat can be used for heating of inlet of fish oil and raw washing water. After these recoveries, heat demand for biodiesel plant is about 670 kWh/d. Without internal heat recovery this becomes about 1026 kWh/d. Waste heat capacity from the cooling/freezing system is 20 kW, when one main compressor is running, and 40 kW, if both compressors are in running. Utilising heat power of 20 kW for biodiesel plant the needed additional heating energy is 194 kWh/d and 540 kWh/d respectively in the cases of full heat recovery and compressor recovery only, repectively. Glycerol needs a temperature of 70 °C in the process, and it is not easy to reach by waste energies. This glycerol heating energy is 88 kWh/d. HT-Food and RCEE decided on the basis of the above analysis and given the tropical Vietnamese circumstances to realize only the compressor heat recovery and rely for further support on the boiler. 4.1.II.4.3 Cooling/Freezing plant in operation Fig. II.16 shows a display snapshot of the process computer at Cooling/Freezing plant. The time point is 3:11 am 31.3.2013, when outdoor temperature was 29,6 °C. Two CO2-compressors were running. Fig. II.17 shows that one of two NH3 was running at the same time point. Process temperatures during 1.6 hours are presented in Fig. II.18 for NH3 and CO2 circuit.


Figure II 16. Snapshot of display of operation of CO2 compressors.

Figure II.17. Snapshot of display of operation of NH3 compressors.


Figure II.18. Temperatures in NH3 and CO2 circuits at an example time period. (Temperatures as input temperatures in condensing and output temperatures in evaporating) 4.1.II.4.3 Simulation of Cooling and Freezing: Demand Side Management considerations. The heat capacity of a cold store gives some possibilities that can be utilised economically in normal operation and in failure situations, e.g. in the case of time tariff, the electricity load can be shifted to low price hours, the electricity peak load can be restricted, and the reserve capacity of the diesel engine plants can be lowered. Energy balances in a cold store of fish products depend on the heat insulation of the building and very much also on air leakage and air ventilation of the cold space. Warm and moist air results in a load which is higher than the heat conduction flow through the walls and roof. Some measures to avoid excess air change are beneficial to be realised. The solar radiation is at the highest level at midday, and the surface of a roof can reach a temperature of over 50 °C. Temperature in the inner surface of the roof reaches the highest value ten hours later, and the temperature change is only tenths of Celsius degree. If the cold energy supply breaks due to the electricity blackout or other technical failure, the storage with 920 ton of frozen fish reaches a temperature of 0 °C in 52 and 319 hours if the air leakage and ventilation is 1 kg/s and zero respectively. However, the indoor temperature rises from -22 °C to -15 °C in about 2 hours assuming a quite normal air leakage of 1 kg/s.

ENERFISH Final Technical Report In the case where the storage is empty of frozen fish and air leakage/intake takes place, indoor temperatures rises from -22 °C to zero about in three hours. If air leakage is avoided, the indoor temperature reaches the value of -15 °C in three hours, and zero degree in 15 hours. In the table II.8 are presented main results from a simulation situation using model for the whole cooling system. Fig. II.19 shows COP of cooling plant at design condition and at normal condition with varying load during a day. COP in design condition is 1.55 and in normal operation around 1,6. Model description and more results are published as separated report. Table II.8. Process data and performance rates at Cooling Freezing plant at design conditions simulated by the model. Different entities: Energy consumption, process temperatures Value Unit CO2 circuit Cooling power/ CO2 Compressors 179.4 kW Cooling temperature (CO2 evaporating) -30.7 °C Mass flow, CO2 0.7 kg/s Electric power consumption, CO2 –Compressors 37.3 kW Condensing: cooling power, CO2-circuit 215.9 kW Condensing temperature, CO2 -9.7 °C Electric power consumption, CO2 -pump - kW Coefficient of Performance, CO2 –compressors/pump COP 5.79 - NH3 circuit Cooling power/ NH3 Compressor 215.9 kW Evaporating temperature -14.4 °C Condensing temperature +31.5 °C Mass flow, NH3 0.2 kg/s Electric power consumption, NH3-Compressor (1*78

kW) 78.3 kW

Coefficient of Performance, NH3-Compressor COP 3.27 - Whole cooling/freezing system Cooling produced 179.3 kW Electric power consumption 115.6 kW Condensing load 256.6 kW COP, Cooling/Freezing machine (cooling) COP 1,55 - COP Cooling/Freezing machine (heating) COP 2.22 -


1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

COP

(-)

Time (h)

Normal load Design load

Figure II.19. Comparison of COP values in design point and normal load simulations og cooling plant. 4.1.II.4.4. Summary Results Trial Runs:

During the operation of the cooling system, and during the processing of biodiesel from fish-oil, mass flows and energy consumptions have been determined.

This showed that the biodiesel process is operational and should be able to produce about

14,000 l of biodiesel per day as expected. Some of the biodiesel test results are summarized in the analysis report below:


The main deviation from the ASTM and EN standards is the somewhat elevated water content (here 3 g/kg vs the standard of max 0.5 g/kg) ,due to some (minor) operational difficulties encountered. Fine-tuning of the operations should result in the production of biodiesel of the above quality standard.

The performance of the cooling system has been determined during a run-situation when outdoor temperature was around +40 °C and two CO2 and one NH3 compressors were of full capacity at these conditions.

Table II.9 Determining of the performance values of the cooling/Freezing plant determined by process data at design situation. Different entities: Energy consumption, process temperatures Value Unit CO2 circuit Cooling power/ CO2 Compressors (2 *90 kW) 180 kW Cooling temperature (CO2) -35 °C Electric power consumption, CO2 –Compressors (2*18,7

kW) 27,4 kW

ENERFISH Final Technical Report Condensing: cooling power, CO2-circuit 217 kW Condensing temperature, CO2 -10 °C Electric power consumption, CO2 -pump 4 kW Coefficient of Performance, CO2 –compressors/pump COP 5,73 - NH3 circuit Cooling power/ NH3 Compressor (1*240 kW) 240 kW Evaporating temperature, NH3 -10 °C NH3 condenser temperature (liquid) +37 °C NH3 Condenser temperature, NH3 +33 °C Electric power consumption, NH3-Compressor (1*78

kW) 78 kW

Coefficient of Performance, NH3-Compressor COP 3,08 - Cooling/Freezing machine Cooling power produced 180 kW Electric power consumption (measured) 119 kW Coefficient of Performance, Cooling/Freezing

machine COP 1,54 -

Whole Cooling/Freezing system Cooling power produced 180 kW Electric power consumption (measured)

Contains all consumption e.g., cooling production, Cooling tower, fans in the storage rooms, some defrosting, pumps, automation etc.

145 - 155 Long term values *)

kW

Coefficient of Performance, whole system COP 1,2 - *) at day level, electricity consumption is 3400 kWh,

average 1,42 kW

Some conclusion of the cooling/freesing results: - In the comparitions of different cooling plants normally used COP value refers to the COP of

the Cooling production process, and this value is 1,54 at the demo plant. - The simulation results by a specific model gives a COP value of 1,55 for the cooling energy

production at design conditions and around 1,6 in normal operation with varying load during a day (separeted simulation report is produced)

- The COP for whole system depends on local arrangements and it varies case by case. In the demo case this value is 1,2 in design condition..

- In conclusion: The cooling/Freezing plant started to work at typical level of temperatures and energy flows.. Process values can be rated to be very close the optimals and COP very good. The expected saving of electricity (15…20 % compared to the new conventional NH3 cooling system) is reached.

.

The power generator operated by petrol diesel showed an efficiency of about 80%.


4.2 Use and dissemination of foreground 4.2.I General The purpose of the Enerfish system to define the scientific, engineering and economic boundary conditions of the energy self-sufficiency of seafood processing stations, -especially for the more sustainable aquaculture industry- by poly-generation based on fish-waste. This was achieved by the development and application of an optimization model, -guiding the physical design of the demonstration plant-, an economic marketing study, and the actual design and build-up of the demonstration plant. The model and the market study led to several business-models and to actual engineering adaptations for the demonstration aquaculture site. A preliminary, but nevertheless conservative estimate indicates that for the fish-processing industry application of on-site poly-generation leads to a plant energy balance that is more than self-sufficient, i.e. a balance that delivers electricity to the net. The biodiesel necessary for this poly-generation is produced on the site from waste. Therefore the impact our project has is the improvement of the overall efficiency of the energy system of a fish processing-site. The EIA study does not show any major environmental impacts. The CDM study shows that the potential of Carbon financing in ENERFISH-like cases is problematic due to its size (too small). However the present economic boundary conditions turn out to be complicated: Business-modeling shows that under current market conditions, profitability can only be expected for the production of fish oil (and value added proteins) from fish wastes. Enerfish-like processes are ,-in the short run-, likely to remain technical solutions for niche markets where fish wastes are not valorized and/or where there is no organized supply of fuels, or market disconnections This might be the case of remote territories such as islands or regions in developing countries.

However, it is also noted that, after the Market Survey was concluded, Neste Oil Oy published a press release announcing that Neste Oil had expanded the range of renewable raw materials it uses by beginning to produce NExBTL renewable diesel from waste fat sourced from the fish processing industry at its Singapore refinery. The fat in question comes from the gutting waste generated when processing freshwater pangasius farmed in Southeast Asia after the fillets have been removed for human consumption. This is in fact exactly the ENERFISH application area, indicating that local fish-waste markets differ notably Thus, since the market prices of fish wastes and fish oil exhibit large variations, the broader potential economical impacts of the outcome of this project remain large. The Vietnamese Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers VASEP estimates that by 2020 seafood will remain one of Vietnam’s key export items and its seafood processing technology will be on par with developed countries. Aqua-culture has a very high efficiency in terms of waste processing since there are almost no losses. Waste processing can be performed on site, thus avoiding logistics and GHG emissions generated by the transports. The main markets for aquaculture will be Asia, with China representing already today two third of the world’s aquaculture production; Europe is a rather small market, aquaculture is mainly focused on cultured salmons. Due to the mentiond price fluctuations, however, it is difficult to estimate when Enerfish-like systems might become more economically mainstream. Biodiesel produced from fish oil must be subsidized in order to reach profitability. Nevertheless,we have been approached by several industrial players big (Thailand, Russia) and small (Malaysia) who are very interested to take up (parts of )the enerfish system.

ENERFISH Final Technical Report Several dissemination activities took place (website, press releases, conference visits, television broadcasts (see list below) based on the master plan by Technofi). NEF focused on dissemination towards professional associations, Technofi on dissemination towards SME’s NEF prepared a market survey of potential/business plan of the developed technology in Europe (consulting a.o European project partners), ECC prepared a market survey of potential/businessplan of the developed technology in Vietnam and SE Asia, Technofi consolidated these studies in an overall market study and performed the Identification and training of key staff of fish industry and fishery-associations in Europe and Vietnam (see section 4.2.II below). Dr. H.Ronde visited the World Bank Group in Washington DC on 20 March 2012, ( a.o Dejan Ostojic, Energy Sector Leader in the WB East Asia and Pacific Region). The latter saw possibilities of ENERFISH-like processes in eg Indonesia. Evaluation at WB takes place. Exploitation towards the SME sector: NEF co-ordinated a feasibility study of the developed technology at relevant sites in Europe, culminating in a European case study (see section 4.2.III below). Technofi launched and maintained an ENERFISH dissemination website during the project:. www.enerfish.eu Last but not least Euronews broadcasted our TV documentary from Thursday 22 December until Wednesday 29 with this broadcasting schedule (CET): , http://www.euronews.net/2011/12/19/european-energy-from-fish-and-tea-bags/, THURSDAY December 22 02:45 18:45 FRIDAY 01:45 09:45 13:45 SATURDAY 06:45 12:15 17:45 22: 45 SUNDAY 10:45 14:45 20:45 MONDAY 09:15 18:45 TUESDAY 01:45 13:15 18:15 WEDNESDAY December 29 01:45 10:15 16:45 It should be accessible on YouTube and other smaller regional streaming online websites as well. All European public televisions and main private ones will receive the report via a Eurovision exchange. We note that the ENERFISH dissemination efforts have lead some encouraging scientific/ technological developments:

The Biotechnology Department of the University of Nairobi, -triggered by ENERFISH-, bought Preseco’s ( multifunctional) biodiesel equipment to perform a study on the enzymatic valorization of protein and oil products from fish-waste through a biorefinery process. In this connection VTT (together with 17 partners, amongst which the UoN and the Indian TERI institute) started APROPOS under the FP7. Whether or not this biorefinery approach would be a solution for the Vietnamese (or more broadly S.E. Asian case) would be an interesting follow-up research subject.

The Moroccan cleaner production centre expressed interest in a further (feasibility) study for the ENERFISH project in the Moroccan situation. Unfortunately we could not (under ENERFISH) perform a feasibility study in Morocco, although such a wish was expressed.

The Energy Research and Development Institute of the University of Chiang Mai specializes on biodiesel and biogas applications from (animal) waste-streams. ERDI’s niche is the application of

ENERFISH Final Technical Report specialized (for tropical conditions)/cheap equipment, and a joint venture between western providers (specializing in automation) and ERDI might be an attractive possibility.

HT-Food would be more than interested to participate in a feasibility study examining the possibilities of the highly valuable extraction of protein components suitable for human consumption. The fact that aquaculture is common in the Mekong Delta makes fish meal a readily available source of protein, and its excellent nutrient and energy values complement those of other feedstuffs very well, provided that the fish meal has been properly processed. It is used for making pig and poultry feeds for farming. . However, fish cleaning wastes/ side-streams can be upgraded to protein for food purposes (FPC). Twelve grams, less than half an ounce, of FPC a day will supply the needed protein to a child. The FPC plant for which this feasibility study is intended (industrial partner HT-Food) processes 80 tons of raw fish-waste a day and could provide enough FPC for more than of a million children. 4.2.II. Dissemination/training According to the DoW and the dissemination plan, training sessions were planned in order to inform the fish industry (aquaculture, processing, capture, etc.) and fish organizations, in Europe and in Vietnam, about the technology of the Enerfish process. The training material was prepared in the form of a power point presentation. This communication media can be downloaded from the project website (www.enerfish.eu).

The content of the training is three-fold. The first part of the course is devoted to the presentation of the Enerfish project and the associated public policies. A general overview of the process is given so that the audience can understand the main features of such a plant. Attention is then focused on all material flows (by-products, additives, wastes), i.e. their physical properties and the markets. A description of a typical plant is provided together with the environmental impact assessment. In a second part, an overview of the value chain is put forward with the associated markets. Emphasis is put on the three main products, i.e. fish wastes, fish oil and biodiesel. The third part is dedicated to economics: CDM, feasibility, profitability analysis. An assessment method (profitability index) is presented to compute the profitability of different business models. Conclusions and recommendations are then given to the participants. At the end of the training, the audience should be able to make decisions in terms of public policies related to biodiesel production from fish wastes or investments in “Enerfish-like” projects.

A training session was organized in Vietnam, Can Tho on February 15 2012, during the final project meeting. The organization of training sessions was delayed as a consequence of the late commissioning of the plant (March 2012). The purpose of the presentation was to train the key staff members of the fish industry in Vietnam at exploitation and dissemination of the technology dealing with integrated “Enerfish-like”distributed polygeneration energy systems in the seafood sector.


(a)

(b)

Figure 4.2.I. 1 : training session in Vietnam, Can Tho, February 15, 2012. At the end of the training day, a certificate was given to each of the participants (the certificate was signed by the trainer, Eric Peirano from Technofi, and the project coordinator, Hidde Ronde from VTT). Most of the participants came from seafood companies, few from local authorities or public bodies. The presentation was held in English by Eric Peirano from Technofi assisted by Pham Thi Mai Thao from the Department of Environment and Sustainable Development (Faculty of Technology and Environment) at An Giang University, cf. picture (a) in Figure 1. Ms Thao translated into Vietnamese the speech of M. Peirano as most of the participants did not speak English: the course material had been translated into Vietnamese by Ms Thao, prior to the training session and handed in to the participants. Some of the participants did not attend the full day and left after midday because of professional reasons, cf. picture (b) in Figure III 1. Most of the participants showed a certain interest for the Enerfish project. The questions of the trainees were related to:

the economics of the project,

the quality of the biodiesel delivered by the process and the possible applications (energy production, transport, etc.).

Most of the discussions showed that there were potentially interested investors but they would wait for data and feedback from the HT Food company (fish farm where the Enerfish process has been installed) before making a decision. No specific questions on policies were formulated, either by public bodies or by local authorities. The main market for the Enerfish technology being in Southeast Asia, it was not regarded as useful to organize training sessions in Europe as the one performed in Vietnam (no interest was actually found in Europe at the time of advertisement of the training sessions, cf. D14). Nevertheless dissemination in Europe occurred on several occasions for industrial participants, using the same information as in the PowerPoint presentation used in the Vietnamese training session. These presentations did not catch the expected attention, mainly because of market reasons as explained in D11 (Market Study). Also dissemination took place at a number of conferences in Europe (see section A below). In addition a European Case study was performed (see immediately below)

ENERFISH Final Technical Report 4.2.III European Case Study:

The value chains, the species, the size of the vessels, the processing infrastructures, etc., of the different fish industries in the world are quite different. Therefore it will not be straightforward to replicate the demonstration poly-generation plant at any fish-processing site within the world, and more specifically with regard to this project, within the European Union. The Enerfish Market Study concluded: “…….under current market conditions, there is no obvious profitability for Enerfish-like processes or any business model derived from it. Enerfish-like processes are likely to remain technical solutions for niche markets where fish wastes are not valorised and/or where there is no organised supply of fuels. This might be the case of remote territories such as islands..”(D11,p53)

The Enerfish project incorporates a Work Package (WP6) led by NEF to coordinate and execute feasibility studies within three regions of the EU, namely UK/North Atlantic, Mediterranean and Nordic/Baltic. Building on the broad work undertaken in the EU Market Survey [D11], and noting its conclusions, and recommendations, the aim of these studies is to examine in more detail what conditions would need to prevail, and consequently, where it may be feasible for the Enerfish process to be developed and replicated.

A clear outcome of the research that applied to all three regions is that established large scale fish waste processing companies sell their fish waste products for high value fishmeal and fish oil production, and show no significant interest at the moment to divert this to the production of biodiesel. Furthermore, existing energy grids and fuel supply chains throughout mainland EU countries are predominantly fossil fuel dependant, and renewable resources such as biofuels currently play a minor role in energy production. However, with changes to EU and national Energy policy this role will expand, particularly in regards to the use of waste products for energy production. Where the situation differs is in relation to remote locations such as the Scottish Islands. Here research into Enerfish opportunities within the Shetland Islands concludes that there is clear potential to generate significant quantities of biodiesel in Shetland using waste from the fishing and aquaculture industries. The biodiesel produced has a range of potential applications – transport fuel, district heating fuel, onsite near-site or community CHP fuel. The researchers, Shetland Renewable Energy Forum, recommend that interested parties in Shetland should apply for a Zero Waste Scotland Map 001 Funding Application to pilot a small scale Enerfish type biodiesel production facility within Shetland. Grants to fund capital equipment costs are available €200,000 available towards project costs. In order to qualify for MAP funding from the Scottish Government the project must be complete and a final report delivered by 31st March 2013. Funding will not be available after this date. There is a strong likelihood of positive support for this equipment given the importance of Salmon Aquaculture to the Scottish economy, the increased competition this industry faces, especially from increased production from South America, etc. A fundamental requirement of the future project would be to determine the optimum biodiesel fuel blend useable in the Shetland Island Council’s road traffic vehicle fleet.


D13 - Feasibility Study (draft structure)

Specifics checklistGeographical backgroundClimateCoastalRiverRemotenessAccessa) Roadb) Railc) Sead) AirMarket proximityCommunity proximityGrid connectionElec prices

Fishing IndustrySeaAquacultureRiverTypes of fishAvailability of fishSupply issues

Waste - resource or costIncome from wastePay for disposalWaste routeRecycleEnergy recoveryDisposal

Biodiesel demandAvailability/ ProximityPrice

Other potential biodiesel feedstockFats/oilsSeaweed

Introduction

Background to Enerfish

Executive Summary

Case Study (UK) (Baltics) (Med)

Geographical BackgroundCountry

/Region

Fishing Industry BackgroundCountry

/Region

Diesel Demand BackgroundCountry

/Region

Case Study Specifics:Potential fish supply

LocationEnvironmental policy

Waste strategy - short/medium/long termsee checklist

Specific biodiesel demand On site use (either vehicle fuel, elec/heat generation)

Off site - for sale (road fuel)Storage

Transportation to market

Financial implicationsCapital costs

RevenueViability

Business Incentives - Funding/grantsCo-operative options

EUA credits

Technical outputs

3rd Party Renewable energy studies

identifying energy recovery from fish

waste? (if any)

CHP?

Conclusions

Waste Disposal Legislation, policy & Options

Best Practical Env Option (BPEO) (UK and EU?)Direct feed - Disposal at sea

Biodiesel Quality Protocol - waste or non waste (UK)Use of glycerol from biodiesel production - EA Guidance (UK)

Input from D10 EIA study; D11 Market Study;

D12 CDM potential

Sustainable energy policy/regulations

promoting biodiesel production/use

Community energy

opportunities?

ENERFISH Final Technical Report Section A (public)

TEMPLATE A1: LIST OF SCIENTIFIC (PEER REVIEWED) PUBLICATIONS, STARTING WITH THE MOST IMPORTANT ONES

NO. Title Main author

Title of the periodical or the series

Number, date or frequency Publisher Place of

publication Year of publication

Relevant pages

Permanent identifiers2 (if available)

Is/Will open access3 provided to this publication?

1 Integrated Renewable Energy Solutions for Aquaculture processing

Ronde Journal of Energy and Power Engineering

Based on 2011 ICUE conference paper (see below)

David Publishing Company

USA/Hongkong 2012 6 Journak of Energy and Power Engineering 7 (2013) 259-265

also uploaded on website

2 2 3

2 A permanent identifier should be a persistent link to the published version full text if open access or abstract if article is pay per view) or to the final manuscript accepted for publication (link to article in repository). 3 Open Access is defined as free of charge access for anyone via Internet. Please answer "yes" if the open access to the publication is already established and also if the embargo period for open access is not yet over but you intend to establish open access afterwards.


TEMPLATE A2: LIST OF DISSEMINATION ACTIVITIES

NO. Type of activities4 Main leader Title Date Place Type of audience5

Size of audience

Countries addressed

1 Conference VTT (Ronde)

European Biodiesel 2009

16/17 September 2009

Prague scientific / policy makers

60 Europe

2 Event Technofi Acqacoltura Med 2009

22/23 October 2009 Verona Industry 1000+ Europe/Global

3 Conference Technofi SET Plan 22 October 2009 Stockholm policy makers 100+ Europe 4 Conference NEF

(Byrne) Energy-from Biomass and waste

26/27 January 2010 London scientific/policymakers /industry

1000+ Europe


Aid and Trade Forum

February 2010 Hanoi policymakers/industry /scientific

10.000+ SE Asia/Global


PEA-AIT International Conference

June 2010 Chiang Mai

scienticif/industry/policy makers/media

10.00+ SE Asia


World Fuel Market exhibition and conference

22/25 March 2011 Rotterdam scientific/industry/policy makers/media

10.000+ Global

8 Conference TÜV (Schaeffer)

Waste to Energy and Recycling

May 2011 Bremen scientific / industry 100+ Germany

4 A drop down list allows choosing the dissemination activity: publications, conferences, workshops, web, press releases, flyers, articles published in the popular press, videos, media briefings, presentations, exhibitions, thesis, interviews, films, TV clips, posters, Other. 5 A drop down list allows choosing the type of public: Scientific Community (higher education, Research), Industry, Civil Society, Policy makers, Medias ('multiple choices' is possible.



ICUE 2011 International Conference

28/30 September 2011

Pattaya Scientific / industry 500+ SE Asia/

10 Conference VTT (Murtaza)

European Biodiesel 2011

June 2011 Rotterdam Scientific /policy makers/ industry

100+ Europe

11 Press Release VTT web 25 November 2008 Helsinki Global 12 Website: www.Enerfish.eu

Technofi

web 22 October 2009 Nice Global

13 Website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel NEF web Global 14 Euronews TV Documentary

http://www.euronews.net/2011/12/19/european-energy-from-fish-and-tea-bags/

Technofi TV /web Global

13

14


Section B (Confidential6 or public: confidential information to be marked clearly) Part B1

not applicable

TEMPLATE B1: LIST OF APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS, TRADEMARKS, REGISTERED DESIGNS, ETC.

Type of IP Rights7:

Confidential Click on YES/NO

Foreseen embargo date dd/mm/yyyy Application

reference(s) (e.g. EP123456)

Subject or title of application Applicant (s) (as on the application)

6 Note to be confused with the "EU CONFIDENTIAL" classification for some security research projects.

7 A drop down list allows choosing the type of IP rights: Patents, Trademarks, Registered designs, Utility models, Others.


Part B2 Please complete the table hereafter:

Type of Exploitable Foreground8

Description of exploitable foreground

Confidential Click on YES/NO

Foreseen embargo date dd/mm/yyyy

Exploitable product(s) or measure(s)

Sector(s) of application9

Timetable, commercial or any other use

Patents or other IPR exploitation (licences)

Owner & Other Beneficiary(s) involved

Commercial exploitation of R&D results

Enerfish system

no na Enerfish system (biodiesel,electricity)

Fishery/aquaculture/waste

from present n.a.

HT-Food Consortium Partners

19 A drop down list allows choosing the type of foreground: General advancement of knowledge, Commercial exploitation of R&D results, Exploitation of R&D results via standards, exploitation of results through EU policies, exploitation of results through (social) innovation. 9 A drop down list allows choosing the type sector (NACE nomenclature) : http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/index/nace_all.html


4.3 Report on societal implications Replies to the following questions will assist the Commission to obtain statistics and indicators on societal and socio-economic issues addressed by projects. The questions are arranged in a number of key themes. As well as producing certain statistics, the replies will also help identify those projects that have shown a real engagement with wider societal issues, and thereby identify interesting approaches to these issues and best practices. The replies for individual projects will not be made public.

A General Information (completed automatically when Grant Agreement number is entered.

Grant Agreement Number: 219008

Title of Project: Integrated Renewable Energy Solutions for Seafood Processing

Name and Title of Coordinator: Dr. Hidde Ronde, VTT Principal Scientist

B Ethics

1. Did your project undergo an Ethics Review (and/or Screening)? If Yes: have you described the progress of compliance with the relevant Ethics

Review/Screening Requirements in the frame of the periodic/final project reports? Special Reminder: the progress of compliance with the Ethics Review/Screening Requirements should be described in the Period/Final Project Reports under the Section 3.2.2 'Work Progress and Achievements'

No

2. Please indicate whether your project involved any of the following issues (tick box) :

RESEARCH ON HUMANS Did the project involve children? no Did the project involve patients? no Did the project involve persons not able to give consent? no Did the project involve adult healthy volunteers? no Did the project involve Human genetic material? no Did the project involve Human biological samples? no Did the project involve Human data collection? no

RESEARCH ON HUMAN EMBRYO/FOETUS Did the project involve Human Embryos? no Did the project involve Human Foetal Tissue / Cells? no Did the project involve Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs)? no Did the project on human Embryonic Stem Cells involve cells in culture? no Did the project on human Embryonic Stem Cells involve the derivation of cells from Embryos? no

PRIVACY Did the project involve processing of genetic information or personal data (eg. health, sexual

lifestyle, ethnicity, political opinion, religious or philosophical conviction)? no

Did the project involve tracking the location or observation of people? no RESEARCH ON ANIMALS

Did the project involve research on animals? no Were those animals transgenic small laboratory animals? no Were those animals transgenic farm animals? no


Were those animals cloned farm animals? no Were those animals non-human primates? no

RESEARCH INVOLVING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Did the project involve the use of local resources (genetic, animal, plant etc)? yes Was the project of benefit to local community (capacity building, access to healthcare, education

etc)? yes

DUAL USE Research having direct military use no Research having the potential for terrorist abuse no

C Workforce Statistics 3. Workforce statistics for the project: Please indicate in the table below the number of

people who worked on the project (on a headcount basis). Type of Position/working Number of Women Number of Men

Scientific Coordinator 1 Work package leaders 8 Experienced researchers (i.e. PhD holders) 3 13 PhD Students Other 29 61

4. How many additional researchers (in companies and universities) were recruited specifically for this project?

0

Of which, indicate the number of men:

0


D Gender Aspects 5. Did you carry out specific Gender Equality Actions under the project?

x

Yes No

6. Which of the following actions did you carry out and how effective were they? Not at all

effective Very

effective

Design and implement an equal opportunity policy Set targets to achieve a gender balance in the workforce Organise conferences and workshops on gender Actions to improve work-life balance Other: na

7. Was there a gender dimension associated with the research content – i.e. wherever people were the focus of the research as, for example, consumers, users, patients or in trials, was the issue of gender considered and addressed?

Yes- please specify

x No

E Synergies with Science Education

8. Did your project involve working with students and/or school pupils (e.g. open days, participation in science festivals and events, prizes/competitions or joint projects)?

Yes- please specify

x No

9. Did the project generate any science education material (e.g. kits, websites, explanatory booklets, DVDs)?

Yes- please specify

x No

F Interdisciplinarity

10. Which disciplines (see list below) are involved in your project? X Main discipline10: Energy Engineering

X Associated discipline10: Environmental Engineering

Associated discipline10:

G Engaging with Civil society and policy makers 11a Did your project engage with societal actors beyond the research

community? (if 'No', go to Question 14)

x Yes No

11b If yes, did you engage with citizens (citizens' panels / juries) or organised civil society (NGOs, patients' groups etc.)?

No

10 Insert number from list below (Frascati Manual).


Yes- in determining what research should be performed Yes - in implementing the research Yes, in communicating /disseminating / using the results of the project

11c In doing so, did your project involve actors whose role is mainly to organise the dialogue with citizens and organised civil society (e.g. professional mediator; communication company, science museums)?

X

Yes No

12. Did you engage with government / public bodies or policy makers (including international organisations)

No Yes- in framing the research agenda X Yes - in implementing the research agenda

Yes, in communicating /disseminating / using the results of the project

13a Will the project generate outputs (expertise or scientific advice) which could be used by policy makers?

X Yes – as a primary objective (please indicate areas below- multiple answers possible)

Yes – as a secondary objective (please indicate areas below - multiple answer possible) No

13b If Yes, in which fields?: Energy, Environment, Fisheries, Economic Development Agriculture Audiovisual and Media Budget Competition Consumers Culture Customs Development Economic and Monetary Affairs Education, Training, Youth Employment and Social Affairs

Energy Enlargement Enterprise Environment External Relations External Trade Fisheries and Maritime Affairs Food Safety Foreign and Security Policy Fraud Humanitarian aid

Human rights Information Society Institutional affairs Internal Market Justice, freedom and security Public Health Regional Policy Research and Innovation Space Taxation Transport


13c If Yes, at which level? X Local / regional levels

X National level

European level International level

H Use and dissemination

14. How many Articles were published/accepted for publication in peer-reviewed journals?

1

To how many of these is open access11 provided? 1

How many of these are published in open access journals? 1

How many of these are published in open repositories? 1

To how many of these is open access not provided?

Please check all applicable reasons for not providing open access: publisher's licensing agreement would not permit publishing in a repository no suitable repository available no suitable open access journal available no funds available to publish in an open access journal lack of time and resources lack of information on open access other12: ……………

15. How many new patent applications (‘priority filings’) have been made? ("Technologically unique": multiple applications for the same invention in different jurisdictions should be counted as just one application of grant).

0

16. Indicate how many of the following Intellectual Property Rights were applied for (give number in each box).

Trademark 0

Registered design 0

Other 0

17. How many spin-off companies were created / are planned as a direct result of the project?

0

Indicate the approximate number of additional jobs in these companies: 0

18. Please indicate whether your project has a potential impact on employment, in comparison with the situation before your project:

x Increase in employment, or x In small & medium-sized enterprises Safeguard employment, or x In large companies Decrease in employment, None of the above / not relevant to the project Difficult to estimate / not possible to quantify

11 Open Access is defined as free of charge access for anyone via Internet. 12 For instance: classification for security project.


19. For your project partnership please estimate the employment effect resulting directly from your participation in Full Time Equivalent (FTE = one person working fulltime for a year) jobs:

Difficult to estimate / not possible to quantify

Indicate figure: X

I Media and Communication to the general public

20. As part of the project, were any of the beneficiaries professionals in communication or media relations?

x Yes No

21. As part of the project, have any beneficiaries received professional media / communication training / advice to improve communication with the general public?

O Yes X No

22 Which of the following have been used to communicate information about your project to the general public, or have resulted from your project?

x Press Release x Coverage in specialist press x Media briefing x Coverage in general (non-specialist) press x TV coverage / report Coverage in national press Radio coverage / report Coverage in international press Brochures /posters / flyers x Website for the general public / internet xx DVD /Film /Multimedia x Event targeting general public (festival, conference,

exhibition, science café)

23 In which languages are the information products for the general public produced?

X Language of the coordinator x Finnish

X Other language(s) x English, French, German, Vietnamese

Question F-10: Classification of Scientific Disciplines according to the Frascati Manual 2002 (Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development, OECD 2002): FIELDS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1. NATURAL SCIENCES 1.1 Mathematics and computer sciences [mathematics and other allied fields: computer sciences and other

allied subjects (software development only; hardware development should be classified in the engineering fields)]

1.2 Physical sciences (astronomy and space sciences, physics and other allied subjects) 1.3 Chemical sciences (chemistry, other allied subjects) 1.4 Earth and related environmental sciences (geology, geophysics, mineralogy, physical geography and

other geosciences, meteorology and other atmospheric sciences including climatic research, oceanography, vulcanology, palaeoecology, other allied sciences)

1.5 Biological sciences (biology, botany, bacteriology, microbiology, zoology, entomology, genetics, biochemistry, biophysics, other allied sciences, excluding clinical and veterinary sciences)

ENERFISH Final Technical Report 2 ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2.1 Civil engineering (architecture engineering, building science and engineering, construction engineering,

municipal and structural engineering and other allied subjects) 2.2 Electrical engineering, electronics [electrical engineering, electronics, communication engineering and

systems, computer engineering (hardware only) and other allied subjects] 2.3. Other engineering sciences (such as chemical, aeronautical and space, mechanical, metallurgical and

materials engineering, and their specialised subdivisions; forest products; applied sciences such as geodesy, industrial chemistry, etc.; the science and technology of food production; specialised technologies of interdisciplinary fields, e.g. systems analysis, metallurgy, mining, textile technology and other applied subjects)

3. MEDICAL SCIENCES 3.1 Basic medicine (anatomy, cytology, physiology, genetics, pharmacy, pharmacology, toxicology,

immunology and immunohaematology, clinical chemistry, clinical microbiology, pathology) 3.2 Clinical medicine (anaesthesiology, paediatrics, obstetrics and gynaecology, internal medicine, surgery,

dentistry, neurology, psychiatry, radiology, therapeutics, otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology) 3.3 Health sciences (public health services, social medicine, hygiene, nursing, epidemiology) 4. AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 4.1 Agriculture, forestry, fisheries and allied sciences (agronomy, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry,

horticulture, other allied subjects) 4.2 Veterinary medicine 5. SOCIAL SCIENCES 5.1 Psychology 5.2 Economics 5.3 Educational sciences (education and training and other allied subjects) 5.4 Other social sciences [anthropology (social and cultural) and ethnology, demography, geography

(human, economic and social), town and country planning, management, law, linguistics, political sciences, sociology, organisation and methods, miscellaneous social sciences and interdisciplinary , methodological and historical S1T activities relating to subjects in this group. Physical anthropology, physical geography and psychophysiology should normally be classified with the natural sciences].

6. HUMANITIES 6.1 History (history, prehistory and history, together with auxiliary historical disciplines such as

archaeology, numismatics, palaeography, genealogy, etc.) 6.2 Languages and literature (ancient and modern) 6.3 Other humanities [philosophy (including the history of science and technology) arts, history of art, art

criticism, painting, sculpture, musicology, dramatic art excluding artistic "research" of any kind, religion, theology, other fields and subjects pertaining to the humanities, methodological, historical and other S1T activities relating to the subjects in this group]

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