Tim Krupnick, CIMMYT

Programme Report 2012Work Plan 2013

2012 Activities

• closing ‘global system’ project

• ramping up the CWR project

• initiating CRP Genebanks

Aegilops tauschii- hessian fly resistance

CIAT

9.28.0

6.1

4.1

2.5

19501975

20002025

2050

Likelihood (in percent) that the summer average temperature in 2090 will exceed the highest summer temperature ever observed (1900-2006).

Source: Battisti, D.S., and R.L. Naylor. 2009. Historical warnings of future food insecurity with unprecedented seasonal heat. Science, 323, 240-244.

Climate change

Source: Valls J F M (2010) What specific changes in the current way genebanks and breeders to business and interact will be necessary to increase use of Crop Wild Relatives? Presentation for ‘Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: The Need for Crop Wild Relatives’, Bellagio, 7-9 September 2010. Photo adapted from Tollefson J (2010) Nature 466: 554-556.

Threats to diversity

Arachis (peanut, groundnut) - wild species distributions

Current

2055

Source: Jarvis, A., Ferguson, M., Williams, D., Guarino, L., Jones, P., Stalker, H., Valls, J., Pittman, R., Simpson, C. & Bramel, P. 2003. Biogeography of Wild Arachis: Assessing Conservation Status and Setting Future Priorities. Crop Science 43, 1100-1108.

Impact of climate change on CWR

State of ex situ conservation

• over 1700 facilities

• holding 7.4m accessions

• some are ‘state of the art’

State of ex situ conservation

• some are in a poor state

Phillippine national genebank Typhoon Xangsane, 2006

Phillippine National Genebank Phillippine National Genebank Fire, 28 January 2012Fire, 28 January 2012

Rescue and safeguard important crop diversity

Ensure conservation and availability

in perpetuity

Global System

Duplication

Evaluation Information systems

Regeneration Conservation Research

Global System Project

• 22 crops

• 95,000 accessions

• 246 collections

• 86 institutes

• 77 countries

• 9 networks

Source: Direct communication between Trust and national partners

Accessions in National Institutes

Regeneration projects

Results of the regeneration

• 74,410 regenerated

• 3,675 put in vitro

• 12,255 not viable

Safety duplication

• 37,218 accessions

• 41 countries

• 12 not Treaty Party

• in process 10,000 accessions

The Svalbard Global Seed Vault

• holds 747,141 samples

• 558,000 Trust funded

• 25,000 samples this month

Status 2012

Transferring samples

• 6 shipments / 1105 accessions destroyed or returned

• many still in quarantine

Photos International Rice Research Institute (IRRI); Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice). 2009.

• 43 projects• 59 collections• 20 crops• 143 traits• 58 NARS• 8 CGIAR• 43 countries

Evaluation projects

Crop Country Results

Sweet potato

CIP & Argentina

20 varieties performed very well (32 tons per hectare) in sandy, saline soils. Developed a method for screening in vitro cultures for salinity tolerance.

Maize Brazil 5 genotypes with tolerance to drought. Populations with resistance to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot and rust.

Banana India 4 genotypes with drought tolerance

Wheat, chickpea

Pakistan 127 wheat accessions resistant to yellow rust and potentially 25 tolerant to drought. 5 chickpea accessions highly resistant to Aschochyta blight.

Sweet potato

PNG 32 accessions resistant to scab disease (Elsinoe batatas) and 7 with cold tolerance

Some results

Genesys

Internationalcollections

Eurisco USDA

National National

http://www.genesys-pgr.org/

Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives

Adapting Agriculture to

Climate Change

Musa acuminata- black sigatoga resistance

Manihot glaziovii- cassava mosaic

disease (CMD) resistance

Aegilops tauschii- hessian

fly resistance

Source: Okogbenin E (2010) The Use and Challenges of CWR in Breeding. Presentation for ‘Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: The Need for Crop Wild Relatives’, Bellagio, 7-9 September 2010.

Pest & disease resistance from CWR

CWR project: the crops

Species Common nameAvena sativa OatCajanus cajan PigeonpeaCicer arietinum ChickpeaDaucus carota CarrotEleusine coracana Finger milletHelianthus annuus SunflowerHordeum vulgare BarleyIpomoea batatas Sweet potatoLathyrus sativus Grass pea/Common chicklingLens culinaris LentilMalus domestica AppleMedicago sativa Alfalfa/LucerneMusa acuminata Cavendish bananaMusa balbisiana Guangdong plantain

Species Common nameOryza glaberrima African riceOryza sativa RicePennisetum glaucum Pearl milletPhaseolus lunatus Butter bean/Lima beanPhaseolus vulgaris Garden beanPisum sativum Garden peaSecale cereale RyeSolanum melongena Eggplant/AubergineSolanum tuberosum PotatoSorghum bicolor SorghumTriticum aestivum Bread wheatVicia faba Faba beanVicia sativa Common vetchVigna subterranea Bambara groundnutVigna unguiculata Cowpea

Research

Information

Prebreeding and Evaluation

Conservation

Collecting

Activities

Timeline

Research: gap analysis

Determine gaps Determine gaps in collectionsin collections

Model Model distributionsdistributions

Gather Gather taxonomic datataxonomic data

Gather Gather occurrence occurrence

datadata

Make collecting Make collecting recommendationsrecommendations

GeoreferencingGeoreferencing

Source: concept and images from Jarvis et al. 2009. Value of a Coordinate: geographic analysis of agricultural biodiversity. Presentation for Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG), November 2009.

Gap analysis: progress so far

• CWR inventory of 92 genera

• http://www.cwrdiversity.org/checklist/

• global dataset of CWR geographic distributions

• 4 million records from 76 sources, including 20 herbaria

• generation of maps under way

Gap analysis: man vs. machine

Gap analysis: publication

Collecting CWR: the road ahead

• collecting targets identified

• gap analysis results due end November

• discussions on collecting initiated with Myanmar, Mozambique, Israel, Azerbaijan

• collecting starts

Using CWR

Figure out what Figure out what diversity is diversity is

presentpresent

Pick the most Pick the most diversitydiversity

Cross, cross, Cross, cross, crosscross

Figure out if its Figure out if its goodgood

Make it availableMake it available

Using CWR: strategies and case studies

Group of experts on the use of potato CWRCIP, Lima February 2012

• expert consultations

• ‘CWR Genomics: a key to unlocking diversity’ in Dec. 2012

• case studies on sunflower and rice