PROFILE OF THE ARMY

A Reference Handbook

Prepared by the ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY under the auspices of the INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE

February 1989

This PROFILE OF THE ARMY is published by the Asso-

ciation of the United States Army to provide information

about the U.S. Army and its role in national security.

It is intended for briefing purposes and will also serve as

a quick and ready reference on Army missions, how the

Army is organized, where it is posted, who are its sol·

diers, and how it apportions its resources.

JACK N. MERRITT General, USA Ret Executive Vice President

ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY, INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE,

2425 WILSON BOULEVARD, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22201 (703) 841-4300

PROFILE OF THE ARMY

Table of Contents

Foreword ...................................... . Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

SECTION I- U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY STRUCTURE Constitutional Basis for the Armed Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Department of Defense ....................... . The Secretary of Defense ......................... .

2 3

The Joint Chiefs of Staff .......................... . 4 Unified and Specified Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The Military Departments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Summary- Section I ............................ . 7

SECTION II -THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Army Missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Chief of Staff, U.S. Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Headquarters, Department of the Army ............... 10 Components of the Army ........................... 11 Branches of the Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 General Structure of the Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Army Major Commands ............................ 14 Army Forces Overseas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Army Combat Organizations ........................ 16 Army Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Special Operations Forces ......................... 18

Active Army Combat Units ......................... 19 Major Reserve Component Combat Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 The Logistical Base ............................... 22 Partners in the Total Force ......................... 23

ii

SECTION Ill - OTHER MAJOR ARMY FUNCTION S Manning the Army ................................ 24 Recruiting and Retention ........................... 25 Active and Reserve Strength Figures ................. 26 Active Military End Strength (FY51-FY89) ............. 27 Training the Army ................................. 28 Equipping the Army ............................... 30 Modernization Priorities ........................... 31 Sustaining the Army .............................. 32

Force Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

SECTION IV - SPECIAL TOPIC S The Army Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Budget History ................................... 35 Budget Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 FY 1989 Budget Breakout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 FY 1989 Appropriations ............................ 38 What the Army Buys ............................... 39 The Army in Space ................................ 40 Space Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

The Strategic Army ............................... 42

SECTION V -APPENDICE S Appendix A: Officer & Enlisted Rank Insignia ......... 43 Appendix B: Major Army Installations (by

Congressional District) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Appendix C: Army Demographics ................... 47

-------- -- - �-------- ----��------ -- _j

' .

SECTION I

U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY STRUCTURE

' .

CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS FOR THE ARMED FORCES

From the Preamble to the Const itut ion: "We the people of the United States, in order to

form a more perfect union, establish j ustice, insure domest i c tranquility, provide for the

common defense .. . "

NOTE: "WE THE PEOPLE ... PROVIDE FOR THE COMMON DEFENSE"

H istor ical ly , our Army is even older than our nation, having been created on J une 14, 1 775

by the Second Continental Congress. Thus, the Army pre-dates the Declarat ion of I ndepen­

dence by more than a year and was in exi stence nearly 1 4 years when our government declared

the Un i ted States Constitution in effect.

The Const itut ion is very specif ic as to who raises and commands the Army.

THE CONSTITUTION

THE CONGRESS

Art ic le I , Section 8:

"The Congress shal l have power to .

provide for the common defense; to declare

war . . . to raise and support armies . . . to

make ru les for the government and regula­

t ion of the land and naval forces . . . "

THE PRESIDENT

Art ic le I I , Sect ion 2:

"The President shall be the Command­

er-i n-Ch ief of the Army and Navy of the

United States; and of the mil i t ia of the

several states, when cal led into the actual

service of the United States. "

·------··-----------·-------

CONGRESS

Exercises control by the enactment of legislation, including the appropriation of resources.

THE DE PARTMENT O F D E FENS E

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

THE EXECUTIVE

The President, as Commander­in-Chief, assures that final authority over the military rests with a civilian official.

advice NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL

Tit le I I of the Nat ional Secu rity Act of 1 947, as amended, provided for the estab l i shment of

a Department of Defense to be headed by a Secretary. In the words of the statute:

"there shal l be within the Department of Defense the Department of the Army, the

Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force, and each depart­

ment shal l on and after August 1 0, 1 949, be m i l itary departments i n l ieu of t hei r

prior status as Executive Departments." (5 U.S.C. 1 71 (b).)

The major subdivisions with in the Department of Defense are: t he Off i ce of t he Secretary

of Defense; the J oint Chiefs of Staff; the three mil itary departments and the mi litary services

withi n t hose departments; t he un i fied and s pecified commands; and such other agencies as

the Secretary establ ishes to meet specif ic requ i rements.

2

THE SECRETARY O F D EFENSE

As t he princ i pal assistant to the President in al l matters relat ing to the Department of

Defense, the Secretary, subj ect to the direction of the President and the provi sions of the

statute, "has . . . d i rection, authority, and control" over the Department of Defense.

SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

DEPUTY SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

OFFICE OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITARY SECRETARY OF DEFENSE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF DEPARTMENTS

DEPUTY AND CHAIRMAN, JOINT CHIEFS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE UNDER OF STAFF

SECRETARIES SECRETARY OF THE ARMY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE VICE CHAIRMAN

ASSISTANT CHIEF OF STAFF, ARMY UNDER UNDER UNDER

CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS SECRETARY CfliEF SECRETARY CfliEF COMMANDANT SECRETARY SECRETARIES CHIEF OF STAFF, AIR FORCE AND OF AND OF OF AND

COMMANDANT, MARINE CORPS ASSISTANT STAFF ASSISTANT NAVAL MARINE ASSISTANT

SECRETARIES ARMY SECRETARIES OPERATIONS CORPS SECRETARIES

DEFENSE OF THE OF THE OF THE

AGENCIES ARMY NAVY AIR FORCE

THE OFFIC E OF THE SECRETARY O F D E FENS E

The Office of t he Secretary of Defense, primari ly a civi l ian staff but conta in ing m i l i tary

personnel as wel l , i s designed to advise and assist the Secretary i n the overall operat ion of the

Department. The Secretary is assisted by a Deputy Secretary and an Under Secretary of

Defense for Pol i cy and one for Acquisition. I n addit ion t here are 1 2 Assistant Secretaries of

Defense and 1 3 Defense Agency Directors.

3

-

CfliEF

OF

STAFF

AIR FORCE

-------------------·-------------------------------�------·-----------

r-- --' I

...

I

--- - ----

T H E JOINT CHIEFS O F STAFF

By statute t he principal m i l itary advisors t o the President, t he National Security Counci l ,

and t h e Secretary of Defense are the Joint Chiefs of Staff, consist ing of the Chai rman-who

outranks al l other off icers of the Armed Forces whi le hold ing office-the Ch ief of Staff of the

Army; the Ch ief of Naval Operat ions; the Chief of Staff of the A i r Force; and the Commandant

of the Marine Corps.

The Jo int Ch iefs of Staff, subject to the authority and d i rection of the President and the

Secretary of Defense, are assigned (among others) the funct ions of:

( 1 ) prepari ng strategic plans and provid ing for the strategic d i rect ion of the Armed forces;

(2) establ ish ing un i f ied commands i n strategic areas.

I I I

SECRETARY OF

DEFENSE

,.--------l--------� I CHAIRMAN JCS I : (WHEN DIRECTED) : L ..I ----------------

SPECIFIED COMMANDS

I I STRATEGIC FORCES AIR COMMAND COMMAND

UNIFIED COMMANDS

I I I I SPECIAL EUROPEAN PACIFIC ATLANTIC SOUTHERN CENTRAL OPERATIONS TRANSPORTATION

COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND

4

.)

I SPACE

COMMAND

UNIFIE D AND SPECIFIED COMMANDS

The Armed Forces of the United States are organized for the performance of m i l i tary m is­

s ions i nto combatant commands made up of forces from the various m i l itary departments

u nder the operat ional command of u nified or s pecified commanders. A u nified command is

composed of s ignif icant assigned components of two or more Services. A specified command

is usual ly composed of forces from one Service, but may incl ude un i ts and have representa­

t ion f rom other Services.

ORGAN IZATION AND MISSIONS

Unif ied and specified commands are assigned broad cont i nuing missions. These com­

mands are establ ished, designated, and the force structure determined by t he President,

through the Secretary of Defense with the advice and assi stance of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

CHAIN OF COMMAND

The commanders of un if ied and specif ied commands are responsib le to the President and

t he Secretary of Defense. Hence, the chai n of command runs from the President to the

Secretary of Defense, to these commanders. The Chai rman of the Joint Ch iefs of Staff may

issue orders to these commanders by authority and di rect ion of the Secretary of Defense.

SUPPORT BY MILITARY DEPARTMENTS

Once the force structure of the various un if ied and specif ied commands has been deter­

m i ned, each m i l i tary department is responsib le for furnish ing its allotted port ion, and remains

responsible for the administration of t hese forces. The responsib i l ity for support of forces

assigned to combatant commands is vested i n one or more of the m i l itary departments, as

d i rected by the Secretary of Defense. No change w i l l be made i n the combat un i ts assigned to

un i fied and specified commands, except with the approval of the Secretary of Defense.

5

--------

THE MILITARY D EPARTMENTS

The m i l i tary departments (Army, Navy, and A i r Force) were retained by law after the

establishment of the Department of Defense. Each mi l i tary department operates under its

civil ian Secretary who, in turn, is responsi ble to the Secretary of Defense.

Each of t he mi l itary departments is assigned specific functions i n support of the overall

responsibi l ity of the Department of Defense. These functions i nclude organizing, trai n ing, and

equ ipping forces (to i nclude Reserve Component forces) for the conduct of prompt and sus­

tai ned operations, providing the requi red forces for assignment to the establ ished combatant

commands, provid ing necessary admin istrative and logistical support, conduct ing research

and development, procu ring needed weapons and equ ipment, and developi ng tactics and

techniques - all related to thei r respective pri mary envi ronment. I n addit ion, certain depart­

ments are ass i gned respons ib i l i t ies for special act iv it ies such as, for the Department of t he

Army, civil works programs.

THE SECRETARY O F THE ARMY

Congress has provided for a Secretary of t he Army, under T i t le 10 USC, Sect ions 301 0 and

3012, which state:

Sect ion 301 0 : "The Department of the Army is separately organized under

the Secretary of the Army. It operates under the authority

and d i rect ion of the Secretary of Defense."

Sect ion 3012 : "The Secretary is responsible and has the necessary author­

ity to conduct a l l affairs of the Department of the Army,

i ncluding .. .

(1) Functions necessary or appropriate for the t rain i ng,

operat ions , ad m i n i st rat i o n , log is t ical support and

mai ntenance, welfare, preparedness and effect iveness of

t he Army, i ncluding research and development . . . "

6

IN OTHER WORDS . . .

• CONGRESS RAISES AND SUSTAINS THE ARMED FORCES.

• THE PRESIDENT IS THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.

• THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE COMMANDS THE DEPARTMENT OF

DEFENSE.

• THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE COMMANDS THE UNIFIED AND SPECIFIED

COMMANDERS OF THE OPERATIONAL FORCES.

• THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY COMMANDS THE DEPARTMENT OF THE

ARMY.

• THE ARMY EXECUTES THE WILL OF THE CONGRESS OR THE STATUTORY

MISSIONS BY RAISING, PROVISIONING, SUSTAINING, MAINTAINING

AND TRAINING THE ARMY.

• ARMY FORCES ARE PROVIDED TO THE COMMANDERS OF UNIFIED

COMMANDS FOR OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES.

7

' .

SECTION I I

THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

. ..

ARMY MISSIONS

Congress has provided the Army with organizational m issions i n Tit le 1 0 USC, Sec. 3062.

That sect ion states, i n part:

(The army) "Shall be organized, t rai ned and equi pped primari ly for prompt and sustai ned

combat i ncident to operat ions on land . . . (and) . . . is responsible for the preparat ion of land

forces necessary for the effective prosecution of war, except as assigned and i n accordance

with i ntegrated mobi l izat ion plans, for the expansion of the peace-t ime components of the

Army to meet the needs of war."

The strategic missions of the Army, as enunciated in the 1 988 posture statement by the

Secretary of the Army and the Chief of Staff are to:

• Deter and, if necessary, defeat a Warsaw Pact attack on NATO and mai ntain i ts terri-

torial i ntegrity and security.

• Deny Soviet control of the Persian Gulf and associated o i l resources.

• Defend vital U.S. i nterests in the Pacif ic . • Su pport al l ies in Asia, Lat in America and Africa.

• Mai ntai n a strategic reserve capable of countering threats in the western hemisphere.

• Respond to other threats to U.S. i nterests anywhere in the world.

8

CHIEF O F STAFF U.S. ARMY

Congress has also provided, i n USC Tit le 10, Sec. 3034, for a Ch ief of Staff of t he Army.

Sec. 3034 States " . . . the Chief of Staff shal l -

( 1 ) Preside over the Army staff.

(2) Send plans and recommendations of the Army staff to the Secretary and advise with

regard thereto.

(3) After approval of the plans or recommendations of the Army staff by the Secretary, act

as the Agent of the Secretary i n carrying them i nto effect.

(4) Exercise supervis ion over such of the members and organizat ions of the Army as the

Secretary of the Army determines. Such su pervi sion shal l be exercised in a manner

consistent with the fu l l operational command vested in un if ied or specified com­

manders under Section 124 of th is t i t le ... "

9

ASST SECRETARY

OF THE ARMY CIVIL WORKS

I THE

INSPECTOR GENERAL

HEADQUARTERS, DE PARTMENT O F THE ARMY

THE ARMY SECRETARIAT ORGANIZATION

SECRETARY

ARMY RESERVE Of THE ADMIN

FORCES ARMY ASSISTANT

POLICY COMMITTEE

DEPUTY UNDER UNDER

SECRETARY � SECRETARY OF THE ARMY Of THE ARMY

(OR)

ASST ASST ASST ASST

SECRETARY SECRETARY SECRETARY SECRETARY

Of THE ARMY Of THE ARMY OF THE ARMY Of THE ARMY

INSTALLATIONS MANPOWER & RESEARCH FINANCIAL & RESERVE DEVELOPMENT

MANAGEMENT LOGISTICS AffAIRS ACQUISITION

CHIEF CHIEF AUDITOR OF LEGISLATIVE OF GENERAL LIAISON PUBLIC AFFAIRS

GENERAL COUNSEL

I

DIRECTOR INFO SYSTEMS

I DIRECTOR SMALL &

DISADVANTAGED BUSINESS

UTILIZATION

DEPUTY CHIEF OF

STAFF PERSONNEL

CHIEF OF

CHAPLAINS

THE JUDGE

ADVOCATE

GENERAL

10

THE ARMY STAFF CHIEF

OF

STAFF

VICE CHIEF

OF

STAFF

DIRECTOR OF

THE ARMY STAFF

DEPUTY CHIEF OF

STAFF INTELLIGENCE

DEPUTY CHIEF OF

STAFF OPERATIONS

AND PLANS

DEPUTY CHIEF OF

STAFF LOGISTICS

CHIEF OF

ENGINEERS

THE SURGEON

GENERAL

CHIEF, NATIONAL

GUARD BUREAU CHIEF, ARMY

RESERVE

------........----

COMPONENTS O F THE ARMY

YOUR ARMY is a composite of commands, components, branches, and i ndividual

members, organized, trai ned and equi pped for combat incident to operat ions on land.

Today's Army is organized as a TOTAL FORCE-an i ntegrated, cohesive melding of

Regular Army, National Guard and Army Reserve sold iers and c iv i l ian employees.

• The Army i s organized to reflect a balanced effort to meet t he entire range of our

defense needs and to be capable of sustained operat ions.

• This process has resulted in an organizat ion i n which 18 Active and 1 0 Reserve

Component d ivisions are the key elements.

• • The Active div is ions represent the min imum essent ial to su pport forward deploy­

ments and provide forces for rapid deployment worldwide.

• • Reserve Component divisions provide forces to "round out" active divisions and

provide rei nforcement units to sustai n combat unt i l total mobil izat ion can provide

addi t ional forces.

• • The Reserve Components also provide 52 percent of the Army's combat forces,

i nclud ing the 1 0 National Guard D ivi sions and a number of separate brigades and

caval ry regi ments, as well as 65 percent of our su pport forces.

• AS ADDITIONAL M ISSIONS HAVE BEEN TRANSFERRED FROM TH E ACTIVE ARMY

TO TH E NATIONAL GUARD AND ARMY RESERVE, ACTIVE AND RESERVE COM­

PON ENTS HAVE BECOM E I N EXTRICABLY LI N KED. THIS I NCREASING RELIANCE ON

THE NATIONAL GUARD AND ARMY RES ERVE FOR EARLY-DEPLOYING COM BAT

AND SUPPORT FORCES M EANS THAT A PRESIDENTIAL DECISION TO FEDERALIZE

SELECTED NATIONAL GUARD AND CALL UP SELECTED RESERVE UN ITS M UST BE

MADE M UCH EARLI ER I N THE CRISIS DEVELOPMENT STAGE THAN EVER BEFORE.

11

BRANCHES O F THE ARMY

During the American Revolut ion when the Army was smal l and warfare s i mple , there were

only a few branches:

Infantry Medical

Art i l lery Engi neer

Quartermaster Inspector General

As warfare became more com pi icated, more branches were added, unti I today a total of 24

basic and detai l branches are requi red. These are out l i ned below:

Combat and Combat Support

Infantry

Armor

Fie ld Art i l lery

A i r Defense

Special Forces

Engi neer*

Chemical *

M i l i tary Intel l igence

M i l itary Police*

Signal *

Aviat ion*

* Some branches serve more than one

funct ional group.

Combat Service Support

Adjutant General

Medical Department * (Incl udes five

separate branches: Medical, Med ical

Service, Army Nurse Corps, Dental

and Veterinary)

Chaplain

Fi nance

J udge Advocate

Ordnance

Quartermaster

Transportat ion

Inspector General

A l l the people in the Army are assigned to-and trained or schooled in-one of the

branches according to the functions they wou ld perform in combat or in su pport of the combat

units. The branches of the Army are grouped as to whether the ir pr imary mission i s ( 1 ) to f ight

or d i rect ly support the f ight ing elements, or (2) to provide comba"t service su pport or admin­

istrat ion to the Army as a whole.

12

----·- ·--�-------· _.., -.., -- -

G ENERAL STRUCTURE O F THE ARMY

Accord i ng to Tit le 10, USC:

The Department of t he Army and its Major Commands are "responsi ble for the traini ng,

operat i ons, adm i nistrat ion, logistical support and maintenance, welfare, preparedness and

effect iveness of the Army, i ncluding research and development. . . "

These responsib i l i t ies are to be "exercised i n a manner consistent with the fu l l opera­

tional command vested i n Uni f ied or Specified Commanders . . . "

THE CONTINENTAL UNITE D STATES

The Army estab l i shment i n the continental Un ited States com prises the u nits, faci l i t ies

and activ it ies of the Department of t he Army which provide support to sustain Army forces

deployed overseas as wel l as providing forces for separate conti ngency requirements. The

Active Army i n the United States constitutes the base from which th is su pport is derived­

suppl ies and services, t rained manpower and units , and modern equi pment. The forces in th is

base, in addit ion to being the source of support for Army forces deployed worldwide,

partici pate with the other m i l itary services in ground, sea, air, and civil defense of the

conti nental United States. Under mobi l izat ion, the base is i ncreased as Army Reserve and

Army National Guard are brought i nto act ive Federal service.

(NOTE: A detailed description of where Army personnel are stationed in the Continental U.S. can be found at Appendix C.)

13

FORCES COMMAND

ARMY MAJOR COMMANDS

Command of the conti nental United States Army elements is exercised by t he Secretary

of the Army through t he Army Chief of Staff, through t he commanders of 1 1 major Army

commands. There are also a variety of specia l ized organizat ions t hat are managed by the Army

Staff princi pals.

I TRAINING & DOCTRINE COMMAND

ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND

SECRETARY OF THE ARMY

I CHIEF OF STAFF

I INFORMATION

SYSTEMS COMMAND

I CORPS OF

ENGINEERS

I MILITARY

TRAFFIC MGT COMMAND

FORT McPHERSON, GA FORT MONROE, VA ALEXANDRIA, VA FORT HUACHUCA, AZ WASHINGTON, DC WASHINGTON, DC

I I I I I I I

US ARMY r------1. _____ 1

CRIMINAL HEALTH INTELLIGENCE MILITARY I OVER SEAS I STRATEGIC I I

INVESTIGATION SERVICES & SECURITY DISTRICT OF I COMM ANDS I DEFENSE I I

COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND WASHINGTON : (see pa ge 15) � COMMAND L-----_____ _.

FALLS CHURCH, VA FORT SAM HOUSTON, TX ARLINGTON, VA FORT McNAIR, DC ARLINGTON, VA

14

ARMY FORC ES OVERSEAS

Army overseas commands consi st primarily of major Army forces assigned as the combat

elements of United States unif ied commands. As such the Army component comes under the

operat i onal control of the commander-in-chief of one of f ive unified commands wh ich, in turn,

report to the Secretary of Defense-usually through the Chai rman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

The five major Army overseas commands and the unified command to which assigned are:

ARMY MAJOR COMMAND UNIFIED COMMAND

... PROVIDES ARMY COMPONENT OF ... United States Army, Eu rope

Eighth United States Army

United States Army Japan

United States Army Western Command

United States Army South

United States Eu ropean Command

United States Forces Korea

United States Forces J apan

United States Pacif ic Command

United States Southern Command

Additi onal ly, Army personnel are present ly serving in the fol lowing overseas commands:

United Nations Command, 1 8 NATO Commands, Security Assistance Organizati ons in 45

foreign nations, 86 Defense attache off ices, and various other offices stemming from treat ies

and executive agreements with individual nations or blocs.

15

ARMY COMBAT ORGANIZATIONS

Army organizat ions are inherently bui l t around people and the tasks t hey must perform.

Major combat organ izat ions are com posed of smal ler groups of forces as shown here.

SQUAD

• Leader is a non­

commissioned officer

• Smallest unit in Army

organization

• Size varies depending on

type:

Infantry (9 men)

Armor (4 men)

Engineer (10 men)

• Normally 4 squads make

up a platoon

PLATOON

• Leader is usually a

lieutenant

• Size varies -

Infantry; 4 squads

@ 40 men

Armor; 4 tanks, 16 men

• 3 or 4 platoons make a

company

BRIGADE

• Normally commands the tactical operations of two to five

combat battalions

• Commanded by a colonel

• May be employed on independent or semi-independent

operations

• Combat, combat support or combat service support elements

may be attached to perform specific missions

16

COMPANY

• Commander is a captain

• Usually 150-220 men

• Artillery unit of this size is

called battery

• Armor or Air Cavalry is

called a troop

• Basic tactical element of

the maneuver battalion

BATTALION

• Normally five companies,

commanded by lieutenant

colonel

• Tactically and adminis­

tratively self sufficient

• Armor and Air Cavalry

equivalents called

squadrons

• Maneuver battalions make

up brigades

DIVISION

• Normally three combat brigades

• Commanded by major general

• Fully structured division has own brigade-size artillery,

aviation, combat support and service elements

(See following page.)

----------:-� -�------- -.- -- -- - c - - - ---_ 't� ,�...., -·-- --·

ARMY DIVISIONS

The Army's pri nc ipal maneuver units are divisions. Divis ions are backed up by non­

divisi onal combat and combat support elements bringing the strength of a divis ion "slice" to

approximately 48,000 soldiers.

In the active Army t here are 1 8 divisions, four forward deployed in Europe, one in Korea,

one i n Hawai i , and 1 2 in the Conti nental Un i ted States. The remai n ing 1 0 divis ions i n t he total

Army are National Guard divis ions.

The 28 divis ion force-active and Nat ional Guard-is composed of the fo l l owing types

and numbers:

8 Infant ry Divis ions (Mechanized)

6 Armored Divis ions 5 Infantry D ivisions (Light)

5 I nfant ry D iv is ions (Nat'l Guard)

1 Prototype I nfantry Divi sion

1 Infantry Division (Motorized)

1 Ai rborne Division

1 Air Assau l t Divi sion

1 7

(1 st, 3d, 4th, 5th, 8th, 24th , 35th , 40th) (1 st, 2d, 3d, 49th, 50th, 1 st Caval ry)

(6th , 7th, 1 0th Mountain, 25th, 29th)

(26th, 28th, 38th , 42d, 47th)

(2d)

(9th)

(82d)

(1 01 st Ai rborne)

SPEC IAL O PERATIONS FORC ES

The U.S. Army Special Operations Forces are an integral part of the total defense

capability of our nation. They provide versatile mi litary capabi lit ies essent ial not only in the

unconventional or terrorist arenas but are effective in performing s pecial m i ssions across a

wide range of conflict situations.

Special Forces, Rangers, Special Operations Aviat ion, Civil Affai rs, and Psychological

Operations units comprise the Army's Special Operations Forces (SOF). The Army's lead

headquarters for s pecial operations is t he 1 st Special Operations Command at Fort Bragg,

North Carolina-the Army component of the new, joint-service U.S. Special Operations

Command headquartered at MacDi l l AFB, Florida.

The units of the 1 st Special Operations Command are:

SPECIAL 1ST SF GRP OPERATIONS FT LEWIS, WA

FORCES

20TH SF GRP

BIRMINGHAM, AL

CIVIL AFFAIRS 351ST CA CMD

CA CMOS/BDES

364TH CA BDE

DR

PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS 20 GRP

GROUPS OH

5TH SF GRP

FT CAMPBELL, KY

75TH RGR RGT

FT BENNING, GA

352D CA CMD

MD

96TH CA BN

FT BRAGG, NC

4TH GRP

FT BRAGG, NC

7TH SF GRP

FT BRAGG, NC

160TH SO AVN GRP

FT CAMPBELL, KY

353D CA CMD

NY

5TH GRP

DC

1 8

lOTH SF GRP

FT DEVENS, MA

354TH CA BDE

MD

7TH GRP

CA

11TH SF GRP 12TH SF GRP 19TH SF GRP FT MEADE, MD ARLINGTON, IL SALT LAKE CITY, UT

358TH CA BDE 360TH CA CMD 361ST CA BDE PA sc FL

�------=--------- ---- ----� ' -�---�� ... �-.-- ----:::::-.

ACTIVE ARMY COMBAT UNITS FEDERAL REPUBLIC

OF GERMANY

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

HAWAII � .:1 25th INF DIV

'fo D

FORT WAINWRIGHT

6TH INF DIV (LT)

FORT ORO

7TH INF DIV (LT)

FORT IRWIN

177TH ARMD BDE

FORT BLISS

30 ARMD CAV REGT

1ST CAV DIV 20 ARMD DIV

6TH AIR CAV BDE

19

FORT RILEY

1ST INF DIV (MECH)

J-� f. J BDE Zd N)MD DIV ) R r

BERLI� BDE

Jd A�MD 21V• •11th ARMD CAV REGT 8th ME H DIV • '3d MECH DIV

FORT CAMPBELL

\ •Zd ARMD CAV REGT

• •1st ARMO DIV BDE 1st MECH DIV

101 ST ABN DIV (AASLT) 5TH SP FORCES GP

FORT DRUM

10TH INF DIV (LT)

FORT DEVENS

10TH SP FORCES GP

FORT KNOX

194TH ARM D BDE

FORT BRAGG

820 ABN DIV 7TH SP FORCES GP

FORT STEWART

24TH INF DIV (MECH)

FORT BENNING

75TH RANGER REGT 197TH INF BDE

MAJOR RESERVE COMPONENT COMBAT UNITS

H EAD- H EAD-ARMY NATIONAL GUARD QUARTERS ARMY RESERVE QUARTERS

26th I nfantry Division MA 1 1 th Special Forces G roup M D 28th I nfantry Division PA 1 2th Special Forces G roup IL 29th Infantry Div is ion (Light) VA 1 57th Infantry Brigade PA 35th Infantry Div is ion (Mech) KS 1 87th Infantry Brigade MA 38th Infantry Div is ion I N 428th Field Art i l lery Brigade I N

40th I nfantry Division (Mech) CA 434th Field Artil l ery Brigade I L

42d I nfantry Division NY 479th Field Art i l lery Brigade PA

47th Infantry Div is ion MN

49th Armored Division TX

50th Armored Division NJ

In addit ion, there are five Army National Guard Brigades and one Army Reserve Brigade

which are assigned to active Army divisions as "ROUN DOUT" brigades. Upon mobil ization,

these Reserve Component units would comprise the t h i rd maneuver brigade of t heir respec­

t ive active Army divis ions. They are:

NATIONAL GUARD U NIT

27th Infantry Brigade

48th Infantry Brigade

81 st Infantry Brigade

1 55th Armored Brigade

256th Infantry Brigade

U.S. ARMY RESERVE UNIT

205th Infantry Brigade

20

STATE

NY

GA

WA

MS

LA

M N

ACTIVE DIVISION

1 0t h Mountain Div.

24th I nfantry Div.

9th Motorized Div.

1 st Caval ry Div.

5th I nfantry Div.

6th Infantry Div.

- · - - - - - - - - --- - ----- --�·�-�-- -

Addit ional ly, there are 1 8 Army National

Guard Field Art i l lery Brigades, 1 1 separate

Infantry Brigades, fou r Armored Cavalry Regi­

ments, two separate Armor Brigades, two

Special Forces G roups, two Air Defense Ar­

t i l l ery Brigades, one Aviation Brigade and one

separate Infantry G roup (Alaskan Scouts).

These combat units are located throughout

the United States, incl uding Alaska, Hawaii

and Puerto R ico.

21

Other major Army Reserve units assigned

an early deployment role in the Total Army

i nclude five Civi l Affairs Brigades , th ree Med­

ical Brigades, three M i l itary Pol i ce Brigades,

two Engi neer and two Transportation Bri­

gades, and one Signal Command which is

comparable to a brigade.

LOGISTICAL BASE

• The operational and tactical su pport forces are, i n turn, supported and sustained by a

substantial logisti cal base i n the United States.

• • Comprised i n a large measure by civ i l ians.

• • Provides for normal supply and mai ntenance duri ng peacetime operat ions.

• • Expanded support during wart ime.

• • Provides cont inued research and development to modernize the .Army, and develops the

weapons and equi pment necessary to mai ntai n operat ional capability.

22

PARTNERS IN THE TOTAL FORC E

ACTIVE COMPONENT (AC) AND RESERVE COMPONENT (RC) CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TOTAL ARMY.

DEPLOYING FORCES

COMBAT FORCES

30°/o

48°/o

KEY = RESERVES = ACTIVE

23

53o/o

38°/o

62°/o

TOTAL PEACETIME STRUCTURE

CMB SPT/CBT SERVICE SPT

FORCES

SECTION Ill

OTHER MAJOR ARMY FUNCTIONS

• Manning

• Training

• Equipping

• Sustaining

MAN N ING THE ARMY The abi l i ty of the Army to perform its role is d irectly dependent upon the qual ity of its

people. The challenge of manning i ncludes recruit ing and retaining talented, motivated

soldiers and c iv i l ians in t he Total Army: Active, Guard and Reserve.

The key is in recruiting and retaining these people.

• RECRUITING. The recruit ing challenge for m i l itary personnel is to attract increased

numbers of ski l l ed vol unteers to man sophist icated modern weaponry. To do th is the Army

must, among other th ings, reach the needs of col lege-bound youth by maintain ing compre­

hensive incent ive packages such as en l istment bonuses, the G. l . B i l l and the Army Col lege

Fund. Proof of the effectiveness of t hese programs can be found i n the fact t hat 1 988 marked

the f i fth straight year in which more than 90 percent of the Active Army's new recruits were

h igh school di ploma graduates. New en l i stees scoring in the top three mental test categories

( I - I I lA) of the Armed Forces Qual i f ication Test increased to 70 percent, wh i le those scoring in

the l owest al l owable category (IV) fol lowed an eight-year downward trend from 52 percent in 1 980

to four percent in 1 988. These same healthy trends are present in the Reserve Components.

• RETENTION. How to keep and i mprove its competent career force is the Army's

retent i on requi rement. Soldiers and their fami ly members must be convinced that thei r

compensation and qual ity of l i fe-now and i n the future-will meet t he ir needs before they are

w i l l ing to commit to a·

career in the Army. In the past several years, the Army has been

successful in retain ing suffic ient numbers of h igh qual ity soldiers, with technical ski l l s and

leaders h i p potent ial. To cont i nue on that track, the Army must be provided adequate

incentives which attract, provide chal lenging training and work, and support a qual i ty of l i fe

comparable to civi l i an standards.

• Whi le the track record over the past five years is i mpressive, it is a s l i ppery slope.

Qual ity can s l ide away if incentives are removed. In the f inal analysis , the Army needs to be an

organization of which people are proud to be a part, and taxpayer-c i t izens must assure our

soldiers and the i r fam i l ies a reasonable standard of l iv ing and qual ity of l ife comparable to

what they could expect in a civi l ian environment.

Some signif icant stat istics on recruit ing and retention follow:

24

---------

RECRUITING AND RETENTION

RECRUITING

ACTIVE ARMY PARTICIPATION IN THE MONTGOMERY G.l . BILL

JULY 85 ·SEPTEMBER 88

TOTAL EN ROLLED 292,043

TOTAL ELIGIBLE 351 ,935

25

(000) 30

RETENTION

ACTIVE ARMY REENLISTMENT FOR FY 1 988

20800 30415

OBJECTIVE

ACHIEVED

18601 . '

j

24656

1:j3%

INITIAL TERM MID-CAREER CAREER

MOST IMPORTANT REASONS FOR STAYING IN THE ARMY

RETIREMENT BENEFITS 24%

PAY 4%

OVERSEAS ASSIGNMENT 4%

REENLISTMENT BONUS 4%

ASSIGNMENT CHOICE 7% MEDICAL CARE 7%

STRENGTH FIGURES ACTIVE AND RES E RVE COMPONENTS

ACTIVE

• FY 89 Strength Authorizat ion 772,000 Soldiers

• 1 1 5,385 F i rst Term En l istment(s) i n FY 88

• 93,580 Reen l istments in FY 88

• 1 8 Div is ions

• Over 1 /3 of Active component stationed overseas

26

RESERVE

• FY 89 Strength Authorization 783,300 (457,300 Nat ional G uard and

326,000 Army Reserve)

• 292,600 Personnel assigned full t i me to selected Reserve Units

• 1 0 Nat ional Guard Divis ions

• 52 percent of Combat Force 65 percent of Combat and Combat

Service Support

ACTIVE M I LITARY END STRENGTH

1.6 FY 1951-1989

1.5

1.4

1.3

(/) 1.2 z

0 1.1 ::::i ....J .1 � z 0.9

I 0.8 1-C) 0.7 z w 0.6 a: 1- 0.5 (/) 0 0.4 z w 0.3

0.2

0.1

0

1 950 1955 1960 1 965 1 970 1 975 1980 1985 1990

FISCAL YEAR

Navy includes Marine Corps.

• Present army active end strength at 772,000 is the lowest since pre-Korea. • Army active military end strength has been relatively constant since FY 1972. • Active Army is now smaller than active Navy (including Marine Corps).

27

TRAINING THE ARMY

"In no other profession are the penalties for employing untrained personnel so appalling or so irrevocable as in the military." Annual Report (1 933) of the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, Gen.

Douglas MacArthur.

The fi rst priority of every commander at every level i n the U.S. Army is train ing . Train ing is

the cornerstone of readiness and prepares soldiers, leaders, and u nits to fight and win in

combat. Army trai n i ng programs are designed to produce the tactical and techn i cal profi­

ciency needed on the battlef ield and in support of combat.

Some basic tenets i ncl ude:

• All training - i ndividual , un i t , combi ned arms, joi nt-must be hard and tough. Units

must trai n as they wi l l f i ght.

• Individual training m ust develop technical & tactical competence & confidence.

• Collective training m ust develop teamwork, technical & tactical competence i n crews,

teams & other small elements.

• Unit training must develop un i t tactical & operat ional prof iciency thru chal leng ing

t rai n i ng as a team.

• Combined arms training must develop mutual confidence & proficiency i n effective. use

of supporting arms & services thru live fire & realisti c field exercises.

• Joint & combined training m ust develop ability to fight cohesively as a team with other

services & our al l ies thru large scale command post and f ie ld exercises.

• Support requ i rements (ammo, repair parts, fuel , etc.) must be ident if ied & effectively

i ntegrated i nto meani ngfu l trai n i ng concepts.

28

-

- - - - - - �----.-_----- - - - - - -

Army trai n ing can be described as institutional (training centers and the school house)

and un i t train i ng. These are furt her ident if ied as fol lows:

• Institutional Training.

Initial Entry Training (Basic Combat Training (BCT) and Advanced Individual Trai ning

(A IT))

- Noncommissioned Officer Education System (NCOES)

- Warrant Officer Trai n ing System (WOTS)

- Officer Training

• Unit Training

- Trai n ing at home station

- Training at one of the combat training centers-combat training under realistic

battle condit ions

NATIONAL

T����G --+--..J

COMMAND POST EXERCISES

FIELD TRAINING

EXERCISES

I COMBAT TRAINING CENTERS I

NTC

BA TILE COMMAND TRAINING PROGRAM

IT LEAVENWORTH & HOME STATION

COMRAT MANJ::UVER

TRAINING Ct::NTER

JOINT �-- READINESS TRAINING

CENTER

Overseas deployment t rain ing for Reserve Components. In 1 988 some 61 ,500

National Guard and USAR Soldiers were trained overseas.

TRAINING IS TH E ARMY'S TOP PRIORITY.

29

-

EQUIPPING THE ARMY AND ARMY MO D ERNIZATION

To be an effective deterrent force, the Army must be provided with the latest weapons and

equi pment, desi gned to meet the requ i rements of the modern batt lef ield. One of t he most

visib le changes i n the Army over the past f ive years has been the f ie ld ing of modern equipment

wi th its attendant i mprovement i n the Army's abi l i ty to execute warf ight ing doct rine i n accor­

dance with the plans of the unified and specified commanders-i n-chief .

Major weapons systems fielded by the Army since the 1 973 decision to hold the numbers

of active sold iers constant and support modernization i nclude:

M 1 ABRAMS TAN K

BRAD LEY FIGHTI NG VEHICLE

MULTI PLE LAUNCH ROCKET SYSTEM

H ELLFI RE M ISSI LE

AH64 APACHE ATIACK HELICOPTER

UH60 BLACK HAWK HELICOPTER

PATRIOT MISS I LE SYSTEM

The Reserve Components are rece1vmg resources commensu rate with the ir i ncreased

responsibi l i t ies. New equi pment is provided to both the Active and Reserve Components

accord ing to the ph i losophy that t he f i rst to f ight are the f i rst to be equi pped.

The pace of equi pment modernization is t ied to funding levels, and the cu rrent reductions in Army fund ing has greatly slowed the Army's modernizat ion momentum.

Equ i pping the force affects how forces are tai lored to f ight and how and when they are

trai ned i n new f ight ing techniques. Any delay i n equ i pping either Active or Reserve

Components reduces the Army's abi l i ty to meet the changing requi rements of the modern

batt lef ield.

30

MO D ERNIZATION PRIORITIES

Top Army priorities for current and future modernization efforts include:

• ARMOR ANTI-ARMOR

• ARMY AVIATION MODERNIZATION PLAN

• NEW LIGHT HELICOPTER

• FORWARD AREA AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM

• FIRE SUPPORT

• TACTICAL THEATER COMMUNICATIONS

• FAMILY OF MEDIUM TACTICAL VEHICLES

31

DEPLOYING AND SUSTAINING THE ARMY

Key Factors are:

• A Ready Well Trained Force in Being. The Army currently has th is except that i t i s short

su pport un i ts i n the Active Force needed at t he onset of host i l i ties i n NATO. Army forces

rei nforci ng NATO count heavi ly on host nation su pport.

• Available Reserve Component Forces and a Capable Civilian Workforce.

• Adequate War Reserve Stocks. From the outset, rel iance w i l l be placed on preposi tioned war

reserve stocks unt i l resupply can be estab l ished. The abi l i ty of combat forces to win the

i n i t ial engagement is related to how wel l resourced t hey are in petroleum, ammunit ion and

other war reserve stocks at the outset of host i l it ies.

• Industrial Base-A "Warm" Production Capacity. The Army's cu rrent production demands

do not s upport an active industrial production base of t he scope needed i n the event of fu l l

mob i l izat ion . Today's active product ion base is geared to peacetime levels and would

require months to signif icantly i ncrease product i on rates.

• Host Nation Support.

• Available Air and Sea Lift. The Army is rel i ant on the Navy and A i r Force to provide the

needed l i ft to deploy units and provide t he necessary air and sea l i nes of communication.

Victory or successful accompl ishment of the mission depends on t i mely prov is ion ing of

supply and equ i pment to sustain the force as long as required.

32

- ------

FORCE PROJECTION

Force projection and sustai nment depends on strategic l i ft and prepositioned stocks of

equipment and supplies.

• Airlift is fast and flexible, but expensive and is highly airfield dependent. The strategic Airlift goal is 66 million ton miles per day (MTM/D), but the current level is short about 20 MTM/D.

Thi s is an Air Force Budget item which the Army strongly supports.

• Sealift, on the other hand, has large capacity, is s lower and less expensive than air, and is

port dependent. Cu rrent sealift is inadequate and the t rend is downward i n U.S. merchant

ships. There is a critical need for more fast seal i ft . This is a Navy budget item, which is also

strongly supported by the Army.

• Prepositioni n g reduces movement and saves both time and lift requ i rements. It is inf lexible,

however, due to location of use after posit ion ing. Six division sets of equipment are posi ­

tioned i n Western Europe.

33

-

-r�- -- - - - --- - - I �

. --- -- - - - - - - ·- +- - - -------�- ---·-===--·-::- - ·

SECTION IV

SPECIAL TOPICS B U DGET

A R M Y I N S PACE

. .

THE ARMY BUDG ET

The s ize of the Army, what the Army does and what the Army buys depends on authori­

zat ion and fundi ng. Funding comes from Congress. A schematic of the Executive and

Congressional budget process fol lows: Start Here

Army Budget formulation

� Office of the Budget ����lu�go:t)Defense -t :::�:t:e::ices O�ffgi c�e o�f �Ma�n a=:g=em=en:_t _ ____,� Committees and Budget Congress

President's Budget incorporating Defense Appropriations Committees

Concurrent Resolution

Authorization OMB ---.. OSD _ ____,� � Bills / Apportionment Execution Appropriation Treasury (New Fiscal Bills Warrants Year t Oct)

To understand budget numbers you need to know some essential terms:

BUDGET AUTHORITY (BA)

BA is the normal language of the Federal Budget and refers to funds which may be

obl i gated to let cont racts and purchase goods and services. It represents the total of the

funds provided by law, offset by any expected i ncome (such as offsett ing receipts).

TOTAL OBLIGATION AUTHORITY (TOA)

TOA is almost the same as BA except that i t i ncl udes t he total value of the d i rect program

regardless of the method of f inancing. The levels of BA and TOA w i l l normal ly d i ffer very

l i t t le i n the aggregate, but t hey are not precisely t he same. The service budgets are

normal ly expressed in TOA.

OUTLAYS

Outlays represent expenditures or payments actually made for goods and services

received during a part icular f i scal year. Outlays for any part icular year derive part ial ly from

cu rrent year obl i gations and part ial ly from prior year obl igat ions.

34

�- - '

({J z 0 ::::; -' a: 1-� ({J a: <( -' -' 0 0

) - -----.

BUD G ET HISTORY

H istoric Defense and Army budget trends are hel pful i n putting the current Army budget

i nto perspective.

SHOWN BELOW ARE FEDERAL FUNDING, DOD FUNDING AND ARMY FUNDING,

IN CONSTANT FY 1 989 DOLLARS, FOR FY 1951-1989.

F E D E RA L F U N D I N G COMPARED TO

DOD/ARMY F U N D I N G CONSTANT FY 1989 DOLLARS

1 .1

0.9 FEDERAL FUNDING

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1 975

FISCAL YEAR

FUNDING - TOTAL OBLIGATIONAL AUTHORITY.

1980

MILITARY RETIRED PAY ACCRUAL TRANSFERRED FROM DOD TO THE MILITARY

1985 1990

DEPARTMENTS IN FY 1985. BUT IS CARRIED IN DOD FUNDING FOR ALL YEARS SHOWN

• Growth in federal funding has far outdistanced DOD. • Defense growth has been much greater than that of Army.

35

SHOWN BELOW ARE DOD AND ARMY FUNDING AS A PERCENT OF GNP.

DOD/AR MY FU N DI N G AS A PERCENT OF G N P

22

20

1 8

1 6

1 4

!Z "-' 1 2 u � "-' a.. 1 0

A I \ . \ \ \ "

CONSTANT FY 1989 DOLLARS

DOD AS PERCENT OF GNP

� � v " .._ �

8

6 '\ � 7 ........._

4

2

0 1950

_

\ARMY AS PERCENT OF GNP

� 1 955 1960 1965 1970

FISCAL YEAR

FUNDING - TOTAL OBLIGATIONAL AUTHORITY.

�

1975 1980 1985

MILITARY RETIRED PAY ACCRUAL TRANSFERRED FROM DOD TO THE MILITARY DEPARTMENTS IN FY 1985. BUT IS CARRIED IN DOD FUNDING FOR ALL YEARS SHOWN.

----

1990

• DOD funding as a percent of GNP has been decreasing steadily since its high of 22 percent during the Korean War. DOD reached its historic low of 5 percent i n the late 1970s and is approaching that low again.

• Army funding as a percent of GNP has been as high as 8 percent in FY 1952, but has been below 2 percent since the early 1970s, and is approaching the previous low of 1 . 3 percent set in FY 1980.

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

B U D G ET TRENDS

DOD/ARMY FUNDING AS A PERCENT OF FEDERAL FUNDING CONSTANT F Y 1989 DOLLARS Percent

ARMY REAL GROWTH TRENDS (TOA) FROM FY 1 970 TO FY 1 989

15 r-----------------------------------------------� 12.3

10

5 4.4

0.5 0.9 0.6

- 5

- 10

1 1 .6

5.9

13.7'

4.3 3.3

-1.2 -0.9

� (E)

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

FISCAL YEAR

FUNDING - TOTAL OBLIGATIONAL AUTHORITY.

MILITLARY RETIRED PAY ACCRUAL TRANSFERRED FROM DOD TO THE MILITARY

DEPARTMENTS IN FY 1985, BUT IS CARRIED IN DOD FUNDING FOR ALL YEARS SHOWN.

• Despite the early 1 980s bui ld-up, total DOD is now only 27 percent, nearing its previous low of 23 percent.

• Army funding decreased from 35 percent during the Korean War to a low of 7 percent in FY 1 980. Curently Army funding is approximately 8 percent of federal funding, only sl ightly above its 39 year low.

• During the Korean War, DOD funding was 88 percent of federal funding.

- 1 5 L---------------------------------------------� 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 89

FISCAL YEAR

"Initial year of Retired Pay Accural Program transfer from DoD to Army

• The Army's overall budget paral lels DOD's in terms of growth cycles, as reflected in the above "roller coaster" chart. The Army is in its fourth consecutive year in the negative column.

36

-• ' -

� � -�---���-��-�-=-;;--- -· � --� �-�- - - --=����-��--. -�- - -- ---- � -- --- --- ·- - - - ----- - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - -- -- - - - - - - - -------------- ---- �

---=--��= _:c._-�--- ---�---=-- .--==----------� ------ _ ,__ ----==--..:..-��- ...;;:._-...a,.. ___ _.___�-------- - - ---�- ---

SCH EMATIC BREAKOUT O F THE ARMY FY 1 989 BUDGET

AS APPROPRIATED BY CONGRESS

MILITARY PERSONNEL

$30.08

NATIONAL GUARD $3.38

ARMY RESERVE $2.38

FY 89 ARMY BUDGET

$78.0 BILLION

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE $24.78

37

FAMILY HOUSING $1 .58

CONSTRUCTION $1.58

STOCK FUND $0.38

RDT&E $5.1 8

ER PROCUREMENT $4.68

AM MUN IliON $2.08

AIRCRAFT $2.98

ARMY RESERVE $0.88

CONGRESSIONAL APPROPRIATIONS FOR FY 1 989

Appropriation Title

M ili tary Personnel, Army (M PA)

Reserve Personnel, Army (RPA)

National Guard Personnel, Army (NGPA)

Operation and Maintenance, Army (OMA)

Operat ion and Mai ntenance, Army Reserve (OMAR)

Operation and Mai ntenance, National Guard (OMNG)

National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice (NBRP)

Ai rcraft Procurement, Army (ACFT)

M i ss i le Procurement, Army (MSL)

Procurement of Weapons and Tracked Combat Vehicles, Army (WTCV)

Procurement of Ammunit ion, Army (AM MO)

Other Procurement, Army (OPA)

Research, Development Test and Evaluation (RDTE)

M ili tary Construct ion, Army (MCA)

M ili tary Const ruct ion, National Guard (MCNG)

M i l i tary Construct ion, Army Reserve (MCAR)

Army Family Housing, Construction (AFHC)

Army Family Housing, Operat ions (AFHO)

Army Stock Fund (ASF)

TOTAL ARMY

38

FY 89

(in millions of dollars)

24,437.9

2,257.1

3,327.8

22,060 .9

794.6

1,800 .1

4.3

2,882.8

2,602.0

2,830 .3

2,0 13.0

4,566.6

5 ,127.1

1,176.6

229.2

86.0

1 97.3

1 ,330 .0

291 .9

78,0 1 5 .5

WHAT THE ARMY BUYS

(Estimate for FY 1 989)

PEOPLE

(Total pay and benef its for m i l i tary and

civi l i an, i ncluding reti red pay accrual)

OPERATIONS

(Less civilian pay but i ncluding fami ly

housi n g operations)

WEAPONS PROCUREMENT

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

CONSTRUCTION

(Includes fami ly housing construction)

AMOUNT ($Bill ion) PERC ENT OF THE BUDGET

$39.6 bi l l ion

16.7

1 4 .9

5.1

1 .7

$78.0

50.7%

21 .5%

1 9.1 %

6.5%

2.2%

1 00 %

T H E ARMY'S H IGHEST BUDGET PRIORITIES FOR F Y 1 989 A R E PEOPLE A N D TRAINING.

THERE IS AN ACKNOWLEDG ED FUNDING SHORTFALL FOR ROTE AND PROCURE­

MENT. THE MOM ENTUM OF EQUIPM ENT MODERNIZATION HAS SLIPPED SIGNIFICANTLY

AND T H E BUILDUP OF SUSTAINM ENT ITEMS, PARTICULARLY A M MU NITION, WAS CUR­

TAI LED.

TH E FY 1 989 ACTIVE FORCE STRENGTH CUT TO 772,000 PLACES THE ARMY AT ITS

LOWEST STRENGTH LEVEL S INCE PRE-KOREA.

39

THE ARMY IN SPACE AND STRATEGIC D E FENS E

The Army has an active space program in support of land warfare requirements, including

research, doctrine and systems development. The Army also is a key contributor to the

Strategic Defense In i t iat ive (SDI) program through the U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command.

The Army's organ ization for space activities is outlined as follows:

• The U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command (USASDC), Washington, D.C. This

command reports d i rectly to Department of the Army and carries out programs i n

support of strategic defense. It also manages the nat ional test range at Kwajalein Ato l l .

The Army i s presently conducting research and developing systems which obl i gate

over one-thi rd of the total R & D funds provided for SDI - i n Fiscal Year 1 987 this was

$ 1 .2 bi l l ion out of a total of $3.3 bil l ion. The Army Strategic Defense Command is

developing the leading technology on ground-based missile defense. I ts major

programs include kinetic energy weapons, directed energy (laser and part icle beam)

weapons, space surveillance and battle management.

• The Army Space Command, Colorado Springs, CO. This is the Army component of the

U.S. Space Command, a un i f ied command under the Office of the Secretary of Defense.

• The Army Space Institute, Ft. Leavenworth, KS. This organization is part of the U.S.

Army Training and Doctrine Command and is tasked to develop doctrine, train ing,

organization and material requ i rements relat ing to space support for land forces.

Emphas is is bei ng focused on space systems in support of battlef ield commanders in such critical areas as communicat ions, intel l i gence, navi gat ion, and mappi ng. A prime

example is the G lobal Positioning System, used by pilots of all services to accurately

pinpoint their location anywhere in the world.

40

•

--�--- -

, ,

ARMY SPAC E AC HIEVEMENTS

Although not widely publ ic ized, Army-developed technology has been a key factor in

America's space program, and especia l ly strategic defense, s i nce the 1 950's. Some s ign i f icant

mi lestones are:

• 1 957: The deployment of the free world's f i rst bal l ist ic miss i le defense (BMD) system,

SAFEGUARD, us ing the SPRINT i nterceptor missi le which the Army developed.

• 1 958: Fi rst u.s. satel l i te into space with Army J u piter miss i le.

• 1 961 : F i rst Americans i n space using an Army modif ied Redstone rocket.

• 1 962: F i rst successfu l i ntercept of an ICBM with Army N I KE ZEUS.

• 1 963: F i rst successful satel l i te i ntercept with Army N I K E ZEUS.

• 1 974: Army activated SAFEGUARD complex in North Dakota-ful ly operat ional in

1 975-operat ions ceased Feb 1 976 at the d i rection of Congress.

• 1 978: Homing Overlay Experiment conducted by the Army val idated the technology for

non nuclear ki l l capabi l i ty in space.

• 1 983: SDI program announced.

• 1 984: Homing Overlay Experiment conducted by t he Army demonstrated the capab i l ity

of a d i rect i mpact i ntercept and destruction of an ICBM in space.

• 1 984: Br ig. Gen (then Lt. Col.) Robert L. Stewart was the f i rst Army astronaut i n space.

He was one of the f i rst two persons to use the Manned Maneuvering Un i t for

untethered act ivity outside a space vehic le in f l ight.

• 1 985: The Army Bal l ist ic M iss i le Defense (BMD) organ izat ion was redesignated the

U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command.

• 1 986: The U.S. Army Space Agency was formed as the Army component of the U.S.

Space Command. The Agency has s ince been re-des i gnated the U.S. Army Space

Command.

• 1 987: Army-conducted test of the destruction of a LANCE short range miss i le

confi rmed gu idance and control accuracy.

• 1 988: S ix SOl elements were approved by OSD for Army R & D. Army managed projects

were al located over 30 percent of the SOl R & D budget.

41

- ,

THE UNITED STATES ARMY: A STRATEGIC FORC E

Today's Army plays a vital role i n the execu­tio n of our national military strategy, which a ims to deter co nflict at all levels, and, if necessary, fight a nd terminate wars u nder condit ions favorable to U.S. and allied interests.

I n carryi ng out its m issio n-to organize, train, and equip forces to co nduct prompt and sustained combat operat io ns on la nd-Army forces provide our warfight ing CINC's with a special capa bility to deter wars before they start, fight and co ntrol wars that do start, and to term i nate wars o n terms favora ble to our i nterests.

THE ARMY AS A DETERRENT Army forces , capable of operating in high,

mid-i nte nsity , and low inte nsity co nflicts play a u n ique role i n deterrin g co nflict at every level.

Forward-deployed Army forces represent our natio n 's most last i n g , powerful and, he nce, credi ble commitment. Moder nized Army u nits o n the ground state, i n a loud and constant tone: AMERICAN POWER AND PRE STIGE ARE I RRE­VOCABLY COMMITTED TO T HI S T A S K.

THE ARMY AS A WAR FIGHTING FORCE

Trained and orga nized to execute the Army's Airland Battle doctrine, the Army in high and mid­i nte nsity conf l ict is prepared to co nduct the close, deep, and rear operatio ns needed to achieve

42

favora ble outcomes. Other Services can deny or destroy o bjectives ; but only the Army ca n secure them.

THE ARMY TODAY I n the role of peacetime prese nce, deployed

Army forces are the natio n's clearest, most highly valued sym bol of commitment.

I n low i ntensity conflict, Army light and Special Operations Forces-in conjunction with

the diplomatic, eco nomic, a nd i ntelligence i nstruments of national power-can deter or defeat threats to our i nterests.

In mid- or high i nte nsity co nflicts, Army forces of all types ca n deter attacks o n the United States and its allies, p revent a precipitate use of

nuclear weapons, i nitiate escalation, if necessa ry, and bring an end to conflicts on terms favorable to the U nited States.

Finally , i n a n era where strategic parity has decreased the a bility of both sides to credibly threaten to use nuclear weapons, robust ground forces have taken o n a n especially importa nt role i n the maintenance of deterrence of all types of conf lict.

Ground forces are the ultimate symbol of Amer ican will, the essence of a flexible response strategy, a n i ndispe nsable tool to escalate or de­escalate a conflict, and a hi ghly useful deterrent to a n adversary's adve nturism.

";" I .,.

- ------------------� :::.-:=-:::::::- �-===--=""==--==-==--

SECTION V

APPENDICES A : O FFICER & EN LISTED RANK I N S I G N IA

B : M AJ O R U . S . AR M Y I NSTALLATIO NS (BY

C O N GR ES S I O NAL D ISTRICT)

C : AR M Y DEMO GRAPHICS

- f '

l

APPENDIX A

A RMY INSIGNIA O F RANK/PAY G RADE

Officer Enlisted

� SERGEANT MAJOR

GENERAL OF THE A R M Y /E-9

OF THE ARMY

� COM MAND SERGEANT MAJOR/E-9

* * * * GENERAL/0-1 0 � SERGEANT MAJOR/E9

* * * LIEUTENANT GENERAL/0-9 � * * FIRST SERGEANT /E-8

MAJOR GENERAL 0-8

* BRIGADIER GENERAL � MASTER SERGEANT /E-8 0-7

~ COLONEL/0-6 � SERGEANT FIRST CLASS/E-7

43

CHIEF

1••••1 WARRANT OFFICER (W4)

APPENDIX A (Cont.)

LIEUTENANT COLONEL/0-5

(SI LVER)

MAJO R/0-4 (GOLD)

CA PTAIN/0-3

Fl RST Ll EUTENANT 0-2

(SILVER)

SECOND LI EUTENANT 0-1

(GOLD)

STAFF SERGEANT / E-6

SERGEANT /E-5

CORPO RAL/E-4

SPECIALIST / E-4

PRIVATE FIRST CLASS/E-3

PRIVATE/E-2

PRIVATE/E-1

Warrant Officers

CHIEF I • • • I WARRANT OFFICER (W3)

44

CHIEF • • I WARRANT

OFFICER (W2)

WARRANT • I OFFICE R (W1 )

� , '

APPENDIX B

MAJOR U .S. ARMY INSTALLATIONS BY CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT (with Active Duty Population of 300 or more)

ALABAM A

Fort McClel lan, Ann iston (3)

Redstone Arsenal, Huntsvi l le (5)

Fort Rucker, Ozark (2)

ALASKA

Fort G reely, Delta J u nction (AL)

Fort R ichardson, Anchorage (AL)

Fort Wai nwright, Fai rbanks (AL)

ARIZONA

Fort Huachuca, Sierra Vista (5)* * Yuma Provi ng G round, Yuma (2)

CAUFORNIA

Fort H u nter Liggett, King C ity (1 6)

Fort I rw in , Barstow (35)

Fort Ord, Monterey (1 6)

Presid io , Monterey (1 6)

Pres id io of San Francisco (5)* *

S ierra Army Depot, Herlong ( 14)

COLORADO

Fort Carson, Colorado Springs (5)

F i tzs i mons Army Medical Center, Aurora (6)

G EORGIA

Fort Benn ing , Columbus (3)

and Auburn, AL (3)

Fort G i l lem, Atlanta (6)

Fort Gordon, Augusta (8, 1 0)

Hunter Army A i rf ie ld, Savannah (1 )

Fort McPherson, Atlanta (5)

Fort Stewart, H i nesvi l l e ( 1 )

45

HAWAI I

Schofield Barracks, Honol u lu (2)

Fort Shafter, Hono lu lu ( 1 )

Tri pier Hospital, Honol u lu ( 1 )

I LLINOIS

Fort Sheridan, H i gh land Park (1 0) * *

I N DIANA Fort Benjam i n Harrison, Indianapo l is (6, 1 0)

KANSAS

Fort Leavenworth, Leavenworth (2)

Fort Ri ley, J unction Ci ty (2)

KENTUCKY

Fort Campbe l l , Hopkinsvi l l e (1 )

and Cl arksvi l le, TN (7,8)

Fort Knox, Lou isvi l l e (2)

LOUISIANA

Fort Polk, Leesv i l l e (4)

MARYLAND

Aberdeen Proving G round, Aberdeen (1 )

Fort Detrick, Frederick (6)

Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen (2)

Fort George G. Meade, Laurel (4)

Fort R i tchie, Hagerstown (6)

and Blue Ridge Summit , PA ( 19)

MASSACHUSETTS

Fort Devens, Ayer (5)

M ISSOURI

Fort Leonard Wood, Rol l a (4)

l I

N EW J ERSEY

Fort Dix , Wri ghtstown (2,4, 1 3)* *

Fort Monmouth, Redbank (3)

N EW M EXICO

White Sands Missi le Range, Las Cruces (2)

N EW YORK

Fort Drum, Watertown (26)

Fort Hami I ton, Brooklyn ( 13)

Seneca Army Depot, Geneva (29)

Fort Totten, Queens (8)

U.S. M i l i tary Academy, West Point (21 )

NORTH CAROLINA

Fort Bragg, Fayettev i l l e (7,8)

OKLAHOMA

Fort S i l l , Lawton (4)

PEN NSYLVANIA

Carl is le Barracks, Car l is le (1 9)

New Cumberland Army Depot, Harrisburg

( 19)

SOUTH CAROLINA

Fort Jackson , Col umbia (2)

TEXAS

Fort Bl iss , El Paso (16)* *

Fort Hood, Ki l leen (1 1 )

Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio (20)

V IRGIN IA

Fort A.P. H i l l , Bowl ing G reen (7)

Arli ngton Hal l Stat ion, Arl i ngton ( 10)

Fort Belvoir, Fai rfax (8)

Cameron Station, Alexandria (8)* *

APPENDIX B (Cont.)

46

Fort Eust is , Newport News ( 1 )

Fort Lee, Petersburg (4)

Fort Monroe, Hampton (1)

Fort Myer, Arl ington (1 0)

Fort P ickett, Blackstone (4)

V int H i l l Communications and Electronics

Support Activity, Warrenton (7)

WAS HI NGTON

Fort Lewis , Tacoma (3,6)

DISTRICT OF COLU M BIA*

Fort Lesley J . McNair , Wash i ngton, D.C.

(AL)

Walter Reed Army Medical Center,

Washi ngton, D.C. (AL)

NOTES -

Number in parentheses indicates Congressional District(s) wherein i nstallations are located. (AL) i ndicates At Large Congressional District. *The District of Columbia has one non-voting delegate to Congress. * * I nstallations designated for closing/reduction in FY 1989 Base Closure proposal.

APPENDIX C

OFFICERS:

(incl udes warrants)

WOMEN:

BLACK:

OTHER M I NORITY:

OFFICER GRADES

WO/W1 -W4 2LT/01 1 LT/02 CPT/03 MAJ/04 LTC/05 COU06

G0/07-01 0

ARMY D EMOG RAP H ICS (as of: 1 OCT 1 988)

NUMBER % OF TOTAL

ACTIVE DUTY PERSONNEL: 767,666 1 00.00

WOMEN PERSONN EL: 83,281 1 0.85

BLACK PERSONNEL: 212,157 27.64

OTHER MINORITY PERSONNEL: 61 ,163 7.96

NUMBER % OF TOTAL

107,219

1 1 ,750

1 1 ' 167

4, 1 1 3

NUMBER

1 5,076 1 0,351 1 5,058 34,106 16,829 1 0,918

4,474 407

1 00.00

1 0.95

1 0.41

3.84

ENLISTED:

WOMEN:

BLACK:

OTHER M I NORITY:

ENLISTED RANKS

PVT/E-1 PVT/E-2 PFC/E-3

CPUSPEC/E-4 SGT/E-5

SSGT/E-6 SFC/E-7

FSG/MSG/E-8 CSM/SGM/E-9

NUMBER

660,447

71,531

200,990

56,203

NUMBER

43,380 48,944 93,272

200,171 1 1 7,696

87,147 50,873 1 4,708

4,256

% OF TOTAL

100.00

1 0.83

30.43

8.51

. '

f '

ARMY DEMOGRAPHICS

WHERE ARMY PERSONNEL SERVE

STATE PERSONNEL STATE PERSONNEL ALABAMA 1 7,473 N EBRASKA 264 ALASKA 9,643 NEVADA 43 ARIZONA 6,704 NEW HAMPSHIRE 27 ARKANSAS 702 N EW J ERSEY 1 2,743 CALIFORNIA 27,942 N EW MEXICO 1 ,294 COLORADO 22, 1 08 N EW YORK 1 1 ,902 CONN ECTICUT 1 77 NORTH CAROLINA 39,700 DELAWARE 40 NORTH DAKOTA 26 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 5,746 OHIO 809 FLORIDA 2,1 73 OKLAHOMA 1 7,525 GEORGIA 55,194 OREGON 208 HAWAII 18,818 PENNSYLVANIA 2,174 IDAHO 25 RHODE ISLAND 1 03 I LLINOIS 2,523 SOUTH CAROLINA 1 1 ,278 IN DIANA 2,509 SOUTH DAKOTA 49 IOWA 207 TENN ESSEE 372 KANSAS 1 9,669 TEXAS 67,190 KENTUCKY 39,932 UTAH 740 LOUISIANA 14,61 8 VERMONT 34 MAINE 1 34 VIRGINIA 33,558 MARYLAND 1 1 ,963 WASHINGTON 24,221 MASSACHUSETIS 5,926 WEST VIRGINIA 1 68 MICHIGAN 919 WISCONSIN 477 MINNESOTA 400 WYOMING 1 7 MISSISSIPPI 269 MISSOURI 1 1 ,297 STATE UN KNOWN 90 MONTANA 27

TOTAL U NITED STATES 502,150

48

APPENDIX C (Cont.)

APPENDIX C (Cont.)

WHERE ARMY PERSON NEL SERVE OVERSEAS COUNTRY NUMBER COUNTRY NUMBER ALGERIA 3 LEBANON 7 AUSTRIA 8 LIBERIA 4 BAHRAIN 9 LUXEMBOURG 3 BOTSWANA 1 MALAWI 3 BELGIUM 1 552 MOROCCO 1 0 BANGLADESH 2 NIGERIA 3 BULGARIA 2 NETHERLANDS 827 EAST GERMANY (Berlin) 5,038 NORWAY 33 CHAD 3 POLAND 3 CONGO 2 PORTUGAL 56 CAMEROON 4 ROMANIA 3 CYPRUS 3 SAUDI ARABIA 1 47 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 1 SENEGAL 1 DENMARK 1 3 SOMALIA 20 DJ I BOUTI 2 SOUTH AFRICA 2 EGYPT 574 SPAIN 1 9 IRELAND 2 SUDAN 1 1 F I N LA N D 4 SWEDEN 1 FRANCE 1 6 SYRIA 3 GERMANY (East) 43 SWITZERLAND 3 GERMANY (West) 206,999 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 21 GHANA 3 TUNISIA 8 GREECE 475 TURKEY 1 ,288 H UNGARY 5 UNITED KINGDOM 255 ICELAND 3 U.S.S.R. 5 ISRAEL 24 YEMEN (Sanaa) 26 ITALY 4,027 YUGOSLAVIA 7 IVORY COAST 4 ZAIRE 1 1 JORDAN 1 6 ZIMBABWE 2 KENYA 8 KUWAIT 1 1 EUROPE, AFRICA, N EAR EAST: TOTAL

221 ,639

49

' I I ..

WHERE ARMY PERSONNEL SERVE OVERSEAS (Cont.)

COUNTRY NUMBER

AUSTRALIA 9

BURMA 3

CHINA 6

GUAM 36

HONG KONG 7

IN DONESIA 8

INDIA 4

U.K. IN DIAN OCEAN TERRITORY 4

JAPAN 2,1 77

JOH NSON ATOLL 1 30

REPUBLIC OF KOREA (South) 33,413

MALAYSIA 8

N EPAL 2

N EW ZEALAND 1

OMAN 2

PACIFIC ISLAND TRUST TERRITORY 42

PAKISTAN 1 1

PHILLIPI N E ISLANDS 1 67

SINGAPORE 3 SURINAME 3

THAILAND 48

ASIATIC-PACIFIC AREA TOTAL

36,084

50 APPENDIX C (Cont.)

COUNTRY NUMBER

ARGENTINA 5 BARBADOS 8

BELIZE 3 BOLIVIA 4 BRAZIL 1 1 CANADA 9 CHILE 3 COLUMBIA 5

COSTA RICA 6 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 4 ECUADOR 4

EL SALVADOR 39 GUATEMALA 7 HAITI 4

HONDURAS 332 MEXICO 6 NICARAGUA 3

PARAGUAY 3 PERU 6 PANAMA 6,932

PUERTO RICO 369 URUGUAY 5 VENEZUELA 7

VIRG I N ISLANDS 1 2

AMERICAS-NORTH ATLANTIC AREA TOTAL

7,787

FOREIGN ACTIVITIES AT LARGE 6

TOTAL STRENGTH OUTSIDE UN ITED STATES 265,516

APPENDIX C (Cont.)

ARMY FAMILIES

MARRIED

OFFICER E N LISTED

SINGLE PARENTS

OFFICER EN LISTED

o;o 75 52

NUMBER

2,676 30,550

0 :

DEPENDENTS NUMBER SPOUSES 374,473 C H I LDREN 609,445 OTHER DEPENDENTS 59,474 TOTAL 1 ,043,392

WHERE DEPENDENTS LIVE NUMBER CONTIN ENTAL U.S. 818,052 ALASKA 13 , 172 HAWAII 1 5 ,560 U.S. TERRITORIES 806 FOREIGN NATIONS 1 95,802