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Transcript of Professor Peter Kalmus Physics Department [email protected] Particles and the Universe Queen...
Professor Peter Kalmus Physics Departmenthttp://[email protected]
Particles and the Universe
Queen Mary / Goldsmiths’ Astrophysics. July 2004
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Supernova 1987A Neutrino numbers
Emitted ~ 1058
Hit Earth ~ 1029
Hit tank ~ 1017
Interact ~ 10SN
1987A Earth
170,000light years
Energy release ~ 1046 J
SN
~ 1046 J
8 arc min
Large Magellanic Cloud
Sanduleak - 69o 202
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
1016 1 TeV
1013 1 GeV
1010 1 MeV
107 1 keV
104 1 eV
10 1 meV
T/K Energy
ParticleEra
NuclearEra
AtomicEra
PrimordialSoup
Sun forms
Todayps ns s ms s
1 day
1 year
Time
Era ofAstronomy
TevatronLEP
History of theUniverse
10-12 10-6 100 1013 1018
Time sinceBig Bang / s
LHC
Hot as Hell445oC = Boiling point of Brimstone
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Primordial Soup CERN style 100 GeV / particle
Ingredients
56% quarks16% gluons 9% charged leptons 9% W & Z particles 5% neutrinos 2% photons 2% gravitons 1% Higgs bosonsRecipe by Rocky Kolb
Hot 3 x 1015KCondensed
Missingingredients
Dark matterDark energy
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Kepler, Newton
T2 = 4 2 a3
G Mo
Sun
Inverse square law
a
Rotation in spiral galaxiesStars move too fast(measured by Doppler shift)
96 % of universe is undetected~4% Baryonic; ~24% “Dark Matter”~70% “Dark Energy”
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Nuclei : how were they made ?
H, He, (Li)
Big Bang
Li, Be, BSpallation by Cosmic Rays
Other elements
Inside Stars
Supernova
You are all madeof star material !
Q/A
Me
V
Binding energy per nucleon
Atomic mass (nucleon) number A
9
8
7
60 50 100 150 200
Fu
sion
add neutrons
ironnickel
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Structure of the Atom
Atom
~ 10-10m
Nucleus
Early 20th Century electron, nucleus
electric forceelectromagnetism
1930s
bunch ofgrapes
Proton +
Neutron
strongforcetown
~ 10-15m
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Neutrinos
Antiparticles
1950s, 1960s
> 200 new “elementary” (?) particles
Feel weak force“predicted” later discovered 100,000,000,000,000 per second pass through each person from the Sun
Equal and opposite properties “predicted” later discoveredAnnihilate with normal particlesNow used in PET scans
Many new particles created in high energy collisions
Convert energy to mass. Einstein E = mc2
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Today’s building blocks
Leptons(do not feel strong force)
electron e- -1
e-neutrino e 0
Quarks(feel strong force)
up u +2/3down d -1/3
proton = u u d+2/3 +2/3 -1/3 = +1
neutron = u d d+2/3 -1/3 -1/3 = 0
4 particles very simple
multiply by 3 (generations)multiply by 2 (antiparticles)
First generation
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Today’s building blocks
Leptons(do not feel strong force)
electron e- -1
e-neutrino e 0
Quarks(feel strong force)
up u +2/3
down d -1/3
muon -1
-neutrino 0
tau -1
-neutrino 0
charm c +2/3
strange s -1/3
top t +2/3
bottom b -1/3
Also antileptonsantiquarks
6 leptons6 antileptons
6 quarks6 antiquarks
baryons q q q
antibary. q q q
mesons q q
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Earth, Moon, X
Solar system X
Antistars in our Galaxy ?
Other (anti-) galaxies ?
Telescopes X
Cosmic rays ?
AMS (Space station)
AntimatterAnti-hydrogen : made in lab
Bulk antimatter ? Where ?
Difficult to detect
Annihilation ofAntigalaxy ?
Signal ?
e+ + e - +
0.511 MeV -ray “line” Alfven hypothesis
Radiation pressure
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the UniverseLeidenfrost demo
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Constituents Internalstructure ?
Insect
1 lens2 lenses3 lenses
magnifying glassmicroscopeno improvement
Resolution limited by wavelength of light
~ 5 x 10-7 m~ 5 x 103 atom~ 5 x 108 nucleus
To “probe” elementary particles need lower by factor more than 109
Quantum physics
Particles have waveproperties
= h / p
Relativity
high velocities
particle creationand annihilation
E = mc2
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
AcceleratorExtractbeam
Injector
Vacuum ring
RF cavitieselectric kick
~Bendingelectro-magnet
Focusingelectro-magnet
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the UniverseCircular orbit demo
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the UniverseProton source demo
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Wire chambers
Anode wires
CathodeAlso usuallymade of wires
Tracks of charged particlesfrom electronic signals
Anode wires +
Cathode
electronGas
x coord : wire no. 1 mmy coord : drift time 0.1 mmz coord : current few cm division
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Calorimeter
Light guides
Photomultiplier
Metal
Scintillator
Waveshifter
Particle creates a shower.Scintillation light measuresenergy deposited
Ene
rgy
depo
site
d
Depth into calorimeter
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the UniverseWaveshifter demo
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Forces
Gravity
falling objectsplanet orbitsstarsgalaxies
inversesquare law
graviton
inversesquare law
photon
shortrange
W±, Z0
Electro-magnetic
atomsmoleculesopticselectronicstelecom.
Weak
betadecay
solarfusion
Strong
nuclei
particles
shortrange
gluon
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Forces by exchange
Analogy onlyUseful mental picture ?
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Attraction
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Unification of the fundamentalforces of nature
Electricity Magnetism Apples Planets
Electro-magnetic
Gravity
Faraday, Maxwell Newton
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Unification of the fundamentalforces of nature
Electricity Magnetism Apples Planets
Electro-magnetic
Weak Strong Gravity
Faraday, Maxwell Newton
Electroweakunified force
Salam, Weinberg, Glashow
, W +, W -, Z 0 0 80 80 90 GeV
Do the W and Z particles really exist ?
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Collider Injectanti-protons
Injectprotons
Collide 2 beamsInside vacuum
RF cavitieselectric kick
~Bendingelectro-magnet
Focusingelectro-magnet
Carlo RubbiaAntiprotons
Simon van der MeerStochastic cooling
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
UA1 ExperimentMuon
Neutrino
Electromagcalorimeter
Hadron calorim.and magnet
Proton Antiproton
Hadron
Electron
Wire
chamber
Vacuumpipe
Muon chambers
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Carriers of Weak ForceFound at CERNThe W boson the hypo
carries the weak force whichcontrols the production ofenergy in the Sun and some
The Discovery of the W Boson
The observation of the W intermediate vector boson, the particle that
carries the weak nuclear force, is the most outstanding achievement
of the CERN laboratory in Geneva and one of the most important
advances in physics of this century. It is the successful conclusion of
The Role of UK ScientistsTwenty-five British scientists played an important part inthe remarkable discovery of the W boson. They were ledby Professor J D Dowell of Birmingham University,Professor P I P Kalmus of Queen Mary College and Dr AAstbury of Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. The W boson
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
From
THE PRIME MINISTER10 Downing StreetTo
Professor P. I. P. Kalmus
It is very encouraging that so many British scientists were in the team that discovered the “W boson”, and I would like to congratulate you and your colleagues from Queen Mary College on your success. I am sure that British physicists will be among the first to unify all the four basic forces
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
W and Z particles discoveredUA1 Collaboration at CERN
Included following members of Queen Mary
Peter KalmusAlan Honma
Eric EisenhandlerRichard Keeler
Reg GibsonGiordi Salvi
Graham ThompsonThemis Bowcock
Results confirmed by another CERN collaboration,and few years later at Fermilab USA
Electroweak unification confirmed
Nature’s fundamental forcesreduced from 4 to 3
Nobel Prizes
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
[email protected]://www.ph.qmul.ac.uk
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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe
Big Bang Hot soup ~ 12 billion years
Particle physics Recreates conditionsaccelerators, detectors of early universe
Elementary 6 quarks 6 leptonsbuilding blocks + antiparticles + dark matter
Fundamental Strong Gravity Electroweakforces (gluons) (gravitons) ( W+ W- Zo)
Chemical elements Stars Supernova